Science,English,and math 5th

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage by the global warming》

...but it is said that the ones who were dead owing to malaria or the ones who were dead on account of being short of food were by far more than the ones in the battle actually.

By the way what do you think is the second creature that killed the most humans? You may be aware of it, it’s ourselves, the humankind.

Except for malaria, the surface of the sea rising up is also serious.

We tend to misunderstand, but even if the ice on arctic is melt due to the global warming, the surface on the sea..,

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

...it doesn’t always the surface on the sea doesn’t go up there, for there is no continent in arctic, so even if the ice floating in the arctic sea melts, the surface on the sea doesn’t go up.

If the ice on the ice water in a cup melts, the height on the surface on the warmer doesn’t change, and arctic is the same.

On the other hand, if ice on land melts and flows into the sea from the Antarctic Continent, or Siberia, needless to say the amount of sea water increases, so the surface on the water rises.

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

But the biggest reason on the rising of the surface on the sea isn’t melting ice on land but the temperature on the sea water goes up.

When global warming goes ahead, the temperature on the sea water rises. As the temperature on the sea water goes up, so the sea water swells and the surface on the water goes up.

Taro island at a group of Solomon in South Pacific Ocean was eroded by going up the surface on the seawater, so it was decided that some thousand of its residents moved to other island.

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

There are lots of other islands which have danger of being submerged by rising up the surface on the sea water like Tuvalu or Kiribati. Those lots of residents at the lands in South Pacific Ocean would be driven from the place where they live.

As to the people at the island of the group of Solomon, other islands are due to accept them, but if they wouldn’t be accepted, what should they do? Probably they would be forced to emigrate to Australia.

Some islands will end up doing like that in the future.

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

But always accepting displaced people tends to be refused, so does Australia accept lots of displaced people by environmental problem? The global warming has possibility of causing such the international problem.

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

So specialists from each nation joined forces, and established IPCC in 1988 which is abbreviation of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Its aim is investigating a change on climate.

Panel is the one from Panel discussion, and it means the...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

...and it means the whole participants. Moreover the United Nations made a treaty in 1992 and started a step on the global warming. The name of the treaty is Unite Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Without saying the global warming, the United Nations calls it climate change. 195 nations and regions which join in the treaty hold a conference every year. It’s the COP, Conference of the Parties.

The third COP was held in Kyoto in 1997, and set up a goal that how much should...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

...how should we reduce the greenhouse gas effect according to average on five years from 2008, comparing it with 1990. It was Kyoto protocol.

It was then the Vice President Gore in Clinton Government who made an effort on the decision. He persuaded each country and Kyoto Protocol was completed, but after that, he was lost in a Presidential election in America and Bush won.

As Bush received a large amount of political donation from petroleum industry and he insisted that the earth ...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

...Bush insisted that the earth didn’t suffer from the global warming and America left from the decision on the Kyoto protocol.

On the other hand Japan promised on reduction of 6% for five years. It was feared whether or not it came true then, but Japan met with depression owing to Lehman shock in 2008, and economic activity stagnated, so the amount of consumption on electric power dropped sharply.

As a result the amount of emission on carbon dioxide decreased sharply, and Japan could ...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made promise in Paris Agreement?》

...and Japan could make promise on Kyoto Protocol ironically, but it’s just a part of developed countries like Japan or EU who decided the target on the Kyoto Protocol, for developing countries didn’t join, and America left from the protocol.

As a result, the total amount of exhaust on carbon dioxide for reduction by each country reached one fourth on the whole amount. America and China which didn’t set up the goal for reduction on carbon dioxide occupied some 40% on the goal, and it...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreemet?》

It was ineffective, but it was 20th on the COP, conference of the parties in 2014 when it learned to changed gradually. It was held in Lima which is capital in Peru. It was the place where experts from each country joined force and investigate on climate change.

It was agreed in the COP that both the developed and developing countries set up the goal for reduction on the greenhouse gas effect, being based on the common rule.

And in the 21st COP in 2015, restricting on average...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...restricting average rising temperature on the whole world under two temperature since the industry revolution, moreover a target by making effort of each country to restrict under 1.5 temperature. Countries in the world made progress. It’s the Paris agreement.

