Science,English,and math 5th

【Function which shows its inclination】

《Wanting to express its inclination in easy way》

As to the function, y = ∫（x）, the place on x is ∫（x）. As to its place, we can express with ∫（x）, so it is convenient for us to adopt an easy way of saying on its inclination on the x. It’s expressed with ∫´（x）.

As an inclination is different in each curve, the function which shows its inclination, ∫´（x）could have made from ∫（x）, so instead of g （x）which has nothing to do with ∫（x）, we named ∫´（x）which is derived from ∫（x）

How should we find ∫´（x）from ∫（x）?

《Making a function which shows inclination》

The inclination doesn’t exist in the place where there isn’t smooth.

【Function which shows its inclination】

Where is the sharpest place?

《Wanting to express the inclination in easy word》

As to the inclination on the place in curve, we express the direction which jumped out when it was cut there. When understanding an optional place how much it was tilted, we feel happy often.

For example, if being able to understand the place where is the sharpest in the ski slope or in a mountain trail, aren’t you happy?

There is the information not only at the place on x but its inclination in a curve.

【A graph on absolute value】

《A graph on y = absolute value on x》

In fact the direction from which the one jumped out shows accurate inclination is the same inclination even if looking at from both left and right. If there is a discrepancy between the left and right on the inclination, the inclination isn’t fixed.

In short, there is no inclination at the place.

《The inclination doesn’t exist sometimes》

When the direction jumping out of the place where the graph is cut both to left and right corresponds, we call it smooth in math term. The inclination on graph doesn’t exist in the place...

【A graph on absolute value】

《A graph on y = absolute value on x》

Then what about its inclination on the point of 0?

As to the inclination on a place in graph, we suppose the graph was cut there, and the direction on the one who slides on the slope jumped out from the slope.

As to absolute value on x, when thinking as x = 0, there is a problem. When being in the point of x = 0, should we think it starts from x＞0, or should we think it starts from x＜0?

The direction the one which slid on the slope is different if we adopt a different choice.

In fact, the direction from which the one...

【A graph on absolute value】

《A graph on y = absolute value on x》

...as to the absolute value on negative number it goes up to left upper.

I’m afraid an explanation on order is mixed up, for I should have expressed the situation on the graph at first.

There is a horizontal axis, it’s x axis which extends from negative number to positive number.

On the other hand, as to a vertical axis, y-axis is starts from 0 and it’s positive number alone, for it’s absolute value, so its shape is v of which bottom is 0. Positive number on x goes up right upper and negative number on x goes up left upper.

【A graph on absolute value】

《A graph on y = absolute value on x》

But, as to the function y = absolute value on x, when the x = 0, the y = 0. Then what about its inclination?

I have to express on a graph of x = y in absolute value, for the author expressed with the graph, and without looking at the graph, it’s hard to understand.

The value on y is expressed with positive number, and the value on x is both of positive number and negative number, so its shape is v,

As to the absolute value on positive number, it goes up to upper right from 0, on the other hand, as to the absolute value on...

【A graph on absolute value】

《A graph on y = absolute value on x》

As to the subtitle in the last response, its not multiplication on 1. I’ve tried to express absolute value on x, but it was the one like that.

This time a graph on absolute value appears. As to the absolute value, if it’s a positive number, it remains as it is, and if it’s a negative number, the mark on negative changes into positive.

In short, as to the absolute value, positive number 3 is equal to 3, and negative number 5 is expressed with 5, so we make a graph on both of them.

But function y = x on absolute value...

【What is inclination on a point in curve?】

《An inclination on the spot of x》

...so we know there is information not only on position but on inclination with regard to the x in curve, but it doesn’t always mean that there are two piece of information on any kind of the x.

For example, there is a function which is expressed with an equation, y = one xth. When the x is zero, there is no inclination nor position on the x.

The author said he was going to express in detail in the next chapter.

【A graph on absolute value】

Does the inclination exist or not then?

《A graph on y =Ⅰ x Ⅰ 》

【What is inclination on a point in curve?】

《Inclination in curve》

...the person should move forward a direction immediate before the inclination changed. We call the direction the inclination on the spot in curve.

The inclination on curve isn’t definite, so without pointing out on the spot clearly, we can’t express its inclination precisely. As we suppose function on x as curve here, if pointing out the x concretely, we know the position on curve accurately.

《An inclination on the spot of x》

As a result, we know there is information not only on position but on inclination in curve with...

【What is inclination on a point in curve?】

《Inclination on curve》

…the slide isn’t always definite like a straight line, but then how should we find the inclination on curve? At first, what’s a kind of direction on inclination of the curve?

Please imagine something gentle and suddenly being something sharp like a slope in a skiing ground, or a roller coaster.

What will happen if the slope changes its inclination suddenly? When a person was sliding on the slide, the inclination on the slide changed suddenly. What happened to the person then?

As you imagine, the person should move...

【Asking for an inclination】

《Calculation on fraction of fraction》

The author said we should be careful not to be confused with the equation which seems to be complicated because it’s expressed with fraction, for its calculation itself is the one which we learn in elementary school, so if calculating with composure, it’s all right, but I don’t feel like doing it.

【What is inclination on a point in curve?】

Inclination on curve changes when its place changes.

《Inclination on curve》

As a slide in playground appeared in the explanation on image of the inclination, the slide isn’t always ...

【Asking for an inclination】

《It’s all right distracting from the point B from the point A or its opposition》

...when calculating with the equation, its minus is counterbalanced with fraction smoothly, and we can find an exact inclination.

《Calculation fraction of fraction》

Can you find an inclination on the point A（a half, one third ）and B（two thirds, one）?

The author said and its equation is expressed with fraction. I find it complicated, so I’m going to omit it. When calculating fraction in English alone, it’s hard to understand, so I hate it.

But the author said, it’s answer is 4.

【Asking for inclination】

《It’s all right from the point A to the B or its opposition》

When thinking of two points, A （3,8）B （2,4）, moving forward from B by 1, and going up by 4, there is the point of A, so its inclination is 4.

Then we happened to think which is left, A or B?

But without thinking anything, distracting the value on B from A on the y-axis, distracting the value on B from A on the x-axis, and dividing the value on A by the value on B, we can find the value on its inclination.

Actually even if the two points are lined in any kind of order, when calculating it with the...

【What is an inclination?】

《Inclination changes in a curve》

What about a slide which changes inclination when goes forward? Then its inclination isn’t uniform, it isn’t the same exactly whenever goes forward. It changes when the place on the slide changes.

【Asking for an inclination】

Calculating each point on the coordinate alone, we can understand an angle on the slide.

《It’s all right from a point on A to a point B, or from the point on B to the point to B》

As to its inclination, if dividing distance on moving forward by other distance on moving forward, we can find its value.

【What is an inclination?】

《An inclination on slide in playground is minus》

...then the y has nothing to do with the value on the x, the function is a straight line parallel to the x axis. Then even if the x changes, the change on y is zero, so its inclination is also zero.

《Inclination changes in a curve》

If thinking of a slide in playground as an image, dividing the height on the slide by horizontal distance is its inclination. It’s minus.

I’m afraid it’s hard to understand, for myself who express this sentence can’t very much. If showing with some number concretely, it’s easy to grasp.

【What is an inclination?】

《The inclination on slide is minus》

It has been fixed beforehand. As to a straight line, wherever looking at the value, it’s the same.

When x = y, if x goes ahead 1, y goes up the same, so its inclination is 1.

When y = − 3x, if x moves forward 1, y goes down 3. Going down 3 means going up − 3, so its inclination is − 3.

It’s complicated. Though I can express it in English, to my sorrow, it doesn’t ring a bell for me very much.

Then what about y = 4?

When expressing an equation which doesn’t include x on a plane showing with x and y, the y has nothing to do...

【Expressing the graph from an equation】

《Why does it become a curve?》

...11 is squared, it becomes 121, the bigger the value on x, the bigger the value on y when x changes every time.

The change on x is expressed minutely at will, so when connecting the value which responds to y, it becomes a gentle curve.

【What is an inclination?】

How much does it go ahead? How much does it go up?

《The inclination on a slide is minus》

A phrase on inclination is frequently used everyday life, but in math it becomes more definitely.

When going toward x-axis some space, how much does it goes up for y?

【Expressing the graph from an equation】

《Expressing the two kinds of graph》

...especially we can understand it’s the y intercept with regard to its straight line.

As to 2, its value is squared so its graph becomes symmetric between the y-axis. Its shape becomes the one like valley and its bottom is goes across both point of 0 on the y and x axis.

《Why does it become the curve?》

Why does it become the curve? When calculating, we can understand, as to an equation which is squared, when its value is 1 or 2, it doesn’t change so much, but for example when 10 is squared, it becomes 100, 11...

【Expressing the graph from an equation】

If being able to understand the equation on function, we can express its graph.

《Expressing two kinds of graph》

As being able to understand both on the equation and graph, let's express a graph actually, the author proposed in the book like that.

1 y = 4x ＋ 6

2 y = 2x squared

He proposed we describe the two kinds of graph on the equation, but I can’t express them here actually, so I’m going to express his sentence in the book as it was.

As to the 1, when x = 0, y = 6. The place where its straight line goes across is an intercept, especially...

【A quadratic function which is expresses with a curve】

《We don’t have to express exactly》

If it’s a quadratic function, a symmetrical mountain or valley is one of characteristic on the information.

In the next information, where is the top of the mountain, or where is the bottom in the valley?

In the last information, y intercept or x intercept. The place where the function passes the y-axis or x-axis on the graph.

If adding the information is added to the function on the graph, even if it’s not good at describing more or less, it will be an exact graph.

【Expressing a graph from an...】

【A quadratic function which is expressed with a curve】

《We don’t have to express accurately》

Grasping the characteristic and expressing a graph easily as if it were precise, it’s the one who is in high level on the function.

Though its character is different by each graph, but for example, as to a simple function, the straight line itself is the characteristic, and if there is a special information of passing a point on intersection of x and y, or passing a point, the information is added to the graph, so it becomes accurate.

If it’s the quadratic function, the shape on symmetrical...

【A quadratic function which is expressed with a curve】

《A curve》

Then x is the length on the side of the square, and y is the area, so its equation is y = x squared, and the graph is expressed with the curve. Then x is the length on the side, it’s on the condition that x is bigger than 0.

《We don’t have to express exactly》

Expressing the graph on quadratic function like the curve precisely is hard, but we would hardly be asked to express exactly so much. For example a likeness 似顔絵 which catches a character accurately is to understand easier a person who it is than a photograph.

【Quadratic function which is expressed with a curve】

A typical function which is expressed with graph by a curve.

《A curve》

A quadratic function is expressed with an equation like y= x squared, and when expressed with a graph, it resembles an orbit as if we threw something, so it’s called a parabola.

To be concrete, what kind of the quadratic function is? The simplest one is the value on area of square. The value on area of circle is also the same.

As to the square, the length on four side is the same, when squaring the value on the side, we can find its answer.

Then x is the...

【A function which is expressed with a simple equation】

《Being expressed with a graph》

An equation of y = x is expressed with a graph. When the value on x = 1, then the value on y also is 1. The graph on x-axis is a horizontal axis, and y is vertical, so the value on the equation is expressed with a straight line extending upper light, and dividing the coordinate in two exactly.

Both of the value on x and y starts from zero, so it starts from the point of intersection on y-axis and x axis.

When expressing the function with the graph, we can understand a relation between x and y at a glance.

【A function which is expressed with a simple equation】

《A variable and a fixed number》

As to equations in which we call a simple, quadratic, cubic equation, whether or not a radical root 累乗根 is used. A raised to higher power. Multiplying by the same number.

For example, a ＋ b＝ c, there is no radical root, so it’s simple, and we call it a simple equation. In the subtitle, I made a mistake. I said single equation, but it’s not single but simple.

And the next equation, a squared ＋ b squared＝ c squared. It’s a quadratic equation, and a cubed ＋ b cubed= c cubed is a cubic equation.

【A function which is expressed with a single equation】

《A variable and fixed number》

If its equation is y=a x squared, it is expressed y is the function for x in unidiomatic, but we can’t judged whether it’s y is the function for the x or not it’s y is the function for the a from the equation alone.

Without writing down, y is the function for the a or y is the function for the x beside the equation, it isn’t clear.

When y is the function for the x, the x is variable, so its value changes. On the other hand, the a doesn’t change, so we call it the fixed number.

An equation in which...

【A function which is expressed with a single equation】

At first, a liner function

《Variable 変数 and fixed number》

As to the function, it is important to understand connection between things. Which one applies to other?

In usage, if saying, y=x squared ＋ x ＋1, the character on the left side is the function for the character in the right side, y is the function for x.

Then two things alone appeared, so we don’t have to give a notice, for there is low possibility to be misunderstood, but as it’s unidiomatic, if we trying to be exact, we express y is the function for x, next to the equation.

【What’s the function?】

《Function is a thing which connects between sets》

We call a thing which connects between sets the function. The set is gathering. If adopting the example I’ve expressed before, the apple and orange are classified with fruit, and the fruit is the set.

It doesn’t always mean it has to respond one to one. Something applies for other, the orange does for fruit, it’s the function. When expressing with a numerical equation, taking its initial, it’s expressed with ∫（x）, and it means it’s the function for x.

【A function which is expressed with a simple equation】

【What is the function?】

Finding the connection between sets 集合

《Finding a relation between them》

We’ve gone into the function just now.

The function is closely connected with the differential and integral calculus. The coordinate and function express the same thing. Without being aware of the function enough it means that we can’t understand the coordinate enough as well.

For example, an orange, a cake, a beef, a cucumber, a juice, a TV, and an apple.

We’re going to classify those things in fruit, vegetable, home appliance, drink, meat, and confectionery.

《Function is a thing which...》

【A thing which is expressed with dot on a plane】

《A thing which is expressed with xy plane》

The dot on the plane is the value on x and y.

It shows a point from x and y.

Two of them, x and y are expressed with the point.

Two of typical interpretation on the dot of the xy plane is expressed until now, and there is one more interpretation. It’s finding the y from the x and an equation in regard to the x and the y.

It’s the pattern on function and is mainly dealt with in the differential and integral calculus. We try to understand on the function deeply in the next, the author said like that

【A thing which is expressed with dots on a plane】

《From a number to a position, from the position to the number》

The position on the locker was specified in the last time, on the contrary, if pointed out the locker, we can specify the place from the locker, the place from the left, and the place from the upper place.

When establishing x-axis and y-axis on a plane, and pointing out a place, it shows us information on a x and a y on the plane.

《A thing which is expressed with a plane of x and y》

The plane where x-axis and y-axis are set up is called xy plane. The dot on the plane means...

【Coordinate and coordinate axis】

《The x-axis and y-axis》

If it’s the locker, it doesn’t need fraction and nor decimal. On the other hand, if it’s speed or time, it needs a value on real number from minus to plus infinitively theoretically.

As to the axis, we can choose it as we like. For example, the time from an apple fell was x, and the distance on the apple fell was y, a parabola is expressed.

【A thing which is expressed with dots on a plane】

Specifying two numbers

《From a number to a position, from the position to the number》

The position on the locker was specified in the last...

【Coordinate and coordinate axis】

《A coordinate》

When showing the place on the locker, it’s the second place from the upper place, and the third place from the left. Then the starting point is upper left, and axes toward toward right and down are established.

《The x-axis and y-axis》

We usually say the second place from the upper place, the third place from the left everyday life, but we name each of axes and call them x or y and showing a point in a plane somewhere in math.

Meaning or width on the graduation depends on what we think then. It’s changeable. It it’s the locker we don’t ...

【Coordinate and coordinate axis】

《A coordinate》

The author said he was going to express a coordinate before describing the differential and integral calculus.

The coordinate is a thing which we express a place with an appropriate axis and graduation.

When saying your locker is the third place from the left, starting point on counting was from the end on the left, and there is an axis toward the right, so a single locker is equal to one in the graduation. It’s established in inconspicuous way.

The point which we start to count is called a starting point. When showing the place on the...

『Column, what is divided minutely by the differential calculus?』

I made a mistake. The last sentence in the last response is like the next.

The initial rule and changes as time passes is equal the route to the house as amount of information. Then even if the initial rule was in the wrong a little, margin of error is accumulated and reaching the house of しずちゃん is impossible.

Actually sending the message to しずちゃん with the stickers on arrow alone seems to be harder unexpectedly.

【Coordinates 座標 and coordinate axis】

A place is expressed with graduation and axis

〈A coordinate〉

The author...

『Column, what is divided by the differential calculus?』

...but putting on a sensor to a person and recording changes on speed and direction as time passes, or installing a program on a robot and making the robot walk as program shows.

Those things seem to be able to do with the present technical skill and it’s just the changes as time passes, so can they reach the house of しずちゃん?

No. Without information where to start, or direction when starting, they can’t reach. We call the first situation an initial rule. In short, the initial rule and changes as time passes are correct information,

『Column, what is divided by the differential calculus?』

The author expressed that dividing something minutely is the differential calculus, the route to the house was divided into minutely and changing each place to other one as time passed.

On the other hand, collecting the stickers which show each place to other by the time passes is equal to the integral calculus.

Putting the sticker on a toy on hand and making it moves as we intend, it’s a dreamy tool, and it doesn’t come true yet, but putting on a sensor on a person and recording changes on speed or direction as time passes, or ...

『Column, what is divided minutely by the differential calculus?』

There is a tool called 道筋カード in ドラえもん. There is a sticker showing a direction, which is showed with an arrow. If putting the sticker on a toy, the toy moves ahead as the sticker showed.

In a story onドラえもん, the stickers were put on a toy of truck, go ahead, turn right, and go ahead, in turn and a message was sent to しずちゃん who was a heroine in the story.

The author said he thought how pleasant tool it is.

In fact, showing route to the house of しずちゃん minutely, go ahead, turning right is equal to the differential calculus.

【An image on the integral calculus】

《A value on area which we can’t find in a formula》

When expanding so big, we can judge whether a single shining dot is inside or outside on the picture.

Then we count the number of the dot inside the picture. If being based on the thing which we recognize its size, the number on dot is equal the value on area, so we can find the value on amorphous shape 不定形.

The more minutely the dot is, the more precise the picture improves, we can somehow understand it. Collecting or counting dots is the integral calculus, for dividing minutely and gathering.

【An image on integral calculus】

《Dividing minutely and collecting. It’s the integral calculus》

What should we do so as to find the value on the area of drawing picture in the school ground?

《A value on area which we can’t find in a formula》

As to the value on area which isn’t simple geometrically, how about using a photograph on digital camera? We plan to take a photograph a thing which we recognize its size beforehand. For example, a piece of paper of 10 centimeters.

At first expanding the photograph so as to being able to see the shining point like the differential calculus.

【An image on the integral calculus】

Dividing minutely and collecting. After that thinking it of.

《Dividing minutely and collecting. It’s the integral calculus》

The integral calculus is an opposite calculation to the differential calculus. The differential calculus is dividing, and its opposition means gathering. Not only gathering but using with the differential calculus. Please imagine with the next example.

For example, we soon find the value on area of square or circle by formula which we learn in algebra.

On the other hand, let's suppose we drew a big picture in school ground.

【An image on differential calculus】

《Dividing minutely is the differential calculus》

Subtracting small one from big one on numerical value for information of color, and if the result is big, the color changes, in short it’s recognized the place where the color is changed is the outline.

Strictly speaking, it isn’t done the differential calculus, for strictly speaking, the differential calculus is done, it means dividing infinitely small.

Dividing infinitely small and seeing through its nature and dealing it with. It’s a way of thinking on the differential calculus.

