Science,English,and math 5th

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《The risk on being contracted with virus in the global era》

...but when being long, it takes from one to two week, besides the longest period was about three weeks. There was a possibility that the virus spreads everywhere in the world in such a long time, so the commotion was caused in Japan then.

Being Ebola virus made us know the risk on being contracted by virus in the global era.

《What is the host on Ebola virus?》

As to a life, its defined that a cell does metabolism and divides. For example, bacteria has the cell of membrane..

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What’s the host on Ebola virus?》

For example, as to a creature, it’s defined its cell does metabolism and divides. For example, bacteria have cell membrane and take in nutrition form there and divides for itself.

On the other hand, as to virus, it’s just its gene is covered with protein and doesn’t have any cell membrane, so it can’t divide for itself. The virus clings to the cell on other creature and taking nutrition from other creature, so it can increase its other self for the first time. Virus has always its host.

The host...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is the host on Ebola virus?》

The host is a creature on which the virus is parasitic so as to increase other self. If the host is dead, the virus can’t increase, so without killing the host, the virus is parasitic on the host and lives in symbiotic with the host.

What is the host of the Ebola virus? It’s a hypothesis that it’s a bat in the upper reaches in Africa, for when injecting a virus of Ebola virus into the bat, it doesn’t fall ill.

It means that the Ebola virus was contracted from the bat to the people or to gorillas.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is the host on Ebola virus?》

How was the Ebola virus contracted from the bat to the people?

To tell the truth, both of the people and gorillas sometimes eat the bat. Ebola virus increases as host is the bat and the people and gorillas which ate the bat fell ill. It’s the course on the infection.

《Why did panic on MERS break out in Korea?》

We have to specify the host in order to clear the course on infection. For example, in Korea which is next to Japan MERS expanded in 2015 and a panic was caused then. MERS is an...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MERS break out in Korea?》

MERS is an abbreviation of Middle East Respiratory syndrome. It has been thought its host was a camel in the Middle East. It means that a person was contracted the virus which the camel had in the Middle East, and infection spread out over the people in succession.

MERS reminded us that SARS was epidemic in China from 2002 to 2003. SARS is an abbreviation of Severe acute Respiratory syndrome. Its symptom is a thing like a cold deteriorated abruptly, and lots of people were dead due to SARS then.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MERS panic break out in Korea?》

It turned out that both MERS and SARS are caused by corona virus. The virus is shaped the corona in the sun.

Corona virus itself isn’t so dangerous. A cold by corona virus is usual thing in Japan, but the corona virus suddenly mutated into dangerous contagious disease. It’s MERS and SARS.

It is said that there were lots of infection contracted in a hospital in Korea thence , for the Korean choose hospital as if shopping had been done there.

When thinking this hospital isn’t good, they go...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MERS panic break out in Korea?》

... the Korean changes the hospital easily. Then if they didn’t like other hospital they go to another hospital as if they had gone shopping.

MARS expanded like that. The ones who returned from the Middle East had a fever, and as went on choosing the hospital one after another, so its infection spread out so much that patients increased more and more every hospital.

When a patient who had unknown virus went to hospital, how should they stem the tide of inflation? A theme in a medical ...

【Medical Science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Why did MARS panic break out in Korea?》

A theme in medical institution was suggested then. We can’t feel that it was no concern of ours in Japan, but considering the situation in Japan at present, it seems that we the Japanese don’t learn any lesson from the failure in the past, I’m wondering.

《Spain flu again》

No one wants to be contracted any disease. When looking back in history, we the humankind have struggled with various viruses every era. The history on the humankind is the one in which we have fought against the viruses.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

The author adopted the Spain flu in his other book.

It was epidemic so much in America in the beginning. It was in the middle of the World War I, and American youth were sent to the front in Europe, so the sickness spread over France, England and Germany all at once.

Lots of soldiers in each country fell down owing to the sickness, but then it was in the middle of the war, so other countries knew the situation, the countries which suffered from the sickness were attacked immediately.

As a result, each of...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

As a result, each of countries which suffered from the sickness prohibited a report on the sickness. The situation was treated as military secret.

But Spain was a neutral nation then and didn’t join in the war, and the same sickness was epidemic in Spain and its king ruined his health due to the sickness.

