Science,English,and math 5th

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

But in academic lever, at the time when the thesis was withdrawn, its existence was denied clearly.

As it had been denied scientifically, the study could have been right back it started again and the confusion could have been over, but the confusion continued.

Then the Minister of Education said scientist had to make effort to try to discover the STAP cell, so a large amount of tax was spent and its verification and was made experiments, but the trial was a fail.

Does the verification and experiments...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

Does the verification and experiments have to be done? Originally when everyone can show the same result on the experiment every time, we can say the STAP cell exist.

Though lots of scientists have understood it enough, they were forced to obey the remark by the Minister of Education, so looking for the black swan was done by spending the national tax.

The author said he was painfully aware that the one who adopted humanities need scientific thinking through the confusion.

《A theme in the side on society》

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《A theme in the side of society》

Thus the medical science has reached a dreamy way for treatment by the iPS cell, but it caused a big problem in the society.

The author said the operation on transplanting retina and it cost hundreds of million for the treatment. Can we pay the large amount of money for treatment personally? If health insurance makes up for it, its system itself will collapse.

Then even if it’s the dreamy treatment, it is occupied by a part of wealthy people who can pay the large amount...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《A theme in the side of society》

...it is occupied by a part of rich people who can pay the large amount of money. Is it allowed to be done?

Professor Yamanaka aims at improving the technical skill on regenerative medicine and everyone can be blessed with its outcome. It’s his next goal.

But when it comes true, who pays the large amount of medical expense? A new problem emerges then.

In the chapter of biology, the author pointed out various ethical problems appeared with progress on study of gene. It’s the same with medical medicine

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《A theme in the side of society》

In short, when having discovered a new technical skill on science, the side of society which receives the new technical skill is forced to face a new theme. Scientific progress forces to the side of society to improve ethical progress.

【Earth science, from earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《It’s 60% on the probability of the earthquake under directly the capital》

A big earthquake broke out in Kumamoto prefecture April in 2016. Its biggest seismic intensity 震度 was seven.

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《70% of probability on the earthquake under directly the capital》

After a few days aftershock continued.

This earthquake made lots of people inform that there are lots of active faults 活断層 in Kumamoto prefecture, but it used to be turned out that there were active faults already in Kumamoto prefecture.

Big earthquake broke out many times in Kumamoto in the past, and there is a record that the stone wall on the Kumamoto castle was damaged seriously by a big earthquake.

When reading its history, the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《Probability on the earthquake under directly the capital is 70%》

When looking back its history, there were lots of the earthquakes in the past, but Kumamoto prefecture appealed the earthquake didn’t broke out as strongpoint and made a homepage for inviting companies. Danger past, God forgotten.

However even if the earthquake frequently broke out in the past, the probability on breaking out the earthquake is low in Kumamoto prefecture.

It has been forecast that the earthquake directly under a...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the capital to volcanic eruption】

《Probability on the earthquake directly under the capital is 70%》

It has been forecast that the earthquake directly under the capital will break out like Kumamoto prefecture with high probability.

The committee on researching the earthquake in Japan has forecast the earthquake of which seismic intensity 震度 breaks out within thirty years. Its probability is 70%.

Speaking of under directly the capital, we are liable to think it’s just under Tokyo prefecture, but it means the capital is southern Kanto area.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the capital to volcanic eruption】

《The probability on the earthquake under directly the capital is 70%》

In short, the earthquake of which seismic intensity is 7 break out in the southern area somewhere, including Chiba, Saitama, southern Ibaragi, Kanagawa, and Tokyo within thirty years. Its probability is 70%.

What does the probability on 70% mean? The phrase of active fault 活断層 or the earthquake directly under appeared until now. Do you know its meaning exactly? The author said like that, and needless to say, I don’t know them at all.

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《The probability on the earthquake under directly the capital is 70%》

The author said he was going to express the reason why the earthquake breaks out through the learning on earth science in this chapter.