The one which was done in Kyoto was the protocol, and the one in Paris was agreement. Why? It was a convenience for America.

The protocol is an international treaty, so in America, even if a President made a progress....

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...even if a President made progress, a National Assembly has to ratify, but then American National Assembly was occupied by Republican Party both on the Upper and Lower House then, so the Kyoto protocol wasn’t accepted in America.

On the other hand, as long as it’s the agreement, the National Assembly doesn’t have to ratify.

In short, considering the situation on America, we call the one in Paris the agreement.

IPCC announced data, how much is affected on the global environment...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...how much is the global environment affected by increase on the greenhouse gas effect? ICCP announced like the next.

Without doing anything effective against the global warming, it is reported average temperature in the whole earth goes up by 4.8 degree in maximum in 2100.

On the other hand, if taking a step as best as we can, we can restrict the temperature from 0.3 to 1.7 degree.

As having expressed, average temperature on the earth continues to go up since the industry ...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...average temperature on the earth continues to go up since the industry revolution. IPCC has suggested a goal that we restrict the rise on temperature under 2 degree, and the Paris Agreement was done in accordance with it.

Thus countries in the world join force for the global warming at last.

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

There used to be a person who destroyed nature in a large scale by himself. It was Mao Zedong in China.

The Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong started...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

The Great Leap Forward started by Mao Zedong started in 1958.

He thought immediate after the newborn China was born, it would take a long time to realize the society on socialism, but his despotic rule was formed, he started to think realizing the society of the socialism without stopping, and started the policy of the Great Leap and Forward.

Then Khrushchev announced Soviet Union would go ahead of America in regard to economic power within 15 years.

Mao Zedong was aware of being a sworn...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

Being aware that China was a sworn brother for Soviet, Mao Zedong set his goal of being ahead of England which had economic power was in the second place then within 15 years. Concretely, China caught up with England on production of steel.

What should he do so as to do it? If starting from constructing an iron works, he couldn’t be in with his goal, so the iron works learn to be made by hand in a farming village all over China.

It was a furnace made up with fireproof brick which was mortared.

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

The furnace for iron works was home made of which height was some five meters.

There wasn’t enough development on coal mine in China then. Instead of coal, they were forced to use woods as heat source for melting iron. The ones who were engaged in agriculture started to bring down logs from woods around them.

Thus forest was suddenly lost in the whole China, and desertification made progress.

Amount of yellow sand increases and reaches Japan now because forests were uprooted in China then.

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

In addition, there were no iron ore for melting iron, a pot, frying pan, and kitchen knife were forced to offer from farming house. When there was no material for melting iron, a shovel, spade for agricultural implements were thrown into the furnace.

Originally iron has to be made in furnace and the shovel and spade had to be made there, but the agricultural tools implements were destructed there. Putting the cart before the horse.

As a result, trees became few extremely in China, and...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

...and almost all of the agricultural implements were lost for three years from 1958.

《Serious damage on agricultural product》

In the Great Leap and Forward, with the production on iron, a group of agriculture was made progress. Dense planting on rice was directed then.

If dense planting was done, there were enough ears for the rice plant, and it became a good harvest for rice, Mao Zedong thought like that, and it was carried out in farming villages in the whole China.

Needless to say it...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on agricultural product》

Needless to say, it didn’t go well. Neither ventilation nor draining were good, and a fertilizer ran short, so the production on rice decreased sharply.

Moreover, Mao Zedong directed to exterminate sparrows which eat rice. The whole ones who were engaged in agriculture were mobilized so as to eradicate the sparrows.

Beating a drum or pot and sparrows were surprised so much they couldn’t land on the ground and were forced to continue flying. They would be tired soon and fall on the ground soon,

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on agricultural product》

Then we can catch the sparrows.

It seemed that Mao Zedong thought like that, and to my surprise, it was carried out in the whole China once all together seriously, and they succeeded in eradicating no less than some four hundred thousand of sparrows Beijing alone for three days in maximum.

On the other hand, as sparrows disappeared, a large amount of insects which had no natural enemy appeared and farm products suffered from a serious damage then.

In spite of the remark of the Great Leap...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on farm products》

In spite of the remark of the Great Leap and Forward, production on agriculture decreased sharply in China then, and a large scale of famine broke out.