Spain didn’t have to conceal it, for it didn’t join in the war, so it was reported that its king and lots of the people were suffered from the sickness, so they named the sickness Spain flu.

Spain flu seemed ...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

Spain flu was a flu of new type. It is said that from forty million to fifty million of people were died by Spain flu all over the world and the ones who contracted reached no less than some six hundred million. Then the whole population in the world was about one billion nine hundred million at most, so it means that one person to three people was contracted.

There were such the lots of victims by the disease that the war wasn’t continued. Why was the World War I over? Both of allies and enemies were dead so no...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Spain flu again》

...and no one can continue the war. The dead by the Spain flu was by far more than the dead by the World War I.

《We the human race has struggled with a virus and coexisted》

Spain flu was epidemic so much and it was the history on struggle between the humankind and virus, but even if saying the struggle, it doesn’t always mean that its specific remedy nor vaccine weren’t made.

The ones who were immune to a sickness happened to survive, so the humankind managed to continue to exist.

If studying the gene on the...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

When studying the gene on the humankind who has struggled with the virus, we have a gene clearly originated from virus.

There were lots of our ancestors who were contracted the virus with varied ways in the past, and some of them were dead, but others took in the virus and could survive.

In the end, the humankind and virus are forced to coexist, and coexisting together the humankind has carried out an evolution somehow.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

A bat is the host for Ebola virus and both of them live in symbiosis together. In other words, without killing the bat, the Ebola virus survives. Or in the bird flu, its virus doesn’t kill a wild duck which is a migratory bird and the host for the virus. Without killing the virus can survive.

It was same with the humankind. We have varied viruses in our body and those virus used to kill their lots of hosts, but when killing all the hosts, the virus is forced to die out

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

A mutation happens to a virus, and when repeating the mutation, a virus which doesn’t kill its host appeared and the specific virus alone could survive. It looks as if the virus had its own will or strategy, but it’s just an accident.

For instance, as to AIDS, lots of people were dead in the beginning, but various medicines have been developed at present, so even if having contracted AIDS, we can suppress of falling ill for a long time.

As a result, a situation in...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《We the humankind has struggled with virus and coexisted together》

As a result, a situation in which AIDS virus and the humankind can coexist is formed.

As to the Ebola virus, when having contracted, its death rate was high unusually and it reached no less than 90%, but when repeating infection, it is said the death rate decreases gradually, for the virus repeats the mutation.

《A development on study for bacteria》

By the way, how has science dealt with the existence on virus?

Studying on bacteria was accumulated until virus was...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

Study on bacteria was accumulated until virus was discovered.

Scientists had a doubt on the bacteria like the next. Do bacteria or a microbe generate automatically?

For example, when leaving a soup alone for days, lots of microbes generate in the soup as if the microbes appeared from the soup automatically, but did it happen really?

It was Pasteur who was French scientist and made experiment so as to clear up the doubt and proved that microbes appeared automatically was impossible.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

Pasteur made an experiment like the next.

Pouring the soup in a flask and heated the flask. Heating made microbes which used to be in the soup originally die out, and heated air came out from the flask more and more. After that stopping heating, and letting the soup cool and left it alone. What happened? Any of microbes didn’t generate how much he waited for it.

Pasteur proved that the microbe didn’t generate automatically but it went in from the outside. He has been called a father for modern...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

Pasteur has been called a father for modern bacteriology, but there is one more person who has been called in the same way. He is Koch who is German bacteriologist.

He proposed four conditions by Koch as way to prove that a specific microbe was a cause of sickness.

The first condition is to discover bacteria in the body of a patient. The second one is being able to separate the bacteria from the body of the patient and being able to cultivate it.

The third condition is after separating and...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

The third condition is separating and cultivating the bacteria, after that injecting it into an animal, and the animal falls the same illness. In short, whether or not it is possible to fall the same illness with the bacteria.

The last condition is being able to take out the same bacteria from the animal which falls the illness.

When all the four conditions are satisfied, it’s proved that the bacteria caused the illness. Not only framing a hypothesis, but even if everyone made the same...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerated medicine】

《Development on study for bacteria》

...but even if everyone makes the same experiment, its result should be the same. Otherwise, it doesn’t always mean that it was proved.