【An image on the...】

【An image on differential calculus】

《Dividing minutely is the differential calculus》

Putting into practical use on the fact of being lots of similar colors next to, and reducing the size on an image is called compression on images.

《If the color next to changes so much, it’s an outline》

As to lots of images, next dots are usually similar colors, contrary to it, if choosing a place where the next color is different altogether, it’s a technical skill called contour drawing 輪郭抽出.

Drawing information on color which is expressed with numerical value of a place and its next and subtracting.

【An imagination on the differential calculus】

After dividing minutely and thinking

《Dividing minutely is the differential calculus》

The author said he was going to show each image on the differential calculus and integral calculus from now on.

It has a Chinese Character, 微 in the Japanese, so dividing minutely and thinking. What we divide? For example, it’s distance and time.

I’m sure we watch the display on TV and smart phone everyday, even if it’s a beautiful screen, if expanding it’s gathering of shining light.

One dot and the other usually look like the same, and another next to does

【An order when being born and the one when learning】

《The differential calculus which is easy to calculate is taught first》

If using the way on differential calculus, the calculation on integral calculus is also easy comparatively, so the differential calculus is taught first in high school.

Without using the calculation on differential calculus, it’s few on calculating the integral calculus unexpectedly, but the way on calculating is mainly taught in the class on math in high school. It isn’t interesting very much, so lots of students hate math. The author said it’s regrettable.

【An order when being born and when learning】

《Its history was opposite》

But the speed is invisible actually, on the other hand, the integral calculus was finding the value on area, so it is easy to imagine.

《The differential calculus which was easy to calculate is taught first》

Why is the differential calculus taught first in high school? Its answer is simple. The way on thinking and its image are hard to understand, but its calculation is easier than the one on the integral calculus.

If using the way on calculating the differential calculus, the calculation on the integral calculus...

【An order when being born and the one when learning】

《Its history was opposite 》

This book is expressed with the same order, but when looking at the history, the one which was born first was the integral calculus.

The way of thinking on the integral calculus was born at the time of Ancient Egypt. Then origin of the way of thinking on the integral calculus was used in order to divide land fairly.

On the other hand, the differential calculus is the one finding all the change on a thing, so it is hard to imagine. As to the speed, there is a speedometer at present. It is useful, but the...

【What should we do so as to understand the differential and integral calculus?】

《Math is a language》

A numerical equation looks dull, but the one who understands the numerical equation accumulates original meaning and and imagines the result on the numerical equation means.

【An order when being born and the one when learning】

Which was the first to be born?

《Its history was opposite》

The differential and integral calculus is we learn the differential calculus first in high school and in the next we do is the integral calculus. It seems that almost all of high schools adopt the plan.

【What should we do so as to understand the differential and integral calculus?】

《Math is a language》

...and other which we can’t easily. If coming across foreign languages which we can’t translate into the Japanese easily, we’ll make a new Japanese world. Math is the same.

When buying three things of which each price is 100yen, if translating it into the language on math, it’s 100×3＝300.

But a difficult Japanese language is hard to express in language on math. Adding the differential and integral calculus is equal to that the Japanese in which we can express in the language on math spreads

【What should we do so as to understand the differential and integral calculus?】

《What is the differential and integral calculus?》

Even if it’s not outstanding as unsung hero, it has played an active part in our every day life.

《Math is s language》

When communicating with a foreign people, we need a language like English. When asking a way on somewhere or introducing ourselves, we can managed to do with a gesture, but trying to enjoy talking with others in English, it seems to be hard.

Or when translating the Japanese into the English, there is the one which we can do easily and other...

【What should we do so as to understand the differential and integral calculus?】

The one which do its best when on one watches.

《Where is the differential and integral calculus?》

The differential and integral calculus has been taken advantage in various field like physics, chemistry, biology, and economy.

It doesn’t always mean that without understanding it, we can’t be on board in air plane nor in Shinkansen, but without it, we can’t make the Shinkansen and we fear too much to be on board in the air plane, for it has been used as principle that the airplane flies.

Even if it’s not...

【A feud between inventors】

《There are very bad enmity between them》

Then as Newton was a member of the royal association it had possibility that he skimmed through the thesis by Leibniz.

《Unfair inspection》

As Newton was involved in the inspection on filing objection by Leibniz a fair inspection wasn’t done, and the dispute continued until Leibniz was dead.

After that as a way of grappling with the differential and integral calculus was different between them, both of them have been accepted the ones who contrived in different ways each other.

【What should we do so as to understand...】

【A feud between inventors 】

《There is bitter enmity between them》

...so he let Leibniz get ahead of him then.

The one who announced the thesis faster must have been the inventor, but there was a criticism that Leibniz owed his differential and integral calculus to Newton, so Leibniz filed an objection to the royal association. Why was there the criticism like that?

Leibniz developed a calculating machine, when working as diplomat, he was praised on development of his calculating machine and was invited to the royal association in England. Then as he was the member of the royal...

【Inventors Ⅱ】

《The founder on the mark》

The discovery by Leibniz has made lots of people be involved in development on differential and integral calculus in European continent, so it has learned to be understand by even students in high school.

【A feud between inventors】

Which was the first to contrive the differential and integral calculus?

《There is bitter enmity between them》

Newton and Leibniz were very bad terms, for a dispute was unfolded between them. Which was the first to contrive?

It seemed that Newton was the first, but he was late for announcing in the society, so he let...

【Inventors Ⅱ】

《The one who made much of mark by far rather than the differential and integral calculus》

As to a musical field, it is said that the development on Western music is done by a musical score which everyone replays easily, and the same thing could have happened in math.

《The founder on the mark》

The marks which we’ve made use of is the one which was contrived by Leibniz are mainstream. ∫ which is a mark on differential calculus is one of them.

When the differential and integral calculus started to develop, Newton played an active part in England, and Leibniz did in Europe.

【Inventors Ⅱ】

《The one who mad much of mark by far rather than the differential and integral calculus》

The way of thinking by Leibniz was different from the one of Newton. His depended on the space.

By the way, I have little knowledge on the differential and integral calculus, so it's just that I expressed the content on the book as it was. As to the difference between two of them, it doesn’t ring a bell at all. I’m sorry for it.

Leibniz was interested in a new mark. The mark which is easy to understand has a power to make progress the field so much.

As to a musical field, the...

【Inventors Ⅱ】

A genius who put all his energy into invention on mark.

《The one who made much of the mark by far rather than the differential and integral calculus》

Leibniz is the one who invented the differential and integral calculus at the same period with Newton.

It was after some ten years from the discovery by Newton when Leibniz put into his thesis in order, but Newton didn’t announced his thesis for 20 years, so the thesis by Leibniz was issued earlier by Newton by ten years. It caused a feud after that.

The way of thinking on the differential and integral calculus was different...

【Inventors Ⅰ】

《Starting from an apple》

The marks which was invented by Leibniz and Lagrange have been used appropriately at present, and the one invented by Newton isn’t very famous in Japan, but is ordinary in Germany.

The way of thinking on the differential and integral calculus by Newton is characteristic that the laws of motion is used.

《He walked in the future after a hundred years》

As ordinary people couldn’t understand the differential and integral calculus invented by Newton, so Euler and Lagrange put its data in order and becomes the one which we’ve used at present

【Inventors Ⅱ】

【Inventors Ⅰ】

《Starting from an apple》

It is said that it was in his early twentieth when he discovered the differential and integral calculus and the episode on apple was also then.

He wrote down his first thesis on light for the first time, but it wasn’t accepted then so he was so cautious to announce his thesis that after twenty years the differential and integral calculus was announced.

A mark on the differential and integral calculus used by Newton is a little different from the one which used in high school at present.

The mark invented by Leibnitz and by Lagrange have been used...

【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《Why does it become hard?》

The important thing really isn’t running after an equation but remembering the first situation on the equation.

【Inventors Ⅰ】

A genius who thought of various things from an apple

《Starting from an apple》

Newton is one of meritorious people on differential and integral calculus and is so famous that his name has been unit on physics. Everyone knows his episode on apple of when looking at an apple fall from the tree and discovering the law of universal gravitation.

It is said it was his early twentieth when he...

【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《Why does it become hard?》

But as to the equation in the middle part, we don’t think it’s meaningful, but it isn’t meaningful, but its meaning isn’t described in the equation.

But as judging the situation actually, and when looking at 50 × ４＝ 200, we thought there were four things, and each of price is 50yen, so its equation was like that.

But when being in high school or in university, discussion on the equation in the middle part becomes so long that we tend to forget its original situation.

The important thing really isn’t running after...

【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《Why does it become hard?》

The differential and integral calculus must have been basic, but lots of people who gave up appear in high school, for the numerical formulas looks like an enumeration 羅列 with marks and equation which we can’t understand at all more and more.

A numerical equation is eloquent, if changing the way of seeing.

For example, when buying four things of each price is 50yen, and thinking how much in total, then calculating, 50 × 4 = 200, so we concluded it was 200yen. We thought the first and the last are something meaningful

【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

《We learn the base on the differential and integral calculus in high school》

How many people who learn the differential and integral calculus in high school?

The author said he was going to give a explanation of the differential and integral calculus which we learn in high school, which is the center of the book.

The differential and integral calculus has been taken advantage of various fields, for it’s so basic. If comparing a kitchen knife with a peeler, the kitchen knife is so basic that it has bigger application range.

《Why does it...》

【Origin on differential and integral calculus】

《If understanding differential and integral calculus...》

There seem to be lots of people who hate math because of the differential and integral calculus. Why?

It was either the way of teaching was bad or the one who listened to didn’t prepare for it enough. Please understand the way on thinking the differential and integral calculus, and get over inferior complex on math, the author said.

【Why is it hard to understand in high school?】

A reason why lots of people give up when starting the differential and calculus start

【Origin on differential and integral calculus】

《If understanding the differential and integral calculus...》

Though differential calculus and integral calculus used to be the most advanced learning three hundred years ago, they appear in math at high school at present, so the time moves forward.

Both of differential calculus and integral calculus have a large application range, and they haven’t only been made use of science but economy. They have been taken advantage of in wide areas.

But when starting to learn math, the differential and integral calculus is a weak point for lots of people.

【Origin on differential and integral calculus】

《It’s started from observation on stars》

Calculating orbits on stars used to be the most advanced learning then, and it seemed to be very hard, but with appearance on Newton and Leibniz, differential and integral calculus has been contrived, and if using it, we can know the movement on stars by a calculation which students in university do,

After that the differential and integral calculus has learned to be made use of in various fields like physics so as to understand minute phenomena.

《If understanding differential and integral calculus...》

【Origin on the differential and integral calculus】

It used to be the most advanced learning in the time of astronomical observation long ago.

《It started from observation on stars》

Differential and integral calculus started from observation on stars. Scientific technology has developed at present, for example, a space flight, or a probe on the Mars, but movement on stars was unknown and was a hard work before the differential and integral calculus was contrived.

They collected a large amount of data on observation, being based on the data, and measured orbits on the stars. Calculating...

【What I’ve thought】

I’m afraid I can’t express all of contents on the book of differential and integral calculus, for there are lots of graphs and numerical formulas.

The harder the numerical formula, the harder I express here in a bulletin board. Even if the difficult numerical formula is hard to express in English, I’m sure I manage to be able to do it, but it’s a waste of time, moreover I don’t think I have fun then.

I’m going to express as much as possible, but I’m afraid it has a limit, so if feeling the limit, I’m forced to give it up. It can’t be helped. I’m sorry for it.

【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Even if other ordinary people can’t understand an explanation, it rings a bell for us....it frequently happens. We don’t have to understand all the explanations. It’s all right if we can understand some of them, even if one of them.

The one who is good at math isn’t a genius who can understand everything, but the one who continues to try a hard theme to understand with every possible means, changing handbooks and teachers.

The author said like that.

By the way, there is one thing to say before starting.

I’m afraid I can’t express all the...

【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Differential calculus 微分 is dividing minutely and analyzing. Integral calculus 積分 is after dividing minutely, adding them up. Its idea is so simple that it’s widely put into practical use, and if being able to understand it, various things around us should look different before.

There are various handbooks on the differential and integral calculus, and as it has the same theme, roughly speaking its content is almost the same.

But no one knows when or where the god for understanding arrives us. Even if other ordinary people can’t understand...

【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Imaging what we are doing is very important in order to understand math.

I’ve tried to express a book on differential and integral calculus, and the book tries to give an explanation for what we are trying to thing through the differential and integral calculus.

The content on this book may not be enough for the ones who try to study for an entrance exam on university or the ones who use the differential and integral calculus for programming.

But it’s enough to feel a fantastic idea on the differential and integral calculus.

【Preface on differential and integral calculus】

Then the important thing is a concrete image.

A textbook or a workbook on math are filled with ways of abstracted expressions.

For example, even if it’s a fantastic music when listening to, if looking at its music score 楽譜 alone, it’s full of musical notes. Math is the same.

Without having an imagination on melody, no one can compose a piece of music, so if trying to understand math with a transformation on numerical equation alone, no one can understand math, in the first place, no one finds it interesting.

Imaging what we are doing...

【Preface on differential and integral calculus 微積分】

There are three oranges and three apples.

Even a three year old infant can talk with others like that. It’s a easy conversation, but it isn’t easy at all, for the orange is different from the apple altogether, each number of orange and apple is the same.

Paying attention on the number alone and regarding it as the same. We call it abstraction. As to an ability of thinking of something and to be abstracted, everyone has it, especially, math is to be abstracted extremely, the more complicated, the more no one can understand.

Then...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

Carl Sagan warned the damage causing a ruin to us by the nuclear war like that.

After the World War Ⅱ, development on nuclear weapon was intensified, but we humankind hasn’t choose the path for ruin, for an enlightenment by scientists like Carl Sagan may have prevented us from destroying ourselves.

Understanding the ability on science exactly, and carrying out scientific thought for ourselves, it leads to a wealthy society eventually. The author said like that

I’m going to express on math in the next, maybe

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

Science isn’t always almighty and causes a risk, but at the same time it has an ability to stop destruction.

Carl Sagan who is an American astronomy framed a hypothesis of nuclear winter at the time of the Cold War in 1983.

If America and Soviet Union uses nuclear weapon each other, its ash and various harmful things radiates in the atmosphere, so the earth is covered with them. The ash and harmful things prevent us from getting heat from the sun. It means winter comes all over the world.

Carl Sagan...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

While the pure desire to know has driven science, a thing like alchemy has invented new material and new energy one after another, and outcome on science connects with war and business, and both the humankind and natural world are forced to sacrifice something valuable for us.

In a field of biology and environment, various of ethical problems have caused.

Science and its risk make us go nowhere. A new scientific discovery caused a new risk, but science has to move forward so as to get over the risk.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on farming products》

...then an irreparable thing tends to happen. We must not forget it.

《A warning by Carl Sagan》

The author said he’s reached the last part at last and continued.

We recognize that various hypotheses and verifications have been accumulated and moved forward in every field like physics, chemistry, biology, medical science, and environmental problem.

If a hypothesis is verified, we’ll be pleased with it, and think, I did it!

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on farming products》

...and Chinese Communist Party has concealed the failure in the Great Leap and Forward even at present.

Without having any scientific knowledge, a single leader happened to think of a policy and it was carried out, so it caused a starvation all over China, so a part of the country becomes a desert.

With scientific knowledge, political and economic power is indispensable so as to settle the environmental problem, but if a political leadership goes to a wrong direction by under a wrong impression...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on farm products》

In spite of the remark of the Great Leap and Forward, production on agriculture decreased sharply in China then, and a large scale of famine broke out.

But in a textbook which Chinese children learn, there is a description alone like the next.

As bad weather continued for three years, there was a serious damage in farming village.

There was none of damage by the Great Leap and Forward in the description and Chinese Communist Party has...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on agricultural product》

Then we can catch the sparrows.

It seemed that Mao Zedong thought like that, and to my surprise, it was carried out in the whole China once all together seriously, and they succeeded in eradicating no less than some four hundred thousand of sparrows Beijing alone for three days in maximum.

On the other hand, as sparrows disappeared, a large amount of insects which had no natural enemy appeared and farm products suffered from a serious damage then.

In spite of the remark of the Great Leap...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Serious damage on agricultural product》

Needless to say, it didn’t go well. Neither ventilation nor draining were good, and a fertilizer ran short, so the production on rice decreased sharply.

Moreover, Mao Zedong directed to exterminate sparrows which eat rice. The whole ones who were engaged in agriculture were mobilized so as to eradicate the sparrows.

Beating a drum or pot and sparrows were surprised so much they couldn’t land on the ground and were forced to continue flying. They would be tired soon and fall on the ground soon,

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

...and almost all of the agricultural implements were lost for three years from 1958.

《Serious damage on agricultural product》

In the Great Leap and Forward, with the production on iron, a group of agriculture was made progress. Dense planting on rice was directed then.

If dense planting was done, there were enough ears for the rice plant, and it became a good harvest for rice, Mao Zedong thought like that, and it was carried out in farming villages in the whole China.

Needless to say it...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

In addition, there were no iron ore for melting iron, a pot, frying pan, and kitchen knife were forced to offer from farming house. When there was no material for melting iron, a shovel, spade for agricultural implements were thrown into the furnace.

Originally iron has to be made in furnace and the shovel and spade had to be made there, but the agricultural tools implements were destructed there. Putting the cart before the horse.

As a result, trees became few extremely in China, and...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

The furnace for iron works was home made of which height was some five meters.

There wasn’t enough development on coal mine in China then. Instead of coal, they were forced to use woods as heat source for melting iron. The ones who were engaged in agriculture started to bring down logs from woods around them.

Thus forest was suddenly lost in the whole China, and desertification made progress.

Amount of yellow sand increases and reaches Japan now because forests were uprooted in China then.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

Being aware that China was a sworn brother for Soviet, Mao Zedong set his goal of being ahead of England which had economic power was in the second place then within 15 years. Concretely, China caught up with England on production of steel.

What should he do so as to do it? If starting from constructing an iron works, he couldn’t be in with his goal, so the iron works learn to be made by hand in a farming village all over China.

It was a furnace made up with fireproof brick which was mortared.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

The Great Leap Forward started by Mao Zedong started in 1958.

He thought immediate after the newborn China was born, it would take a long time to realize the society on socialism, but his despotic rule was formed, he started to think realizing the society of the socialism without stopping, and started the policy of the Great Leap and Forward.

Then Khrushchev announced Soviet Union would go ahead of America in regard to economic power within 15 years.

Mao Zedong was aware of being a sworn...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...average temperature on the earth continues to go up since the industry revolution. IPCC has suggested a goal that we restrict the rise on temperature under 2 degree, and the Paris Agreement was done in accordance with it.

Thus countries in the world join force for the global warming at last.

《Destruction on nature by Mao Zedong》

There used to be a person who destroyed nature in a large scale by himself. It was Mao Zedong in China.

The Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong started...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...how much is the global environment affected by increase on the greenhouse gas effect? ICCP announced like the next.

Without doing anything effective against the global warming, it is reported average temperature in the whole earth goes up by 4.8 degree in maximum in 2100.

On the other hand, if taking a step as best as we can, we can restrict the temperature from 0.3 to 1.7 degree.

As having expressed, average temperature on the earth continues to go up since the industry ...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...even if a President made progress, a National Assembly has to ratify, but then American National Assembly was occupied by Republican Party both on the Upper and Lower House then, so the Kyoto protocol wasn’t accepted in America.

On the other hand, as long as it’s the agreement, the National Assembly doesn’t have to ratify.

In short, considering the situation on America, we call the one in Paris the agreement.

