Science,English,and math 5th

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

The magma is pushing so vigorously that the plate tries to expand both left and right, so a gigantic crack is created. If the crack expands still more, the continent itself will divided in the future.

Therefore it has been thought that the east side Africa would divide from African continent soon.

It is said that the Great Rift Valley is closely related to the cause on the birth on the humankind.

It turned out that Homo Sspiens was born around...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to a volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

It proved that Homo sapiens was born around Eastern Africa like Tanzania, Kenya, or Ethiopia. As to its era, there have been various views, but some two hundred thousand years ago is strong.

The author expressed a theory in his other work why the humankind was born in east Africa.

Magma was gushed out from the Great Rift Valley in Africa and a mountain range was created. The wet westerlies 偏西風 blowing from the Atlantic Ocean reached the mountain range

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

Then it rained at the west side of the mountain range, and drying of the soil made a progress at the east side. After drying, the forest disappeared and a savanna appeared like the present one.

Then monkeys which lived on trees in the forest until then couldn’t continue to live on the forest any more, so they climbed down from the trees to the savanna, and they started a bipedal walking soon.

It is expressed that the forest disappeared from...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《The humankind was born from the activity on the plate?》

It is expressed that the forest disappeared due to the changing climate, but there is other view.

When the plate divided, the magma gushed out and volcanic action was so active that the forest vanished.

Both of them aren’t definite, but if thinking that the humankind was born on account of the activity on the plate, we think that earth science is close to us, isn’t it? The author said like that. How about you?

《The blessing by the activity on...》

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《The blessing by the activity on the plate》

Volcanic action is active at the Great Rift Valley in Africa at present, so there has been lots of hot springs there like Japan.

Geothermal power generation has been active by Japanese support in Kenya. The author said he used to collect data for the newspaper in the actual place for the geothermal power plant, and said he looked at a grand scene in which white smoke rose up from African earth.

Iceland is the same one like the two of them, so the hot spring...

【Earth science, form the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Blessing by the activity on the planet》

...so the hot spring and geothermal power generation are active in Iceland.

Both of plates on North America and Eurasia bump against each other around Japanese islands, and it’s caused the activity of volcano in the seabed.

There is a tremendous crack in the center at the mountain range in the seabed, and magma gushes out from there, so new plates are created on the both sides of the big crack.

Iceland is islands which was made at the huge crack in the seabed.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to volcanic eruption】

《Blessing by activity of the plate》

So we can look at a place where the two plates began to be made with our own eyes in Iceland. The author said he has been to the place.

The place is like the Great Rift Ravine in Africa, the crack on the earth spread as gigantic ravine, and magma gushes out from the underground, so there are hot springs and geothermal power generation has been active there.

As a result in Reykjavik which is the capital in Iceland, all the heating...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to volcanic eruption】

《Blessing by activity on the plate》

In Reykjavik which is the capital in Iceland, all the heatings have been done by hot water in hot spring which has plentiful amount of heat. Natural blessing causing from the plate newly has been taken advantage of in Iceland.

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

In the next the author said he was going to express on a volcano.

Four plates bump against each other around Japanese island, and volcanoes are dotted there, so we can frame a hypotheses that the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption on volcano》

...so we can frame a hypothesis that the plates bump against each other and a volcano was born. As to whether or not the hypothesis is right, we can study the movement on the plates under ground actually.

For example, the plate on continent which we call the Eurasia plate and other plate on ocean which is called Philippine plate bump against around the Japanese islands. It means that the plate on Philippine sank under the Eurasia continent.

As the..

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

As the plate on Philippine Sea has been in the seabed, there is a sediment made up with several things like dead bodies of creatures, earth and sand. The sediments and the seawater were together and they have been under Eurasia plate.

The mantle which comes in contact with upper plate starts to be melt by influence under the sediment and water, so magma was born. As to the specific gravity 比重 on magma, it’s lighter than around the rock, if comparing two of them

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city and the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

The pressure is low in the upper place, therefore as to the magma which was compressed in the lower place, the higher it rose, the more it swelled. When swelling its specific gravity becomes lighter again, the magma rose up still more.

Thus the magma is close to the ground, a thing like magma chamber マグマ溜まり is born under the ground.

