Science,English,and math 5th

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

Then it proved that how many years it has been the fossil as long as we calculate the amount of decreased carbon 14. As a result, it was assumed 3.8 billion years ago.

It doesn’t always mean that I can understand it perfectly, but I have to continue, so I’ve held my question until i express his other book, おとなの教養, he said he expressed on age determination method, using the carbon 14 there.

To return to our main subject, I’m going to start again.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

The life of a single cell which was born 3.8 billion years ago continued to be alive in the sea for a long time. The life which was born in the sea advanced into the land after that. Various plants and varied animals were born on the land.

There was no oxygen on the earth originally, but the plants appeared and made oxygen by photosynthesis, so the environment in which animals, including we the human being can be alive has been arranged then.

When oxygen increases animals can be alive ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

When oxygen increases, creatures can be alive on land. Why?

When there was no oxygen, powerful ultraviolet rays were shining into the land, but as the oxygen was made, ozone which was an isotope of oxygen was made as well, so the ozone layer was formed.

The ozone layer prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays from shining into the land, so the creatures could advance on the land from the sea.

As to the isotope, even if the same chemical element, the way of arranging and the way of...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

As the way of arranging or the way of uniting the atoms are different, even if it's the same chemical element, the isotope has different proper.

Creatures were born on the earth, and they changed with the environment on the earth, then new creatures appeared.

By the way how do the creatures change? It was Darwin who discovered it. He advocated the theory of evolution.

《A hypothesis by Darwin》

Darwin gave up the medical department of university and entered Cambridge University again.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

Then Darwin tried to start his new life as clergyman, but he went aboard the Beagle which was an English survey vessel and his life changed so much, for he gave up being the clergyman and became a biologist.

The captain of the Beagle was twenty six years old then, and he was also an amateur geologist, he wanted someone who was cultured and to talk with him on his ship, so Darwin who was twenty two then was chosen.

It took five years to round the world by ship, and on the way he got off the ship...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

...and on the way he got off the ship each place on South America and went inland there for research. After that he went shore on Galápagos Islands and discovered a thing which connected with the theory of evolution there later.

Galápagos Islands are made up with more than a hundred islands or rock of various size. There are a large number of animals like an elephant tortoise, iguana, and penguin there, but every creatures weren’t only different from the same ones on continent but characteristic...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

...but every creature isn’t only different from the same ones in continent but are characteristic by every island.

When looking at it, Darwin thought those creatures were surrounded by the sea so they evolved originally which was different from the continent. After returning to his homeland, he framed a hypothesis that creatures repeat a mutation and evolve. He asked the society whether or not his theory was right with Origin of Species in 1859.

Various creatures repeated the mutation and evolved...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

Varied creatures repeated a mutation and evolved to the ones at present. The mutation means that a form and nature which is different form its parents and ancestors appear in its descendant suddenly. When classifying creatures, we do by its form and nature.

Without this mutation, creatures must not have changed, Darwin thought like that.

There has been the mutation and varied creatures were born, and natural enemies appeared, then the ones which could adapt their surrounding alone must have survived

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

It’s the hypothesis by Darwin.

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

Without reading carefully, the theory of evolution is easily mistaken for a way of thinking on the survival of the fittest.

In short, the mutation which adapts a surrounding broke out suddenly and the gene of the creatures alone was received to their descendants and their descendants alone survived, but the mutation is different from it.

Even if the mutation happened, lots of creatures which couldn’t survive...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

Even if the mutation happened, lots of creatures which couldn’t survive could have been in the long history of creatures. Various creatures broke out varied mutation suddenly and the ones who happened to adapt their surroundings could survive. The mutation happens all of sudden.

Therefore we should say it’s a change rather than evolution. Speaking of evolution, we think as if the creatures made progress more and more, but it’s arrogant.

Actually an accidental mutation ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

Actually it’s just that an accidental mutation repeated and the one which happened to adapt its surrounding could survive.

For example, why does a giraffe have the long neck?