IPCC announced data, how much is affected on the global environment...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreement?》

...restricting average rising temperature on the whole world under two temperature since the industry revolution, moreover a target by making effort of each country to restrict under 1.5 temperature. Countries in the world made progress. It’s the Paris agreement.

The one which was done in Kyoto was the protocol, and the one in Paris was agreement. Why? It was a convenience for America.

The protocol is an international treaty, so in America, even if a President made a progress....

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made progress in Paris Agreemet?》

It was ineffective, but it was 20th on the COP, conference of the parties in 2014 when it learned to changed gradually. It was held in Lima which is capital in Peru. It was the place where experts from each country joined force and investigate on climate change.

It was agreed in the COP that both the developed and developing countries set up the goal for reduction on the greenhouse gas effect, being based on the common rule.

And in the 21st COP in 2015, restricting on average...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been made promise in Paris Agreement?》

...and Japan could make promise on Kyoto Protocol ironically, but it’s just a part of developed countries like Japan or EU who decided the target on the Kyoto Protocol, for developing countries didn’t join, and America left from the protocol.

As a result, the total amount of exhaust on carbon dioxide for reduction by each country reached one fourth on the whole amount. America and China which didn’t set up the goal for reduction on carbon dioxide occupied some 40% on the goal, and it...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

...Bush insisted that the earth didn’t suffer from the global warming and America left from the decision on the Kyoto protocol.

On the other hand Japan promised on reduction of 6% for five years. It was feared whether or not it came true then, but Japan met with depression owing to Lehman shock in 2008, and economic activity stagnated, so the amount of consumption on electric power dropped sharply.

As a result the amount of emission on carbon dioxide decreased sharply, and Japan could ...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

...how should we reduce the greenhouse gas effect according to average on five years from 2008, comparing it with 1990. It was Kyoto protocol.

It was then the Vice President Gore in Clinton Government who made an effort on the decision. He persuaded each country and Kyoto Protocol was completed, but after that, he was lost in a Presidential election in America and Bush won.

As Bush received a large amount of political donation from petroleum industry and he insisted that the earth ...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

...and it means the whole participants. Moreover the United Nations made a treaty in 1992 and started a step on the global warming. The name of the treaty is Unite Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Without saying the global warming, the United Nations calls it climate change. 195 nations and regions which join in the treaty hold a conference every year. It’s the COP, Conference of the Parties.

The third COP was held in Kyoto in 1997, and set up a goal that how much should...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

But always accepting displaced people tends to be refused, so does Australia accept lots of displaced people by environmental problem? The global warming has possibility of causing such the international problem.

《What has been promised in Paris Agreement?》

So specialists from each nation joined forces, and established IPCC in 1988 which is abbreviation of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Its aim is investigating a change on climate.

Panel is the one from Panel discussion, and it means the...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

There are lots of other islands which have danger of being submerged by rising up the surface on the sea water like Tuvalu or Kiribati. Those lots of residents at the lands in South Pacific Ocean would be driven from the place where they live.

As to the people at the island of the group of Solomon, other islands are due to accept them, but if they wouldn’t be accepted, what should they do? Probably they would be forced to emigrate to Australia.

Some islands will end up doing like that in the future.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

But the biggest reason on the rising of the surface on the sea isn’t melting ice on land but the temperature on the sea water goes up.

When global warming goes ahead, the temperature on the sea water rises. As the temperature on the sea water goes up, so the sea water swells and the surface on the water goes up.

Taro island at a group of Solomon in South Pacific Ocean was eroded by going up the surface on the seawater, so it was decided that some thousand of its residents moved to other island.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage on the global warming》

...it doesn’t always the surface on the sea doesn’t go up there, for there is no continent in arctic, so even if the ice floating in the arctic sea melts, the surface on the sea doesn’t go up.

If the ice on the ice water in a cup melts, the height on the surface on the warmer doesn’t change, and arctic is the same.

On the other hand, if ice on land melts and flows into the sea from the Antarctic Continent, or Siberia, needless to say the amount of sea water increases, so the surface on the water rises.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage by the global warming》

...but it is said that the ones who were dead owing to malaria or the ones who were dead on account of being short of food were by far more than the ones in the battle actually.

By the way what do you think is the second creature that killed the most humans? You may be aware of it, it’s ourselves, the humankind.

Except for malaria, the surface of the sea rising up is also serious.

We tend to misunderstand, but even if the ice on arctic is melt due to the global warming, the surface on the sea..,

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage by the global warming》

...but if the global warming moves ahead and the temperature goes up, there is the possibility that the mosquito which carries malaria flies around main land on Okinawa, Kyushu and Shikoku region. Then there is danger that malaria is carried.

What do you think is the creature that killed the most humans in the long history? It’s a mosquito. As malaria was carried the mosquito drove incredible number of people to be dead.

Lots of Japanese soldiers were dead in Southeast Asia in the Pacific Ocean, but...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us know carbon dioxide increase》

...we should accept the hypothesis that the global warming has made a progress by increase on the carbon dioxide.

《Damage by the global warming》

If the global warming goes ahead, what kind of damage do we suffer from?

It has been apprehensive that an outbreak on infection of malaria in Japan. Alopheles mosquito コガタハマダラカ which carries malaria of serious illness inhabits in a group of islands on Miyako and Yaeyama in Okinawa prefecture alone in present temperature of Japan

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us know carbon dioxide increase》

In spite of being away from England, as the air circulates carbon dioxide increases even in Antarctic.

Moreover the amount of carbon dioxide has been observed near a place by Mt.Maunaloa in Hawai since 1958. According to the result on observation, it turned out that carbon dioxide continues to increase since the observation.

The author suggested we doubt whether or not the global warming is true , but there has been the scientific grounds like that, we should recognize...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us carbon dioxide increase》

For example, when investigating the ice in Antarctic, we can study a change on the amount of carbon dioxide.

Snow has accumulated in South Pole from ancient time. As it snowed more and more, the lower part of the snow is compressed and becomes ice. Air is shut in the ice, so if studying the accumulated ice, we know components on the air each of eras.

As a result of analysis , it proved that the amount of carbon dioxide has suddenly increased since the industry revolution.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement on era has made us know carbon dioxide increase》

Carbon dioxide which has less carbon 14 causing by burning coal has increased more and more on the earth. As having absorbed the carbon dioxide, carbon 14 which is included in new trees becomes less.

In short, going on burning coal so much by the humankind that the earth is filled with a large amount of carbon dioxide. Dr.Seuss has concluded like that.

After Dr.Seuss verified it, as to the amount of carbon dioxide, it has been learned to observe in various ways

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement on era made us carbon dioxide increases》

Even if changing into a coal, carbon 14 continued to decrease. When burning the coal, carbon dioxide is emitted and carbon 14 was included, and the amount of carbon 14 is little extremely.

If so, new trees absorbed the carbon dioxide which was gave off from the burning coal and photosynthesis was done, so the amount of carbon 14 in new trees decrease. Dr.Seuss thought like that.

As tt was in 1955, a large amount of fossil fuel was consumed. Carbon dioxide which...

マユミちゃん、ギリギリになってこんな事聞いてごめん🙏　俺が全部悪い😓

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us know carbon dioxide increases》

Radioactive material has a half life period. The more time passed, the less it decreases, so old trees could have been less carbon 14, but a result on examination was opposite.

In short, as to the amount of carbon dioxide, old trees are more than new tress. What does it mean? He framed a marvelous hypothesis from the result on the examination.

Old trees buried under the ground and became a fossil soon. Even if changing into...

>> 391 マユミちゃん、スレタイ教えて😥　このスレを使ってね 【Environmental problem, can we stop the g… ご、ごめんなさい💦🙏

なんだっけ？あのね、セキコトリのスレの５００レスの後に、「次のスレ」と載っているので、それなんですけど、

確か、「✴３６の🐮と３８の🐰✴雑談編✴」とか、そんなのだったと思います。あ、「セキコトリ」の４８０番台のレスにも書いてますが、

手っ取り早く見つけるには、セキコトリの下に書いてある、次スレ、です。開けますね。すみません。🙏

m(_ _)m

【Environmental problem, can we stop global warming?】

《Radiational measurement on era made us know carbon dioxide increases》

Arrhenius verified when carbon dioxide increases the temperature is high, but as to the amount of the carbon dioxide, if comparing it with the one in the past, he couldn’t verify whether or not it increased actually.

Dr.Seuss who was American physicist made sure it in his study in 1955, and then he adopted a radiational measurement on era.

At first he examined how much there was carbon 14 which is radioactive material around trees. Radioactive material has a half...

マユミちゃん、スレタイ教えて😥　このスレを使ってね

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and the global warming》

The global warming was treated as phenomenon which saves people from cooling here like Arrhenius.

Though there is no positive evidence, Kenji learned school which is equal to agricultural department in Iwate University, so he seemed to read the thesis of Arrhenius.

When Kenji was alive, no one thought the global warming was dangerous.

《Radiational measurement on the era made us know carbon dioxide increased》

Arrhenius verified when carbon dioxide increases...

• << 393 ご、ごめんなさい💦🙏 なんだっけ？あのね、セキコトリのスレの５００レスの後に、「次のスレ」と載っているので、それなんですけど、 確か、「✴３６の🐮と３８の🐰✴雑談編✴」とか、そんなのだったと思います。あ、「セキコトリ」の４８０番台のレスにも書いてますが、 手っ取り早く見つけるには、セキコトリの下に書いてある、次スレ、です。開けますね。すみません。🙏 m(_ _)m

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and the global warming》

Conversation between them continued in the book.

Kenji：If the volcano erupts just now, does it gush out such a large amount of carbon dioxide that it changes this climate, does it?

Doctor：I’ve also calculated it. If it explodes at present, the carbon dioxide is mixed with circulating wind, and the whole earth is covered with the carbon dioxide. It prevents the heat from giving off from the lower atmosphere and the surface on the ground, so the temperature on the whole earth rises by 5 degree

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and global warming》

When Kenji was alive, Tohoku region always suffered from damage from cold. The place where the hero in his book,グスコーブドリ, cooling made progress, and agricultural production wasn’t harvested at all.

What should I do? He was worried about and paid attention to carbon dioxide, so he talked with a doctor like the next.

Kenji：Doctor, if carbon dioxide increases in the air, is it warm?

Doctor：It is. It is said the temperature is usually fixed with the amount of carbon dioxide since the earth was born.

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and global warming》

The more carbon dioxide increases, the more we the humankind are blessed with mild climate, the product on grain is so active that we are released from the food problem and population will increase rapidly in the world.

The author started to say on Kenji Miyazawa who is a man of letters in Japan here unexpectedly

He wrote a novel of which title is biography on グスコーブドリ in 1932. Its form on construction of the book is a biography on imaginary person, グスコーブドリ.

When Kenji was alive, Tohoku...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

...so it has been forecast that methane accelerates the global warming.

《Kenji Miyazawa and global warming》

It was in 1861 when Tyndall made an experiment on the greenhouse gas effect. After 35 years it was in 1896 when Svante Arrhenius who was Swiss scientist verified when the amount of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the global warming accelerates.

But Arrhenius told on the greenhouse gas effect optimistically.

The more the carbon dioxide increases, the more we the...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

...but both steam and nitrogen chemical also absorb the infrared rays, so when the global warming has made progress, and the more the seawater is evaporated, the more the global warming on the earth is accelerated.

In addition, a large amount of methane is included at the ice of permafrost 永久凍土 in Siberia. If the permafrost is melted, the frozen methane changes into gas and is released in the air.

As to the greenhouse gas effect, methane is by far higher than carbon dioxide, so it has...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

,,,but actually the average temperature on the whole earth is from minus 15 to minus 14. The difference between temperature is caused by that steam, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen chemical absorbed the infrared rays and save the energy. It has been clear.

The gas which causes the greenhouse gas effect was discovered like that.

Speaking of the one which causes the greenhouse gas effect, we tend to pay attention to carbon dioxide alone, but both steam and nitrogen chemical absorb the...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

None of oxygen, nitrogen nor hydrogen absorbed the infrared rays, on the other hand, steam, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen chemical absorbed the infrared rays and saved the heat.

Thus Tyndall discovered the gas which goes out of the earth and absorbed the infrared rays in his experiment.

Without existing anything which prevents energy from going out from the earth, average temperature on the earth is from minus 19 to minus 18, modern science calculates like that, but actually ...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

Tyndall thought that there was the one which absorbed the infrared rays and the other which didn’t absorb in the atmosphere on the earth, and made an experiment like the next.

At first he prepared for some tubes. Putting gas made up the atmosphere in each of the tubes and put the tubes in infrared rays from one side.

There was an instrument which detected the infrared rays on the other side of each of the tubes. Then we know which gas absorbs the infrared rays.

What was the result?

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

Does that energy arrive the earth?

The second is the earth saves an energy which tries to come out in the atmosphere. It’s an idea connecting with the greenhouse gas effect.

As to the two hypotheses, the first was in the wrong theoretically, and was denied, so the second was convincing, but when Fourier advocated, it wasn’t verified.

It was John Tyndall who was an Irish physicist and made sure the theory by Fourier with an experiment.

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

Tyndall thought...

マユミちゃん、火曜は仕事になったんで、水曜はどうかな？

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

...there is an energy which comes from the earth to the universe as infrared rays. If two of them are the same amount, the temperature on the earth should be lower theoretically, but actual temperature is higher than that. Why does it happen?

Fourier framed two hypotheses so as to solve the question.

First one is other energy arrived earth from the universe. There is a planet which burns itself and generates heat and fever in the universe like the sun. Does that energy...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

Let’s look back on scientific history and look at how the study on the global warming was done, the author said like that.

We who are in modern era know the global warming is caused by a greenhouse gas effect. In the first place, how was the greenhouse gas effect found?

A first idea connecting the greenhouse gas effect was advocated in thesis by Fourier who was a French physicist in 1827.

At first, he established a question like the next.

While the earth has received an energy from sunlight, there...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There is a political calculation in the background》

...and no more than eight members on the Republican Party accepted that the global warming is caused by artificially. Many of them have received a large amount of political donation from petroleum or coal industry, so none of them can say the global warming has made a progress, can’t they? A doubt occurs to us.

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

Even if doubting is significant, doubting the global warming from the political calculation isn’t any scientific attitude, so looking back...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There is a political calculation in the background》

...the study on the global warming is easy to be exposed to doubt and is easy to be a tool for a political strife, but we can say the same thing to the people who deny the global warming.

For example, the former Trump President and the greater part of members of the Republican Party insist that the global warming don’t break out.

A website called politifact has inspected on statements by statesmen. There are 278 members in the Republican Party, and no more than 8 of them...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There is political calculation in the background》

...then making use of fossil fuel like coal and petroleum will be abstained, instead nuclear power generation would be promoted. In short there is a cozy relationship 癒着 between the researchers and the people who tried to promote nuclear power energy, other people guess like that.

If the global warming makes a progress, various policy would be adopted both politically and economically. In short, in other place from scientific verification, the study on the global warming is easy...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There was a political calculation in the background》

But there has been the doubt on the study for global warming deep seated as ever. One of reasons is it’s presumed that there is various interest on the study for global warming behind the scenes.

For example, there are researchers who insist that the global warming has gone ahead, and it’s just that they have wanted the budget for research. Some people doubt like that.

Or if development on the global warming causes a severe regulation on the discharge of carbon dioxide...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《An argument on doubt for the global warming》

It is said the percentage on the people who doubted the theory on global warming rose up all at once in Europe and America. Moreover it was reported that almost half of the people have learned to doubt on the theory on global warming in America.

《There was political calculation in the background》

This scandal became a serious problem among the specialists on the global warming, and various investigation were done, and a conclusion that the global warming made progress was certain.

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《An argument on doubt for the global warming》

Specialists who studied the global warming exchanged e-mail among themselves in England then and it was flowed out in the internet by hackers.

They fabricated on data supporting the global warming, or put pressure on theses by specialists who criticized the global warming, and those things were reported as scandal then.

See? Told you so, skeptics on the global warming were encouraged with it, and it is said that the percentage on people who doubt on the theory of global warming rose...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《An argument on a doubt for the global warming》

There has been a counterargument from specialists that there was low probability extremely that the earth faces to an ice age in the near future, so it doesn’t seem to be so convincing, but there have been lots of people who doubt on the global warming still more.

It’s started from what is called the climate gate scandal in 2009. The name on the scandal was parodied the scandal on Watergate in which then the American President Richard Nixon was resigned from the official position..

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

Has the global warming broken out actually?

Actually there used to be some scientists who didn’t believe that the earth became warm.

When looking back on history of the earth, a cold period when the whole earth was covered with glacier and a warm period have been repeated. When being based on this cycle, it doesn’t always mean that the earth continues to be warmed forever. The cold period will come to the earth soon. It’s an argument on doubt for the global warming.

As to the doubt, there has been a counterargument from...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

...the author said he would consider scientifically on environmental problems of which center is global warming in this last chapter.

The environmental problem is an applied question for science. Let’s consider the phenomenon on the global warming as finishing in this book, the author said like that.

《An argument on a doubt for the global warming》

Science starts from doubting, so we’re going to doubt the common knowledge at first.

In general, it is said the earth has been warm, but is it true? Has the global warming happened...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

...we have to prepare for something to decrease its victims as less as possible when either of the natural disaster breaks out.

On the other hand, as to the same natural phenomenon, there is an environmental problem caused by a work on humankind, especially after modern era, as scientific technology has developed so rapidly that the earth has been forced to suffer from a heavy burden by the humankind.

As a result, a theme which we have to grapple with at the global scale has broken out

The author said in this last chapter he would...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcano has been unsolved》

...but we have to understand the earthquake precisely, being based on foundation of earth science.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

Both earthquake and volcanic eruption are natural disaster which we the humankind couldn’t prevent. We can do nothing on occurrence of the earthquake and volcano.

As a result, we have to understand well on the mechanism of the earthquake or volcano, so when either of them is caused, we...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcanic activity has never been unsolved》

Influence on the sinking plate causes activity on magma and volcano was born.

Japan is a nation where there have been lots of earthquakes, for four plates crowd together around its islands and it’s close area.

An important thing for us not to be worried about a numeral on the possibility on 70% that the earthquake directly under city breaks out within 30 years, but we understand on the earthquake exactly, being based on...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcanic eruption has been unsolved》

In short, it means that as to the relation between the earthquake and the volcanic activity, a decisive evidence has never been offered yet.

In this chapter, the author described the mechanism on the earthquake, and it’s closely related to the theory on continental drift, to the theory on plate tectonics there.

As the plate moves the earthquake on trench and the one on inland are caused. An influence by sinking the plate causes...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcano has been unsolved》

As the special gravity was light, magma rose up so abruptly that the volcanic activity became active...?

On the other hand, there has been an opposing argument, for the hypothesis can’t express well the reason why the volcanic activity was active in a place which was far from the center on earthquake like Kyushu area.

After the earthquake disaster in Tohoku region, the volcanic action was active in Kyushu region. Why?

In short, as to the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcano has been unsolved》

Magma chamber in the plate on North America was compressed and was transformed into a little one. It could have been until the earthquake disaster broke out.

The one of North America was dragged and tried to return then sprang up, the earthquake broke out, so the influence on the one of Pacific Ocean became weak suddenly.

As a result, the influence on the magma chamber became weak, so the magma swelled and special gravity 比重 also light. As the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《A relation between volcano and earthquake has been unsolved》

...after the earthquake disaster in Tohoku region, volcanic activity was active in the whole Japan. Why?

It was caused by that the plate on Pacific Ocean sank under the plate on North America. In short, the plate on Pacific Ocean dragged the plate on North America, and the North America repelled against it, it sprang up, so the earthquake disaster was caused.