If finding out a bacteria from the body of a patient, even if having claimed that the bacteria was the cause of a sickness, it’s just it’s still hypothesis then. Without being satisfied from the second to the last condition, it doesn’t always mean that it was verified.

We can understand the way which Koch proposed is accordance with a scientific procedure.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

Virus was discovered at last followed by bacteria. How did they find a tiny thing like the virus?

The first leading figure on the discovery was Adolf Meyer who was Swiss agronomist. He pursued the cause of a mosaic disease on tobacco which leaves of tobacco fell sickness in 1880.

Mosaic disease on tobacco is literally a speck like mosaic is made on leaves of tobacco. Why did it happen?

Meyer ground the leave of tobacco which was in ill and sprayed the clear layer at the top of the liquid made up with ground...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

Meyer ground sickened leaves of tobacco and sprayed clear layer at the top of liquid made up with ground sickened leaves on other healthy leaves of tobacco. Then nine tobacco trees from ten others fell sick then. He discovered there was the pathogen in the leaves, but he couldn’t discover it.

After that a Russian scientist succeeded in making a filter through which bacteria couldn’t go. After setting up the filter and pouring the clear layer at the top of the sickened ground leaves of tobacco, so there was a ...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

So there was purified liquid there, and sprayed the purified liquid over the healthy tobacco leaves again.

If the mosaic disease on tobacco leaves was caused by bacteria, the bacteria couldn’t go through the filter. As long as the liquid is purified, when spraying the liquid over the healthy leavers, the leaves couldn’t have been sick, but the result on making the experiment didn’t go well as expected. The leaves became the mosaic disease.

The result shown them it didn’t prove that it was caused by bacteria.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

What’s its cause? Then two hypotheses were be able to be thought then.

The one is something little which was by far tinier than bacteria went through the filter caused the disease.

The other was the disease was caused by something poisonous.

A Dutch scientist diluted the purified liquid with some water. If the cause was the poison, when being diluted hundredth times or thousandth times as thin as, its effectiveness should disappear.

But even if how much it became thinner, the disease was caused.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Discovery on virus》

It means that the hypothesis that something poisonous was the cause was in the wrong. Then a possibility of a pathogen which was tinier than bacteria appeared. It was named virus. It was a poisonous liquid in Latin.

It’s so tiny that we couldn’t discover it with an ordinary optical microscope. After that an electron microscope was invented, then an existence caused disease which was more minute than bacteria was specified for the first time. Thus virus was discovered.

《Difficulty of doing a transplant operation》

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty on doing a transplant operation》

When going on pursuing the cause of disease, bacteria was discovered and reached virus which is tinier than bacteria.

In physics, material is changed into minute one like molecule, atom and elementary particle, going on pursuing ultimate element in the universe.

Medical science is the same. Its study was continued so as to find a cause on disease with more minute level. Then the study on gene and DNA has developed with using bacteria and virus.

Present medical science is connected with...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty of doing a transplant operation》

Present medical science is connected with the study on gene and is on the way of opening up new field on diagnosis of gene, and reform on gene.

But even if the diagnosis on gene was done so minutely, we happen to suffer from disease, and get hurt. It has nothing to do with heredity. Some of the disease are hard to treat with the present medical science, especially transplant operations on heart and kidney has lots of problems.

Internal organs offering to patients are...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty on doing a transplant operation》

Internal organs offering to patients aren’t so many, so the patients have to wait for a long time until the transplant operation started.

Or even if being able to receive the operation, when transplanting internal organs from other, an immune reaction against the transplant occurred and the human body happened to refuse the transplanted internal organ.

If the rejection happened, the function on the internal organ falls.

Is there much better treatment? For example, if using its own...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Difficulty on doing transplant operation》

For example, if using its own cell and can make a new internal organ, the rejection by immune reaction doesn’t happen, does it? Coming it true is the way of regenerative medicine.

《What is a pluripotent 多性能 cell?》

Our body is made up with cell of which number is some thirty seven trillion. It used to be said it was sixty trillion in the past, but the number on the cell seems to be like that recently.

A single cell is made up with a part of finger, a part of knee and a part of stomach...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

Each of cells is made up with a part of finger, a part of knee, a part of stomach or a part of liver each place in the body.