But in a textbook which Chinese children learn, there is a description alone like the next.

As bad weather continued for three years, there was a serious damage in farming village.

There was none of damage by the Great Leap and Forward in the description and Chinese Communist Party has...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on farming products》

...and Chinese Communist Party has concealed the failure in the Great Leap and Forward even at present.

Without having any scientific knowledge, a single leader happened to think of a policy and it was carried out, so it caused a starvation all over China, so a part of the country becomes a desert.

With scientific knowledge, political and economic power is indispensable so as to settle the environmental problem, but if a political leadership goes to a wrong direction by under a wrong impression...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on farming products》

...then an irreparable thing tends to happen. We must not forget it.

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

The author said he’s reached the last part at last and continued.

We recognize that various hypotheses and verifications have been accumulated and moved forward in every field like physics, chemistry, biology, medical science, and environmental problem.

If a hypothesis is verified, we’ll be pleased with it, and think, I did it!

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

While the pure desire to know has driven science, a thing like alchemy has invented new material and new energy one after another, and outcome on science connects with war and business, and both the humankind and natural world are forced to sacrifice something valuable for us.

In a field of biology and environment, various of ethical problems have caused.

Science and its risk make us go nowhere. A new scientific discovery caused a new risk, but science has to move forward so as to get over the risk.

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

Science isn’t always almighty and causes a risk, but at the same time it has an ability to stop destruction.

Carl Sagan who is an American astronomy framed a hypothesis of nuclear winter at the time of the Cold War in 1983.

If America and Soviet Union uses nuclear weapon each other, its ash and various harmful things radiates in the atmosphere, so the earth is covered with them. The ash and harmful things prevent us from getting heat from the sun. It means winter comes all over the world.

Carl Sagan...

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【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

Carl Sagan warned the damage causing a ruin to us by the nuclear war like that.

After the World War Ⅱ, development on nuclear weapon was intensified, but we humankind hasn’t choose the path for ruin, for an enlightenment by scientists like Carl Sagan may have prevented us from destroying ourselves.

Understanding the ability on science exactly, and carrying out scientific thought for ourselves, it leads to a wealthy society eventually. The author said like that

I’m going to express on math in the next, maybe

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【Preface on differential and integral calculus 微積分】

There are three oranges and three apples.

Even a three year old infant can talk with others like that. It’s a easy conversation, but it isn’t easy at all, for the orange is different from the apple altogether, each number of orange and apple is the same.

Paying attention on the number alone and regarding it as the same. We call it abstraction. As to an ability of thinking of something and to be abstracted, everyone has it, especially, math is to be abstracted extremely, the more complicated, the more no one can understand.

Then...

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【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Then the important thing is a concrete image.

A textbook or a workbook on math are filled with ways of abstracted expressions.

For example, even if it’s a fantastic music when listening to, if looking at its music score 楽譜 alone, it’s full of musical notes. Math is the same.

Without having an imagination on melody, no one can compose a piece of music, so if trying to understand math with a transformation on numerical equation alone, no one can understand math, in the first place, no one finds it interesting.

Imaging what we are doing...

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【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Imaging what we are doing is very important in order to understand math.

I’ve tried to express a book on differential and integral calculus, and the book tries to give an explanation for what we are trying to thing through the differential and integral calculus.

The content on this book may not be enough for the ones who try to study for an entrance exam on university or the ones who use the differential and integral calculus for programming.

But it’s enough to feel a fantastic idea on the differential and integral calculus.

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【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Differential calculus 微分 is dividing minutely and analyzing. Integral calculus 積分 is after dividing minutely, adding them up. Its idea is so simple that it’s widely put into practical use, and if being able to understand it, various things around us should look different before.

There are various handbooks on the differential and integral calculus, and as it has the same theme, roughly speaking its content is almost the same.

But no one knows when or where the god for understanding arrives us. Even if other ordinary people can’t understand...

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【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Even if other ordinary people can’t understand an explanation, it rings a bell for us....it frequently happens. We don’t have to understand all the explanations. It’s all right if we can understand some of them, even if one of them.

