Science,English,and math 5th

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《All of a sudden, the budget on study of nuclear power》

...democratic management, and the management by the nation independently.

A subject or course on engineering of atomic power were established at national universities all over Japan like Tokyo university, Kyoto university, Osaka university and so on. Training of technical experts on nuclear power started then.

The line of taking advantage of nuclear power peacefully has been taken over to the Liberal Democratic Party which was a meager of Conservative party in 1955.

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《All of a sudden, the budget on study of nuclear power appeared》

A committee on nuclear power was set up as national organization in 1956, and the first chairperson was Matsutaro Shorike, as the author expressed before, moreover Hideki Yukawa who received a Nobel Prize for physics in 1949 was one of members in the committee.

Yukawa insisted that nuclear power generation should start from basic study carefully, on the other hand, Shoriki said it’s just that buying the nuclear power generation which was already developed from a ...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《All of a sudden, the budget on study of nuclear power appeared》

...Shorike asserted that buying nuclear power generation which was already developed from a foreign country, it's all right.

After that the development on the study of nuclear power was in accordance with the statement by Shoriki, so Japan has promoted the nuclear power generation with the impatient speed.

Yukawa was disgusted with the such hasty development that he resigned from the member prof committee in only a year.

《Construction on the nuclear power plant was...》

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on the nuclear power generation was done by the convoy system 輸送船団方式》

Japan bought the whole technical skill on the nuclear power generation from General Electric which was a company in the U.S.A.in 1960s, and the nuclear power plant was constructed.

It was the first atomic reactor in the first nuclear power generation in Fukushima prefecture belonged to Tokyo electricity company, according to a plan by the General Electric.

As its electric source for emergency was set up in such a lower place in Fukushima prefecture...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on the nuclear power generation was done by the convoy system》

...that it was swallowed up by the tidal wave in Great East Japan Earthquake.

It was designed according to the plan by General Electric, but the company in foreign country had little knowledge about national disaster nor geographical features on Japan, and the nuclear power plant was constructed as planned.

There isn’t if in history, but if obeying the insistence by Hideki Yukawa and Japanese specialists continued a long series of study and development of...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on the nuclear power plant was done by the convoy system》

...and if Japanese specialists continued a long series of study and development on nuclear power plant steadily, the nuclear power spreading over may be delayed more than at present, but other nuclear power plant may have been constructed, for example it has a device which prevents a nuclear power plant disaster or disaster like Fukushima prefecture from avoiding.

But it wasn’t actually. We have only to buy a necessary technical skill on the nuclear power plant,,,

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on nuclear power plants was done by the convoy system》

We have only to buy a necessary technical skill on the nuclear power from overseas, and it’s all right, we’ve adopted the way and have gone ahead with the construction with a Japanese style like that.

Roughly speaking, there are two types of nuclear power plant. The one is boiling water reactor and the other is pressurized water reactor. General Electric made the water boiling reactor, and Westinghouse in America pressurized water reactor.

As to the total number...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on the nuclear power plant was done by the convoy system》

As to the total number on atomic reactor, both of the water boiling and pressurized are almost the same number. The Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry allows to construct a single atomic reactor every year, and the two types of atomic reactor have been constructed alternatively one by one.

By the way, there is the convoy system at a plan of economic policy in Japan after the war. It used to be a military term originally.

In the middle of the Second World...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on nuclear power plant was done by the convoy system》

In the middle of the Second World War, Japan sent soldiers and supplies each place in Southeast Asia, but the sea convoys were attacked and sank one after another with the soldiers and supplies.

As a result, Japan was short of ships, so the rest of the ships went ahead with the speed of the slowest ship all together, and those ships were guarded by warships.

This way has been adopted for financial policy after the war, and for the policy of the Ministry of Economy...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on nuclear power plant was done by the convoy system》

The convoy system has been adopted for the financial policy after the war, and for the policy of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Typical one is the Ministry of Finance. It has a plan of preventing any bank from going bankrupt, and it was called the convoy system.

Japanese electric power companies have adopted the atomic reactor either the water boiling or pressurized. The Ministry of Finance has considered each of the companies and assigned to construct...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Construction on nuclear power plant has been done by the convoy system》

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has considered each of the electric power companies and assigned to construct the nuclear power plant like the Ministry of Finance.

