Science,English,and math 5th

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Enrichment on uranium and a depleted uranium ammunition》

How is done enrichment on uranium?

At first changing uranium in the natural world into an air and set the air into a centrifuge 遠心分離機, then starts the centrifuge.

If using the centrifuge, the one which is heavier the specific gravity 比重 is outside, and the one which lighter is inside.

If comparing uranium 235 with 238, uranium 238 is heavier than 235 by three of neutrons, so it gathers outside in the centrifuge automatically.

The one which is necessary is uranium 235, so...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Enrichment on uranium and depleted uranium ammunition》

...so getting rid of the uranium 238, then the degree of purity on uranium 235 is higher a little. It repeats and thickness on the uranium 235 is higher and higher gradually.

When enrichment on uranium 235 is from 3 to 5%, it’s possible to use for the fuel rod in a nuclear power plant. Besides, when the thickness reaches more than 90%, it’s possible to use as an atomic bomb.

After taking out of uranium 235, the rest was uranium 238, but it was unnecessary, so it was disposed...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Enrichment on uranium and deplete uranium ammunition》

Uranium 238 was disposed as waste in the beginning. We call it a depleted uranium. Haven’t heard of the world before? A tank in the military of the U.S.A. use it as cannonball, and a helicopter used it against the tank. It’s the deplete uranium ammunition.

In Japanese it’s 劣化ウラン, but it doesn’t always mean its quality is bad. Uranium 235 which is necessary was taken out, and the rest is uranium 238 which is useless.

In the beginning it was just a waste, but the military of the...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Enrichment on uranium and a deplete uranium ammunition》

...but the military of the U.S.A. paid attention the mass on the depleted uranium, for its special gravity is so big that they use it as cannonball.

《Taking a step against the depleted uranium ammunition》

It doesn’t always mean that the cannonball against a tank is filled with gunpowder alone. There is other one made from the deplete uranium alone. The one which the deplete uranium was made hard.

If the hard and heavy deplete uranium ammunition is fired with a high speed and...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Taking a step against the depleted uranium ammunition》

...and hits on an enemy’s tank, then an energy of its impact makes the deplete uranium ammunition fire in high temperature.

With the high temperature and the high speed, the deplete uranium ammunition destroys an armor clad on the tank and jumps into the tank, then fires with high temperature and burns down crews in the tank.

In short, instead the deplete uranium ammunition doesn’t explode the tank, it’s a weapon which makes crews in tank burn to death.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Taking a step against the depleted uranium ammunition》

On the other hand, the side of the tank has learned to take a step against the deplete uranium ammunition. What they did?

When the cannonball is fired, a kinetic energy is caused, and the kinetic energy is changed into heat and is rebounded. To be concrete, things like water bottles or lunch boxes are slung over around the tank. The things like the water bottle and lunch box are filled with gunpowder.

With this, even if the cannonball hit the tank, the gunpowder outside ...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Taking a step against the depleted uranium ammunition》

With this, even if the depleted uranium ammunition hits the tank, the gunpowder outside the tank will explode and rebound the cannonball.

If being aware of it, a way of watching a news program changes. If a news program on TV reports on a dispute, let’s suppose there was a scene on a tank. If a thing like water bottle is slung over around outside the tank, it turned out that they prepared for the war seriously.

If there is nothing slung over the tank, we know it’s just a threat.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Taking a step against the depleted uranium ammunition》

By the way, the depleted uranium ammunition was taken from the uranium 238, and the uranium 238 is the rest of the uranium 235 which causes nuclear fission, so we don’t have to be worried about radioactivity with regard to the deplete uranium ammunition, the military of the U.S.A. said in the beginning.

But it includes a small amount of radioactivity, and it proved that when bursting into flames in high temperature, its surrounding area is polluted with the radioactivity.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Taking a step against the depleted uranium ammunition》

The pollution with the radioactivity by the depleted uranium ammunition has been a problem in Iraq and ex Yugoslavia. It has been reported that there are lots of children who suffer from leukemia on account of the pollution by the radioactivity in Iraq.

《Little boy and fat man》

The author said he was going to return to the enrichment on the uranium.

Uranium 235 was enriched and it was able to use as nuclear weapon in Manhattan project.

When a certain amount of uranium 235...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Little boy and fat man》

When a certain amount of uranium 235 gathers in one place, nuclear fission breaks out one after another as if the phenomenon were connected with chains. We call it chain reaction, and then the amount of the uranium 235 is the amount of criticality.