It doesn’t always mean that a giraffe which had a short neck tried to eat the leaf in high place so much that its neck grew up.

A giraffe which had a long neck was suddenly born by the mutation. Needless to say, without mutating, there were lots of giraffes which had a short neck, but the giraffes...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

....but the giraffe which had short neck could get plants in a low place alone, it had lots of rivals. All the plants from the low place on the ground were eaten because of lots of the rivals. Then the giraffe which had a short neck couldn’t survive.

On the other hand, the giraffe which had a long neck with the mutation could eat leaf where its rivals couldn’t reach, as a result, the giraffe which had a long neck alone could survive.

English society was shocked by the...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution is liable to be misunderstood》

English society in the 19th century was shocked by the theory of evolution of Darwin, for Christian church had still such a big influence then that the thought that the God created all the creatures was a main stream.

Creatures repeated the mutation and the ones which could adapt the surrounding alone could survive. It’s the theory of Darwin and it connects with a denial of creation by the God, so Christianity denied the theory of evolution for a long time.

But the..

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

But the Roman Pope announced a letter that he approved of the theory of evolution.

On the other hand, as being based on the theory of evolution, trying to express the creation by the God has happened in America recently. Its way of thinking is intelligent design.

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

What changes in the mutation?

Darwin couldn’t reach an idea of the gene then. After that an outcome of molecular biology has made existence on the gene clear in the 20th century.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

The outcome on the molecular biology has thrown some light on the theory of evolution again.

It turned out that a thing caused the mutation happens by mutation on the gene of a chromosome 染色体.

The mutation is a change on the gene, then what’s the gene? Or is the gene and DNA the same? Or is different? It seems that lots of people know it, but actually they don’t seem to have correct knowledge, does it?

There is a nucleus in the middle of a cell. There are lots of things like a fiber in ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and the gene the same one?》

There are lots of things like fiber in the nucleus. They are chromosome. The chromosome is dyed by liquid easily, so it’s named chromosome.

It was described in the book, but I can’t understand why it’s called chromosome, but it gets off subject, so I return to my main subject.

Chromosome is the one which DNA gets entangled around protein. A formal name on DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes material called deoxyribose, and it shows acidity in the nucleus, so it’s called like that.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and gene the same one?》

DNA is the name of a material. It’s formed of double spiral, and made up with four kinds of materials, adenine, A, thymine, T, guanine, G, and cytosine, C.

In short those four kinds of materials are lined up on each of the double spiral on DNA, and a way of lining up of four kinds of materials expresses information on the gene on the mechanism of generating life, or other mechanism on sickness or aging.

We call an arrangement on A, T, G, and C the gene. In short the gene isn’t the name of...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

In short, the gene isn’t the name of material but information.

Then we feel like researching on the gene more. What kind of arrangement on ATGC respond to function to a life? How those arrangement respond? Analyzing gene like that has made progress rapidly in the molecular biology at present.

With the progress on the study, it turned out that things in which we are interested. As to the humankind and chimpanzee, 99% of gene is the same. There is counterargument against the hypothesis, but...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

...but it is certain that both of the genes on the humankind and the chimpanzee are in harmony considerably, but a slight difference on the arrangement on ATGC separates us the humankind from the chimpanzee.

When analyzing the gene, while it has been clear on each function of the gene, there is other area which seems to don’t function at all. Some researchers call the area junk DNA.

But other researchers thought as it exists, it could have been some significance, or some functions.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

Actually, as a study on junk DNA has been done the arrangement on ATGC will be given clear more minutely from now on.

《Is recombining gene dangerous?》

Thus as various genes which plants and animals including the humankind have have been deciphered, we have a new idea. Can we recombine the gene actually? Can we make use of the recombined gene? One of them is farm products of which gene is recombined.

We’ve been engaged in an improvement on the farm products for a long time.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is recombined farm products dangerous?》

Cross-fertilization on vegetable of different kinds and cultivating rice which grows even in cold area and raising vegetable which is resistant to sickness. As a result, it’s the same as recombining gene.

