Science,English,and math 5th

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

Not only electricity for a household, the automobile of fuel cell but we’ve examined whether or not we can use the hydrogen energy in industry in the future.

The society of which center is hydrogen. It’s the society of hydrogen, but we have to get over lots of themes so as to come true the society of hydrogen, especially how do we produce hydrogen? It’s a big theme.

Hydrogen doesn’t exist in simple substance on the earth. It exists as chemical compounds like water, a plant and fossil fuel.

【Chemistry, what is the mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

How should we take out of hydrogen from the chemical compounds?

When we electrolyze some water we can take out of hydrogen, but then we need electricity. Where should we get the electricity?

If making electricity in a thermal power plant and electrolyzing, carbon dioxide is exhausted, so it’s putting the cart before the horse 本末転倒.

As being able to take out of the hydrogen from fossil fuel like petroleum or natural gas, but carbon in the fossil fuel connects with oxygen in the air and the carbon...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

...and then carbon dioxide gives off.

A way which we’ve had a bright prospect is gathering hydrogen from the process of production in a chemical factory or in a petrochemistry plant.

If adopting the way, we can dispose of unnecessary hydrogen which generates from a factory or plant as by product, so it’s the case of killing two birds with one stone.

Hydrogen is compressed with high pressure or cooling and changing into liquor and transporting at present. A way of sending hydrogen from chemical...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

A way of sending hydrogen from a chemical complex through pipeline has been also adopted, and there is one more way, making use of natural energy like sunlight and wind and electrolyzes.

When making electricity from an energy which we can reuse, neither we can store up as battery nor carry away for a long distance easily, and even if we can store up, its efficiency was so bad that the electricity frequently discharged automatically.

If resolving water with an extra electricity and storing up as...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A theme to the society of hydrogen》

If resolving water and electrolyzing and being able to store up as hydrogen, whenever we need electricity, we can generate, and we can transport to other place. If it comes true, it’s an epoch-making way.

Moreover it’s seawater in which there are more hydrogen than any other things. If we can find a way which we can take out of hydrogen alone from the seawater, it’s possible for us to take out of infinite energy.

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

In addition the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion in of which hydrogen is made use and we hope for it so much as ultimate energy.

The nuclear fusion is opposite to the nuclear fission, so making atomic nucleus which flys here and there in high speed collide each other and making the atomic nucleus fuse, then tremendous energy generates, so we’ve wanted to take out the energy, as a result the study on reaction of unclear fusion has gone ahead all...

【Chemistry,what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

...as a result, the study on nuclear fusion has gone ahead all over the world at present.

By the way, how much is born the energy?

To my surprise, no more than 1 gram of fuel on the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion is equal to a petroleum of a single tanker truck, and the weight of the petroleum on the single tanker truck is some 8 ton.

Only 1 gram of the fuel on the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion is equal to the petroleum of 8 ton.

【Chemistry,what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

The nuclear fusion which is the closest us is the activity on the sun. 4 atomic nucleuses on hydrogen fuse and a single atomic nucleus of helium is created in the sun, then heat is generated from the nuclear fusion, so the sun has shone brilliantly at present.

We’ve tried to make the nuclear fusion on the sun cause by us the humankind artificially, it’s the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion. Then its fuel is heavy hydrogen and tritium. Both of them...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

Both of the heavy hydrogen and tritium are isotope of 同位体 hydrogen.

What is the isotope? It’s the same chemical elements, but the number on neutrons are different, so to speak it’s equal to siblings on the chemical elements. For example, the author used to express on uranium 235 and uranium 238. Both of them are also isotope.

As to the hydrogen, there is hydrogen1, hydrogen 2, and hydrogen 3. Hydrogen 1 is the most familiar with us, it’s light hydrogen.

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion creates the sun on the ground》

Hydrogen 2 is the heavy hydrogen and hydrogen 3 is tritium.

In the study on nuclear fusion, it turned out that when making both of atomic nucleus on heavy hydrogen and tritium collide each other, the nuclear fusion tends to...

By the way, too sleepy to do any more today..