Uranium 235 of which thickness 100% on amount of criticality is about 22 kilogram.

In short if gathering the uranium 235 of 22 kilogram in one place all together, neutrons react with chain reaction and breaks out enormous explosion. It’s the atomic bomb of ...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Little boy and fat man》

...and it’s an atomic bomb of uranium type and was dropped in Hiroshima prefecture.

As to the atomic bomb which was dropped in Hiroshima prefecture, 60 kilogram of uranium 235 of high enrichment was divided into two and was put two of them into the bomb. Gunpowder is set up in the bomb, and made the gunpowder explode and collide one of uranium with other.

When two of the uranium collided each other, neutrons jumped out of them and the nuclear fission caused the chain reaction, as a result a large scale of...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Little boy and fat man》

...then a large scale of explosion breaks out.

Thus, as for the atomic bomb to Hiroshima prefecture, mass of uranium was stuffed into two place, so its shape was like a cannonball which was long and narrow. It has a nickname, a little boy from its shape.

On the other hand, the atomic bomb which was dropped in Nagasaki prefecture is different.

When making neutrons react with uranium 238 which doesn’t cause nuclear fission, uranium 238 changes into plutonium 239 in a short term. If the plutonium 239 on...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Little boy and fat man》

It turned out that plutonium 239 on degree of purity of 93 causes nuclear fission by American original study, so the type of bomb on plutonium learned to be produced. It’s the one which was dropped on Nagasaki prefecture.

But if dividing the type of bomb on plutonium into two like the one of uranium, there is a risk that either of each amount of plutonium alone reaches criticality automatically.

In short, there is a possibility that the nuclear fission is caused before it’s exploded by gunpowder.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Little boy and fat man》

In a word, the type of atomic bomb on plutonium isn’t able to be made with the principle on the uranium of atomic bomb. Subdividing the plutonium into lots of ones and making them gather in one place altogether.

Fitting a triggering device with each of plutonium and making the gunpowder explode at the same time, and gathering plutonium in the central part, then making them cause the nuclear fission.

As the atomic bomb on plutonium was subdivided and was stuffed its shape became round, so it was called fat man.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An atomic bomb test in the state of New Mexico》

If comparing atomic bomb on uranium and plutonium, the atomic bomb on plutonium requires advanced technical skill.

As to the atomic bomb on plutonium, subdividing plutonium into lots of them and gather them in the central part and causes the atomic fission in an instant. It means that it needs to make the triggering device explode at the same time exactly. It’s precision is a second of one millionth.

So they thought they had to make an experiment whether or not it exploded actually.

【Physics, form an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An A-bomb test in the state of New Mexico》

A-bomb test was carried out at the base of army of White Sands in the state of New Mexico July in 1945.

The author said he has been to the actual spot where the A-bomb test was done. He said like the next.

White dune spread out there as its name showed. They made the atomic bomb of plutonium explode there.

The sands were melt by the gigantic energy and changed into glass. The ones which turned from the sands into glass remained in White Sands here and there, moreover radioactivity has...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An A-bomb test in the state of New Mexico》

Moreover radioactivity has been still left there.

The experiment was done in absolute secret.

A tremendous mushroom-shaped cloud rose around p.m.5：30, needless to say no one lived around there, but a shock wave reached the place far away from 160 km, and a panic was caused there.

But as it was done in absolute secret, America did a false announcement then, an ammunition dump in the military exploded by accident.

But unfortunately, the mushroom-shaped cloud which was caused from the...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A-bomb test was done in the state of New Mexico》

But unfortunately the mushroom-shaped cloud which was caused from the A-bomb test passed on the wind over a residential area far from there. A thing like white snow fell from the sky over the residential area.

The experiment was done in White Sands, so the polluted sands with radioactivity were raised and fell down. Girls students in high school happened to camp out there. Then white things fell from the sky then.

It snowed in the middle of summer...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An A-bomb test was done in the state of New Mexico》

It has snowed in the middle of summer, some of the girl students in high school touched the white powder with their hands and others were covered with the white powder from the head. They made merry. Soon they became sick with cancer and were dead one after another.

Or in an area where the mushroom shaped cloud passed, as its residents used natural rainwater for their drinking, they were also dead in succession due to the cancer.

The A-bomb test in absolute secret made lots of...