《Danger on the big earthquake on Nankai Trough》

The earthquake which broke out in Japan is two types. Trench type and inland. In general, the latter is called the earthquake under directly. We need to know plate so as to understand each of mechanism.

Surface on the earth is covered with dozens of...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on a big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

Surface on the earth is covered with dozens of gigantic bedrock of which thickness is some hundred kilometers. It’s a plate, and the plate moves a few centimeters a year, so the borderline between each of the plates pushes one another.

Japanese Islands and the area around them the plates crowd together. Four plates like North America, Pacific Ocean, Eurasian, and Philippine Sea bump against each other there. It makes an earthquake break out frequently in Japan

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

How is the plate and the earthquake related to?

The plate has two kinds, the plate on continent and the plate on ocean. As to four plates around Japan, North America and Eurasia are the one on continent, and the Pacific Ocean and Philippine Sea are the one on ocean.

When the plate on ocean and the plate on continent bump into each other, the plate on ocean of which density is high and heavy sinks under the plate on continent which is lighter. Then the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

Then the part of tip on the plate of ocean was dragged. When the situation continued to some extent, the plate on ocean can’t endure it any more, and tried to return the former situation. Then the place between plate and other one moved and the earthquake broke out. The earthquake like that is the type of earthquake on trench.

The trench is a place where the plate sinks and the one which becomes a trench in the bottom of the sea. When it’s shallow...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

As to the depth on the trench isn’t so deep, it's called Trough.

When the earthquake on trench broke out, the sea water on the plate is pushed up and a it sweeps toward beach, it’s a tidal wave occurs then.

The earthquake off the coast of the Tohoku which caused the earthquake disaster in East Japan 11th day March in 2011 broke out at the boarder line between the plate of North America and the plate on Pacific Ocean, the place of the trench on Japanese Sea.

【Earth science, from the earthquake under direct the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

On the other hand, the Nankai Trough where Tokai are faces is on a boarder line between the plate on Urania and Philippine Sea.

A tremendous earthquake of which center on the earthquake was the Nankai Trough frequently broke out with interval from 150 to 100 years until this time in the past.

Some seventy years have passed since the last big earthquake in Nankai Trough, so we have been worried about the earthquake not only the earthquake directly the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

...we have been worried about not only the earthquake on Nankai Trough but the one directly under the capital.

《Mechanism on the earthquake of inland》

A earthquake on inland is caused by the movement of the plate.

When the plate on continent is dragged, a strong stress is added to inside of land. The stress caused a crack in a weak place on bedrock. The weak place on bedrock is like an old wound on the skin.

The old wound suddenly slants to one side and...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of island》

The old wound slants suddenly to one side and moves. It’s the earthquake on inland. In general it is called the earthquake directly under, and it means it break out on the place directly under where we live.

By the way, the stress used to be a technical term on earth science. A movement on the plate causes a pressure inside, and the power was called the stress, and it has learned to be used for a mental situation on a person, and a saying feel the stress or being ..

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of island》

...and a way of saying feel the stress or being stressed is firmly established.

To return to the main topic, I’m going to start again, the author said like that.

The underground plate has always been added the stress from the movement on the plate of ocean. The stress was accumulate for a long time, and the slant was caused in a stratum 地層. It’s a fault, the old wound.

When a landslide happened, the stratum is cut, it is called the fault, and the fault which causes...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of island》

,,,and the fault which caused an earthquake, it’s active fault. It’s the one which repeated moving in the near past and has a possibility of being active in the future.

The typical earthquake on inland is the one which broke out in Kumamoto prefecture it was expressed before, and the earthquake in southern of Hyogo prefecture which caused the earthquake disaster in Awaji Hanshin area in 1995, especially when breaking out directly under the city, violent shake attacks city.

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of inland》

In the earthquake disaster in Awaji and Hanshin area, buildings fell down by strong shaking, and the Hanshin superhighway collapsed, so the function in the city was thoroughly destroyed, and there was serious damage.