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

In the study on the nuclear fusion, it turned out that when making both of atomic nucleus of heavy hydrogen and tritium collide each other, the nuclear fusion tends to happen easily than any other combination of the isotope of hydrogen.

By the way where is the heavy hydrogen and tritium? Heavy hydrogen exists in the ration of 0.015% of the whole hydrogen on the earth. Speaking of 0.015%, it seems to be too little, but water includes hydrogen, so it’s...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

In fact, heavy hydrogen exists limitlessly.

On the other hand, tritium seldom exists in the natural world, so making lithium of which atomic number 3 and neutron collide and making tritium.

High level of nuclear waste was caused from nuclear fusion. It’s different from the nuclear fission which is the principle on the nuclear power generation.

As being able to create clean energy relatively, its study has been gone ahead with an investment of a large...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion which creates the sun on the ground》

As being able to cause clean energy relatively, its study has been gone ahead with the investment of a large amount of money, and its experiments have been made enthusiastically at present.

Whether or not the generation of electricity by nuclear fusion come true is still unknown, but if we can put it into practical use, we the humankind may not be going to be worried about energy any more.

《A challenge to a new energy》

Let’s broaden our outlook here.

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A challenge to a new energy》

We the humankind has learned to start bipedal walking and to use the fire soon. Using the fire with using language is revolutionary evolution from a monkey.

How have we made the fire? It has never been solved. Probably lightning struck or forest fire happened to cause a fire then our ancestor used it.

When having used the fire, other animals tried not to approach because they feared the fire. We could warm ourselves by the fire, and our eating habits have been varied.

As a result a technical skill of using...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A challenge to a new energy》

As a result a technical skill of using the fire has developed more and more. In the modern era, an industrial revolution happened in England, so the energy has been created more efficiently than before by far.

On the other hand with the development on the industry, an amount of emission on carbon dioxide has increased by leaps and bounds so it has caused a global scale of problem like the global warming.

How should we decrease the amount of emission on the carbon dioxide? There are lots of risk on the...

【Chemistry, what’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A new challenge to a new energy》

There has been lots of risk on the energy of nuclear power, so we’ve paid attention to hydrogen and nuclear fusion and we tried to create a new energy at present.

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

Thus, the development on us the humankind and risk on its risk would go nowhere. Though having started to seek after rich and safe life and started to use the fire, it led to the risk of global warming after for a long time.

There are lots of the same things in chemistry world.

For example, as having...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

For example, as having wanted to exterminate harmful insects so as to stabilize on the production of agriculture, we’ve developed on the agricultural poison or synthesis to poisonous insecticide.

On the other hand, it has sometimes been a threat to our environment or to our surroundings.

After the war, as to a synthesis insecticide, having made an experiment on insects in order to develop a weapon of the insecticide, so it started to be produced. The insecticide which had a good effect...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

The insecticide which has a good effect not only insects but other animals. Needless to say, when being in the human body, it causes serious danger.

Rachel Carson who was a biologist appealed how dangerous it was to use lots of agricultural chemicals, showing us its example like DDT, and parathion in his book, Silent Spring.

Dioxin became a serious problem in 1999. A news program on TV reported high density of dioxin was detected from a leaf vegetable cultivated at Tokorozawa city in Saitama prefecture.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble on dioxin》

It causes supermarkets to stop dealing with leaf vegetable like spinach cultivated in Tokorozawa city one after another. Moreover the whole vegetable from Saitama prefecture was a sharp fall. It was a panic then, though the leaf means the leaf of tea then.

Di of dioxin means double, and oxin is oxygen. Two of atoms on oxygen was united with the atom of chlorine, so it was named dioxin.

Dioxin is often said the most poisonous thing in history. When giving mouses for experiment a handful of dioxin, they were...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

Half number of mouses for an experiment were dead even with a handful of dioxin. It was no more than one thousandth of potassium cyanide 青酸カリ. Even if comparing it with the potassium cyanide, dioxin is by far poisonous.

A German scientist made various experiments on chemistry, dioxin was made in 1872. It was in the middle of the Vietnamese War when the threat on dioxin was well-known all over the world.