As a result, there are some scientists who framed the hypothesis like the next.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption on volcano》

Its shape is cone, but I’m sure as to the shape on mountain, almost all of them are cones.

《The relation between volcano and earthquake has been unsolved》

But there are some unsolved problems. There is a description that the activity on magma chamber is active by something, but what is the something? The cause on activity has been unsolved, so it’s just the hypothesis at present.

For example, after the earthquake disaster in Tohoku region, volcanic...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

,,,changing into lava and spring up on the ground. It’s volcanic an activity which we’ve seen on the earth, and the lava spring out is piled up, it becomes a composite volcano 成層火山 like Mt. Fuji.

The hypothesis that a volcano is made in the place where plates bump against each other is expressed like that.

What is the composite volcano?

Lava and volcanic pyroclastic material 砕屑物 from almost the same crater piled up and the one becomes volcano. Its shape...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

The pressure is low in the upper place, therefore as to the magma which was compressed in the lower place, the higher it rose, the more it swelled. When swelling its specific gravity becomes lighter again, the magma rose up still more.

Thus the magma is close to the ground, a thing like magma chamber マグマ溜まり is born under the ground.

When the activity on the magma chamber is active by something, the magma changes into lava and rises up, springing up on...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

As the plate on Philippine Sea has been in the seabed, there is a sediment made up with several things like dead bodies of creatures, earth and sand. The sediments and the seawater were together and they have been under Eurasia plate.

The mantle which comes in contact with upper plate starts to be melt by influence under the sediment and water, so magma was born. As to the specific gravity 比重 on magma, it’s lighter than around the rock, if comparing two of them

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption on volcano》

...so we can frame a hypothesis that the plates bump against each other and a volcano was born. As to whether or not the hypothesis is right, we can study the movement on the plates under ground actually.

For example, the plate on continent which we call the Eurasia plate and other plate on ocean which is called Philippine plate bump against around the Japanese islands. It means that the plate on Philippine sank under the Eurasia continent.

As the..

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to volcanic eruption】

《Blessing by activity on the plate》

In Reykjavik which is the capital in Iceland, all the heatings have been done by hot water in hot spring which has plentiful amount of heat. Natural blessing causing from the plate newly has been taken advantage of in Iceland.

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

In the next the author said he was going to express on a volcano.

Four plates bump against each other around Japanese island, and volcanoes are dotted there, so we can frame a hypotheses that the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to volcanic eruption】

《Blessing by activity of the plate》

So we can look at a place where the two plates began to be made with our own eyes in Iceland. The author said he has been to the place.

The place is like the Great Rift Ravine in Africa, the crack on the earth spread as gigantic ravine, and magma gushes out from the underground, so there are hot springs and geothermal power generation has been active there.

As a result in Reykjavik which is the capital in Iceland, all the heating...

【Earth science, form the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Blessing by the activity on the planet》

...so the hot spring and geothermal power generation are active in Iceland.

Both of plates on North America and Eurasia bump against each other around Japanese islands, and it’s caused the activity of volcano in the seabed.

There is a tremendous crack in the center at the mountain range in the seabed, and magma gushes out from there, so new plates are created on the both sides of the big crack.

Iceland is islands which was made at the huge crack in the seabed.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《The blessing by the activity on the plate》

Volcanic action is active at the Great Rift Valley in Africa at present, so there has been lots of hot springs there like Japan.

Geothermal power generation has been active by Japanese support in Kenya. The author said he used to collect data for the newspaper in the actual place for the geothermal power plant, and said he looked at a grand scene in which white smoke rose up from African earth.

Iceland is the same one like the two of them, so the hot spring...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

It is expressed that the forest disappeared due to the changing climate, but there is other view.

When the plate divided, the magma gushed out and volcanic action was so active that the forest vanished.

Both of them aren’t definite, but if thinking that the humankind was born on account of the activity on the plate, we think that earth science is close to us, isn’t it? The author said like that. How about you?

《The blessing by the activity on...》

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

Then it rained at the west side of the mountain range, and drying of the soil made a progress at the east side. After drying, the forest disappeared and a savanna appeared like the present one.

Then monkeys which lived on trees in the forest until then couldn’t continue to live on the forest any more, so they climbed down from the trees to the savanna, and they started a bipedal walking soon.

It is expressed that the forest disappeared from...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

It proved that Homo sapiens was born around Eastern Africa like Tanzania, Kenya, or Ethiopia. As to its era, there have been various views, but some two hundred thousand years ago is strong.

The author expressed a theory in his other work why the humankind was born in east Africa.

Magma was gushed out from the Great Rift Valley in Africa and a mountain range was created. The wet westerlies 偏西風 blowing from the Atlantic Ocean reached the mountain range

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

The magma is pushing so vigorously that the plate tries to expand both left and right, so a gigantic crack is created. If the crack expands still more, the continent itself will divided in the future.

Therefore it has been thought that the east side Africa would divide from African continent soon.

It is said that the Great Rift Valley is closely related to the cause on the birth on the humankind.

It turned out that Homo Sspiens was born around...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

Where and how has the continent changed? We are forced to be worried about it. Africa has been paid attention for it.

There is a tremendous ravine which crosses the African continent from north to south at the east side in Africa, and we call it the Great Rift Valley. The Great Rift Valley is a huge crack created on the plate on ocean.

The convection on mantle has occurred under the plate, and magma is boiling up from the mantle. Then the magma is ...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

...and a new volcano which is on the other place of the plate will appear from the sea. Actually the new volcano has already been formed in the eastern seabed and it was named Loihi submarine volcano.

But the moving speed on the group of Hawaiian Islands is from 10 to 15 centimeters a year, so it will take a long time to reach the Kuril Islands.

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

Thus the shape on the continent changes with the long time

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

The hot spot doesn’t move so much for a while. It means that the place where the magma gushes out doesn’t change. The hot spot is in Hawai island which is the easternmost tip of the group of Hawaiian islands at present, so the volcano of Kilauea has been active on eruption in Hawai island.

But as the group of Hawaiian Islands is on the plate and is moving to northern west gradually, the eruption from Kilauea will stop, and a new volcano which is on the other...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

...a group of Hawaiian islands is moving to the Kuril Islands little by little at present. It will reach on east side of Hokkaido in the future. It was originally formed by the gush of magma.

There is a vent where magma is gushed out in the group of Hawaiian Islands, and it’s called hot spot. The magma was gushed out from there and a volcano was formed in the sea and it grew up and changed into islands and appeared on the surface of the sea.

The hot spot...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from the South Oceans》

....but it has reached the Japanese islands with a long time some million years ago, and it continued pushing the Japanese islands vigorously and became the form the present peninsula a half million years ago. It’s evidence is the vegetation.

As Izu peninsula pushed the Japanese islands vigorously, there was a change in the islands, and Tanzawa mountain range was formed

Though it distressed from the main subject...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Izu peninsula has come from south ocean》

But we can find its evidence close to us.

For example, when going to Izu peninsula, the vegetation suddenly changes there. As soon as we go there, we are aware that a cycad ソテツ grows there.

When going there by train or by car, lots of people think as if they were in the South Seas.

In fact Izu peninsula is only area in Japanese mainland where it’s on the plate of Philippine Sea. Originally it used to be in the South Seas near Philippine, but it reached Japanese...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《The mechanism on continental movement has been cleared up with the plate tectonics》

It couldn’t express clearly the reason why the continent moved, but the plate tectonics has succeeded in doing it wonderfully.

《Izu peninsula has come from southern ocean》

It proved that every plate moves with the speed of several inches a year by technical skill on observation by artificial satellite like GPS recently. Even if it moves, needless to say, we can’t have a actual feeling. We are forced to think, is it true?

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on continental drift gives a clear explanation with the plate tectonics》

Then the earthquake on the type of trench breaks out.

When the continent moves, we can express it with two forces by the plate tectonics. The one is the force which the convection on mantle draws the plate, and the other is the force which the sinking plate draws the continent.

It has been thought that the two forces are added and the continent moves.

The theory on continental drift by Wegener had the biggest demerit.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on continental drift is cleared up with the plate tectonics》

Plate tectonics is a theory which gives a clear explanation with the movement on the plate from the earthquake to the continental drift.

We’re going to review once again, the author said. In fact, it’s helpful for me.

The plate on ocean collapsed with the plate on land, and a part of the former sank down under the latter, then the latter was also drawn. Then the plate on land couldn’t bear the situation any more and it tried to return

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on convection of mantle》

...and the theory on plate tectonics has appeared then.

《Mechanism on continental drift was cleared by the plate tectonics》

We’ve reached the plate tectonics at last.

Central part inside the earth has high temperature. Its heat causes the convection on mantle, and it made the plate on the mantle move.

The plate is a thing like a thin film on a hot milk. If thinking that the hot milk is the mantle and the thin film is the plate, it’s easy to imagine.

Those movement...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on convection of mantle》

There is a stratum called mantle with which the central part in the earth is covered. The mantle means a cover. It’s made up with rock, and its central heat causes the convection slowly there. It’s the phenomenon what is called the convection on the mantle.

The continent is moved by this convection on mantle, isn't it? The idea appeared and the theory on continental drift was learned to be re-examined. The idea was polished still more, and the theory on plate...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on mantle of convection》

...and the hot water is touched to the air, so its temperature drops. When its temperature drops, its density becomes so high and heavy this time that it sinks down.

Thus the hot water circles in the pot and becomes hotter. When preparing the bus, it’s the same. While the upper place is hot, the lower place is still cool. It sometimes happens, for the whole bath isn’t warmed enough by the convection.

The same thing happens inside the earth as well. There is a stratum...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on mantle convection》

For example, when hitting an iron violently, it became hot the place where it was hit. In the same way, the planetesimal collapsed each other and the earth was completed, then the earth has held a large amount of high temperature then.

When the central part becomes high temperature, what’s happened around it?

When boiling water in a pot, a convection occurs in the pot. When the water becomes hot its density is so low and light that it rises up. After rising up, the hot...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on mantle convection》

After Wegener was dead, the theory on continental drift has revived.

Why does the continent move? A clue to solve the problem is the convection on mantle. The central part in the earth is super high temperature.

Dust and gas which circled around the sun gathered and changed into planetsimal 微惑星, and the planetsimal collapsed violently and the earth was born.

When material collapses each other, heat is caused then, for kinetic energy changed into thermal energy.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Why does the continent move?》

...but he couldn’t verify, and as obeyed by a scientific rule, scientists objected to the theory on continental drift.

Without being able to give up, Wegener tried to verify the theory on continental drift and thought the continent was moving just then, so went on searching in Greenland and tried to find its proof, but in the middle of the research he met with a disaster, so was dead.

He was putting all his energy into his study.

《Mechanism on mantle convection》

But after...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Why does the continent move?》

Torahiko Terada who was a scientist and an essayist used to show us the theory on continental drift favorably in Japan long ago.

As being based on the theory on continental drift, Terada thought Japanese Islands also were separated from Asian continent, but a favorable researcher like Terada was an exception.

After offering a hypothesis, without verifying it isn’t allowed to be a right theory.

Wegener framed wonderful hypothesis which we can express various phenomena, but...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Why does the continent move?》

...why does the continent move in the first place?

Wegener framed a hypothesis that a rotation on the earth causes the centrifugal force 遠心力, and the centrifugal force made the continent move, but other scientist denied the centrifugal force didn’t have enough power to do.

In a way, the theory on continental drift itself couldn’t express the reason why the continent moved, so the theory on continental drift was denied once.

By the way Torahiko Terada who was a scientist...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

It turned out that the era when the dinosaurs lived in around some two hundred million years ago by investigative stratum, so it proved out that the continent was connected some two hundred million years ago.


And it’s clear that the continent was separated little by little from then, according to research on the stratum.

《Why does the continent move?》

With the theory on the continental drift, we can express all the things clearly which was mysterious to us...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

There is a trace where the glacier passed near the equator. Why is there the trace where the glacier passed near the equator? If thinking it over that the glacier passed in the time when there was the single continent, we can understand clearly why it is.

Then when did the continent which used to be the one divided?

For example, same kinds of fossil on dinosaurs have been discovered here and there all over the world, in America, or in Australia. The era when...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

Without being melt, the snow in the lower part was compressed by weight of the snow which continued and became an ice, and the ice was accumulated more and more, so a glacier was completed.

A tremendous amount of weight was added to the accumulated ice, so the accumulated ice was moving gradually by its weight. With the movement the rock on the surface was eroded. As a result, after the glacier passed, its trace was left clearly.

There is the trace where the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《Power on the theory of continental drift》

Though framing the hypothesis, its proof wasn’t discovered, but this phenomenon is expressed clearly without doubt with the theory of continental drift.

If it was a single continent in the past and divided into two, being the same creatures in two continent isn't strange at all.

Or it used to be a mystery on glacier like the next.

When snowing and the snow was accumulated in mountain, the snow on the lower part didn’t melt, and the snow was piled up more and more

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The theory of continental drift》

Do snails and earthworms cross the bridge and move to other continent in a great scale?

Without thinking, we feel like digging deeply enough to the theory, but we can understand what the scientist wanted to say.

As there were the same kinds of creatures in two continents which were apart from each other, there must have been something which connected with two of them. Its idea itself was a natural one.

But no one could discover the trace on bridge. Though framing the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《The power on the theory of continental drift》

Scientists framed various hypotheses against the question before Wegener announced the theory on continental drift.

There used to be the theory on a overhead bridge which was one of the hypotheses. The overhead bridge, in short it’s the bridge on land.

A thing like bridge used to be built between America and Europe across the Atlantic Sea. Both snails and earthworms must have crossed the bridge. There was a scientist who framed the hypotheses like that.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The power on the theory of continental drift》

It’s clear for various things to understand with the theory of continental drift.

There are same kinds of snails and earthworms in both of Western Europe and Northern America which face each other across the Atlantic Ocean.

Neither snails nor earthworms can swim the Atlantic Ocean and nor go into other continent, but then why are there the same kinds of snails and earthworms in both north America and west Europe?

Scientists framed various hypotheses...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory of continental drift》

But when investigating a continental shelf minutely, its shape fit together as if it were a puzzle, so he discovered a proof on his hypothesis. He named the continent which used to be the one before Pangaea. It means all the lands.

The earth used to be divided into two clearly for a long long ago. Only continent and except for it, there was sea around it, but the continent started to separate gradually and became the present situation.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory on continental drift》

When looking at the world map, Wegener framed a hypothesis that the continent used to be the one long ago, and examined. In short, he actually investigated whether or not the continents became the one as if it had been the jigsaw puzzle.

The coastline determines the shape on the continent in the world map, fitting the coastline perfectly and more than two continent becomes one continent. He tried in various ways, but it didn’t go well.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory on continental drift》

Expressing the theory on continental drift beforehand makes us understand the plate tectonics well.

When looking at the world map, haven’t you have any question?

When looking at the eastern part on African continent and western part on South American continent in childhood, he thought they fit as if they had been pieces on jigsaw puzzle.

As to the author, his doubt didn’t go anywhere from the doubt, but Wegener was different. When ...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory of continental drift》

The theory on plate tectonics appeared at the same time as Higgs forecast the existence on Higgs elementary particle.

The author said he was going to express the theory on continental drift before the plate tectonics. The theory was showed by Alfred Wegener who was a German geophysicist in 1912.

It seems to use an indirect method, but expressing the theory on continental drift beforehand is to understand significance on the plate ...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The continent used to be the one, the theory of continental drift》

The author expressed the mechanism on the earthquake by movement of the plate, but why does the plate move?

The plate moves each of several inches a year, but even if it’s several inches, what’s caused by the movement on the plate for a long time?

It is the theory on plate tectonics which solves not only the cause on the activity of earthquake but those questions at a stroke. It appeared a half century ago in 1960s. It’s the same time ...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of inland》

For example, let’s suppose that an active fault caused the earthquake once in thirty years. If there was no earthquake for eighty years from the last one, the probability that the earthquake breaks out in the rest of 20 years becomes high.

That kind of calculation was done, and the probability has showed up of breaking out within 30 years. Its probability is 70%.

I can understand within 30 years, but I can’t 70% of probability.

《The continent used to be the one, the...》

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of inland》

In the earthquake disaster in Awaji and Hanshin area, buildings fell down by strong shaking, and the Hanshin superhighway collapsed, so the function in the city was thoroughly destroyed, and there was serious damage.

The forecast on probability that the earthquake under directly the city breaks out within 30 years is 70%. It is a numerical value calculated statistically, being based on earthquakes breaking out in the metropolitan area until now.

For example, an active...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of island》

,,,and the fault which caused an earthquake, it’s active fault. It’s the one which repeated moving in the near past and has a possibility of being active in the future.

The typical earthquake on inland is the one which broke out in Kumamoto prefecture it was expressed before, and the earthquake in southern of Hyogo prefecture which caused the earthquake disaster in Awaji Hanshin area in 1995, especially when breaking out directly under the city, violent shake attacks city.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of island》

...and a way of saying feel the stress or being stressed is firmly established.

To return to the main topic, I’m going to start again, the author said like that.

The underground plate has always been added the stress from the movement on the plate of ocean. The stress was accumulate for a long time, and the slant was caused in a stratum 地層. It’s a fault, the old wound.

When a landslide happened, the stratum is cut, it is called the fault, and the fault which causes...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Mechanism on earthquake of island》

The old wound slants suddenly to one side and moves. It’s the earthquake on inland. In general it is called the earthquake directly under, and it means it break out on the place directly under where we live.

By the way, the stress used to be a technical term on earth science. A movement on the plate causes a pressure inside, and the power was called the stress, and it has learned to be used for a mental situation on a person, and a saying feel the stress or being ..

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

...we have been worried about not only the earthquake on Nankai Trough but the one directly under the capital.

《Mechanism on the earthquake of inland》

A earthquake on inland is caused by the movement of the plate.

When the plate on continent is dragged, a strong stress is added to inside of land. The stress caused a crack in a weak place on bedrock. The weak place on bedrock is like an old wound on the skin.

The old wound suddenly slants to one side and...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under direct the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

On the other hand, the Nankai Trough where Tokai are faces is on a boarder line between the plate on Urania and Philippine Sea.

A tremendous earthquake of which center on the earthquake was the Nankai Trough frequently broke out with interval from 150 to 100 years until this time in the past.

Some seventy years have passed since the last big earthquake in Nankai Trough, so we have been worried about the earthquake not only the earthquake directly the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the city to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

As to the depth on the trench isn’t so deep, it's called Trough.

When the earthquake on trench broke out, the sea water on the plate is pushed up and a it sweeps toward beach, it’s a tidal wave occurs then.

The earthquake off the coast of the Tohoku which caused the earthquake disaster in East Japan 11th day March in 2011 broke out at the boarder line between the plate of North America and the plate on Pacific Ocean, the place of the trench on Japanese Sea.

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

Then the part of tip on the plate of ocean was dragged. When the situation continued to some extent, the plate on ocean can’t endure it any more, and tried to return the former situation. Then the place between plate and other one moved and the earthquake broke out. The earthquake like that is the type of earthquake on trench.

The trench is a place where the plate sinks and the one which becomes a trench in the bottom of the sea. When it’s shallow...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on the big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

How is the plate and the earthquake related to?

The plate has two kinds, the plate on continent and the plate on ocean. As to four plates around Japan, North America and Eurasia are the one on continent, and the Pacific Ocean and Philippine Sea are the one on ocean.