When the activity on the magma chamber is active by something, the magma changes into lava and rises up, springing up on...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption by volcano》

,,,changing into lava and spring up on the ground. It’s volcanic an activity which we’ve seen on the earth, and the lava spring out is piled up, it becomes a composite volcano 成層火山 like Mt. Fuji.

The hypothesis that a volcano is made in the place where plates bump against each other is expressed like that.

What is the composite volcano?

Lava and volcanic pyroclastic material 砕屑物 from almost the same crater piled up and the one becomes volcano. Its shape...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Generation on magma and eruption on volcano》

Its shape is cone, but I’m sure as to the shape on mountain, almost all of them are cones.

《The relation between volcano and earthquake has been unsolved》

But there are some unsolved problems. There is a description that the activity on magma chamber is active by something, but what is the something? The cause on activity has been unsolved, so it’s just the hypothesis at present.

For example, after the earthquake disaster in Tohoku region, volcanic...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《A relation between volcano and earthquake has been unsolved》

...after the earthquake disaster in Tohoku region, volcanic activity was active in the whole Japan. Why?

It was caused by that the plate on Pacific Ocean sank under the plate on North America. In short, the plate on Pacific Ocean dragged the plate on North America, and the North America repelled against it, it sprang up, so the earthquake disaster was caused.

As a result, there are some scientists who framed the hypothesis like the next.

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcano has been unsolved》

Magma chamber in the plate on North America was compressed and was transformed into a little one. It could have been until the earthquake disaster broke out.

The one of North America was dragged and tried to return then sprang up, the earthquake broke out, so the influence on the one of Pacific Ocean became weak suddenly.

As a result, the influence on the magma chamber became weak, so the magma swelled and special gravity 比重 also light. As the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcano has been unsolved》

As the special gravity was light, magma rose up so abruptly that the volcanic activity became active...?

On the other hand, there has been an opposing argument, for the hypothesis can’t express well the reason why the volcanic activity was active in a place which was far from the center on earthquake like Kyushu area.

After the earthquake disaster in Tohoku region, the volcanic action was active in Kyushu region. Why?

In short, as to the...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcanic eruption has been unsolved》

In short, it means that as to the relation between the earthquake and the volcanic activity, a decisive evidence has never been offered yet.

In this chapter, the author described the mechanism on the earthquake, and it’s closely related to the theory on continental drift, to the theory on plate tectonics there.

As the plate moves the earthquake on trench and the one on inland are caused. An influence by sinking the plate causes...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcanic activity has never been unsolved》

Influence on the sinking plate causes activity on magma and volcano was born.

Japan is a nation where there have been lots of earthquakes, for four plates crowd together around its islands and it’s close area.

An important thing for us not to be worried about a numeral on the possibility on 70% that the earthquake directly under city breaks out within 30 years, but we understand on the earthquake exactly, being based on...

【Earth science, from the earthquake directly under the city to the volcanic eruption】

《Relation between earthquake and volcano has been unsolved》

...but we have to understand the earthquake precisely, being based on foundation of earth science.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

Both earthquake and volcanic eruption are natural disaster which we the humankind couldn’t prevent. We can do nothing on occurrence of the earthquake and volcano.

As a result, we have to understand well on the mechanism of the earthquake or volcano, so when either of them is caused, we...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

...we have to prepare for something to decrease its victims as less as possible when either of the natural disaster breaks out.

On the other hand, as to the same natural phenomenon, there is an environmental problem caused by a work on humankind, especially after modern era, as scientific technology has developed so rapidly that the earth has been forced to suffer from a heavy burden by the humankind.

As a result, a theme which we have to grapple with at the global scale has broken out

The author said in this last chapter he would...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

...the author said he would consider scientifically on environmental problems of which center is global warming in this last chapter.

The environmental problem is an applied question for science. Let’s consider the phenomenon on the global warming as finishing in this book, the author said like that.

《An argument on a doubt for the global warming》

Science starts from doubting, so we’re going to doubt the common knowledge at first.

In general, it is said the earth has been warm, but is it true? Has the global warming happened...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

Has the global warming broken out actually?

Actually there used to be some scientists who didn’t believe that the earth became warm.

When looking back on history of the earth, a cold period when the whole earth was covered with glacier and a warm period have been repeated. When being based on this cycle, it doesn’t always mean that the earth continues to be warmed forever. The cold period will come to the earth soon. It’s an argument on doubt for the global warming.