U.S.military sprayed defoliant 枯葉剤 over the jungle of Vietnam so as not to hide anti-government guerrilla...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

The U.S.military sprayed defoliant so as to wither jungle in Vietnam. It tried to prevent anti-governmental guerrilla from hiding the jungle, but dioxin was mixed up in defoliant as impurities then.

Even if the Vietnamese War was over, dioxin remained in a wide area of Vietnam. Bodies of two babies were stick to when being born. Those babies were born one after another after the Vietnamese War. It is said it’s due to dioxin.

Besides, a chemical factory exploded at a town in Italy and dioxin fell all over the...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble on dioxin》

A chemical factory exploded in a town of Italy and then dioxin fell all over the town then domestic animals around there were dead one after another.

It doesn’t always mean that dioxin exist originally from ancient time. It’s caused with a chemical change little by little.

While it’s hard to dissolve in water, it’s easy to do in oil, when once being in the human body, it’s accumulated with fat, and it doesn’t eject from the human body easily.

It takes seven years in average to decrease the dioxin to half...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《Looking back on the trouble of dioxin》

It takes seven years to decrease the dioxin to half when being in the human body once.

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

We’d thought dioxin was special one for a long time, but a Dutch scientist detected the dioxin from ash of an incinerator for garbage in 1977, the situation changed completely then. It has possibility that everywhere is polluted with dioxin.

In fact it was detected from the incinerator in Japan in 1983, and was found from draining of a factory of bookbinding 1990. It was clear fishes...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

It was clear fishes were polluted with dioxin. After that pollution by dioxin was reported each place in Japan.

When the trouble on dioxin was caused in Japan in 1999, if burning a thing with low temperature, dioxin was caused, so it was regarded as questionable, what is called どんど焼き was stopped. We tended to overreact a little then.

Incinerators for garbage were improved in the whole Japan, so the problem was solved for a while. Burning garbage with high temperature and it prevented dioxin from causing.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

Environmental hormone became a serious problem in the second half of the 1990s.

Chemical material was dissolved into environment and when it was taken into the body of creatures, the creatures mistook it for their hormone, so a male changes into a female.

Environmental Protection Agency started to study then in 1998, and it turned out that lots of materials haven’t influenced over the mammals.

As those events showed us, varied chemical materials caused from chemistry broke out risk as long as we tried to protect.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《The threat from a risk unexpectedly》

Environmental pollution like Minamata disease and Itai-Itai disease caused from chemical industry is the typical risk unexpectedly.

《A communicator is plays an important part in the society》

A movement of trying to recognize environmental risk from chemical substance enough has strengthened in a self-governing body or industrial world, but lots of residents have had little knowledge on the movement, haven’t they?

It may be hard for ordinary residents who aren’t experts to understand correctly how dangerous...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator is playing an important role in the society》

It may be hard for us ordinary residents who aren’t experts to understand correctly how dangerous chemical materials are. When looking at chemical formulas and minute numerical value are lined up, some people may have refuse to look at them.

When being unable to understand the situation nor to understand what was said, we tend to fall into anxiety. Even if being in undesirable situation extremely, understanding makes us think of a countermeasure.
We need to know what danger is at first.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

Experts will be asked to tell so as to make everyone understand. The author said he became keenly aware of it at the earthquake disaster of East in Japan.

We need scientific knowledge to some extent in order to understand what happened in the earthquake disaster of Eastern Japan. Both earthquake, tidal wave and generation of electricity by nuclear power which we learn in science.

On the other hand, lots of reporters who were at the press conference had backgrounds humanities.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

Lots of people belong to technical department in Tokyo electric power company have background in science or have technical background. Needless to say there are the people who have background in humanities, but they have been assigned to other departments like general affairs, accounting, or trade. Almost none of the people whose background in humanities was in technical department.

Those structure was one of factors which prevented us from understanding the nuclear power plant disaster.

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

What should we do? Isn’t there an good way to solve the situation?

Needless to say, it is. Someone who serves as pipeline between the ones who have background in science or in technical and the ones who have background in humanities, and the ones who serves as pipeline have only to explain the situation to the nation or users as a communicator.