When the plate on ocean and the plate on continent bump into each other, the plate on ocean of which density is high and heavy sinks under the plate on continent which is lighter. Then the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to a volcanic eruption】

《Danger on a big earthquake of Nankai Trough》

Surface on the earth is covered with dozens of gigantic bedrock of which thickness is some hundred kilometers. It’s a plate, and the plate moves a few centimeters a year, so the borderline between each of the plates pushes one another.

Japanese Islands and the area around them the plates crowd together. Four plates like North America, Pacific Ocean, Eurasian, and Philippine Sea bump against each other there. It makes an earthquake break out frequently in Japan

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《The probability on the earthquake under directly the capital is 70%》

The author said he was going to express the reason why the earthquake breaks out through the learning on earth science in this chapter.

《Danger on the big earthquake on Nankai Trough》

The earthquake which broke out in Japan is two types. Trench type and inland. In general, the latter is called the earthquake under directly. We need to know plate so as to understand each of mechanism.

Surface on the earth is covered with dozens of...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the capital to volcanic eruption】

《The probability on the earthquake under directly the capital is 70%》

In short, the earthquake of which seismic intensity is 7 break out in the southern area somewhere, including Chiba, Saitama, southern Ibaragi, Kanagawa, and Tokyo within thirty years. Its probability is 70%.

What does the probability on 70% mean? The phrase of active fault 活断層 or the earthquake directly under appeared until now. Do you know its meaning exactly? The author said like that, and needless to say, I don’t know them at all.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the capital to volcanic eruption】

《Probability on the earthquake directly under the capital is 70%》

It has been forecast that the earthquake directly under the capital will break out like Kumamoto prefecture with high probability.

The committee on researching the earthquake in Japan has forecast the earthquake of which seismic intensity 震度 breaks out within thirty years. Its probability is 70%.

Speaking of under directly the capital, we are liable to think it’s just under Tokyo prefecture, but it means the capital is southern Kanto area.

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《Probability on the earthquake under directly the capital is 70%》

When looking back its history, there were lots of the earthquakes in the past, but Kumamoto prefecture appealed the earthquake didn’t broke out as strongpoint and made a homepage for inviting companies. Danger past, God forgotten.

However even if the earthquake frequently broke out in the past, the probability on breaking out the earthquake is low in Kumamoto prefecture.

It has been forecast that the earthquake directly under a...

【Earth science, from the earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《70% of probability on the earthquake under directly the capital》

After a few days aftershock continued.

This earthquake made lots of people inform that there are lots of active faults 活断層 in Kumamoto prefecture, but it used to be turned out that there were active faults already in Kumamoto prefecture.

Big earthquake broke out many times in Kumamoto in the past, and there is a record that the stone wall on the Kumamoto castle was damaged seriously by a big earthquake.

When reading its history, the...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《A theme in the side of society》

In short, when having discovered a new technical skill on science, the side of society which receives the new technical skill is forced to face a new theme. Scientific progress forces to the side of society to improve ethical progress.

【Earth science, from earthquake under directly the capital to volcanic eruption】

《It’s 60% on the probability of the earthquake under directly the capital》

A big earthquake broke out in Kumamoto prefecture April in 2016. Its biggest seismic intensity 震度 was seven.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《A theme in the side of society》

...it is occupied by a part of rich people who can pay the large amount of money. Is it allowed to be done?

Professor Yamanaka aims at improving the technical skill on regenerative medicine and everyone can be blessed with its outcome. It’s his next goal.

But when it comes true, who pays the large amount of medical expense? A new problem emerges then.

In the chapter of biology, the author pointed out various ethical problems appeared with progress on study of gene. It’s the same with medical medicine

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《A theme in the side of society》

Thus the medical science has reached a dreamy way for treatment by the iPS cell, but it caused a big problem in the society.

The author said the operation on transplanting retina and it cost hundreds of million for the treatment. Can we pay the large amount of money for treatment personally? If health insurance makes up for it, its system itself will collapse.

Then even if it’s the dreamy treatment, it is occupied by a part of wealthy people who can pay the large amount...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

Does the verification and experiments have to be done? Originally when everyone can show the same result on the experiment every time, we can say the STAP cell exist.

Though lots of scientists have understood it enough, they were forced to obey the remark by the Minister of Education, so looking for the black swan was done by spending the national tax.

The author said he was painfully aware that the one who adopted humanities need scientific thinking through the confusion.

《A theme in the side on society》

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

But in academic lever, at the time when the thesis was withdrawn, its existence was denied clearly.

As it had been denied scientifically, the study could have been right back it started again and the confusion could have been over, but the confusion continued.

Then the Minister of Education said scientist had to make effort to try to discover the STAP cell, so a large amount of tax was spent and its verification and was made experiments, but the trial was a fail.

Does the verification and experiments...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

It seems to be difference on the way of thinking between the one who adopted science and the other who adopted humanities, the author said like that.

For the one who adopted science, verifying that the STAP cell doesn’t exist means the verification by a demon.

On the other hand, the other who adopted humanities, the one who thinks it isn’t good at science tends to think, as the scientists can’t deny, the STAP cell seems to exist.

In the verification by a demon, no one can verify the STAP cell didn’t exist.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

...but we have to look for the black swan nook and cranny in the world in order to verify it doesn’t exist.

Let’s suppose that even if we tried to discover hard, it wasn’t discovered, but there is fear that the way for looking for was bad. Its effort to try to discover isn’t repaid, so it’s called the verification by a demon, and the STAP cell was the same.

When being asked, doesn’t the STAP cell exist? The scientists continued to answer they can’t assert it doesn’t exist.

It seems that there is...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

...so the thesis on the STAP cell running on Nature which was English scientific magazine was withdrawn July in 2014.

《Verification by a demon》

The thesis was withdrawn. Does it mean that the STAP cell doesn’t exist?

When verifying a thing doesn’t exist, we call it a verification by a demon in general.

For example, can we verify there isn’t any black swan? If the black swan is discovered somewhere in the world, it means that its existence is verified, but we have to look for it every nook and cranny so...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

The way of making the STAP cell announced by Haruko Obokata was just a hypothesis. If it’s the hypothesis, everyone has to make the STAP cell with the experiment on the same procedure so as to verify the hypothesis was right.

But when other scientists all over the world made an experiment on reproducing the STAP cell, all of them failed in it. None of them could succeed in making the STAP cell.

As a result, a question mark was added to the existence on the STAP cell, so the thesis on the STAP cell running...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

In a word, her way is putting the cell in liquid of weak acid. Then it was formed the cell which had the possibility of being able to every part on the human body.

In short, it means that it became the almighty cell with some stimuli, then being removed from the secret veil. If it was true, it was the biggest news which was beyond making the iPS cell, but it wasn’t true.

The STAP cell by Haruko Obokata couldn’t meet an important requirement on science, it’s hard to reproduced.

Her way on making the STAP...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

...and being based on the blueprint, the human body is made. The fertilized egg has a possibility of being every part on the human body, so taking out of the cell on the fertilized egg and making use of it for treatment on various disease. It’s both of the goal for professor Yamanaka and Haruko Obokata.

But the blueprint on the human body was covered with something, and professor Yamanaka had difficulty in removing the thing covered with the blue print, but Haruko Obokata said she did it with easier way.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

After seven years, Haruko Obokata announced she was in successful of making STAP cell, and a great confusion on STAP cell was unfurled.

When hearing its first announcement, I was also surprised at it, the author said like that. Its goal is making the cell on pluripotent like professor Yamanaka.

The sperm of a man and the embryo of a woman are united and a fertilized egg was formed, and the fertilized egg has the thing like a blueprint for the human body, and being based on the blueprint, the human body is...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Three ways on taking advantage of the iPS cell》

The second way is study on incurable disease. In short, using the iPS cell and making the cell on incurable disease, so we learn to be able to study its mechanism precisely.

The third way is development on medicine for the incurable disease.

Thus the development on the iPS cell, the medical science has reached the new stage.

《A confusion on STAP cell》

It was November in 2007 when professor Yamanaka announced he succeeded in making the iPS cell.

After seven years, Haruko Obokata...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Three ways of making use of the iPS cell》

If making use of the iPS cell, it is useful for treatment on every part of a human body.

For example, there is a patient who has a disease on the eye, and cultivating the cell on retina 網膜 with the iPS cell and transplanting the eye.

This operation was done actually and after a year the patient has a satisfactory progress.

Roughly speaking, as to the iPS cell, it has three way of making use of.

The first is the regenerative medicine like it was expressed right now.

The second is a ...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the iPS cell been made?》

In short, even if one of the four gene was missing, the ES cell wasn’t made. After that the four kinds of gene were injected to a normal cell, and its experiment went well. Something unclear was removed, the pluripotent, the iPS cell has been made.

《Three ways of taking advantage of the iPS cell》

The i alone on the iPS is a small letter, for professor Yamanaka hoped the iPS cell would have been loved by the people all over the world like the iPod, though I wasn’t aware that the small letter was used.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the IPS cell been made?》

No matter how much he spent time to try to discover the combination, he couldn’t, but his assistant offered an idea like the next.

Please don’t be worried about it. After putting all of the genes of 24 kinds in a fertilized egg on a mouse and getting rid of the gene one by one. After removing, if the ES cell wasn’t made, there is high possibility that the removed gene didn’t play an important role.

It’s a reverse thinking, and when making an experiment as his assistant said, the gene was limited 4.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the IPS cell been made?》

After various experiments, it was managed to limit 24 kinds of gene. Some kinds of combination on the 24 gene can return the cell to the one of ES, can’t they? The study has reached to the stage.

But how can I find its combination? The professor was worried about it, then his assistant proposed that he try all of combinations, and the professor was bewildered, for if thinking of all the combination on twenty four kinds on the gene, he had to try immeasurable number of combination.

No matter how...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《How has the IPS cell been made?》

...and professor Yamanaka directed his attention to the gene in the ES cell. In short he thought if he could specify the gene which changes the ES cell into the pluripotent.

To tell the truth, I’m not sure the difference between the ES cell and pluripotent. The ES cell has the competence to be every part on the body of a person, and pluripotent means its competence.

Speaking of the gene, there are various, and its number is so many that no one can specify, I guess so.

After various experiments...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the IPS been made?》

In short, in the process that each of cells divided, the whole blueprint was covered with something, and the cell could look at its own role alone, so if getting rid of the something which covered the whole blueprint, each of the cells returns to the pluripotent like the IPS cell, doesn’t it?

The hypothesis by professor Yamanaka was like that.

Trial and error which tried to remove the something started from then. There was a gene which played an important role in the ES cell, and professor Yamanaka...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

But can we return the cell which plays a specific part to the situation on pluripotent?

《How was the IPS cell made?》

How did the professor Yamanaka make the IPS cell?

The thing like the blueprint for the whole body on a person is in the fertilized egg, moreover it proved that cells which were changed into every part on the body had the blueprint for the whole body as well.

In the process that the cell divided, each of cells received a specific order alone of being a part on the body

In short, in the,,.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

...it means destroying a process from the fertilized egg to being born the life, so it was criticized severely that it had a ethical problem, so it was an induced pluripotent stem cell which Shinya Yamanaka professor in Kyoto university create, what’s called IPS cell.

It’s the stem cell which has artificial pluripotent. Taking out the cell somewhere in the body of a person, and returning to the stage artificially when it had the pluripotent. Its theory is like that, but can we return the specialized cell to...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

...then the transplanted cell would change into the part which was lost by disease or injury and could revive.

An embryonic stem cell has been developed from the idea. Its abbreviation is ES cell.

When the fertilized egg became an embryo, in short when it has pluripotent, it is taken out. If making use of the cell, it will be useful for treatment on various diseases.

But the ES cell is fertilized egg, so it will be a life soon. If taking out it and taking advantage of it for transplantation, it means...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent cell?》

The fertilized egg originally has the pluripotent of specialized for being several part of the body.

A cell which has the ability like that is called a stem cell 幹細胞, and in the stage of an embryo that the fertilized egg started the cell division, the cell has the nature like that.

But when the cell division goes beyond the fixed stage and the cell was divided into a specified one, the cell couldn’t return.

If being able to take up the cell in the stage of pluripotent and to transplant it to other cell...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent 多性能 cell?》

Scientists went on studying for a long time in order to clear up the simple question.

As a result it turned out that the thing like a blueprint was in the first cell on the human body, and the human body is formed being based on the blueprint.

It means that the first fertilized egg 受精卵 is an almighty cell which has a possibility of being every part of the human body.

A competence of being able to be every part of the body is pluripotent, and the fertilized egg has originally the pluripotent of...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

Each of cells is made up with a part of finger, a part of knee, a part of stomach or a part of liver each place in the body.

When thinking it of, don’t you think it strange, does it? A sperm of man and an embryo of woman are united and a fertilized egg is formed. Then a cell is a single one, but after that repeating cell division, the cell increases more and more and the part of the body learns to be made up with each of cells.

How is it possible?

Scientist went on studying for a long time so as to clear up...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty on doing transplant operation》

For example, if using its own cell and can make a new internal organ, the rejection by immune reaction doesn’t happen, does it? Coming it true is the way of regenerative medicine.

《What is a pluripotent 多性能 cell?》

Our body is made up with cell of which number is some thirty seven trillion. It used to be said it was sixty trillion in the past, but the number on the cell seems to be like that recently.

A single cell is made up with a part of finger, a part of knee and a part of stomach...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty on doing a transplant operation》

Internal organs offering to patients aren’t so many, so the patients have to wait for a long time until the transplant operation started.

Or even if being able to receive the operation, when transplanting internal organs from other, an immune reaction against the transplant occurred and the human body happened to refuse the transplanted internal organ.

If the rejection happened, the function on the internal organ falls.

Is there much better treatment? For example, if using its own...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty of doing a transplant operation》

Present medical science is connected with the study on gene and is on the way of opening up new field on diagnosis of gene, and reform on gene.

But even if the diagnosis on gene was done so minutely, we happen to suffer from disease, and get hurt. It has nothing to do with heredity. Some of the disease are hard to treat with the present medical science, especially transplant operations on heart and kidney has lots of problems.

Internal organs offering to patients are...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty on doing a transplant operation》

When going on pursuing the cause of disease, bacteria was discovered and reached virus which is tinier than bacteria.

In physics, material is changed into minute one like molecule, atom and elementary particle, going on pursuing ultimate element in the universe.

Medical science is the same. Its study was continued so as to find a cause on disease with more minute level. Then the study on gene and DNA has developed with using bacteria and virus.

Present medical science is connected with...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

It means that the hypothesis that something poisonous was the cause was in the wrong. Then a possibility of a pathogen which was tinier than bacteria appeared. It was named virus. It was a poisonous liquid in Latin.

It’s so tiny that we couldn’t discover it with an ordinary optical microscope. After that an electron microscope was invented, then an existence caused disease which was more minute than bacteria was specified for the first time. Thus virus was discovered.

《Difficulty of doing a transplant operation》

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

What’s its cause? Then two hypotheses were be able to be thought then.

The one is something little which was by far tinier than bacteria went through the filter caused the disease.

The other was the disease was caused by something poisonous.

A Dutch scientist diluted the purified liquid with some water. If the cause was the poison, when being diluted hundredth times or thousandth times as thin as, its effectiveness should disappear.

But even if how much it became thinner, the disease was caused.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

So there was purified liquid there, and sprayed the purified liquid over the healthy tobacco leaves again.

If the mosaic disease on tobacco leaves was caused by bacteria, the bacteria couldn’t go through the filter. As long as the liquid is purified, when spraying the liquid over the healthy leavers, the leaves couldn’t have been sick, but the result on making the experiment didn’t go well as expected. The leaves became the mosaic disease.

The result shown them it didn’t prove that it was caused by bacteria.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

Meyer ground sickened leaves of tobacco and sprayed clear layer at the top of liquid made up with ground sickened leaves on other healthy leaves of tobacco. Then nine tobacco trees from ten others fell sick then. He discovered there was the pathogen in the leaves, but he couldn’t discover it.

After that a Russian scientist succeeded in making a filter through which bacteria couldn’t go. After setting up the filter and pouring the clear layer at the top of the sickened ground leaves of tobacco, so there was a ...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

Virus was discovered at last followed by bacteria. How did they find a tiny thing like the virus?

The first leading figure on the discovery was Adolf Meyer who was Swiss agronomist. He pursued the cause of a mosaic disease on tobacco which leaves of tobacco fell sickness in 1880.

Mosaic disease on tobacco is literally a speck like mosaic is made on leaves of tobacco. Why did it happen?

Meyer ground the leave of tobacco which was in ill and sprayed the clear layer at the top of the liquid made up with ground...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerated medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

...but even if everyone makes the same experiment, its result should be the same. Otherwise, it doesn’t always mean that it was proved.

If finding out a bacteria from the body of a patient, even if having claimed that the bacteria was the cause of a sickness, it’s just it’s still hypothesis then. Without being satisfied from the second to the last condition, it doesn’t always mean that it was verified.

We can understand the way which Koch proposed is accordance with a scientific procedure.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

The third condition is separating and cultivating the bacteria, after that injecting it into an animal, and the animal falls the same illness. In short, whether or not it is possible to fall the same illness with the bacteria.

The last condition is being able to take out the same bacteria from the animal which falls the illness.

When all the four conditions are satisfied, it’s proved that the bacteria caused the illness. Not only framing a hypothesis, but even if everyone made the same...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

Pasteur has been called a father for modern bacteriology, but there is one more person who has been called in the same way. He is Koch who is German bacteriologist.

He proposed four conditions by Koch as way to prove that a specific microbe was a cause of sickness.

The first condition is to discover bacteria in the body of a patient. The second one is being able to separate the bacteria from the body of the patient and being able to cultivate it.

The third condition is after separating and...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

Pasteur made an experiment like the next.

Pouring the soup in a flask and heated the flask. Heating made microbes which used to be in the soup originally die out, and heated air came out from the flask more and more. After that stopping heating, and letting the soup cool and left it alone. What happened? Any of microbes didn’t generate how much he waited for it.

Pasteur proved that the microbe didn’t generate automatically but it went in from the outside. He has been called a father for modern...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

Study on bacteria was accumulated until virus was discovered.

Scientists had a doubt on the bacteria like the next. Do bacteria or a microbe generate automatically?

For example, when leaving a soup alone for days, lots of microbes generate in the soup as if the microbes appeared from the soup automatically, but did it happen really?

It was Pasteur who was French scientist and made experiment so as to clear up the doubt and proved that microbes appeared automatically was impossible.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

As a result, a situation in which AIDS virus and the humankind can coexist is formed.

As to the Ebola virus, when having contracted, its death rate was high unusually and it reached no less than 90%, but when repeating infection, it is said the death rate decreases gradually, for the virus repeats the mutation.

《A development on study for bacteria》

By the way, how has science dealt with the existence on virus?

Studying on bacteria was accumulated until virus was...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

A mutation happens to a virus, and when repeating the mutation, a virus which doesn’t kill its host appeared and the specific virus alone could survive. It looks as if the virus had its own will or strategy, but it’s just an accident.

For instance, as to AIDS, lots of people were dead in the beginning, but various medicines have been developed at present, so even if having contracted AIDS, we can suppress of falling ill for a long time.

As a result, a situation in...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

A bat is the host for Ebola virus and both of them live in symbiosis together. In other words, without killing the bat, the Ebola virus survives. Or in the bird flu, its virus doesn’t kill a wild duck which is a migratory bird and the host for the virus. Without killing the virus can survive.

It was same with the humankind. We have varied viruses in our body and those virus used to kill their lots of hosts, but when killing all the hosts, the virus is forced to die out

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

When studying the gene on the humankind who has struggled with the virus, we have a gene clearly originated from virus.