Two kinds of nuclear power plant have been constructed alternatively. It seems that we can see through an intention by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry in the background.

《An apartment which doesn’t have any restroom》

The nuclear power plant is often called an apartment...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any restroom》

The nuclear power plant is often called an apartment which doesn’t have any lavatory. It means that the nuclear power plant can’t dispose of spent nuclear fuel for itself.

As we can’t dig up any uranium of good quality in Japan, we are forced to import uranium from foreign countries, so we paid attention to the spent nuclear fuel.

If we can take out uranium 235 and plutonium 239 from the spent nuclear fuel, we can use them again as nuclear fuel.

We dispose of uranium 235 again and...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any restroom》

We dispose of uranium 235 again and use it in the nuclear power plant as fuel. We use plutonium 239 in Monju which is a fast-breeder reactor and can increase the plutonium.

To be concrete, using uranium 235 and plutonium 239 together as fuel, and then radiation is emitted from plutonium. Maintaining the speed of giving off the radiation, so uranium 235 changes into plutonium 239. We call it a cycle of nuclear fuel.

To my sorrow, I have none of special knowledge on the nuclear power...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any lavatory》

...so I can’t understand very much sometimes.

The fast-breeder reactor like Monju was thought be a dreamlike atomic reactor, for the more we use the plutonium, the more the plutonium increases, but a nuclear power plant disaster broke out at Monju in 1995, and Monju can’t operate in 2016 when the book was written.

In spite of it, Japan doesn’t give up the cycle of nuclear fuel, so the spent nuclear fuel goes on increase.

On the other hand,when turning our eyes to foreign countries...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any restroom》

...Finland decided to dispose of the spent nuclear fuel for the first time in the world. It has a final disposal site in Oshikaro. Digging up solid rock. Its depth is 420 meters underground, and spent nuclear fuel has been buried there.

Without using the spent nuclear fuel again, disposing of it as it was. We call it one through.

To tell the truth, one through is more economical, but Japan has tried to make proceed with the cycle of spent nuclear fuel.

Then the Shinzo Abe Cabinet...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any lavatory》

Then the Shinzo Abe Cabinet said it doesn’t always mean forbidding us to hold or to use the whole nuclear weapon in the article 9 of the constitution.

We are shocking at his remark.

Nobusuke Kishi who used to be the prime minister and a grandfather of Shinzo Abe said at National Assembly in 1957 like the next.

We’re allowed to use a nuclear weapon for self-defense. It seems that the plan of Japanese government has never changed after the war. If being based on it, though Japan has...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any restroom》

...though Japan has intended to maintain the cycle of nuclear fuel, securing plutonium and maintain an ability of producing nuclear weapon in its background. The author said he felt the intention of making bad use of the nuclear power in the background.

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into action》

Even if it’s the cycle of nuclear fuel, it doesn’t always mean there is no waste at all. There is a radioactive waste of high level from a nuclear power plant...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

...from the process of disposal on the nuclear fuel.

What should we so the radioactive waste of high level? The place for the final disposal place has never been decided in Japan at present.

If starting the nuclear power plant, we understand high concentrated waste would give off before we do. In spite of it, we have never decided its final disposal site until now. It was hastily started before it had been fully considered from every angle.

If using fuel...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

If using a fuel, there is always a waste from the fuel, but there is no place to dispose of it.

Japan is different from Finland and the nuclear power plant in Japan becomes a thing like an apartment in which there is no restroom.

Spent nuclear fuel has been brought to Rokkasyo village in Aomori prefecture from each of nuclear power plants all over Japan at present.

Spent nuclear fuel has been stored up each of the nuclear power plant for a while, but the...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

...but each of the nuclear power plant has been filled with the spent nuclear fuel, and no one can do anything for the situation, so making an temporary storage faculties in Rokkasyo village, and made it rule to store up the spent nuclear fuel for the time being.

A pool was made for the spent nuclear fuel and the spent nuclear fuel was put in it, but the prospect on the pool is filled with the spent nuclear fuel soon.