As to the doubt, there has been a counterargument from...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《An argument on a doubt for the global warming》

There has been a counterargument from specialists that there was low probability extremely that the earth faces to an ice age in the near future, so it doesn’t seem to be so convincing, but there have been lots of people who doubt on the global warming still more.

It’s started from what is called the climate gate scandal in 2009. The name on the scandal was parodied the scandal on Watergate in which then the American President Richard Nixon was resigned from the official position..

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《An argument on doubt for the global warming》

Specialists who studied the global warming exchanged e-mail among themselves in England then and it was flowed out in the internet by hackers.

They fabricated on data supporting the global warming, or put pressure on theses by specialists who criticized the global warming, and those things were reported as scandal then.

See? Told you so, skeptics on the global warming were encouraged with it, and it is said that the percentage on people who doubt on the theory of global warming rose...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《An argument on doubt for the global warming》

It is said the percentage on the people who doubted the theory on global warming rose up all at once in Europe and America. Moreover it was reported that almost half of the people have learned to doubt on the theory on global warming in America.

《There was political calculation in the background》

This scandal became a serious problem among the specialists on the global warming, and various investigation were done, and a conclusion that the global warming made progress was certain.

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There was a political calculation in the background》

But there has been the doubt on the study for global warming deep seated as ever. One of reasons is it’s presumed that there is various interest on the study for global warming behind the scenes.

For example, there are researchers who insist that the global warming has gone ahead, and it’s just that they have wanted the budget for research. Some people doubt like that.

Or if development on the global warming causes a severe regulation on the discharge of carbon dioxide...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There is political calculation in the background》

...then making use of fossil fuel like coal and petroleum will be abstained, instead nuclear power generation would be promoted. In short there is a cozy relationship 癒着 between the researchers and the people who tried to promote nuclear power energy, other people guess like that.

If the global warming makes a progress, various policy would be adopted both politically and economically. In short, in other place from scientific verification, the study on the global warming is easy...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There is a political calculation in the background》

...the study on the global warming is easy to be exposed to doubt and is easy to be a tool for a political strife, but we can say the same thing to the people who deny the global warming.

For example, the former Trump President and the greater part of members of the Republican Party insist that the global warming don’t break out.

A website called politifact has inspected on statements by statesmen. There are 278 members in the Republican Party, and no more than 8 of them...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《There is a political calculation in the background》

...and no more than eight members on the Republican Party accepted that the global warming is caused by artificially. Many of them have received a large amount of political donation from petroleum or coal industry, so none of them can say the global warming has made a progress, can’t they? A doubt occurs to us.

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

Even if doubting is significant, doubting the global warming from the political calculation isn’t any scientific attitude, so looking back...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

Let’s look back on scientific history and look at how the study on the global warming was done, the author said like that.

We who are in modern era know the global warming is caused by a greenhouse gas effect. In the first place, how was the greenhouse gas effect found?

A first idea connecting the greenhouse gas effect was advocated in thesis by Fourier who was a French physicist in 1827.

At first, he established a question like the next.

While the earth has received an energy from sunlight, there...

マユミちゃん、火曜は仕事になったんで、水曜はどうかな？

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

...there is an energy which comes from the earth to the universe as infrared rays. If two of them are the same amount, the temperature on the earth should be lower theoretically, but actual temperature is higher than that. Why does it happen?

Fourier framed two hypotheses so as to solve the question.

First one is other energy arrived earth from the universe. There is a planet which burns itself and generates heat and fever in the universe like the sun. Does that energy...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A hypothesis by Fourier》

Does that energy arrive the earth?

The second is the earth saves an energy which tries to come out in the atmosphere. It’s an idea connecting with the greenhouse gas effect.

As to the two hypotheses, the first was in the wrong theoretically, and was denied, so the second was convincing, but when Fourier advocated, it wasn’t verified.

It was John Tyndall who was an Irish physicist and made sure the theory by Fourier with an experiment.

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

Tyndall thought...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

Tyndall thought that there was the one which absorbed the infrared rays and the other which didn’t absorb in the atmosphere on the earth, and made an experiment like the next.

At first he prepared for some tubes. Putting gas made up the atmosphere in each of the tubes and put the tubes in infrared rays from one side.