There were lots of our ancestors who were contracted the virus with varied ways in the past, and some of them were dead, but others took in the virus and could survive.

In the end, the humankind and virus are forced to coexist, and coexisting together the humankind has carried out an evolution somehow.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

...and no one can continue the war. The dead by the Spain flu was by far more than the dead by the World War I.

《We the human race has struggled with a virus and coexisted》

Spain flu was epidemic so much and it was the history on struggle between the humankind and virus, but even if saying the struggle, it doesn’t always mean that its specific remedy nor vaccine weren’t made.

The ones who were immune to a sickness happened to survive, so the humankind managed to continue to exist.

If studying the gene on the...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

Spain flu was a flu of new type. It is said that from forty million to fifty million of people were died by Spain flu all over the world and the ones who contracted reached no less than some six hundred million. Then the whole population in the world was about one billion nine hundred million at most, so it means that one person to three people was contracted.

There were such the lots of victims by the disease that the war wasn’t continued. Why was the World War I over? Both of allies and enemies were dead so no...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

As a result, each of countries which suffered from the sickness prohibited a report on the sickness. The situation was treated as military secret.

But Spain was a neutral nation then and didn’t join in the war, and the same sickness was epidemic in Spain and its king ruined his health due to the sickness.

Spain didn’t have to conceal it, for it didn’t join in the war, so it was reported that its king and lots of the people were suffered from the sickness, so they named the sickness Spain flu.

Spain flu seemed ...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

The author adopted the Spain flu in his other book.

It was epidemic so much in America in the beginning. It was in the middle of the World War I, and American youth were sent to the front in Europe, so the sickness spread over France, England and Germany all at once.

Lots of soldiers in each country fell down owing to the sickness, but then it was in the middle of the war, so other countries knew the situation, the countries which suffered from the sickness were attacked immediately.

As a result, each of...

【Medical Science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MARS panic break out in Korea?》

A theme in medical institution was suggested then. We can’t feel that it was no concern of ours in Japan, but considering the situation in Japan at present, it seems that we the Japanese don’t learn any lesson from the failure in the past, I’m wondering.

《Spain flu again》

No one wants to be contracted any disease. When looking back in history, we the humankind have struggled with various viruses every era. The history on the humankind is the one in which we have fought against the viruses.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MERS panic break out in Korea?》

... the Korean changes the hospital easily. Then if they didn’t like other hospital they go to another hospital as if they had gone shopping.

MARS expanded like that. The ones who returned from the Middle East had a fever, and as went on choosing the hospital one after another, so its infection spread out so much that patients increased more and more every hospital.

When a patient who had unknown virus went to hospital, how should they stem the tide of inflation? A theme in a medical ...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MERS panic break out in Korea?》

It turned out that both MERS and SARS are caused by corona virus. The virus is shaped the corona in the sun.

Corona virus itself isn’t so dangerous. A cold by corona virus is usual thing in Japan, but the corona virus suddenly mutated into dangerous contagious disease. It’s MERS and SARS.

It is said that there were lots of infection contracted in a hospital in Korea thence , for the Korean choose hospital as if shopping had been done there.

When thinking this hospital isn’t good, they go...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MERS break out in Korea?》

MERS is an abbreviation of Middle East Respiratory syndrome. It has been thought its host was a camel in the Middle East. It means that a person was contracted the virus which the camel had in the Middle East, and infection spread out over the people in succession.

MERS reminded us that SARS was epidemic in China from 2002 to 2003. SARS is an abbreviation of Severe acute Respiratory syndrome. Its symptom is a thing like a cold deteriorated abruptly, and lots of people were dead due to SARS then.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is the host on Ebola virus?》

How was the Ebola virus contracted from the bat to the people?

To tell the truth, both of the people and gorillas sometimes eat the bat. Ebola virus increases as host is the bat and the people and gorillas which ate the bat fell ill. It’s the course on the infection.

《Why did panic on MERS break out in Korea?》

We have to specify the host in order to clear the course on infection. For example, in Korea which is next to Japan MERS expanded in 2015 and a panic was caused then. MERS is an...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is the host on Ebola virus?》

The host is a creature on which the virus is parasitic so as to increase other self. If the host is dead, the virus can’t increase, so without killing the host, the virus is parasitic on the host and lives in symbiotic with the host.

What is the host of the Ebola virus? It’s a hypothesis that it’s a bat in the upper reaches in Africa, for when injecting a virus of Ebola virus into the bat, it doesn’t fall ill.

It means that the Ebola virus was contracted from the bat to the people or to gorillas.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What’s the host on Ebola virus?》

For example, as to a creature, it’s defined its cell does metabolism and divides. For example, bacteria have cell membrane and take in nutrition form there and divides for itself.

On the other hand, as to virus, it’s just its gene is covered with protein and doesn’t have any cell membrane, so it can’t divide for itself. The virus clings to the cell on other creature and taking nutrition from other creature, so it can increase its other self for the first time. Virus has always its host.

The host...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in the global era》

...but when being long, it takes from one to two week, besides the longest period was about three weeks. There was a possibility that the virus spreads everywhere in the world in such a long time, so the commotion was caused in Japan then.

Being Ebola virus made us know the risk on being contracted by virus in the global era.

《What is the host on Ebola virus?》

As to a life, its defined that a cell does metabolism and divides. For example, bacteria has the cell of membrane..

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk being contracted with virus in global era》

...so it was estimated that some ten thousand of people were contracted until October in 2014.

Then there were some people who returned from West Africa to Japan, and there was possibility that they were contracted, so it caused a commotion in Japan then.

In the global era like at present, the virus spread all over the world by plane.

As to Ebola virus, its incubation period 潜伏期間 from being contracted to having a fever, the shortest period is a few days, but when being long, it...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in global era》

...but a hypothesis that gorillas were dead due to Ebola virus has been strong lately. For example, it has been clear that no less than 5500 of gorillas were dead on account of the Ebola virus in Kongo democratic Republic.

After all WHO declared the state of emergency, and three thousand of American soldiers were mobilized, and Ebola virus was managed to be suppressed, but its victims reached a large amount of numbers, so it was estimated that some ten thousand people were...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in global era》

As a result, when washing the dead body, the family members were contracted in succession.

It is said that even gorillas couldn’t withstand the violence on Ebola virus. The number of gorilla has decreased sharply in North Africa, and gorillas have been designated an endangered species. Why have they decreased rapidly?

It is said that we the humankind killed them or lots of gorillas got involved at the civil war in Congo, but a hypothesis that its cause was Ebola virus has...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in global era》

Without being able to take any step against Ebola virus, the government of Sierra Leone changed its plan into the one that patients took care of themselves at home. It’s just that the patient could do nothing except for being at home.

Its family members were forced to attend the patient, but as they didn’t have basic medical knowledge at all, they were contracted at once.

To make matters worse, West Africa was in the habit of washing the body cleanly when burying the dead.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in the global era》

When breaking out in 2014, it was cities of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and surrounding districts, so the Ebola virus spread in an instant, especially Sierra Leone was tragic.

It’s a developing country, so there weren’t lots of doctors there. When being engaged in the treatment on the Ebola hemorrhagic virus, a handful of doctors were contracted one after another, so the medical system collapsed then.

Without being able to take steps against Ebola virus, the government...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

Thus infection expands with the chain reaction with regard to the Ebola virus, so it’s very dangerous.

【The risk on being contracted with virus in the global era】

Wasn’t the Ebola virus epidemic so much in the past?

It was epidemic sporadically in the upper reaches of South Sudan or of Congo Democratic Republic before 2014, but its patients were at small villages in the upper reaches, so the infection was able to be suppressed then.

But when breaking out in 2014, it was in the cities of...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

When trying to treat, both of a doctor and a nurse try to stop bleeding, then a small amount of the blood sometimes sticks to the skin. The human body has such the lots of invisible wounds that sticking the small amount of the blood to the skin causes contagion from the wounds, so the ones who are engaged in the medical treatment fall down one after another.

And another ones who try to help them are contracted as well.

Thus infection expands with the chan reaction....

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

...that the blood vessels in the body breaks one after another. Or capillary vessel 毛細血管 and the blood vessel on the eye break. As a result, every part of the blood vessel start to bleed then.

It is well known that Ebola virus is highly contagious. We are contracted with no more than dozens of viruses of Ebola. To make matters worse, when the ones who are engaged in medical treatment try to help patients who are contracted Ebola virus are also contracted one after another.

When trying to...

【Medical science, from virus to regenerative medicine】

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic virus》

The Ebola virus has five kinds. The one has low on the case fatality rate 致死率, and the other does low. Zaire species which has the highest fatality rate reaches no less than to 90%.

When being contracted Ebola virus, its early symptom is almost same as the flu. Having a fever suddenly, feeling a chilly, and coughing. Its patient goes to hospital as if it had had a symptom of the flu.

But when time passes, its blood vessel received the attack from the Ebola virus so much that the blood vessels...

【Medical science, from virus to regenerative medicine】

The author said he was going to express the movement from a virus to regenerative medicine.

《The threat on Ebola hemorrhagic fever》

Ebola hemorrhagic fever was epidemic explosively at Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia in West Africa in the first half of 2014. Its firs patient appeared at a small town in present Southern Sudan in 1976 and its virus was discovered then.

The patient was from then Zaire which is present Congo democratic republic. Ebola was originated from a river near the place where the patient was from.

Ebola virus...

【Medical science, from virus to regenerative medicine】

With the development on the study of biology, its out come has had influence over the society in a various forms of recombine gene or the diagnose on the gene.

It is the medical science which the outcome from science has influence over us more than anything.

We the human being has been imposed to the threat of various sickness. A history on the human being is the one in which we’ve fought against the sickness. How do we put the outcome from science into practical use and face to the sickness with the medical science? We are going to...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Have you a diagnose on gene?》

All things considered, do you feel like researching your gene? Or give it up?

The author said that ignorance is bliss. Needless to say there are some people who want to know.

But when being at a loss whether to do or not, the study has made progress more and more.

A person who has an idea of recombining the gene and creating an excellent people may show up like Hitler in the future. Thinking of the possibility that the technical skill is completed, I find it terrible, the author said like that.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Have you a diagnose on the gene?》

...but it may prove that we suffer from incurable sickness in modern medical science. If it’s clear when being so young, what should we do? To put it in an extreme way, we feel as if we were sentenced a death penalty.

We’ll suffer from an incurable sickness someday. After we recognized, the rest of our life will be very hard.

Or when getting married, if it is natural for a couple to show the result on the diagnose of the gene each other, its result may have destroyed the engagement.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnose on the gene?》

...her family line have outbreaks on cancer, and it was clear that she had the gene causing the breast cancer. Without removing surgically she leads everyday life as usual, it has been expected she will suffer from the breast cancer with high probability.

From now on, the diagnose on the gene perhaps makes us show the possibility suffering from sickness more and more.

It is all right if we can deal it with like the actress, but...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnose on the gene?》

...and sending the mucous membrane to hospital, then hospital diagnoses on the gene for us, and it turned out that a sickness which we are likely to suffer from in the future by the diagnose.

The one which is well-known is Angelina Jolie who is an actress, it was clear that she had high risk to be a breast cancer by the diagnose on gene, so her breast was removed by surgically, and it was a shocking news.

Is it so clear exactly? Some people may have thought. As to her case, her family..

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnosed on the gene?》

...and lots of the colon bacilli are harmless to the human body, so they have played an active role as the one which carry away the necessary gene when the gene is recombined.

Returning to the main subject.

As to a treatment in which a gene is making used of, lots of people will accept it pleasantly, for everyone wants to cure sickness.

On the other hand, having a diagnose on the gene has been popular gradually. Cutting out of a mucous membrane 粘膜 in the mouth a little and sending...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Do you have a diagnose on the gene?》

As to an illness which is owing to being lacking of specific gene, it’s cured by being inserted the necessary gene. That kind of study has been made progress as well at present.

By the way, as it drifts away from the subject a little, when being inserted the necessary gene in the body, we need the one which carry away the necessary gene in the body. The one which is engaged in carrying the necessary gene. A colon bacillus 大腸菌 is often used for it.

There are various colon bacilli, and ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource of gene》

...then the profit would be divided into the developing country equally. The rule has been tried to made at present, but the both of developed countries and developing countries tried to have priority over profit on each of county alone.

That kind of negotiation has been unfurled in the international assembly.

《Do you have diagnosed on gene?》

A remarkable development on the study of gene has reached to control the gene on the humankind. As to an illness which is caused due to...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource on gene》

After that the researchers gathered lots of unknown plants and brought back to their homeland with the unknown plants in secret. There could have been lots of medicine of which raw material was gathered like that.

Then the people in developing country must have thought the resource was stolen from their country.

So at the treaty on variety of creature in the international assembly, when a developed country used the resource on gene in a developing country and made a profit...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource on gene》

We make use of star anise 八角 which is a material for Chinese dish and can make Tamiflu which is used for influenza.

If a researcher of a pharmaceutical company in developed country finds a plant which seems to be the efficiency of a medicine in a developing country and brings back its homeland, makes a new medicine, sells it, where does its benefit belong to?

Actually the researchers in company on producing medicine in America and Europe went into the upper reachers of the Amazon.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the resource on information》

...a thing which has been solely discussed was allocation on benefit.

We’ve used cosmetics and medicine every day, and lots of them have been developed by a component on plant or on bacteria.

Ingredients on a plant is frequently used for cosmetics. As to medicine, the bark of willow is a raw material for aspirin which is antipyretic 解熱剤. Penicillin which is an antibiotic has been developed from bluish green mold. We can take advantage of star anise which is material for...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《We can make money with the source on information》

...and one of aims on the treaty on variety of creature is put up fair and impartial allocation on benefit taking advantage of the resource on gene.

Needless to say, the aim on the treaty on variety of creature is preservation on ecosystem, or genes. Moreover without overhunting, capturing animals in the form in which we can continue is an important aim as well.

However in an international assembly at the treaty on variety of creature, a thing which often discussed is ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm product in which a gene is recombined dangerous?》

As to the soy sauce, even if there are soybeans in which the gene was recombined, all of the soybeans were decomposed into amino acid, we can’t judge after analyzing.

But the industrial world has fixed its guideline voluntarily and it has learn to be shown lately.

《We can make money with the source of gene》

As a result the information on the gene has connected with economic interests deeply.

For example, a treaty on variety of creature was adopted in 1992, and...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which the gene is recombined dangerous?》

But as to soy sauce, even if a soybean in which the gene is recombined wasn’t used, it has never shown. Why?

When producing the soy sauce, all the soybeans were broken down into amino acid, according to the professor in the Tokyo industrial university.

For example, if analyzing tofu or natto actually, we can judge whether or not the recombined gene was used.

On the other hand, as to the soy sauce, even if there is the soybeans in which the gene was recombined...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which the gene is recombined dangerous?》

Even if it’s a material in the natural world, we happens to suffer from allergy reaction, but we can’t foresee beforehand as long as it’s unknown protein. As there is danger, we are opposed to recombined gene, so we want to be able to judge the food for ourselves whether or not it’s gene recombined at least.

As having accepted those voices, whether or not the food in which the technology of recombined gene was used learned to be showed clearly.

But as to soy...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《is farm products in which the gene is recombined dangerous?》

On the other hand, recombined gene makes unknown protein and it is possible to cause an allergy because of the unknown protein.

After having eaten protein in which the gene was recombined and it was digested in stomach and intestines at once and was broken down into amino acid, there is no problem.

But without being resolved enough and it was in the blood, some people may have suffered from allergy. There have been some people who are worried about it deep rooted.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which gene is recombined dangerous?》

The author used to ask a professor in Tokyo industrial university like the next.

What happens if having eaten a soybean in which the gene is recombined?

And the professor answered like the next.

Even if whether or not its gene is recombined, once having taken in the human body, all of the things were broken down into amino acid, and were recomposed into protein in the body again, so it couldn’t have been dangerous.

On the other hand, recombining protein makes...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which gene is recombined dangerous?》

There are other kinds of vegetable which are appetizing or the one which bear lots of fruits, so various farm products in which gene was recombined have learned to be produced actively. Cone and soybean in which gene was recombined have been imported in Japan.

But the food in which gene was recombined isn’t popular among the Japanese very much. It seems there are lots of the Japanese who have a sense of resistance to the food in which the gene was recombined.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is farm products in which gene was recombined dangerous?》

Thus the farm products in which gene was recombined learned to be grown.

For example, making use of recombining gene and cone which resistant to a weed-killer was made.

When lots of the weed-killer were sprayed, not only weeds but cone withered until then, but the cone which has a gene resistant to the weed-killer was made, spraying lots of the weed-killer by a plane and destroying extra weeds completely is possible.

There are other kinds which are appetizing, or...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is recombined farm products dangerous?》

Cross-fertilization on vegetable of different kinds and cultivating rice which grows even in cold area and raising vegetable which is resistant to sickness. As a result, it’s the same as recombining gene.

But it has been done in the natural world, it doesn’t always mean that we succeed in it every time. I’m afraid we often fail. Creating a new gene artificially is more efficient rather than repeating trial and error for a long time. It’s a way of thinking on biotechnology.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

Actually, as a study on junk DNA has been done the arrangement on ATGC will be given clear more minutely from now on.

《Is recombining gene dangerous?》

Thus as various genes which plants and animals including the humankind have have been deciphered, we have a new idea. Can we recombine the gene actually? Can we make use of the recombined gene? One of them is farm products of which gene is recombined.

We’ve been engaged in an improvement on the farm products for a long time.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

...but it is certain that both of the genes on the humankind and the chimpanzee are in harmony considerably, but a slight difference on the arrangement on ATGC separates us the humankind from the chimpanzee.

When analyzing the gene, while it has been clear on each function of the gene, there is other area which seems to don’t function at all. Some researchers call the area junk DNA.

But other researchers thought as it exists, it could have been some significance, or some functions.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

In short, the gene isn’t the name of material but information.

Then we feel like researching on the gene more. What kind of arrangement on ATGC respond to function to a life? How those arrangement respond? Analyzing gene like that has made progress rapidly in the molecular biology at present.

With the progress on the study, it turned out that things in which we are interested. As to the humankind and chimpanzee, 99% of gene is the same. There is counterargument against the hypothesis, but...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and gene the same one?》

DNA is the name of a material. It’s formed of double spiral, and made up with four kinds of materials, adenine, A, thymine, T, guanine, G, and cytosine, C.

In short those four kinds of materials are lined up on each of the double spiral on DNA, and a way of lining up of four kinds of materials expresses information on the gene on the mechanism of generating life, or other mechanism on sickness or aging.

We call an arrangement on A, T, G, and C the gene. In short the gene isn’t the name of...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and the gene the same one?》

There are lots of things like fiber in the nucleus. They are chromosome. The chromosome is dyed by liquid easily, so it’s named chromosome.

It was described in the book, but I can’t understand why it’s called chromosome, but it gets off subject, so I return to my main subject.

Chromosome is the one which DNA gets entangled around protein. A formal name on DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes material called deoxyribose, and it shows acidity in the nucleus, so it’s called like that.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

The outcome on the molecular biology has thrown some light on the theory of evolution again.

It turned out that a thing caused the mutation happens by mutation on the gene of a chromosome 染色体.

The mutation is a change on the gene, then what’s the gene? Or is the gene and DNA the same? Or is different? It seems that lots of people know it, but actually they don’t seem to have correct knowledge, does it?

There is a nucleus in the middle of a cell. There are lots of things like a fiber in ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

But the Roman Pope announced a letter that he approved of the theory of evolution.

On the other hand, as being based on the theory of evolution, trying to express the creation by the God has happened in America recently. Its way of thinking is intelligent design.