There is one thing which we should...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan where our nation can’t take into any reaction》

There is one thing of which we should be careful. The one which is in Rokkasyo village isn’t a final disposal site but the temporary storage facility.

As it’s the temporary storage facility, recycling the spent nuclear fuel is a precondition.

In other words, when stopping recycling the spent nuclear fuel, the spent nuclear fuel piling up in Rokkasyo village would end up being a waste finally.

As Aomori prefecture has said it doesn’t allow to make the...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

Then as Aomori prefecture has said that it doesn’t allow us to send the spent nuclear fuel any more because Aomori prefecture isn’t the final disposals site, we have to obey it.

Then we must return the spent nuclear fuel to the nuclear power plant, but the nuclear power plant can’t receive the spent nuclear fuel, so we will really be in trouble then.

《Curiosity by scientists and an idea on alchemist》

Nuclear fission is started from a trial of changing material...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on scientists and an image on alchemists》

Nuclear fission was discovered from a trial of changing into material with regard to atoms. It was from a pure curiosity of scientists, but was it just alone?

As to a desire of wanting to produce a new material, I feel an idea which is the same as an alchemy, the author said like that. What is the alchemy?

There is s mineral in the natural world, and combining the mineral with other one and processing so as to produce gold.

Newton who discovered the law of universal...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on scientists and an idea on alchemists》

Newton who found the law of universal gravitation used to study on alchemy enthusiastically, there is a record on it.

Curiosity on scientists was combined with an idea on alchemists led to a discovery on nuclear fission and we can change uranium into plutonium.

It became an atomic bomb in the middle of the Second World War, and it has been gone ahead with an industry on nuclear power on a commercial basis under the name of making use of it peacefully after the war.

As a result...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on alchemists and an idea on alchemists》

As a result, the nuclear power plant disaster in Fukushima prefecture. It robbed lots of people of their homelands and they have been forced to live in a place of refuge.

The atomic reactor where the nuclear power plant disaster broke out have to be decommission 廃炉. It takes no less than forty years.

The waste continues to accumulate but its final disposal site has never been decided.

We’ve created the useful energy, but we don’t know how to dispose of it. It’s the reality on...

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【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on scientists and an idea on alchemists》

It’s the reality in Japanese society. It seems a class on physics becomes the one on sociology, but it proved that science has moved the society and controlled our future.

By the way, as to the waste in the nuclear power plant disaster in Fukushima prefecture, it seems to be decided to throw away into the sea.

A stupid Minister said it was so safe that we can drink, so it’s all right if throwing it away into the sea. If it’s so safe that we can drink, I want the Minister to drink.

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

What difference is there between physics and chemistry?

In the former chapter, when resolving a material more and more, it reaches an atom and the atom is made up with electrons and an atomic nucleus, moreover the atomic nucleus is made up with protons and neutrons. When trying to find more minute elements, physics reaches an element particle.

Thus physics is a learning in which trying to find an ultimate element made up with the universe and its law.

On the other hand, we...

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

On the other hand we learn on the structure of atom in chemistry as well. Physics isn’t different from chemistry in this respect.

In the first place, natural science deals with nature, as a result, an objection on study is different, but it doesn’t move forward an direction of resolving atoms more minutely in chemistry.

Learning various chemical elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon and studying a property and change on materials. It’s the chemistry.

For example, we learn..

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【Chemistry, what is a mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

For example, we learn the periodic table of the elements in chemistry.

The author said when looking at various chemical elements in the periodic table, he found it something strange, for both hydrogen and oxygen are made up with the same things like electrons and atomic nucleus which means protons and neutrons.

But different number on those things makes each of nature change and they are different things. Besides, a chemical reaction occurs between materials.

Burning fire is the...

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

For example, burning fire is the chemical reaction. Burning means that a material reacts with oxygen. We call it oxidation. Iron gets rusty, and it’s the oxidation as well. It means that iron is connected with oxygen and changed into a reddish brown iron oxide 酸化鉄.

As a result of a study on the chemical reaction, it is about to put a way into practical use of taking out of a new energy. It’s a hydrogen energy, but at the same time, the chemical reaction between materials caused large...

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

...the chemical reaction between materials caused a large amount of risk as well at the same time.

《How does electric current flow?》

The author said he was going to go over the structure on atom simply.