【Physics, form an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An A-bomb test was done in the state of New Mexico》

The A-bomb test in absolute secret made lots of people be victims then. The author went there so as to write an article in 2015.

The people who survived there at present have started a movement for requesting compensation on damage to American government as the first A-bomb victim in the world.

《The atomic bomb in Hiroshima prefecture and the speech by Obama》

An atomic bomb of plutonium was dropped in Nagasaki prefecture August in 1945. Even a month didn’t pass from the...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《The atomic bomb in Hiroshima prefecture and the speech by Obama》

Even a month didn’t pass from the experiment at White Sands.

In fact, in the beginning, instead of Nagasaki, they planed to drop the atomic bomb in Kokura, but the sky over Kokura was covered with such a thick cloud then that none of them could know the situation on Kokura.

Nagasaki wasn’t covered with cloud, so the atomic bomb was dropped in Nagasaki prefecture which was the second place proposed for the atomic bomb.

Whether or not the sky was covered with the ...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《The atomic bomb in Hiroshima prefecture and the speech by Obama》

Whether or not the sky was covered with the cloud controlled the fate of both the people in Hiroshima and Kokura.

On the other hand, America dropped the atomic bomb in Hiroshima on account that there was no prison camp for Americans there, but there was actually.

B 24 which were bomber planes bombed Kure city in Hiroshima and some of them were shot down. It was a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima.

12 crews in B 24 were sent to Hiroshima then.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《The atomic bomb in Hiroshima and the speech by Obama》

As a result, 12 crews of American became victims by the atomic bomb together.

The then President Obama visited Hiroshima, and made a speech May in 2016.

He visited there in order to remember a terrible power let loose in the past which wasn’t far away, to mourn for one hundred thousand of the Japanese, thousands of Koreans, and a dozen of American prisoners. He emphasized it.

In short, instead of coming to Japan for an apology, he came to mourn the victims by the atomic bomb...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《The atomic bomb in Hiroshima and the speech by Obama》

...he came to Japan in order to mourn victims by atomic bomb, including American prisoners of war. Obama adopted the form like that.

《Japan also went ahead with the development on atomic bomb》

It was August in 1942 when America started the project on development of atomic bomb as Manhattan project, then Japan also proceeded with the study on producing the atomic bomb.
Do you know it?

German scholars discovered the nuclear fission on uranium, and Japan knew it through a...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Japan went ahead with the development on atomic bomb as well》

...and Japan knew it through a scientific magazine.

If putting it into a practical use, we may be able to acquire vast of energy. Japanese army thought like that, it asked the laboratory on physics and chemistry to study on production of the atomic bomb April in 1940.

Nishina who was the head of the laboratory said producing the atomic bomb is possible, and it’s all right if uranium 235 is enriched, he summarized the report January in 1943.

It took more than two years...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Japan went ahead with the study on atomic bomb as well》

It took more than two years from asking the study on the atomic bomb to summarizing the report. Then a large scale of development on the atomic bomb made progress in America.

When starting to study, there was no great difference between Japan and America on the atomic bomb, but after two years, their difference was decisive.

A personal study was barely throughout in Japan, on the other hand it was promoted as a...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Japan went ahead with the study on atomic bomb as well》

On the other hand, it was promoted as a large scale of national project in America. Difference on the way of studying for the atomic bomb between Japan and America was characteristic.

Being based on the report, producing atomic bomb started as under direct control by the Japanese army, but an air raid on Tokyo April in 1945 made the production on the atomic bomb stop because the facilities for studying was burned down.

On the other hand, the navy also studied on the atomic bomb.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Japan went ahead with the study on atomic bomb as well》

Japanese navy and army are on very bad terms, so each of them studied in secret. The navy asked Kyoto Imperial University to study on atomic bomb November in 1941, and when trying to plan enrichment on uranium, the war was over.

The army asked the laboratory of physics and chemistry, the navy Kyoto Imperial University. Each of them studied separately. Everything was gone ahead with under vertically divided organization.

On the other hand, it was made progress as a large scale...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Japan went ahead with the development on atomic bomb as well》

On the other hand, it was made progress as a large scale of national project in the U.S.A. There was a big difference between Japan and America there. The author said like the next.

It doesn’t always mean that Japan should have started the development on the atomic bomb earlier. A way of going ahead with it, there was difference between Japan and America. He wanted to say it.

Japan is only a nation which has been atomic bombed, but when being aware that Japan made...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Japan went ahead with the development on atomic bomb as well》

When being aware that Japan made progress the development on the atomic bomb as well, an image on our history changes, doesn’t it?