But it has been done in the natural world, it doesn’t always mean that we succeed in it every time. I’m afraid we often fail. Creating a new gene artificially is more efficient rather than repeating trial and error for a long time. It’s a way of thinking on biotechnology.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which gene was recombined dangerous?》

Thus the farm products in which gene was recombined learned to be grown.

For example, making use of recombining gene and cone which resistant to a weed-killer was made.

When lots of the weed-killer were sprayed, not only weeds but cone withered until then, but the cone which has a gene resistant to the weed-killer was made, spraying lots of the weed-killer by a plane and destroying extra weeds completely is possible.

There are other kinds which are appetizing, or...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which gene is recombined dangerous?》

There are other kinds of vegetable which are appetizing or the one which bear lots of fruits, so various farm products in which gene was recombined have learned to be produced actively. Cone and soybean in which gene was recombined have been imported in Japan.

But the food in which gene was recombined isn’t popular among the Japanese very much. It seems there are lots of the Japanese who have a sense of resistance to the food in which the gene was recombined.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which gene is recombined dangerous?》

The author used to ask a professor in Tokyo industrial university like the next.

What happens if having eaten a soybean in which the gene is recombined?

And the professor answered like the next.

Even if whether or not its gene is recombined, once having taken in the human body, all of the things were broken down into amino acid, and were recomposed into protein in the body again, so it couldn’t have been dangerous.

On the other hand, recombining protein makes...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《is farm products in which the gene is recombined dangerous?》

On the other hand, recombined gene makes unknown protein and it is possible to cause an allergy because of the unknown protein.

After having eaten protein in which the gene was recombined and it was digested in stomach and intestines at once and was broken down into amino acid, there is no problem.

But without being resolved enough and it was in the blood, some people may have suffered from allergy. There have been some people who are worried about it deep rooted.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which the gene is recombined dangerous?》

Even if it’s a material in the natural world, we happens to suffer from allergy reaction, but we can’t foresee beforehand as long as it’s unknown protein. As there is danger, we are opposed to recombined gene, so we want to be able to judge the food for ourselves whether or not it’s gene recombined at least.

As having accepted those voices, whether or not the food in which the technology of recombined gene was used learned to be showed clearly.

But as to soy...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which the gene is recombined dangerous?》

But as to soy sauce, even if a soybean in which the gene is recombined wasn’t used, it has never shown. Why?

When producing the soy sauce, all the soybeans were broken down into amino acid, according to the professor in the Tokyo industrial university.

For example, if analyzing tofu or natto actually, we can judge whether or not the recombined gene was used.

On the other hand, as to the soy sauce, even if there is the soybeans in which the gene was recombined...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm product in which a gene is recombined dangerous?》

As to the soy sauce, even if there are soybeans in which the gene was recombined, all of the soybeans were decomposed into amino acid, we can’t judge after analyzing.

But the industrial world has fixed its guideline voluntarily and it has learn to be shown lately.

《We can make money with the source of gene》

As a result the information on the gene has connected with economic interests deeply.

For example, a treaty on variety of creature was adopted in 1992, and...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the source on information》

...and one of aims on the treaty on variety of creature is put up fair and impartial allocation on benefit taking advantage of the resource on gene.

Needless to say, the aim on the treaty on variety of creature is preservation on ecosystem, or genes. Moreover without overhunting, capturing animals in the form in which we can continue is an important aim as well.

However in an international assembly at the treaty on variety of creature, a thing which often discussed is ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource on information》

...a thing which has been solely discussed was allocation on benefit.

We’ve used cosmetics and medicine every day, and lots of them have been developed by a component on plant or on bacteria.

Ingredients on a plant is frequently used for cosmetics. As to medicine, the bark of willow is a raw material for aspirin which is antipyretic 解熱剤. Penicillin which is an antibiotic has been developed from bluish green mold. We can take advantage of star anise which is material for...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource on gene》

We make use of star anise 八角 which is a material for Chinese dish and can make Tamiflu which is used for influenza.