The forecast on probability that the earthquake under directly the city breaks out within 30 years is 70%. It is a numerical value calculated statistically, being based on earthquakes breaking out in the metropolitan area until now.

For example, an active...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of inland》

For example, let’s suppose that an active fault caused the earthquake once in thirty years. If there was no earthquake for eighty years from the last one, the probability that the earthquake breaks out in the rest of 20 years becomes high.

That kind of calculation was done, and the probability has showed up of breaking out within 30 years. Its probability is 70%.

I can understand within 30 years, but I can’t 70% of probability.

《The continent used to be the one, the...》

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory of continental drift》

The author expressed the mechanism on the earthquake by movement of the plate, but why does the plate move?

The plate moves each of several inches a year, but even if it’s several inches, what’s caused by the movement on the plate for a long time?

It is the theory on plate tectonics which solves not only the cause on the activity of earthquake but those questions at a stroke. It appeared a half century ago in 1960s. It’s the same time ...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory of continental drift》

The theory on plate tectonics appeared at the same time as Higgs forecast the existence on Higgs elementary particle.

The author said he was going to express the theory on continental drift before the plate tectonics. The theory was showed by Alfred Wegener who was a German geophysicist in 1912.

It seems to use an indirect method, but expressing the theory on continental drift beforehand is to understand significance on the plate ...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory on continental drift》

Expressing the theory on continental drift beforehand makes us understand the plate tectonics well.

When looking at the world map, haven’t you have any question?

When looking at the eastern part on African continent and western part on South American continent in childhood, he thought they fit as if they had been pieces on jigsaw puzzle.

As to the author, his doubt didn’t go anywhere from the doubt, but Wegener was different. When ...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory on continental drift》

When looking at the world map, Wegener framed a hypothesis that the continent used to be the one long ago, and examined. In short, he actually investigated whether or not the continents became the one as if it had been the jigsaw puzzle.

The coastline determines the shape on the continent in the world map, fitting the coastline perfectly and more than two continent becomes one continent. He tried in various ways, but it didn’t go well.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory of continental drift》

But when investigating a continental shelf minutely, its shape fit together as if it were a puzzle, so he discovered a proof on his hypothesis. He named the continent which used to be the one before Pangaea. It means all the lands.

The earth used to be divided into two clearly for a long long ago. Only continent and except for it, there was sea around it, but the continent started to separate gradually and became the present situation.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The power on the theory of continental drift》

It’s clear for various things to understand with the theory of continental drift.

There are same kinds of snails and earthworms in both of Western Europe and Northern America which face each other across the Atlantic Ocean.

Neither snails nor earthworms can swim the Atlantic Ocean and nor go into other continent, but then why are there the same kinds of snails and earthworms in both north America and west Europe?

Scientists framed various hypotheses...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《The power on the theory of continental drift》

Scientists framed various hypotheses against the question before Wegener announced the theory on continental drift.

There used to be the theory on a overhead bridge which was one of the hypotheses. The overhead bridge, in short it’s the bridge on land.

A thing like bridge used to be built between America and Europe across the Atlantic Sea. Both snails and earthworms must have crossed the bridge. There was a scientist who framed the hypotheses like that.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The theory of continental drift》

Do snails and earthworms cross the bridge and move to other continent in a great scale?

Without thinking, we feel like digging deeply enough to the theory, but we can understand what the scientist wanted to say.

As there were the same kinds of creatures in two continents which were apart from each other, there must have been something which connected with two of them. Its idea itself was a natural one.

But no one could discover the trace on bridge. Though framing the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

Though framing the hypothesis, its proof wasn’t discovered, but this phenomenon is expressed clearly without doubt with the theory of continental drift.

If it was a single continent in the past and divided into two, being the same creatures in two continent isn't strange at all.

Or it used to be a mystery on glacier like the next.