There was an instrument which detected the infrared rays on the other side of each of the tubes. Then we know which gas absorbs the infrared rays.

What was the result?

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

None of oxygen, nitrogen nor hydrogen absorbed the infrared rays, on the other hand, steam, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen chemical absorbed the infrared rays and saved the heat.

Thus Tyndall discovered the gas which goes out of the earth and absorbed the infrared rays in his experiment.

Without existing anything which prevents energy from going out from the earth, average temperature on the earth is from minus 19 to minus 18, modern science calculates like that, but actually ...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

,,,but actually the average temperature on the whole earth is from minus 15 to minus 14. The difference between temperature is caused by that steam, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen chemical absorbed the infrared rays and save the energy. It has been clear.

The gas which causes the greenhouse gas effect was discovered like that.

Speaking of the one which causes the greenhouse gas effect, we tend to pay attention to carbon dioxide alone, but both steam and nitrogen chemical absorb the...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

...but both steam and nitrogen chemical also absorb the infrared rays, so when the global warming has made progress, and the more the seawater is evaporated, the more the global warming on the earth is accelerated.

In addition, a large amount of methane is included at the ice of permafrost 永久凍土 in Siberia. If the permafrost is melted, the frozen methane changes into gas and is released in the air.

As to the greenhouse gas effect, methane is by far higher than carbon dioxide, so it has...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《A discovery on the greenhouse gas effect》

...so it has been forecast that methane accelerates the global warming.

《Kenji Miyazawa and global warming》

It was in 1861 when Tyndall made an experiment on the greenhouse gas effect. After 35 years it was in 1896 when Svante Arrhenius who was Swiss scientist verified when the amount of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the global warming accelerates.

But Arrhenius told on the greenhouse gas effect optimistically.

The more the carbon dioxide increases, the more we the...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and global warming》

The more carbon dioxide increases, the more we the humankind are blessed with mild climate, the product on grain is so active that we are released from the food problem and population will increase rapidly in the world.

The author started to say on Kenji Miyazawa who is a man of letters in Japan here unexpectedly

He wrote a novel of which title is biography on グスコーブドリ in 1932. Its form on construction of the book is a biography on imaginary person, グスコーブドリ.

When Kenji was alive, Tohoku...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and global warming》

When Kenji was alive, Tohoku region always suffered from damage from cold. The place where the hero in his book,グスコーブドリ, cooling made progress, and agricultural production wasn’t harvested at all.

What should I do? He was worried about and paid attention to carbon dioxide, so he talked with a doctor like the next.

Kenji：Doctor, if carbon dioxide increases in the air, is it warm?

Doctor：It is. It is said the temperature is usually fixed with the amount of carbon dioxide since the earth was born.

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and the global warming》

Conversation between them continued in the book.

Kenji：If the volcano erupts just now, does it gush out such a large amount of carbon dioxide that it changes this climate, does it?

Doctor：I’ve also calculated it. If it explodes at present, the carbon dioxide is mixed with circulating wind, and the whole earth is covered with the carbon dioxide. It prevents the heat from giving off from the lower atmosphere and the surface on the ground, so the temperature on the whole earth rises by 5 degree

マユミちゃん、スレタイ教えて😥　このスレを使ってね

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Kenji Miyazawa and the global warming》

The global warming was treated as phenomenon which saves people from cooling here like Arrhenius.

Though there is no positive evidence, Kenji learned school which is equal to agricultural department in Iwate University, so he seemed to read the thesis of Arrhenius.

When Kenji was alive, no one thought the global warming was dangerous.

《Radiational measurement on the era made us know carbon dioxide increased》

Arrhenius verified when carbon dioxide increases...

• << 393 ご、ごめんなさい💦🙏 なんだっけ？あのね、セキコトリのスレの５００レスの後に、「次のスレ」と載っているので、それなんですけど、 確か、「✴３６の🐮と３８の🐰✴雑談編✴」とか、そんなのだったと思います。あ、「セキコトリ」の４８０番台のレスにも書いてますが、 手っ取り早く見つけるには、セキコトリの下に書いてある、次スレ、です。開けますね。すみません。🙏 m(_ _)m

【Environmental problem, can we stop global warming?】

《Radiational measurement on era made us know carbon dioxide increases》

Arrhenius verified when carbon dioxide increases the temperature is high, but as to the amount of the carbon dioxide, if comparing it with the one in the past, he couldn’t verify whether or not it increased actually.