The war was over before Japan started the development on atomic bomb in full scale, but if it started by far earlier... the author said a cold shiver ran down his spine.

《Why did Truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?》

It turned out that making use of the atomic bomb was possible by the success of experiment on A-bomb test at White Sands.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Why did Truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?》

Then some researchers who joined in the Manhattan project started to be worried about that the atomic bomb would be used on Japan. Then Japan repeated loss in the war, so it was just a matter of time before Japan would surrender its enemy, so they didn’t think they should use the atomic bomb on Japan.

But Truman thought he wanted to use it on Japan simply, for Soviet Union existed.

At the end of the Second World War, America and Soviet were in the same Allied Forces, but they learned...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Why did Truman decide to use the atomic bomb on Japan?》

...two of America and Soviet learned to confront in various ways, besides Truman expected America and Soviet would be opposed more severely after the war, so America had to prepare for the situation and was pressed to secure by far stronger position than Soviet.

Actually making use of the atomic bomb and showing Soviet the threat on the atomic bomb. In short America judged the international situation and was ready to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

But America couldn’t say it...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Why did Truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?》

But America couldn’t say it in public, so Truman emphasized dropping the atomic bomb on Japan was decided with a pure military view of point.

Without dropping the atomic bomb, there must have been more victims from both American and Japanese soldiers. Dropping the atomic bomb prevented both Japan and America from causing serious damage.

It was American official position after the war.

However the plan of Truman of going ahead of Soviet overwhelmingly failed, for Soviet developed the...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Why did Truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?》

...for Soviet developed an atomic bomb which looked exactly like the one which America did, and carried out even A-bomb test actually in 1949.

America was shocked at it, for they invested a lot of money and committed plenty of people so as to develop the atomic bomb, but Soviet could develop the same bomb easily. Why?

In short, a secret agent of Soviet made copies of the plan on the atomic bomb by America. Scientists in a variety of nationality joined forces with the Manhattan project.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Why did Truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?》

There was a secret agent from Soviet Union among the Manhattan project. As a result, the development on atomic bomb by Soviet Union could catch up with America in a short term.

America went ahead with both development on the atomic bomb of uranium and plutonium, so they understood they could produce a small atomic bomb in a short term if they chose the plutonium.

On the other hand, without repeating a trial and error, Soviet could concentrate its energy on development of the atomic...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Why did Truman decide to use the atomic bomb?》

Without repeating a trial and error, Soviet could concentrate on development of the atomic bomb of plutonium from the scratch.

Thus an occupation on nuclear power by America was shattered easily.

《An intention of making use of nuclear power peacefully》

Physics is a work of explaining clearly an origin of this world where we the humankind has lived, and enthusiasm from scientists has led to the discovery on nuclear fission after twists and turns, but once connected with a political ...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An intention of making use of nuclear power peacefully》

...but once having connected with a political expectation, a threat of nuclear weapon was born, then our lives have been in jeopardy as well at present.

Science and politics sometimes connects in a distorted shape. The author said he was going to pay attention to the situation after the war so as to consider it from now on.

Then the American President Eisenhower made a speech in the United Nations General Assembly December in 1953, and started a policy on atoms for peace then.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An intention of taking advantage of nuclear power peacefully》

A President of the nation which took advantage the nuclear power as weapon in the war changed its attitude completely and appealed to make use of the nuclear power peacefully.

If there was a nation which hoped to make use of the nuclear power peacefully, America would supply with its technical skill, America showed the plan in the speech like that, but there was an expectation by America there.

Succeeding in the technical skill of nuclear power in the Manhattan project...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An intention of making use of nuclear power peacefully》

...and America tried to control the technical skill on producing atomic bomb collectively and to prevent the technical skill from spreading all over the world. America planed like that.

At the same time the speech by Eisenhower tried to appeal a public opinion in America. A tremendous of money was invested in the Manhattan project and it became gigantic one, so even if the war was over, it doesn’t always mean the huge project was unable to be dissolved easily.

If breaking off...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An intention of making use of nuclear power peacefully》

If breaking off, thousands of technical experts and labors who were engaged in the project would fall into a crisis of unemployment.

Instead of the atomic bomb, if adopting the form of a nuclear power plant this time, the employment was secured, moreover the industry on nuclear power would develop, then America tried to control its leadership.