There is an atomic number. Hydrogen is 1, helium 2, and lithium 3, but what is the atomic number? It’s very simple and the number of protons each of atoms, so hydrogen has one proton, helium two , and lithium 3.

As to uranium, its atomic number is 92, so its atomic nucleus has 92 protons.

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《How does electric current flow?》

The atomic number is convenient, for as to the number of proton and electron, each of them is the same number, so hydrogen has a proton, its electron is one, helium has two each other. The number on proton and electron is the same. What does it mean?

Proton and electron has electricity. In other words, proton is charged positively, and electron is done negatively. When the same number on the proton and electron, it offsets each other and becomes neutral, so every kind of atoms is neutral electrically.

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《How does electricity flow?》

But there are lots of materials through which electricity flows like copper and aluminum in the world.

A single atom is very tiny and various materials are made up with in a variety of atoms, and the atoms are united in various ways each other.

For example, oxygen in the air isn’t atom on the oxygen but exists as molecule of oxygen,O2. It means that atoms on oxygen unites.

As to the number 2 behind O, it should have been expressed small, but I can’t do it.

On the other hand, as to a metal like copper, molecule...

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《How does electricity flow?》

On the other hand, as to a metal like copper, the molecule isn’t made, but atom united each other.

By the way, I have a question. Atoms are united and a molecule is made, but in spite that atoms are united, molecule isn’t made. Why?

To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on science, so I don’t know why it is. I’m sorry for it.

The materials which are made up with atoms in various ways has different nature from original atom.

For example, as to copper, as atoms are united, electrons which flew around the atomic...

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【What is the mechanism on the hydrogen energy?】

《How does electricity flow?》

As to the copper, when atoms are united, electrons which flew around the atomic nucleus learns to flew at random here and there, so electricity flows.

Electricity flows means that a new electrons come into there. The new electrons push aside other electrons in the copper originally, and the other electrons which were pushed aside to the same thing to another electrons, and another electrons...

The electrons move as if they have been balls in billiards, so electricity flows.

《A prediction by Mendelev》

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

A Russian chemist Mendeleev made a strange list in 1869, for he wanted to arrange 63 kinds of chemical elements discovered then in order.

He put those chemical elements in some lines from a small amount of atoms one by one.

The amount of atom doesn’t always mean the weight on atom itself. The weight on a single atom is so tiny that it’s hard to deal with it.

Thinking of atom on carbon as 12, expressing the weight on each of atom with the ratio to the carbon relatively.

The Russian chemist put the chemical elements...

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

The Russian chemist put the chemical elements from the small amount of atom one by one. He didn’t put them in a single line simply. As putting together the chemical elements with familiar nature in a group, so he put them on lines like a list.

Then he was aware that chemical elements which was familiar nature appeared periodically, so the periodic table of the chemical elements was completed.

The author said Mendeleev is marvelous because he made the periodic table of the chemical elements simply.

When lining up...

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

When lining up 63 kinds of the chemical elements, he founds something inconvenient. He was conscious that its periodicity was lost then.

If imaging cards, it may be easy to understand. It has four kinds like heart, spade, diamond, and clover, and its total number is 52, so we can line up them four lines like heart, spade, diamond and clover with 13 cards.

Even if only a card is lost, we can’t line up without any space, so missing the one destroys its regularity, and the Russian chemist was aware of the same thing.

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

When lining up 63 kinds of chemical elements as they were, it wasn’t periodic. Then the Russian chemist stopped to think it over. Why did it happen?

Then he reached a conclusion that there were still chemical elements which they didn’t discover. After that the chemical elements which he predicted were discovered one after another.

It reminds us of an episode on Higgs bosom in physics. Higgs thought though not having discovered, he forecast there must have been an elementary particle which influence on other...

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleeve》

...he thought there must have been an elementary particle which influence other elementary particle on its mass, and they were discovered actually in 2012.

Splendid theory or hypothesis starts from doubting. The periodical table of the chemical elements by Mendeleev has taught us it.

《Why has a fuel cell been paid attention?》

Thus as chemical study developed, we the human kind has made use of its outcome and produced various artificial things like plastic bag, plastic bottle, nylon, an electric battery....