Dr.Seuss who was American physicist made sure it in his study in 1955, and then he adopted a radiational measurement on era.

At first he examined how much there was carbon 14 which is radioactive material around trees. Radioactive material has a half...

>> 391 マユミちゃん、スレタイ教えて😥　このスレを使ってね 【Environmental problem, can we stop the g… ご、ごめんなさい💦🙏

なんだっけ？あのね、セキコトリのスレの５００レスの後に、「次のスレ」と載っているので、それなんですけど、

確か、「✴３６の🐮と３８の🐰✴雑談編✴」とか、そんなのだったと思います。あ、「セキコトリ」の４８０番台のレスにも書いてますが、

手っ取り早く見つけるには、セキコトリの下に書いてある、次スレ、です。開けますね。すみません。🙏

m(_ _)m

マユミちゃん、ギリギリになってこんな事聞いてごめん🙏　俺が全部悪い😓

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us know carbon dioxide increases》

Radioactive material has a half life period. The more time passed, the less it decreases, so old trees could have been less carbon 14, but a result on examination was opposite.

In short, as to the amount of carbon dioxide, old trees are more than new tress. What does it mean? He framed a marvelous hypothesis from the result on the examination.

Old trees buried under the ground and became a fossil soon. Even if changing into...

【An environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement on era made us carbon dioxide increases》

Even if changing into a coal, carbon 14 continued to decrease. When burning the coal, carbon dioxide is emitted and carbon 14 was included, and the amount of carbon 14 is little extremely.

If so, new trees absorbed the carbon dioxide which was gave off from the burning coal and photosynthesis was done, so the amount of carbon 14 in new trees decrease. Dr.Seuss thought like that.

As tt was in 1955, a large amount of fossil fuel was consumed. Carbon dioxide which...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement on era has made us know carbon dioxide increase》

Carbon dioxide which has less carbon 14 causing by burning coal has increased more and more on the earth. As having absorbed the carbon dioxide, carbon 14 which is included in new trees becomes less.

In short, going on burning coal so much by the humankind that the earth is filled with a large amount of carbon dioxide. Dr.Seuss has concluded like that.

After Dr.Seuss verified it, as to the amount of carbon dioxide, it has been learned to observe in various ways

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us carbon dioxide increase》

For example, when investigating the ice in Antarctic, we can study a change on the amount of carbon dioxide.

Snow has accumulated in South Pole from ancient time. As it snowed more and more, the lower part of the snow is compressed and becomes ice. Air is shut in the ice, so if studying the accumulated ice, we know components on the air each of eras.

As a result of analysis , it proved that the amount of carbon dioxide has suddenly increased since the industry revolution.

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us know carbon dioxide increase》

In spite of being away from England, as the air circulates carbon dioxide increases even in Antarctic.

Moreover the amount of carbon dioxide has been observed near a place by Mt.Maunaloa in Hawai since 1958. According to the result on observation, it turned out that carbon dioxide continues to increase since the observation.

The author suggested we doubt whether or not the global warming is true , but there has been the scientific grounds like that, we should recognize...

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Radiational measurement made us know carbon dioxide increase》

...we should accept the hypothesis that the global warming has made a progress by increase on the carbon dioxide.

《Damage by the global warming》

If the global warming goes ahead, what kind of damage do we suffer from?

It has been apprehensive that an outbreak on infection of malaria in Japan. Alopheles mosquito コガタハマダラカ which carries malaria of serious illness inhabits in a group of islands on Miyako and Yaeyama in Okinawa prefecture alone in present temperature of Japan

【Environmental problem, can we stop the global warming?】

《Damage by the global warming》

...but if the global warming moves ahead and the temperature goes up, there is the possibility that the mosquito which carries malaria flies around main land on Okinawa, Kyushu and Shikoku region. Then there is danger that malaria is carried.

What do you think is the creature that killed the most humans in the long history? It’s a mosquito. As malaria was carried the mosquito drove incredible number of people to be dead.

Lots of Japanese soldiers were dead in Southeast Asia in the Pacific Ocean, but...