When thinking it of, don’t you think it strange, does it? A sperm of man and an embryo of woman are united and a fertilized egg is formed. Then a cell is a single one, but after that repeating cell division, the cell increases more and more and the part of the body learns to be made up with each of cells.

How is it possible?

Scientist went on studying for a long time so as to clear up...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent 多性能 cell?》

Scientists went on studying for a long time in order to clear up the simple question.

As a result it turned out that the thing like a blueprint was in the first cell on the human body, and the human body is formed being based on the blueprint.

It means that the first fertilized egg 受精卵 is an almighty cell which has a possibility of being every part of the human body.

A competence of being able to be every part of the body is pluripotent, and the fertilized egg has originally the pluripotent of...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent cell?》

The fertilized egg originally has the pluripotent of specialized for being several part of the body.

A cell which has the ability like that is called a stem cell 幹細胞, and in the stage of an embryo that the fertilized egg started the cell division, the cell has the nature like that.

But when the cell division goes beyond the fixed stage and the cell was divided into a specified one, the cell couldn’t return.

If being able to take up the cell in the stage of pluripotent and to transplant it to other cell...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

...then the transplanted cell would change into the part which was lost by disease or injury and could revive.

An embryonic stem cell has been developed from the idea. Its abbreviation is ES cell.

When the fertilized egg became an embryo, in short when it has pluripotent, it is taken out. If making use of the cell, it will be useful for treatment on various diseases.

But the ES cell is fertilized egg, so it will be a life soon. If taking out it and taking advantage of it for transplantation, it means...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

...it means destroying a process from the fertilized egg to being born the life, so it was criticized severely that it had a ethical problem, so it was an induced pluripotent stem cell which Shinya Yamanaka professor in Kyoto university create, what’s called IPS cell.

It’s the stem cell which has artificial pluripotent. Taking out the cell somewhere in the body of a person, and returning to the stage artificially when it had the pluripotent. Its theory is like that, but can we return the specialized cell to...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《What is pluripotent?》

But can we return the cell which plays a specific part to the situation on pluripotent?

《How was the IPS cell made?》

How did the professor Yamanaka make the IPS cell?

The thing like the blueprint for the whole body on a person is in the fertilized egg, moreover it proved that cells which were changed into every part on the body had the blueprint for the whole body as well.

In the process that the cell divided, each of cells received a specific order alone of being a part on the body

In short, in the,,.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the IPS been made?》

In short, in the process that each of cells divided, the whole blueprint was covered with something, and the cell could look at its own role alone, so if getting rid of the something which covered the whole blueprint, each of the cells returns to the pluripotent like the IPS cell, doesn’t it?

The hypothesis by professor Yamanaka was like that.

Trial and error which tried to remove the something started from then. There was a gene which played an important role in the ES cell, and professor Yamanaka...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative science】

《How has the IPS cell been made?》

...and professor Yamanaka directed his attention to the gene in the ES cell. In short he thought if he could specify the gene which changes the ES cell into the pluripotent.

To tell the truth, I’m not sure the difference between the ES cell and pluripotent. The ES cell has the competence to be every part on the body of a person, and pluripotent means its competence.

Speaking of the gene, there are various, and its number is so many that no one can specify, I guess so.

After various experiments...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the IPS cell been made?》

After various experiments, it was managed to limit 24 kinds of gene. Some kinds of combination on the 24 gene can return the cell to the one of ES, can’t they? The study has reached to the stage.

But how can I find its combination? The professor was worried about it, then his assistant proposed that he try all of combinations, and the professor was bewildered, for if thinking of all the combination on twenty four kinds on the gene, he had to try immeasurable number of combination.

No matter how...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the IPS cell been made?》

No matter how much he spent time to try to discover the combination, he couldn’t, but his assistant offered an idea like the next.

Please don’t be worried about it. After putting all of the genes of 24 kinds in a fertilized egg on a mouse and getting rid of the gene one by one. After removing, if the ES cell wasn’t made, there is high possibility that the removed gene didn’t play an important role.

It’s a reverse thinking, and when making an experiment as his assistant said, the gene was limited 4.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《How has the iPS cell been made?》

In short, even if one of the four gene was missing, the ES cell wasn’t made. After that the four kinds of gene were injected to a normal cell, and its experiment went well. Something unclear was removed, the pluripotent, the iPS cell has been made.