The one who is good at math isn’t a genius who can understand everything, but the one who continues to try a hard theme to understand with every possible means, changing handbooks and teachers.

The author said like that.

By the way, there is one thing to say before starting.

I’m afraid I can’t express all the...

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【What I’ve thought】

I’m afraid I can’t express all of contents on the book of differential and integral calculus, for there are lots of graphs and numerical formulas.

The harder the numerical formula, the harder I express here in a bulletin board. Even if the difficult numerical formula is hard to express in English, I’m sure I manage to be able to do it, but it’s a waste of time, moreover I don’t think I have fun then.

I’m going to express as much as possible, but I’m afraid it has a limit, so if feeling the limit, I’m forced to give it up. It can’t be helped. I’m sorry for it.

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【Origin on the differential and integral calculus】

It used to be the most advanced learning in the time of astronomical observation long ago.

《It started from observation on stars》

Differential and integral calculus started from observation on stars. Scientific technology has developed at present, for example, a space flight, or a probe on the Mars, but movement on stars was unknown and was a hard work before the differential and integral calculus was contrived.

They collected a large amount of data on observation, being based on the data, and measured orbits on the stars. Calculating...

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【Origin on differential and integral calculus】

《It’s started from observation on stars》

Calculating orbits on stars used to be the most advanced learning then, and it seemed to be very hard, but with appearance on Newton and Leibniz, differential and integral calculus has been contrived, and if using it, we can know the movement on stars by a calculation which students in university do,

After that the differential and integral calculus has learned to be made use of in various fields like physics so as to understand minute phenomena.

《If understanding differential and integral calculus...》

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【Origin on differential and integral calculus】

《If understanding the differential and integral calculus...》

Though differential calculus and integral calculus used to be the most advanced learning three hundred years ago, they appear in math at high school at present, so the time moves forward.

Both of differential calculus and integral calculus have a large application range, and they haven’t only been made use of science but economy. They have been taken advantage of in wide areas.

But when starting to learn math, the differential and integral calculus is a weak point for lots of people.

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【Origin on differential and integral calculus】

《If understanding differential and integral calculus...》

There seem to be lots of people who hate math because of the differential and integral calculus. Why?

It was either the way of teaching was bad or the one who listened to didn’t prepare for it enough. Please understand the way on thinking the differential and integral calculus, and get over inferior complex on math, the author said.

【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

A reason why lots of people give up when starting the differential and calculus start

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【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《We learn the base on the differential and integral calculus in high school》

How many people who learn the differential and integral calculus in high school?

The author said he was going to give a explanation of the differential and integral calculus which we learn in high school, which is the center of the book.

The differential and integral calculus has been taken advantage of various fields, for it’s so basic. If comparing a kitchen knife with a peeler, the kitchen knife is so basic that it has bigger application range.

《Why does it...》

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【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《Why does it become hard?》

The differential and integral calculus must have been basic, but lots of people who gave up appear in high school, for the numerical formulas looks like an enumeration 羅列 with marks and equation which we can’t understand at all more and more.

A numerical equation is eloquent, if changing the way of seeing.

For example, when buying four things of each price is 50yen, and thinking how much in total, then calculating, 50 × 4 = 200, so we concluded it was 200yen. We thought the first and the last are something meaningful

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【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《Why does it become hard?》

But as to the equation in the middle part, we don’t think it’s meaningful, but it isn’t meaningful, but its meaning isn’t described in the equation.

But as judging the situation actually, and when looking at 50 × ４＝ 200, we thought there were four things, and each of price is 50yen, so its equation was like that.

But when being in high school or in university, discussion on the equation in the middle part becomes so long that we tend to forget its original situation.

The important thing really isn’t running after...

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【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《Why does it become hard?》

The important thing really isn’t running after an equation but remembering the first situation on the equation.

【Inventors Ⅰ】

A genius who thought of various things from an apple

《Starting from an apple》

Newton is one of meritorious people on differential and integral calculus and is so famous that his name has been unit on physics. Everyone knows his episode on apple of when looking at an apple fall from the tree and discovering the law of universal gravitation.

It is said it was his early twentieth when he...

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【Inventors Ⅰ】

《Starting from an apple》

It is said that it was in his early twentieth when he discovered the differential and integral calculus and the episode on apple was also then.