If a researcher of a pharmaceutical company in developed country finds a plant which seems to be the efficiency of a medicine in a developing country and brings back its homeland, makes a new medicine, sells it, where does its benefit belong to?

Actually the researchers in company on producing medicine in America and Europe went into the upper reachers of the Amazon.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource on gene》

After that the researchers gathered lots of unknown plants and brought back to their homeland with the unknown plants in secret. There could have been lots of medicine of which raw material was gathered like that.

Then the people in developing country must have thought the resource was stolen from their country.

So at the treaty on variety of creature in the international assembly, when a developed country used the resource on gene in a developing country and made a profit...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource of gene》

...then the profit would be divided into the developing country equally. The rule has been tried to made at present, but the both of developed countries and developing countries tried to have priority over profit on each of county alone.

That kind of negotiation has been unfurled in the international assembly.

《Do you have diagnosed on gene?》

A remarkable development on the study of gene has reached to control the gene on the humankind. As to an illness which is caused due to...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnose on the gene?》

As to an illness which is owing to being lacking of specific gene, it’s cured by being inserted the necessary gene. That kind of study has been made progress as well at present.

By the way, as it drifts away from the subject a little, when being inserted the necessary gene in the body, we need the one which carry away the necessary gene in the body. The one which is engaged in carrying the necessary gene. A colon bacillus 大腸菌 is often used for it.

There are various colon bacilli, and ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnosed on the gene?》

...and lots of the colon bacilli are harmless to the human body, so they have played an active role as the one which carry away the necessary gene when the gene is recombined.

Returning to the main subject.

As to a treatment in which a gene is making used of, lots of people will accept it pleasantly, for everyone wants to cure sickness.

On the other hand, having a diagnose on the gene has been popular gradually. Cutting out of a mucous membrane 粘膜 in the mouth a little and sending...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnose on the gene?》

...and sending the mucous membrane to hospital, then hospital diagnoses on the gene for us, and it turned out that a sickness which we are likely to suffer from in the future by the diagnose.

The one which is well-known is Angelina Jolie who is an actress, it was clear that she had high risk to be a breast cancer by the diagnose on gene, so her breast was removed by surgically, and it was a shocking news.

Is it so clear exactly? Some people may have thought. As to her case, her family..

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnose on the gene?》

...her family line have outbreaks on cancer, and it was clear that she had the gene causing the breast cancer. Without removing surgically she leads everyday life as usual, it has been expected she will suffer from the breast cancer with high probability.

From now on, the diagnose on the gene perhaps makes us show the possibility suffering from sickness more and more.

It is all right if we can deal it with like the actress, but...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Have you a diagnose on the gene?》

...but it may prove that we suffer from incurable sickness in modern medical science. If it’s clear when being so young, what should we do? To put it in an extreme way, we feel as if we were sentenced a death penalty.

We’ll suffer from an incurable sickness someday. After we recognized, the rest of our life will be very hard.

Or when getting married, if it is natural for a couple to show the result on the diagnose of the gene each other, its result may have destroyed the engagement.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Have you a diagnose on gene?》

All things considered, do you feel like researching your gene? Or give it up?

The author said that ignorance is bliss. Needless to say there are some people who want to know.

But when being at a loss whether to do or not, the study has made progress more and more.

A person who has an idea of recombining the gene and creating an excellent people may show up like Hitler in the future. Thinking of the possibility that the technical skill is completed, I find it terrible, the author said like that.

【Medical science, from virus to regenerative medicine】

With the development on the study of biology, its out come has had influence over the society in a various forms of recombine gene or the diagnose on the gene.

It is the medical science which the outcome from science has influence over us more than anything.

We the human being has been imposed to the threat of various sickness. A history on the human being is the one in which we’ve fought against the sickness. How do we put the outcome from science into practical use and face to the sickness with the medical science? We are going to...

【Medical science, from virus to regenerative medicine】

The author said he was going to express the movement from a virus to regenerative medicine.