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

Without blessing form chemistry, there is no our everyday life.

There are 92 kinds of chemical elements in natural world on earth, except for them, other ones which have been composed artificially and made are some two dozens.

A new chemical element of one hundred thirtieth has been discovered in Japan lately and has been called nihonium, and it became a current topic then.

Even if adding all of them, the chemical elements discovered on earth are less than 120, but if being composed...

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

...but if being composed them chemically, thousands of kinds material are born. There is an idea from alchemy as well.

Though we the humankind couldn’t produce any gold artificially, we have succeeded in creating new materials one after another. As a result, when having led our everyday life, we’re forced to deal with numberless chemical materials.

If combined with chemical elements and being able to create new chemical elements, it means that we can do an opposite thing. We can resolve.

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

For example, water is a chemical element made up with oxygen and hydrogen. Some of us used to make an experiment on electrolysis, breaking down water into oxygen and hydrogen in a class of science in junior high school.

By the way if the resolution is reversed, what happens?

In short, making oxygen and hydrogen react chemically and producing water. Then electricity gives off. A device in which we take advantage of the mechanism is the fuel cell, which has been our....

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

The fuel cell has been our recent current.

The fuel cell is different from an ordinary battery cell in our household, so it doesn’t always mean that after accumulating some amount of electricity, we use the electricity.

Making oxygen and hydrogen react and taking out of electricity, so we should regard it as a thing like a small battery.

Why has the fuel cell been paid attention at present?

In general it is said it’s eco-friendly.

Things generating from the fuel cell is water and electricity alone.

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【Chemistry,what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

Carbon dioxide isn’t emitted from the fuel cell, we hope it will be a trump card against the global warming.

In addition, there are a large amount of hydrogen on the earth, and it was the hydrogen which was born first in the universe, and the next one was helium, so the universe is filled with hydrogen.

If succeeding in making use of it well, we don’t have to be worried about the threat from the nuclear power generation, and taking out of infinite energy from the natural world, can’t we?

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【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

We are hoping for the fuel cell greatly as clean energy source.

《The present situation on the fuel cell》

The fuel cell has started to be put it into practical use gradually. An automobile company of Toyota has sold an automobile driven by the fuel cell from December in 2014. The automobile driven by the fuel cell which was on the market was for the first time in the world.

What’s difference between this automobile of fuel cell and an electric car in the past?

The electric car in the past is loaded...

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The present situation on an automobile of fuel cell》

As usual the electric car is loaded with a battery of large amount of capacity and its motor is rotated with the battery and we can drive it.

As not having used gasoline for it, carbon dioxide isn’t discharged, so it’s good for the global warming, but its battery is very heavy and takes a lot of time to be charged, so the one who love to drive for a long distance hate the electric automobile in the past.

On the other hand, the automobile of fuel cell takes advantage of...

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【Chemistry,what is the mechanism on hydrogen fuel?】

《The present situation on the automobile of fuel cell》

On the other hand, as the automobile of fuel cell takes advantage of electricity with chemical reaction of oxygen and hydrogen, it doesn’t have to be charged.

It takes some three minutes to fill its tank with hydrogen, and once the tank is filled with hydrogen, its mileage is about 700 kilometers. It can run a long distance like the automobile of gasoline engine.

Besides, after generating electricity, the automobile of fuel cell runs with the same principle as the electric car.

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The present situation on an automobile on fuel cell》

When electricity gives off, it’s just water alone which generates at the same time. Without discharging any exhaust fumes, it runs dripping water.

Without using gasoline engine, it can run like the automobile of gasoline engine, so it’s an epoch-making automobile which is beyond our common knowledge.

It seems that the automobile is filled with good things, but the problem is that there isn’t enough hydrogen station which supplies hydrogen for the automobile. Its total number is...

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【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The present situation on the automobile of fuel cell》

Total number on the hydrogen station which is established all over Japan is within a hundred.

On the other hand, there are no less than some thirty thousand gas station in the whole Japan. Considering, we can’t go on outing with the automobile of fuel cell easily at present.

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

Hydrogen is also able to use in household as fuel cell. Setting up an instrument outside the each of houses, and making electricity. Not only electricity for household...

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