He wrote down his first thesis on light for the first time, but it wasn’t accepted then so he was so cautious to announce his thesis that after twenty years the differential and integral calculus was announced.

A mark on the differential and integral calculus used by Newton is a little different from the one which used in high school at present.

The mark invented by Leibnitz and by Lagrange have been used...

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【Inventors Ⅰ】

《Starting from an apple》

The marks which was invented by Leibniz and Lagrange have been used appropriately at present, and the one invented by Newton isn’t very famous in Japan, but is ordinary in Germany.

The way of thinking on the differential and integral calculus by Newton is characteristic that the laws of motion is used.

《He walked in the future after a hundred years》

As ordinary people couldn’t understand the differential and integral calculus invented by Newton, so Euler and Lagrange put its data in order and becomes the one which we’ve used at present

【Inventors Ⅱ】

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【Inventors Ⅱ】

A genius who put all his energy into invention on mark.

《The one who made much of the mark by far rather than the differential and integral calculus》

Leibniz is the one who invented the differential and integral calculus at the same period with Newton.

It was after some ten years from the discovery by Newton when Leibniz put into his thesis in order, but Newton didn’t announced his thesis for 20 years, so the thesis by Leibniz was issued earlier by Newton by ten years. It caused a feud after that.

The way of thinking on the differential and integral calculus was different...

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【Inventors Ⅱ】

《The one who mad much of mark by far rather than the differential and integral calculus》

The way of thinking by Leibniz was different from the one of Newton. His depended on the space.

By the way, I have little knowledge on the differential and integral calculus, so it's just that I expressed the content on the book as it was. As to the difference between two of them, it doesn’t ring a bell at all. I’m sorry for it.

Leibniz was interested in a new mark. The mark which is easy to understand has a power to make progress the field so much.

As to a musical field, the...

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【Inventors Ⅱ】

《The one who made much of mark by far rather than the differential and integral calculus》

As to a musical field, it is said that the development on Western music is done by a musical score which everyone replays easily, and the same thing could have happened in math.

《The founder on the mark》

The marks which we’ve made use of is the one which was contrived by Leibniz are mainstream. ∫ which is a mark on differential calculus is one of them.

When the differential and integral calculus started to develop, Newton played an active part in England, and Leibniz did in Europe.

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【Inventors Ⅱ】

《The founder on the mark》

The discovery by Leibniz has made lots of people be involved in development on differential and integral calculus in European continent, so it has learned to be understand by even students in high school.

【A feud between inventors】

Which was the first to contrive the differential and integral calculus?

《There is bitter enmity between them》

Newton and Leibniz were very bad terms, for a dispute was unfolded between them. Which was the first to contrive?

It seemed that Newton was the first, but he was late for announcing in the society, so he let...

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【A feud between inventors 】

《There is bitter enmity between them》

...so he let Leibniz get ahead of him then.

The one who announced the thesis faster must have been the inventor, but there was a criticism that Leibniz owed his differential and integral calculus to Newton, so Leibniz filed an objection to the royal association. Why was there the criticism like that?

Leibniz developed a calculating machine, when working as diplomat, he was praised on development of his calculating machine and was invited to the royal association in England. Then as he was the member of the royal...

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【A feud between inventors】

《There are very bad enmity between them》

Then as Newton was a member of the royal association it had possibility that he skimmed through the thesis by Leibniz.

《Unfair inspection》

As Newton was involved in the inspection on filing objection by Leibniz a fair inspection wasn’t done, and the dispute continued until Leibniz was dead.

After that as a way of grappling with the differential and integral calculus was different between them, both of them have been accepted the ones who contrived in different ways each other.

【What should we do so as to understand...】

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【What should we do so as to understand the differential and integral calculus?】

The one which do its best when on one watches.

《Where is the differential and integral calculus?》

The differential and integral calculus has been taken advantage in various field like physics, chemistry, biology, and economy.

It doesn’t always mean that without understanding it, we can’t be on board in air plane nor in Shinkansen, but without it, we can’t make the Shinkansen and we fear too much to be on board in the air plane, for it has been used as principle that the airplane flies.

Even if it’s not...

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