At first the government and each of company have to train communicators who can change scientific matters into easy thing to understand for the ones...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

The government and each of company have to train communicators who can change scientific story from the one who have background in science and have technical background into easy thing to understand for the ones who had background in humanities.

If the communicators play a part enough, it leads that the nation and companies improve their ability to prevent dangerous things from breaking out.

When we don’t know or we can’t understand, we are liable to fear more than necessary and sometimes fall...

【What’s mechanism on hydrogen energy?】

《A communicator plays an important role in the society》

...and fall into panic sometimes.

We have information jointly at once in modern society, so there is none of terrible thing than a groundless rumor or wrong information spread over the society.

We have to know correct knowledge and accurate information so as to deal with the risk.

It must have been higher the part on the communicator who serves as pipeline between experts and residents more and more from now on.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on the birth of life?】

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

If being asked, what does it mean being alive? how should we answer for it?

Let’s suppose I was present at the death of my relative in hospital. The doctor made sure it was dead and I must have thought it was dead.

But after that its hair and nail continued to grow for a while. In short it means that each of cell in the individual still continues to live.

While each of cell is alive, individual itself is dead. Being alive and being dead is overlapped then. The border between being dead and...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

It seems the border between being alive and being dead is unclear then. The author said he asked a professor on molecular biology in university, what’s difference between being alive and being dead? and the professor answered like the next.

Whether or not there is metabolism. Creatures take in varied nutrients and increases their energy for themselves and eject unnecessary thing outside. It’s metabolism.

As to the origin on a creature, a single cell was born somewhere and it changed into...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

As to an origin of life, a single cell was born somewhere and it changed into a multicellular creature like us, but how and when did it changed? It has never been clear.

How the creature was born and how it’s evolved into the humankind. The origin of life has been covered with mystery at present.

A field of molecular biology has developed remarkably in biology from the middle of the 20th century, and it’s thrown some light on the mystery of life gradually.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《If defining being alive...》

Our body, the human body is made up wit cells, and if dividing the cell minutely, it’s a molecule. Trying to clear up a phenomenon of life with the level of molecule. It’s the molecular biology.

The author said, being based on outcome from the molecular biology, he was going to express on the mystery of life in this time.

《Hypothesis on the birth of life》

The author said a cell does metabolism and it’s the definition of being alive. What is the metabolism? To be concrete, it’s like the next.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypothesis on birth of life》

Two main components made with the cell is protein and water. The cell takes in the protein from outside and resolves into an amino acid, and the amino acid which was dissolved is put together again, changing it into protein again and it was an energy for the cell.

If this metabolism is indispensable for the cell, it means that without the protein, the cell will never be born. The protein is made up with amino acid, so the amino acid was made at first, and it changed into the protein, and ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypothesis on birth of life》

...and it became the phenomenon of life. It seems that we can think it’s the process on birth of life. The problem is when, where, and how the process was done.

The author said he was going to express three well known hypothesis and experiment.

Assume a primitive earth, and an experiment of making amino acid was done in 1953. There was metal, hydrogen, ammonia, and steam in the primitive earth. Those four elements were put into a container made of glass and discharged electricity of high...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

...and discharged electricity of high voltage of forty thousand to the container. It means that making a thunder break out artificially. What was the result?

There were several kinds of amino acid there. In short materials for protein were made in the container. As a result, a hypothesis was advocated that the life was born by natural phenomenon like struck by lightning in the primitive earth, but it hadn’t reach forward any more, not at the time when the protein was made and the life was born

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

Therefore we can’t solve the mystery on birth with this hypothesis.

The one which we’ve paid attention is a place called holes where hot water is gushed out. Magma and hot water of high temperature are gushed out from a volcano in the seabed. Why is there a clue to solve the origin of life?

There is no oxygen in the seabed originally. A microbe 微生物 used to be alive without oxygen before creatures which do photosynthesis 光合成 appeared. Though it’s natural, the creature was born in an...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up the mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

Though it’s natural, the creatures were born in an environment where there was no oxygen.