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic fever》

Ebola hemorrhagic fever was epidemic explosively at Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia in West Africa in the first half of 2014. Its firs patient appeared at a small town in present Southern Sudan in 1976 and its virus was discovered then.

The patient was from then Zaire which is present Congo democratic republic. Ebola was originated from a river near the place where the patient was from.

Ebola virus...

【Medical science, from virus to regenerative medicine】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

The Ebola virus has five kinds. The one has low on the case fatality rate 致死率, and the other does low. Zaire species which has the highest fatality rate reaches no less than to 90%.

When being contracted Ebola virus, its early symptom is almost same as the flu. Having a fever suddenly, feeling a chilly, and coughing. Its patient goes to hospital as if it had had a symptom of the flu.

But when time passes, its blood vessel received the attack from the Ebola virus so much that the blood vessels...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

...that the blood vessels in the body breaks one after another. Or capillary vessel 毛細血管 and the blood vessel on the eye break. As a result, every part of the blood vessel start to bleed then.

It is well known that Ebola virus is highly contagious. We are contracted with no more than dozens of viruses of Ebola. To make matters worse, when the ones who are engaged in medical treatment try to help patients who are contracted Ebola virus are also contracted one after another.

When trying to...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

When trying to treat, both of a doctor and a nurse try to stop bleeding, then a small amount of the blood sometimes sticks to the skin. The human body has such the lots of invisible wounds that sticking the small amount of the blood to the skin causes contagion from the wounds, so the ones who are engaged in the medical treatment fall down one after another.

And another ones who try to help them are contracted as well.

Thus infection expands with the chan reaction....

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

Thus infection expands with the chain reaction with regard to the Ebola virus, so it’s very dangerous.

【The risk on being contracted with virus in the global era】

Wasn’t the Ebola virus epidemic so much in the past?

It was epidemic sporadically in the upper reaches of South Sudan or of Congo Democratic Republic before 2014, but its patients were at small villages in the upper reaches, so the infection was able to be suppressed then.

But when breaking out in 2014, it was in the cities of...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in the global era》

When breaking out in 2014, it was cities of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and surrounding districts, so the Ebola virus spread in an instant, especially Sierra Leone was tragic.

It’s a developing country, so there weren’t lots of doctors there. When being engaged in the treatment on the Ebola hemorrhagic virus, a handful of doctors were contracted one after another, so the medical system collapsed then.

Without being able to take steps against Ebola virus, the government...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in global era》

Without being able to take any step against Ebola virus, the government of Sierra Leone changed its plan into the one that patients took care of themselves at home. It’s just that the patient could do nothing except for being at home.

Its family members were forced to attend the patient, but as they didn’t have basic medical knowledge at all, they were contracted at once.

To make matters worse, West Africa was in the habit of washing the body cleanly when burying the dead.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in global era》

As a result, when washing the dead body, the family members were contracted in succession.

It is said that even gorillas couldn’t withstand the violence on Ebola virus. The number of gorilla has decreased sharply in North Africa, and gorillas have been designated an endangered species. Why have they decreased rapidly?

It is said that we the humankind killed them or lots of gorillas got involved at the civil war in Congo, but a hypothesis that its cause was Ebola virus has...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in global era》

...but a hypothesis that gorillas were dead due to Ebola virus has been strong lately. For example, it has been clear that no less than 5500 of gorillas were dead on account of the Ebola virus in Kongo democratic Republic.

After all WHO declared the state of emergency, and three thousand of American soldiers were mobilized, and Ebola virus was managed to be suppressed, but its victims reached a large amount of numbers, so it was estimated that some ten thousand people were...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk being contracted with virus in global era》

...so it was estimated that some ten thousand of people were contracted until October in 2014.

Then there were some people who returned from West Africa to Japan, and there was possibility that they were contracted, so it caused a commotion in Japan then.

In the global era like at present, the virus spread all over the world by plane.

As to Ebola virus, its incubation period 潜伏期間 from being contracted to having a fever, the shortest period is a few days, but when being long, it...