《Three ways of taking advantage of the iPS cell》

The i alone on the iPS is a small letter, for professor Yamanaka hoped the iPS cell would have been loved by the people all over the world like the iPod, though I wasn’t aware that the small letter was used.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Three ways of making use of the iPS cell》

If making use of the iPS cell, it is useful for treatment on every part of a human body.

For example, there is a patient who has a disease on the eye, and cultivating the cell on retina 網膜 with the iPS cell and transplanting the eye.

This operation was done actually and after a year the patient has a satisfactory progress.

Roughly speaking, as to the iPS cell, it has three way of making use of.

The first is the regenerative medicine like it was expressed right now.

The second is a ...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Three ways on taking advantage of the iPS cell》

The second way is study on incurable disease. In short, using the iPS cell and making the cell on incurable disease, so we learn to be able to study its mechanism precisely.

The third way is development on medicine for the incurable disease.

Thus the development on the iPS cell, the medical science has reached the new stage.

《A confusion on STAP cell》

It was November in 2007 when professor Yamanaka announced he succeeded in making the iPS cell.

After seven years, Haruko Obokata...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

After seven years, Haruko Obokata announced she was in successful of making STAP cell, and a great confusion on STAP cell was unfurled.

When hearing its first announcement, I was also surprised at it, the author said like that. Its goal is making the cell on pluripotent like professor Yamanaka.

The sperm of a man and the embryo of a woman are united and a fertilized egg was formed, and the fertilized egg has the thing like a blueprint for the human body, and being based on the blueprint, the human body is...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

...and being based on the blueprint, the human body is made. The fertilized egg has a possibility of being every part on the human body, so taking out of the cell on the fertilized egg and making use of it for treatment on various disease. It’s both of the goal for professor Yamanaka and Haruko Obokata.

But the blueprint on the human body was covered with something, and professor Yamanaka had difficulty in removing the thing covered with the blue print, but Haruko Obokata said she did it with easier way.

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

In a word, her way is putting the cell in liquid of weak acid. Then it was formed the cell which had the possibility of being able to every part on the human body.

In short, it means that it became the almighty cell with some stimuli, then being removed from the secret veil. If it was true, it was the biggest news which was beyond making the iPS cell, but it wasn’t true.

The STAP cell by Haruko Obokata couldn’t meet an important requirement on science, it’s hard to reproduced.

Her way on making the STAP...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

The way of making the STAP cell announced by Haruko Obokata was just a hypothesis. If it’s the hypothesis, everyone has to make the STAP cell with the experiment on the same procedure so as to verify the hypothesis was right.

But when other scientists all over the world made an experiment on reproducing the STAP cell, all of them failed in it. None of them could succeed in making the STAP cell.

As a result, a question mark was added to the existence on the STAP cell, so the thesis on the STAP cell running...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Confusion on STAP cell》

...so the thesis on the STAP cell running on Nature which was English scientific magazine was withdrawn July in 2014.

《Verification by a demon》

The thesis was withdrawn. Does it mean that the STAP cell doesn’t exist?

When verifying a thing doesn’t exist, we call it a verification by a demon in general.

For example, can we verify there isn’t any black swan? If the black swan is discovered somewhere in the world, it means that its existence is verified, but we have to look for it every nook and cranny so...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

...but we have to look for the black swan nook and cranny in the world in order to verify it doesn’t exist.

Let’s suppose that even if we tried to discover hard, it wasn’t discovered, but there is fear that the way for looking for was bad. Its effort to try to discover isn’t repaid, so it’s called the verification by a demon, and the STAP cell was the same.

When being asked, doesn’t the STAP cell exist? The scientists continued to answer they can’t assert it doesn’t exist.

It seems that there is...

【Medical science, from a virus to regenerative medicine】

《Verification by a demon》

It seems to be difference on the way of thinking between the one who adopted science and the other who adopted humanities, the author said like that.

For the one who adopted science, verifying that the STAP cell doesn’t exist means the verification by a demon.

On the other hand, the other who adopted humanities, the one who thinks it isn’t good at science tends to think, as the scientists can’t deny, the STAP cell seems to exist.

In the verification by a demon, no one can verify the STAP cell didn’t exist.