As a result the speech by Eisenhower intended to protect a complex of military and industry. If expressing to make use of the nuclear...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An intention of making use of nuclear power peacefully》

...and if expressing to take advantage of nuclear power peacefully and maintaining the industry on nuclear power, they could go ahead with both its business and the development on the nuclear power together.

《A father on the nuclear power turned up》

Japan was on the American policy of taking advantage of nuclear power peacefully easily, and the one who took an initiative was Matsutaro Shorike who was an owner of Yomiuri newspaper company. He exercised his power as key person...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A father on the nuclear power showed up》

...and he was a key person who exercised the power on introduction of the nuclear power plant. He declared openly that his dream in the future was a prime minister in Japan.

If promoting a large scale of campaign on making use of energy on nuclear power by Yomiuri newspaper, and constructing a nuclear power plant and acquiring an energy like a dream, after that when going into the politics with his achievement, he would be the prime minister.

He promoted of taking advantage of nuclear power...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A father on the nuclear power appeared》

He promoted of making use of nuclear power peacefully with his ambition then.

In fact, Shoriki ran for the House of Representatives in Toyama prefecture where his homeland and he was elected February in 1955. His slogan was taking advantage of nuclear power peacefully.

After being elected, a committee on nuclear power was established, then he became the first chairperson on the committee.

He used a phrase of making use of nuclear power peacefully due to his ambition to the prime minister.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A father on nuclear power turned up》

Shorike learned to be called a father to the nuclear power on account of his action like that.

Yomiuri newspaper started a big serial publication 連載 of which title having caught the sun at last January in 1954 before he ran for the House of Representatives.

If making use of the energy from the nuclear power, we can create the sun on the ground. We the humankind has acquired infinite energy.

Those things were repeated in the campaign by Yomiuri newspaper, and plenty of people learned to know...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A father to nuclear power showed up》

...and lots of people learned to know the phrase of taking advantage of nuclear power peacefully then.

Besides, an exposition on making use of nuclear power peacefully was held in Tokyo for three weeks November in 1955. It was cosponsored by Yomiuri newspaper company and public relations section in America.

No less than some three hundred sixty thousand people visited there and TV station which was in a corporate alliance broadcast in a large scale.

Carrying out the campaign of rosy colored...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A father to nuclear power showed up》

Carrying out the campaign of rosy colored brought the public opinion to the level of prosperity then.

As a result, in spite that suffering from a serious damage by the atomic bomb, lots of us the Japanese learned to think there was a future filled with hope in front of us as long as we could take advantage of the energy well.

A consciousness on the nuclear power changed dramatically because of the campaign by Yomiuri newspaper for no more than three weeks November in 1955.

《All of a sudden a ...》

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《All of a sudden a budget on the study of nuclear power》

A statesman who reacted with the making use of nuclear energy peacefully by America and started to take into action as if he had worked in concert with the campaign by Yomiuri newspaper. He was Yasuhiro Nakasone. He was a young statesman in his thirties then.

A large amount of budget on the nuclear power was passed in National Assembly in 1954, and the one who started it was Nakasone who became the Prime Minister later.

Then the ruling party was so minor that it couldn’t pass...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《All of a sudden a budget on the study of nuclear power》

Then the ruling party was so minor that it couldn’t pass the plan on budget by itself, so it requested other political party to which Nakasone belonged to join forces.

Nakasone took advantage of the weakness on the ruling party, and proposed to make a deal. He joined forces with the ruling party in exchange for to be allowed the budget on the nuclear power. The amount of money was two hundred thirty five thousand million yen then. Why was that amount of money?

Nakasone said...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《All of a sudden the budget on study of nuclear power》

Nakasone said like the next.

I was asked in National Assembly why the number was. It means enrichment uranium 235. There was a roar of laughter there then. Researching basic study for starting, arrangement on the structure for the nuclear power and so on, the expenditure would be used for those things actually. And the number happened to be close the enrichment uranium 235.

The author said when collecting the data, Nakasone answered the same one. It was a rough estimation...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《All of a sudden, the budget on study of nuclear power》

It was a rough estimation, though it reached more than 30 billion yen if converting into today’s Japanese money, but lots of members in Diet didn’t know anything about nuclear power very much, so the budget was passed easily.

As the budget on nuclear power appeared unexpectedly, experts seemed to be puzzled then, but it made the Japan Science Council start three principles on the study of nuclear power.

The information on the nuclear power is open to the public perfectly....