When snowing and the snow was accumulated in mountain, the snow on the lower part didn’t melt, and the snow was piled up more and more

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

Without being melt, the snow in the lower part was compressed by weight of the snow which continued and became an ice, and the ice was accumulated more and more, so a glacier was completed.

A tremendous amount of weight was added to the accumulated ice, so the accumulated ice was moving gradually by its weight. With the movement the rock on the surface was eroded. As a result, after the glacier passed, its trace was left clearly.

There is the trace where the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

There is a trace where the glacier passed near the equator. Why is there the trace where the glacier passed near the equator? If thinking it over that the glacier passed in the time when there was the single continent, we can understand clearly why it is.

Then when did the continent which used to be the one divided?

For example, same kinds of fossil on dinosaurs have been discovered here and there all over the world, in America, or in Australia. The era when...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

It turned out that the era when the dinosaurs lived in around some two hundred million years ago by investigative stratum, so it proved out that the continent was connected some two hundred million years ago.


And it’s clear that the continent was separated little by little from then, according to research on the stratum.

《Why does the continent move?》

With the theory on the continental drift, we can express all the things clearly which was mysterious to us...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Why does the continent move?》

...why does the continent move in the first place?

Wegener framed a hypothesis that a rotation on the earth causes the centrifugal force 遠心力, and the centrifugal force made the continent move, but other scientist denied the centrifugal force didn’t have enough power to do.

In a way, the theory on continental drift itself couldn’t express the reason why the continent moved, so the theory on continental drift was denied once.

By the way Torahiko Terada who was a scientist...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Why does the continent move?》

Torahiko Terada who was a scientist and an essayist used to show us the theory on continental drift favorably in Japan long ago.

As being based on the theory on continental drift, Terada thought Japanese Islands also were separated from Asian continent, but a favorable researcher like Terada was an exception.

After offering a hypothesis, without verifying it isn’t allowed to be a right theory.

Wegener framed wonderful hypothesis which we can express various phenomena, but...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Why does the continent move?》

...but he couldn’t verify, and as obeyed by a scientific rule, scientists objected to the theory on continental drift.

Without being able to give up, Wegener tried to verify the theory on continental drift and thought the continent was moving just then, so went on searching in Greenland and tried to find its proof, but in the middle of the research he met with a disaster, so was dead.

He was putting all his energy into his study.

《Mechanism on mantle convection》

But after...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on mantle convection》

After Wegener was dead, the theory on continental drift has revived.

Why does the continent move? A clue to solve the problem is the convection on mantle. The central part in the earth is super high temperature.

Dust and gas which circled around the sun gathered and changed into planetsimal 微惑星, and the planetsimal collapsed violently and the earth was born.

When material collapses each other, heat is caused then, for kinetic energy changed into thermal energy.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on mantle convection》

For example, when hitting an iron violently, it became hot the place where it was hit. In the same way, the planetesimal collapsed each other and the earth was completed, then the earth has held a large amount of high temperature then.

When the central part becomes high temperature, what’s happened around it?

When boiling water in a pot, a convection occurs in the pot. When the water becomes hot its density is so low and light that it rises up. After rising up, the hot...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on mantle of convection》

...and the hot water is touched to the air, so its temperature drops. When its temperature drops, its density becomes so high and heavy this time that it sinks down.

Thus the hot water circles in the pot and becomes hotter. When preparing the bus, it’s the same. While the upper place is hot, the lower place is still cool. It sometimes happens, for the whole bath isn’t warmed enough by the convection.

The same thing happens inside the earth as well. There is a stratum...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on convection of mantle》

There is a stratum called mantle with which the central part in the earth is covered. The mantle means a cover. It’s made up with rock, and its central heat causes the convection slowly there. It’s the phenomenon what is called the convection on the mantle.

The continent is moved by this convection on mantle, isn't it? The idea appeared and the theory on continental drift was learned to be re-examined. The idea was polished still more, and the theory on plate...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on convection of mantle》

...and the theory on plate tectonics has appeared then.