On the other hand, the earth has been filled with oxygen at present, so even if having looked for places where there are oxygen, we can’t discover the environment close to the primitive earth.

But the holes where hot water is gushed out in the seabed is different, for even if oxygen happens to come in, it will be blown out with the magma of high temperature. It means that the environment in the...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Hypotheses on birth of life》

It means that the environment in the primitive earth has been preserved there.

Microbes and bacteria which are alive in non oxygen environment eat carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen. Protein and life were born in such the environment. It’s the second hypothesis.

《A life has come from the universe?》

The third hypothesis is a theory that the life has come from the universe. Lots of people may have thought, is it true? But the theory is regarded as convincing unexpectedly.

A meteorite...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

A meteorite sometimes drops from the universe. When examining the meteorite, a trace of amino acid is discovered. For example, as to the meteorite which was discovered in the Antarctic in 1984, it turned out to be from the Mars. How could we discover it?

America sent a space probe to the Mars in 1976 and analyzed components on atmosphere of the Mars. Its components and the composition of gas which was in the meteorite in the Antarctic were the same.

To my surprise, there was more ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

Moreover there is more shocking thing. A fossil which looked just like a primitive bacteria was found in the meteorite from the Mars. It means that there were bacteria in the Mars, so the bacteria with the meteorite may have come to the earth form the Mars in the ancient time.

Judging from the fact, there is a hypothesis that amino acid changed into protein somewhere in the universe and it became the primitive creature.

In short the primitive creature or cell which were born somewhere in ...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the Mars?》

In short the primitive creature or cell which were born somewhere in the universe came to the earth covered with the meteorite, didn’t they?

But there are some people who doubt whether or not there was the fossil of the bacteria actually. Considering the probability, the probability that the life was born in the earth alone was low.

The possibility that the amino acid was born somewhere in the tremendous universe, and changing into the protein is by far higher, but can the life survive in the...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

But can the life survive in the universe?

In fact there is an example of its surviving. For example an experiment was made like the next. An artificial satellite in which a tardigrade クマムシ was in was launched into the universe. Then the artificial satellite stayed there for a while.

Then the tardigrade could survive, though it changed into a thing like the crystal of rock.

After returning to the earth, it changed into its original shape and continued to be alive as usual.

It turned out...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life has come from the universe?》

It turned out that some of creatures on the earth can survive in the universe. The fact has made us think a hypothesis that the life was born in the universe is convincing more and more

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago.》.

When was the life born on the earth?

In general, it assumed that the universe was born about 13. 8 billion years ago, and the earth 4.6 billion years ago, and 3.8 billion years ago when the life was born on the earth for the first time.

Even if the life has come ..,

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

Even if life has come from the universe, it was 3.8 billion years ago.

Why can we know it? I had doubted like that, the author said like that. He said he read books and researched it for himself.

It turned out that lots of carbon 14 which is isotope of carbon were accumulated in excavated rock and stratum 地層. It’s a decisive proof of estimating the age of those things.

Though it’s the same chemical element, the number of neutron is different. It’s the isotope.

Carbon 12 is more than...

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on birth of life?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

Carbon 12 is more than any other carbon overwhelmingly on the earth, though there are little extremely, there is carbon 13 or carbon 14.

Each number of 12, 13, and 14 is addition of proton and neutron. The number of proton is the same for the three carbons, it’s six, so the number on neutron is different. Carbon 12 is 6, carbon 13 is 7, and carbon 14 is 8.

As carbon 14 is radioactive material, the more the time passes, the more its amount decrease.

【Biology, how much have we cleared up mystery on life of birth?】

《Life was born 3.8 billion years ago》

It turned out that Its half life period 半減期 is 5730 years. The half life period means a period when the amount of emitting radiation becomes half.

When breathing, creatures on the earth absorb this carbon 14, but after being dead, they can’t. After that, the carbon 14 decrease as time passes.

When a fossil of a life was dug up from a stratum, we compare the amount of carbon 14, the amount of carbon 14 which is included in the fossil and which must have been included when the life was dead