《Is DNA and a gene the same one?》

What changes in the mutation?

Darwin couldn’t reach an idea of the gene then. After that an outcome of molecular biology has made existence on the gene clear in the 20th century.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution is liable to be misunderstood》

English society in the 19th century was shocked by the theory of evolution of Darwin, for Christian church had still such a big influence then that the thought that the God created all the creatures was a main stream.

Creatures repeated the mutation and the ones which could adapt the surrounding alone could survive. It’s the theory of Darwin and it connects with a denial of creation by the God, so Christianity denied the theory of evolution for a long time.

But the..

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

....but the giraffe which had short neck could get plants in a low place alone, it had lots of rivals. All the plants from the low place on the ground were eaten because of lots of the rivals. Then the giraffe which had a short neck couldn’t survive.

On the other hand, the giraffe which had a long neck with the mutation could eat leaf where its rivals couldn’t reach, as a result, the giraffe which had a long neck alone could survive.

English society was shocked by the...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

Actually it’s just that an accidental mutation repeated and the one which happened to adapt its surrounding could survive.

For example, why does a giraffe have the long neck?

It doesn’t always mean that a giraffe which had a short neck tried to eat the leaf in high place so much that its neck grew up.

A giraffe which had a long neck was suddenly born by the mutation. Needless to say, without mutating, there were lots of giraffes which had a short neck, but the giraffes...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

Even if the mutation happened, lots of creatures which couldn’t survive could have been in the long history of creatures. Various creatures broke out varied mutation suddenly and the ones who happened to adapt their surroundings could survive. The mutation happens all of sudden.

Therefore we should say it’s a change rather than evolution. Speaking of evolution, we think as if the creatures made progress more and more, but it’s arrogant.

Actually an accidental mutation ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

It’s the hypothesis by Darwin.

《The theory of evolution tends to be misunderstood》

Without reading carefully, the theory of evolution is easily mistaken for a way of thinking on the survival of the fittest.

In short, the mutation which adapts a surrounding broke out suddenly and the gene of the creatures alone was received to their descendants and their descendants alone survived, but the mutation is different from it.

Even if the mutation happened, lots of creatures which couldn’t survive...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

Varied creatures repeated a mutation and evolved to the ones at present. The mutation means that a form and nature which is different form its parents and ancestors appear in its descendant suddenly. When classifying creatures, we do by its form and nature.

Without this mutation, creatures must not have changed, Darwin thought like that.

There has been the mutation and varied creatures were born, and natural enemies appeared, then the ones which could adapt their surrounding alone must have survived

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

...but every creature isn’t only different from the same ones in continent but are characteristic by every island.

When looking at it, Darwin thought those creatures were surrounded by the sea so they evolved originally which was different from the continent. After returning to his homeland, he framed a hypothesis that creatures repeat a mutation and evolve. He asked the society whether or not his theory was right with Origin of Species in 1859.

Various creatures repeated the mutation and evolved...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

...and on the way he got off the ship each place on South America and went inland there for research. After that he went shore on Galápagos Islands and discovered a thing which connected with the theory of evolution there later.

Galápagos Islands are made up with more than a hundred islands or rock of various size. There are a large number of animals like an elephant tortoise, iguana, and penguin there, but every creatures weren’t only different from the same ones on continent but characteristic...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《The hypothesis by Darwin》

Then Darwin tried to start his new life as clergyman, but he went aboard the Beagle which was an English survey vessel and his life changed so much, for he gave up being the clergyman and became a biologist.

The captain of the Beagle was twenty six years old then, and he was also an amateur geologist, he wanted someone who was cultured and to talk with him on his ship, so Darwin who was twenty two then was chosen.

It took five years to round the world by ship, and on the way he got off the ship...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

As the way of arranging or the way of uniting the atoms are different, even if it's the same chemical element, the isotope has different proper.

Creatures were born on the earth, and they changed with the environment on the earth, then new creatures appeared.

By the way how do the creatures change? It was Darwin who discovered it. He advocated the theory of evolution.

《A hypothesis by Darwin》

Darwin gave up the medical department of university and entered Cambridge University again.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

When oxygen increases, creatures can be alive on land. Why?

When there was no oxygen, powerful ultraviolet rays were shining into the land, but as the oxygen was made, ozone which was an isotope of oxygen was made as well, so the ozone layer was formed.

The ozone layer prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays from shining into the land, so the creatures could advance on the land from the sea.

As to the isotope, even if the same chemical element, the way of arranging and the way of...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

The life of a single cell which was born 3.8 billion years ago continued to be alive in the sea for a long time. The life which was born in the sea advanced into the land after that. Various plants and varied animals were born on the land.

There was no oxygen on the earth originally, but the plants appeared and made oxygen by photosynthesis, so the environment in which animals, including we the human being can be alive has been arranged then.

When oxygen increases animals can be alive ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

Then it proved that how many years it has been the fossil as long as we calculate the amount of decreased carbon 14. As a result, it was assumed 3.8 billion years ago.

It doesn’t always mean that I can understand it perfectly, but I have to continue, so I’ve held my question until i express his other book, おとなの教養, he said he expressed on age determination method, using the carbon 14 there.

To return to our main subject, I’m going to start again.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on life of birth?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

It turned out that Its half life period 半減期 is 5730 years. The half life period means a period when the amount of emitting radiation becomes half.

When breathing, creatures on the earth absorb this carbon 14, but after being dead, they can’t. After that, the carbon 14 decrease as time passes.

When a fossil of a life was dug up from a stratum, we compare the amount of carbon 14, the amount of carbon 14 which is included in the fossil and which must have been included when the life was dead

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

Carbon 12 is more than any other carbon overwhelmingly on the earth, though there are little extremely, there is carbon 13 or carbon 14.

Each number of 12, 13, and 14 is addition of proton and neutron. The number of proton is the same for the three carbons, it’s six, so the number on neutron is different. Carbon 12 is 6, carbon 13 is 7, and carbon 14 is 8.

As carbon 14 is radioactive material, the more the time passes, the more its amount decrease.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

Even if life has come from the universe, it was 3.8 billion years ago.

Why can we know it? I had doubted like that, the author said like that. He said he read books and researched it for himself.

It turned out that lots of carbon 14 which is isotope of carbon were accumulated in excavated rock and stratum 地層. It’s a decisive proof of estimating the age of those things.

Though it’s the same chemical element, the number of neutron is different. It’s the isotope.

Carbon 12 is more than...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

It turned out that some of creatures on the earth can survive in the universe. The fact has made us think a hypothesis that the life was born in the universe is convincing more and more

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago.》.

When was the life born on the earth?

In general, it assumed that the universe was born about 13. 8 billion years ago, and the earth 4.6 billion years ago, and 3.8 billion years ago when the life was born on the earth for the first time.

Even if the life has come ..,

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

But can the life survive in the universe?

In fact there is an example of its surviving. For example an experiment was made like the next. An artificial satellite in which a tardigrade クマムシ was in was launched into the universe. Then the artificial satellite stayed there for a while.

Then the tardigrade could survive, though it changed into a thing like the crystal of rock.

After returning to the earth, it changed into its original shape and continued to be alive as usual.

It turned out...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the Mars?》

In short the primitive creature or cell which were born somewhere in the universe came to the earth covered with the meteorite, didn’t they?

But there are some people who doubt whether or not there was the fossil of the bacteria actually. Considering the probability, the probability that the life was born in the earth alone was low.

The possibility that the amino acid was born somewhere in the tremendous universe, and changing into the protein is by far higher, but can the life survive in the...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

Moreover there is more shocking thing. A fossil which looked just like a primitive bacteria was found in the meteorite from the Mars. It means that there were bacteria in the Mars, so the bacteria with the meteorite may have come to the earth form the Mars in the ancient time.

Judging from the fact, there is a hypothesis that amino acid changed into protein somewhere in the universe and it became the primitive creature.

In short the primitive creature or cell which were born somewhere in ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

A meteorite sometimes drops from the universe. When examining the meteorite, a trace of amino acid is discovered. For example, as to the meteorite which was discovered in the Antarctic in 1984, it turned out to be from the Mars. How could we discover it?

America sent a space probe to the Mars in 1976 and analyzed components on atmosphere of the Mars. Its components and the composition of gas which was in the meteorite in the Antarctic were the same.

To my surprise, there was more ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

It means that the environment in the primitive earth has been preserved there.

Microbes and bacteria which are alive in non oxygen environment eat carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen. Protein and life were born in such the environment. It’s the second hypothesis.

《A life has come from the universe?》

The third hypothesis is a theory that the life has come from the universe. Lots of people may have thought, is it true? But the theory is regarded as convincing unexpectedly.

A meteorite...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

Though it’s natural, the creatures were born in an environment where there was no oxygen.

On the other hand, the earth has been filled with oxygen at present, so even if having looked for places where there are oxygen, we can’t discover the environment close to the primitive earth.

But the holes where hot water is gushed out in the seabed is different, for even if oxygen happens to come in, it will be blown out with the magma of high temperature. It means that the environment in the...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

Therefore we can’t solve the mystery on birth with this hypothesis.

The one which we’ve paid attention is a place called holes where hot water is gushed out. Magma and hot water of high temperature are gushed out from a volcano in the seabed. Why is there a clue to solve the origin of life?

There is no oxygen in the seabed originally. A microbe 微生物 used to be alive without oxygen before creatures which do photosynthesis 光合成 appeared. Though it’s natural, the creature was born in an...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

...and discharged electricity of high voltage of forty thousand to the container. It means that making a thunder break out artificially. What was the result?

There were several kinds of amino acid there. In short materials for protein were made in the container. As a result, a hypothesis was advocated that the life was born by natural phenomenon like struck by lightning in the primitive earth, but it hadn’t reach forward any more, not at the time when the protein was made and the life was born

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypothesis on birth of life》

...and it became the phenomenon of life. It seems that we can think it’s the process on birth of life. The problem is when, where, and how the process was done.

The author said he was going to express three well known hypothesis and experiment.

Assume a primitive earth, and an experiment of making amino acid was done in 1953. There was metal, hydrogen, ammonia, and steam in the primitive earth. Those four elements were put into a container made of glass and discharged electricity of high...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypothesis on birth of life》

Two main components made with the cell is protein and water. The cell takes in the protein from outside and resolves into an amino acid, and the amino acid which was dissolved is put together again, changing it into protein again and it was an energy for the cell.

If this metabolism is indispensable for the cell, it means that without the protein, the cell will never be born. The protein is made up with amino acid, so the amino acid was made at first, and it changed into the protein, and ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

Our body, the human body is made up wit cells, and if dividing the cell minutely, it’s a molecule. Trying to clear up a phenomenon of life with the level of molecule. It’s the molecular biology.

The author said, being based on outcome from the molecular biology, he was going to express on the mystery of life in this time.

《Hypothesis on the birth of life》

The author said a cell does metabolism and it’s the definition of being alive. What is the metabolism? To be concrete, it’s like the next.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

As to an origin of life, a single cell was born somewhere and it changed into a multicellular creature like us, but how and when did it changed? It has never been clear.

How the creature was born and how it’s evolved into the humankind. The origin of life has been covered with mystery at present.

A field of molecular biology has developed remarkably in biology from the middle of the 20th century, and it’s thrown some light on the mystery of life gradually.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

It seems the border between being alive and being dead is unclear then. The author said he asked a professor on molecular biology in university, what’s difference between being alive and being dead? and the professor answered like the next.

Whether or not there is metabolism. Creatures take in varied nutrients and increases their energy for themselves and eject unnecessary thing outside. It’s metabolism.

As to the origin on a creature, a single cell was born somewhere and it changed into...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

If being asked, what does it mean being alive? how should we answer for it?

Let’s suppose I was present at the death of my relative in hospital. The doctor made sure it was dead and I must have thought it was dead.

But after that its hair and nail continued to grow for a while. In short it means that each of cell in the individual still continues to live.

While each of cell is alive, individual itself is dead. Being alive and being dead is overlapped then. The border between being dead and...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

...and fall into panic sometimes.

We have information jointly at once in modern society, so there is none of terrible thing than a groundless rumor or wrong information spread over the society.

We have to know correct knowledge and accurate information so as to deal with the risk.

It must have been higher the part on the communicator who serves as pipeline between experts and residents more and more from now on.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on the birth of life?】

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

The government and each of company have to train communicators who can change scientific story from the one who have background in science and have technical background into easy thing to understand for the ones who had background in humanities.

If the communicators play a part enough, it leads that the nation and companies improve their ability to prevent dangerous things from breaking out.

When we don’t know or we can’t understand, we are liable to fear more than necessary and sometimes fall...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

What should we do? Isn’t there an good way to solve the situation?

Needless to say, it is. Someone who serves as pipeline between the ones who have background in science or in technical and the ones who have background in humanities, and the ones who serves as pipeline have only to explain the situation to the nation or users as a communicator.

At first the government and each of company have to train communicators who can change scientific matters into easy thing to understand for the ones...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

Lots of people belong to technical department in Tokyo electric power company have background in science or have technical background. Needless to say there are the people who have background in humanities, but they have been assigned to other departments like general affairs, accounting, or trade. Almost none of the people whose background in humanities was in technical department.

Those structure was one of factors which prevented us from understanding the nuclear power plant disaster.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

Experts will be asked to tell so as to make everyone understand. The author said he became keenly aware of it at the earthquake disaster of East in Japan.

We need scientific knowledge to some extent in order to understand what happened in the earthquake disaster of Eastern Japan. Both earthquake, tidal wave and generation of electricity by nuclear power which we learn in science.

On the other hand, lots of reporters who were at the press conference had backgrounds humanities.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator is playing an important role in the society》

It may be hard for us ordinary residents who aren’t experts to understand correctly how dangerous chemical materials are. When looking at chemical formulas and minute numerical value are lined up, some people may have refuse to look at them.

When being unable to understand the situation nor to understand what was said, we tend to fall into anxiety. Even if being in undesirable situation extremely, understanding makes us think of a countermeasure.
We need to know what danger is at first.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

Environmental pollution like Minamata disease and Itai-Itai disease caused from chemical industry is the typical risk unexpectedly.

《A communicator is plays an important part in the society》

A movement of trying to recognize environmental risk from chemical substance enough has strengthened in a self-governing body or industrial world, but lots of residents have had little knowledge on the movement, haven’t they?

It may be hard for ordinary residents who aren’t experts to understand correctly how dangerous...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

Environmental hormone became a serious problem in the second half of the 1990s.

Chemical material was dissolved into environment and when it was taken into the body of creatures, the creatures mistook it for their hormone, so a male changes into a female.

Environmental Protection Agency started to study then in 1998, and it turned out that lots of materials haven’t influenced over the mammals.

As those events showed us, varied chemical materials caused from chemistry broke out risk as long as we tried to protect.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

It was clear fishes were polluted with dioxin. After that pollution by dioxin was reported each place in Japan.

When the trouble on dioxin was caused in Japan in 1999, if burning a thing with low temperature, dioxin was caused, so it was regarded as questionable, what is called どんど焼き was stopped. We tended to overreact a little then.

Incinerators for garbage were improved in the whole Japan, so the problem was solved for a while. Burning garbage with high temperature and it prevented dioxin from causing.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

It takes seven years to decrease the dioxin to half when being in the human body once.

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

We’d thought dioxin was special one for a long time, but a Dutch scientist detected the dioxin from ash of an incinerator for garbage in 1977, the situation changed completely then. It has possibility that everywhere is polluted with dioxin.

In fact it was detected from the incinerator in Japan in 1983, and was found from draining of a factory of bookbinding 1990. It was clear fishes...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble on dioxin》

A chemical factory exploded in a town of Italy and then dioxin fell all over the town then domestic animals around there were dead one after another.

It doesn’t always mean that dioxin exist originally from ancient time. It’s caused with a chemical change little by little.

While it’s hard to dissolve in water, it’s easy to do in oil, when once being in the human body, it’s accumulated with fat, and it doesn’t eject from the human body easily.

It takes seven years in average to decrease the dioxin to half...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

The U.S.military sprayed defoliant so as to wither jungle in Vietnam. It tried to prevent anti-governmental guerrilla from hiding the jungle, but dioxin was mixed up in defoliant as impurities then.

Even if the Vietnamese War was over, dioxin remained in a wide area of Vietnam. Bodies of two babies were stick to when being born. Those babies were born one after another after the Vietnamese War. It is said it’s due to dioxin.

Besides, a chemical factory exploded at a town in Italy and dioxin fell all over the...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

Half number of mouses for an experiment were dead even with a handful of dioxin. It was no more than one thousandth of potassium cyanide 青酸カリ. Even if comparing it with the potassium cyanide, dioxin is by far poisonous.

A German scientist made various experiments on chemistry, dioxin was made in 1872. It was in the middle of the Vietnamese War when the threat on dioxin was well-known all over the world.

U.S.military sprayed defoliant 枯葉剤 over the jungle of Vietnam so as not to hide anti-government guerrilla...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble on dioxin》

It causes supermarkets to stop dealing with leaf vegetable like spinach cultivated in Tokorozawa city one after another. Moreover the whole vegetable from Saitama prefecture was a sharp fall. It was a panic then, though the leaf means the leaf of tea then.

Di of dioxin means double, and oxin is oxygen. Two of atoms on oxygen was united with the atom of chlorine, so it was named dioxin.

Dioxin is often said the most poisonous thing in history. When giving mouses for experiment a handful of dioxin, they were...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

The insecticide which has a good effect not only insects but other animals. Needless to say, when being in the human body, it causes serious danger.

Rachel Carson who was a biologist appealed how dangerous it was to use lots of agricultural chemicals, showing us its example like DDT, and parathion in his book, Silent Spring.

Dioxin became a serious problem in 1999. A news program on TV reported high density of dioxin was detected from a leaf vegetable cultivated at Tokorozawa city in Saitama prefecture.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

For example, as having wanted to exterminate harmful insects so as to stabilize on the production of agriculture, we’ve developed on the agricultural poison or synthesis to poisonous insecticide.

On the other hand, it has sometimes been a threat to our environment or to our surroundings.

After the war, as to a synthesis insecticide, having made an experiment on insects in order to develop a weapon of the insecticide, so it started to be produced. The insecticide which had a good effect...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A new challenge to a new energy》

There has been lots of risk on the energy of nuclear power, so we’ve paid attention to hydrogen and nuclear fusion and we tried to create a new energy at present.

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

Thus, the development on us the humankind and risk on its risk would go nowhere. Though having started to seek after rich and safe life and started to use the fire, it led to the risk of global warming after for a long time.

There are lots of the same things in chemistry world.

For example, as having...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A challenge to a new energy》

As a result a technical skill of using the fire has developed more and more. In the modern era, an industrial revolution happened in England, so the energy has been created more efficiently than before by far.

On the other hand with the development on the industry, an amount of emission on carbon dioxide has increased by leaps and bounds so it has caused a global scale of problem like the global warming.

How should we decrease the amount of emission on the carbon dioxide? There are lots of risk on the...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A challenge to a new energy》

We the humankind has learned to start bipedal walking and to use the fire soon. Using the fire with using language is revolutionary evolution from a monkey.

How have we made the fire? It has never been solved. Probably lightning struck or forest fire happened to cause a fire then our ancestor used it.

When having used the fire, other animals tried not to approach because they feared the fire. We could warm ourselves by the fire, and our eating habits have been varied.

As a result a technical skill of using...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

As being able to cause clean energy relatively, its study has been gone ahead with the investment of a large amount of money, and its experiments have been made enthusiastically at present.