《Mechanism on continental drift was cleared by the plate tectonics》

We’ve reached the plate tectonics at last.

Central part inside the earth has high temperature. Its heat causes the convection on mantle, and it made the plate on the mantle move.

The plate is a thing like a thin film on a hot milk. If thinking that the hot milk is the mantle and the thin film is the plate, it’s easy to imagine.

Those movement...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on continental drift is cleared up with the plate tectonics》

Plate tectonics is a theory which gives a clear explanation with the movement on the plate from the earthquake to the continental drift.

We’re going to review once again, the author said. In fact, it’s helpful for me.

The plate on ocean collapsed with the plate on land, and a part of the former sank down under the latter, then the latter was also drawn. Then the plate on land couldn’t bear the situation any more and it tried to return

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on continental drift gives a clear explanation with the plate tectonics》

Then the earthquake on the type of trench breaks out.

When the continent moves, we can express it with two forces by the plate tectonics. The one is the force which the convection on mantle draws the plate, and the other is the force which the sinking plate draws the continent.

It has been thought that the two forces are added and the continent moves.

The theory on continental drift by Wegener had the biggest demerit.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《The mechanism on continental movement has been cleared up with the plate tectonics》

It couldn’t express clearly the reason why the continent moved, but the plate tectonics has succeeded in doing it wonderfully.

《Izu peninsula has come from southern ocean》

It proved that every plate moves with the speed of several inches a year by technical skill on observation by artificial satellite like GPS recently. Even if it moves, needless to say, we can’t have a actual feeling. We are forced to think, is it true?

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from south ocean》

But we can find its evidence close to us.

For example, when going to Izu peninsula, the vegetation suddenly changes there. As soon as we go there, we are aware that a cycad ソテツ grows there.

When going there by train or by car, lots of people think as if they were in the South Seas.

In fact Izu peninsula is only area in Japanese mainland where it’s on the plate of Philippine Sea. Originally it used to be in the South Seas near Philippine, but it reached Japanese...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

....but it has reached the Japanese islands with a long time some million years ago, and it continued pushing the Japanese islands vigorously and became the form the present peninsula a half million years ago. It’s evidence is the vegetation.

As Izu peninsula pushed the Japanese islands vigorously, there was a change in the islands, and Tanzawa mountain range was formed

Though it distressed from the main subject...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

...a group of Hawaiian islands is moving to the Kuril Islands little by little at present. It will reach on east side of Hokkaido in the future. It was originally formed by the gush of magma.

There is a vent where magma is gushed out in the group of Hawaiian Islands, and it’s called hot spot. The magma was gushed out from there and a volcano was formed in the sea and it grew up and changed into islands and appeared on the surface of the sea.

The hot spot...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

The hot spot doesn’t move so much for a while. It means that the place where the magma gushes out doesn’t change. The hot spot is in Hawai island which is the easternmost tip of the group of Hawaiian islands at present, so the volcano of Kilauea has been active on eruption in Hawai island.

But as the group of Hawaiian Islands is on the plate and is moving to northern west gradually, the eruption from Kilauea will stop, and a new volcano which is on the other...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

...and a new volcano which is on the other place of the plate will appear from the sea. Actually the new volcano has already been formed in the eastern seabed and it was named Loihi submarine volcano.

But the moving speed on the group of Hawaiian Islands is from 10 to 15 centimeters a year, so it will take a long time to reach the Kuril Islands.

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

Thus the shape on the continent changes with the long time

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

Where and how has the continent changed? We are forced to be worried about it. Africa has been paid attention for it.

There is a tremendous ravine which crosses the African continent from north to south at the east side in Africa, and we call it the Great Rift Valley. The Great Rift Valley is a huge crack created on the plate on ocean.

The convection on mantle has occurred under the plate, and magma is boiling up from the mantle. Then the magma is ...