Whether or not the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion come true is still unknown, but if we can put it into practical use, we the humankind may not be going to be worried about energy any more.

《A challenge to a new energy》

Let’s broaden our outlook here.

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

In fact, heavy hydrogen exists limitlessly.

On the other hand, tritium seldom exists in the natural world, so making lithium of which atomic number 3 and neutron collide and making tritium.

High level of nuclear waste was caused from nuclear fusion. It’s different from the nuclear fission which is the principle on the nuclear power generation.

As being able to create clean energy relatively, its study has been gone ahead with an investment of a large...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

In the study on the nuclear fusion, it turned out that when making both of atomic nucleus of heavy hydrogen and tritium collide each other, the nuclear fusion tends to happen easily than any other combination of the isotope of hydrogen.

By the way where is the heavy hydrogen and tritium? Heavy hydrogen exists in the ration of 0.015% of the whole hydrogen on the earth. Speaking of 0.015%, it seems to be too little, but water includes hydrogen, so it’s...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion creates the sun on the ground》

Hydrogen 2 is the heavy hydrogen and hydrogen 3 is tritium.

In the study on nuclear fusion, it turned out that when making both of atomic nucleus on heavy hydrogen and tritium collide each other, the nuclear fusion tends to...

By the way, too sleepy to do any more today..

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

Both of the heavy hydrogen and tritium are isotope of 同位体 hydrogen.

What is the isotope? It’s the same chemical elements, but the number on neutrons are different, so to speak it’s equal to siblings on the chemical elements. For example, the author used to express on uranium 235 and uranium 238. Both of them are also isotope.

As to the hydrogen, there is hydrogen1, hydrogen 2, and hydrogen 3. Hydrogen 1 is the most familiar with us, it’s light hydrogen.

【Chemistry,what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

The nuclear fusion which is the closest us is the activity on the sun. 4 atomic nucleuses on hydrogen fuse and a single atomic nucleus of helium is created in the sun, then heat is generated from the nuclear fusion, so the sun has shone brilliantly at present.

We’ve tried to make the nuclear fusion on the sun cause by us the humankind artificially, it’s the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion. Then its fuel is heavy hydrogen and tritium. Both of them...

【Chemistry,what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

...as a result, the study on nuclear fusion has gone ahead all over the world at present.

By the way, how much is born the energy?

To my surprise, no more than 1 gram of fuel on the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion is equal to a petroleum of a single tanker truck, and the weight of the petroleum on the single tanker truck is some 8 ton.

Only 1 gram of the fuel on the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion is equal to the petroleum of 8 ton.

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

In addition the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion in of which hydrogen is made use and we hope for it so much as ultimate energy.

The nuclear fusion is opposite to the nuclear fission, so making atomic nucleus which flys here and there in high speed collide each other and making the atomic nucleus fuse, then tremendous energy generates, so we’ve wanted to take out the energy, as a result the study on reaction of unclear fusion has gone ahead all...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

If resolving water and electrolyzing and being able to store up as hydrogen, whenever we need electricity, we can generate, and we can transport to other place. If it comes true, it’s an epoch-making way.

Moreover it’s seawater in which there are more hydrogen than any other things. If we can find a way which we can take out of hydrogen alone from the seawater, it’s possible for us to take out of infinite energy.

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

A way of sending hydrogen from a chemical complex through pipeline has been also adopted, and there is one more way, making use of natural energy like sunlight and wind and electrolyzes.

When making electricity from an energy which we can reuse, neither we can store up as battery nor carry away for a long distance easily, and even if we can store up, its efficiency was so bad that the electricity frequently discharged automatically.

If resolving water with an extra electricity and storing up as...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

...and then carbon dioxide gives off.

A way which we’ve had a bright prospect is gathering hydrogen from the process of production in a chemical factory or in a petrochemistry plant.

If adopting the way, we can dispose of unnecessary hydrogen which generates from a factory or plant as by product, so it’s the case of killing two birds with one stone.

Hydrogen is compressed with high pressure or cooling and changing into liquor and transporting at present. A way of sending hydrogen from chemical...

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

How should we take out of hydrogen from the chemical compounds?

When we electrolyze some water we can take out of hydrogen, but then we need electricity. Where should we get the electricity?

If making electricity in a thermal power plant and electrolyzing, carbon dioxide is exhausted, so it’s putting the cart before the horse 本末転倒.

As being able to take out of the hydrogen from fossil fuel like petroleum or natural gas, but carbon in the fossil fuel connects with oxygen in the air and the carbon...

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

Not only electricity for a household, the automobile of fuel cell but we’ve examined whether or not we can use the hydrogen energy in industry in the future.

The society of which center is hydrogen. It’s the society of hydrogen, but we have to get over lots of themes so as to come true the society of hydrogen, especially how do we produce hydrogen? It’s a big theme.

Hydrogen doesn’t exist in simple substance on the earth. It exists as chemical compounds like water, a plant and fossil fuel.

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The present situation on the automobile of fuel cell》

Total number on the hydrogen station which is established all over Japan is within a hundred.

On the other hand, there are no less than some thirty thousand gas station in the whole Japan. Considering, we can’t go on outing with the automobile of fuel cell easily at present.

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

Hydrogen is also able to use in household as fuel cell. Setting up an instrument outside the each of houses, and making electricity. Not only electricity for household...

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The present situation on an automobile on fuel cell》

When electricity gives off, it’s just water alone which generates at the same time. Without discharging any exhaust fumes, it runs dripping water.

Without using gasoline engine, it can run like the automobile of gasoline engine, so it’s an epoch-making automobile which is beyond our common knowledge.

It seems that the automobile is filled with good things, but the problem is that there isn’t enough hydrogen station which supplies hydrogen for the automobile. Its total number is...

【Chemistry,what is the mechanism on hydrogen fuel?】

《The present situation on the automobile of fuel cell》

On the other hand, as the automobile of fuel cell takes advantage of electricity with chemical reaction of oxygen and hydrogen, it doesn’t have to be charged.

It takes some three minutes to fill its tank with hydrogen, and once the tank is filled with hydrogen, its mileage is about 700 kilometers. It can run a long distance like the automobile of gasoline engine.

Besides, after generating electricity, the automobile of fuel cell runs with the same principle as the electric car.

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The present situation on an automobile of fuel cell》

As usual the electric car is loaded with a battery of large amount of capacity and its motor is rotated with the battery and we can drive it.

As not having used gasoline for it, carbon dioxide isn’t discharged, so it’s good for the global warming, but its battery is very heavy and takes a lot of time to be charged, so the one who love to drive for a long distance hate the electric automobile in the past.

On the other hand, the automobile of fuel cell takes advantage of...

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

We are hoping for the fuel cell greatly as clean energy source.

《The present situation on the fuel cell》

The fuel cell has started to be put it into practical use gradually. An automobile company of Toyota has sold an automobile driven by the fuel cell from December in 2014. The automobile driven by the fuel cell which was on the market was for the first time in the world.

What’s difference between this automobile of fuel cell and an electric car in the past?

The electric car in the past is loaded...

【Chemistry,what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

Carbon dioxide isn’t emitted from the fuel cell, we hope it will be a trump card against the global warming.

In addition, there are a large amount of hydrogen on the earth, and it was the hydrogen which was born first in the universe, and the next one was helium, so the universe is filled with hydrogen.

If succeeding in making use of it well, we don’t have to be worried about the threat from the nuclear power generation, and taking out of infinite energy from the natural world, can’t we?

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

The fuel cell has been our recent current.

The fuel cell is different from an ordinary battery cell in our household, so it doesn’t always mean that after accumulating some amount of electricity, we use the electricity.

Making oxygen and hydrogen react and taking out of electricity, so we should regard it as a thing like a small battery.

Why has the fuel cell been paid attention at present?

In general it is said it’s eco-friendly.

Things generating from the fuel cell is water and electricity alone.

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

For example, water is a chemical element made up with oxygen and hydrogen. Some of us used to make an experiment on electrolysis, breaking down water into oxygen and hydrogen in a class of science in junior high school.

By the way if the resolution is reversed, what happens?

In short, making oxygen and hydrogen react chemically and producing water. Then electricity gives off. A device in which we take advantage of the mechanism is the fuel cell, which has been our....

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

...but if being composed them chemically, thousands of kinds material are born. There is an idea from alchemy as well.

Though we the humankind couldn’t produce any gold artificially, we have succeeded in creating new materials one after another. As a result, when having led our everyday life, we’re forced to deal with numberless chemical materials.

If combined with chemical elements and being able to create new chemical elements, it means that we can do an opposite thing. We can resolve.

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Why has the fuel cell been paid attention?》

Without blessing form chemistry, there is no our everyday life.

There are 92 kinds of chemical elements in natural world on earth, except for them, other ones which have been composed artificially and made are some two dozens.

A new chemical element of one hundred thirtieth has been discovered in Japan lately and has been called nihonium, and it became a current topic then.

Even if adding all of them, the chemical elements discovered on earth are less than 120, but if being composed...

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleeve》

...he thought there must have been an elementary particle which influence other elementary particle on its mass, and they were discovered actually in 2012.

Splendid theory or hypothesis starts from doubting. The periodical table of the chemical elements by Mendeleev has taught us it.

《Why has a fuel cell been paid attention?》

Thus as chemical study developed, we the human kind has made use of its outcome and produced various artificial things like plastic bag, plastic bottle, nylon, an electric battery....

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

When lining up 63 kinds of chemical elements as they were, it wasn’t periodic. Then the Russian chemist stopped to think it over. Why did it happen?

Then he reached a conclusion that there were still chemical elements which they didn’t discover. After that the chemical elements which he predicted were discovered one after another.

It reminds us of an episode on Higgs bosom in physics. Higgs thought though not having discovered, he forecast there must have been an elementary particle which influence on other...

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

When lining up 63 kinds of the chemical elements, he founds something inconvenient. He was conscious that its periodicity was lost then.

If imaging cards, it may be easy to understand. It has four kinds like heart, spade, diamond, and clover, and its total number is 52, so we can line up them four lines like heart, spade, diamond and clover with 13 cards.

Even if only a card is lost, we can’t line up without any space, so missing the one destroys its regularity, and the Russian chemist was aware of the same thing.

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

The Russian chemist put the chemical elements from the small amount of atom one by one. He didn’t put them in a single line simply. As putting together the chemical elements with familiar nature in a group, so he put them on lines like a list.

Then he was aware that chemical elements which was familiar nature appeared periodically, so the periodic table of the chemical elements was completed.

The author said Mendeleev is marvelous because he made the periodic table of the chemical elements simply.

When lining up...

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A prediction by Mendeleev》

A Russian chemist Mendeleev made a strange list in 1869, for he wanted to arrange 63 kinds of chemical elements discovered then in order.

He put those chemical elements in some lines from a small amount of atoms one by one.

The amount of atom doesn’t always mean the weight on atom itself. The weight on a single atom is so tiny that it’s hard to deal with it.

Thinking of atom on carbon as 12, expressing the weight on each of atom with the ratio to the carbon relatively.

The Russian chemist put the chemical elements...

【What is the mechanism on the hydrogen energy?】

《How does electricity flow?》

As to the copper, when atoms are united, electrons which flew around the atomic nucleus learns to flew at random here and there, so electricity flows.

Electricity flows means that a new electrons come into there. The new electrons push aside other electrons in the copper originally, and the other electrons which were pushed aside to the same thing to another electrons, and another electrons...

The electrons move as if they have been balls in billiards, so electricity flows.

《A prediction by Mendelev》

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《How does electricity flow?》

On the other hand, as to a metal like copper, the molecule isn’t made, but atom united each other.

By the way, I have a question. Atoms are united and a molecule is made, but in spite that atoms are united, molecule isn’t made. Why?

To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on science, so I don’t know why it is. I’m sorry for it.

The materials which are made up with atoms in various ways has different nature from original atom.

For example, as to copper, as atoms are united, electrons which flew around the atomic...

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《How does electricity flow?》

But there are lots of materials through which electricity flows like copper and aluminum in the world.

A single atom is very tiny and various materials are made up with in a variety of atoms, and the atoms are united in various ways each other.

For example, oxygen in the air isn’t atom on the oxygen but exists as molecule of oxygen,O2. It means that atoms on oxygen unites.

As to the number 2 behind O, it should have been expressed small, but I can’t do it.

On the other hand, as to a metal like copper, molecule...

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《How does electric current flow?》

The atomic number is convenient, for as to the number of proton and electron, each of them is the same number, so hydrogen has a proton, its electron is one, helium has two each other. The number on proton and electron is the same. What does it mean?

Proton and electron has electricity. In other words, proton is charged positively, and electron is done negatively. When the same number on the proton and electron, it offsets each other and becomes neutral, so every kind of atoms is neutral electrically.

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

...the chemical reaction between materials caused a large amount of risk as well at the same time.

《How does electric current flow?》

The author said he was going to go over the structure on atom simply.

There is an atomic number. Hydrogen is 1, helium 2, and lithium 3, but what is the atomic number? It’s very simple and the number of protons each of atoms, so hydrogen has one proton, helium two , and lithium 3.

As to uranium, its atomic number is 92, so its atomic nucleus has 92 protons.

【What is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

For example, burning fire is the chemical reaction. Burning means that a material reacts with oxygen. We call it oxidation. Iron gets rusty, and it’s the oxidation as well. It means that iron is connected with oxygen and changed into a reddish brown iron oxide 酸化鉄.

As a result of a study on the chemical reaction, it is about to put a way into practical use of taking out of a new energy. It’s a hydrogen energy, but at the same time, the chemical reaction between materials caused large...

【Chemistry, what is a mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

For example, we learn the periodic table of the elements in chemistry.

The author said when looking at various chemical elements in the periodic table, he found it something strange, for both hydrogen and oxygen are made up with the same things like electrons and atomic nucleus which means protons and neutrons.

But different number on those things makes each of nature change and they are different things. Besides, a chemical reaction occurs between materials.

Burning fire is the...

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

On the other hand we learn on the structure of atom in chemistry as well. Physics isn’t different from chemistry in this respect.

In the first place, natural science deals with nature, as a result, an objection on study is different, but it doesn’t move forward an direction of resolving atoms more minutely in chemistry.

Learning various chemical elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon and studying a property and change on materials. It’s the chemistry.

For example, we learn..

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Do you know difference between physics and chemistry?》

What difference is there between physics and chemistry?

In the former chapter, when resolving a material more and more, it reaches an atom and the atom is made up with electrons and an atomic nucleus, moreover the atomic nucleus is made up with protons and neutrons. When trying to find more minute elements, physics reaches an element particle.

Thus physics is a learning in which trying to find an ultimate element made up with the universe and its law.

On the other hand, we...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on scientists and an idea on alchemists》

It’s the reality in Japanese society. It seems a class on physics becomes the one on sociology, but it proved that science has moved the society and controlled our future.

By the way, as to the waste in the nuclear power plant disaster in Fukushima prefecture, it seems to be decided to throw away into the sea.

A stupid Minister said it was so safe that we can drink, so it’s all right if throwing it away into the sea. If it’s so safe that we can drink, I want the Minister to drink.

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on alchemists and an idea on alchemists》

As a result, the nuclear power plant disaster in Fukushima prefecture. It robbed lots of people of their homelands and they have been forced to live in a place of refuge.

The atomic reactor where the nuclear power plant disaster broke out have to be decommission 廃炉. It takes no less than forty years.

The waste continues to accumulate but its final disposal site has never been decided.

We’ve created the useful energy, but we don’t know how to dispose of it. It’s the reality on...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on scientists and an idea on alchemists》

Newton who found the law of universal gravitation used to study on alchemy enthusiastically, there is a record on it.

Curiosity on scientists was combined with an idea on alchemists led to a discovery on nuclear fission and we can change uranium into plutonium.

It became an atomic bomb in the middle of the Second World War, and it has been gone ahead with an industry on nuclear power on a commercial basis under the name of making use of it peacefully after the war.

As a result...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《A curiosity on scientists and an image on alchemists》

Nuclear fission was discovered from a trial of changing into material with regard to atoms. It was from a pure curiosity of scientists, but was it just alone?

As to a desire of wanting to produce a new material, I feel an idea which is the same as an alchemy, the author said like that. What is the alchemy?

There is s mineral in the natural world, and combining the mineral with other one and processing so as to produce gold.

Newton who discovered the law of universal...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

Then as Aomori prefecture has said that it doesn’t allow us to send the spent nuclear fuel any more because Aomori prefecture isn’t the final disposals site, we have to obey it.

Then we must return the spent nuclear fuel to the nuclear power plant, but the nuclear power plant can’t receive the spent nuclear fuel, so we will really be in trouble then.

《Curiosity by scientists and an idea on alchemist》

Nuclear fission is started from a trial of changing material...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan where our nation can’t take into any reaction》

There is one thing of which we should be careful. The one which is in Rokkasyo village isn’t a final disposal site but the temporary storage facility.

As it’s the temporary storage facility, recycling the spent nuclear fuel is a precondition.

In other words, when stopping recycling the spent nuclear fuel, the spent nuclear fuel piling up in Rokkasyo village would end up being a waste finally.

As Aomori prefecture has said it doesn’t allow to make the...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

...but each of the nuclear power plant has been filled with the spent nuclear fuel, and no one can do anything for the situation, so making an temporary storage faculties in Rokkasyo village, and made it rule to store up the spent nuclear fuel for the time being.

A pool was made for the spent nuclear fuel and the spent nuclear fuel was put in it, but the prospect on the pool is filled with the spent nuclear fuel soon.

There is one thing which we should...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

If using a fuel, there is always a waste from the fuel, but there is no place to dispose of it.

Japan is different from Finland and the nuclear power plant in Japan becomes a thing like an apartment in which there is no restroom.

Spent nuclear fuel has been brought to Rokkasyo village in Aomori prefecture from each of nuclear power plants all over Japan at present.

Spent nuclear fuel has been stored up each of the nuclear power plant for a while, but the...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into any action》

...from the process of disposal on the nuclear fuel.

What should we so the radioactive waste of high level? The place for the final disposal place has never been decided in Japan at present.

If starting the nuclear power plant, we understand high concentrated waste would give off before we do. In spite of it, we have never decided its final disposal site until now. It was hastily started before it had been fully considered from every angle.

If using fuel...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any restroom》

...though Japan has intended to maintain the cycle of nuclear fuel, securing plutonium and maintain an ability of producing nuclear weapon in its background. The author said he felt the intention of making bad use of the nuclear power in the background.

《Nuclear power plant in Japan in which our nation can’t take into action》

Even if it’s the cycle of nuclear fuel, it doesn’t always mean there is no waste at all. There is a radioactive waste of high level from a nuclear power plant...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any lavatory》

Then the Shinzo Abe Cabinet said it doesn’t always mean forbidding us to hold or to use the whole nuclear weapon in the article 9 of the constitution.

We are shocking at his remark.

Nobusuke Kishi who used to be the prime minister and a grandfather of Shinzo Abe said at National Assembly in 1957 like the next.

We’re allowed to use a nuclear weapon for self-defense. It seems that the plan of Japanese government has never changed after the war. If being based on it, though Japan has...

【Physics, from an elementary particle to nuclear power】

《An apartment which doesn’t have any restroom》

...Finland decided to dispose of the spent nuclear fuel for the first time in the world. It has a final disposal site in Oshikaro. Digging up solid rock. Its depth is 420 meters underground, and spent nuclear fuel has been buried there.

Without using the spent nuclear fuel again, disposing of it as it was. We call it one through.

To tell the truth, one through is more economical, but Japan has tried to make proceed with the cycle of spent nuclear fuel.

Then the Shinzo Abe Cabinet...