Let's enjoy English 13th

【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Accumulating record keeps the act of folly away from us》

Why is the civil war repeated over and over again? Experience that what kind of things happened in the past, things with which people fight and killing each other has never been recorded in the past, hasn’t it?

If either the war or the civil war break out, leaving record is hard. As a result, succeeding its record isn’t done that the act of folly is repeated, the author thought like that.

Killing each other seriously used to break out in Europe in the past. We the Japanese use to do…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Accumulating record keeps the act of folly away from us》

We the Japanese used to do the same thing during the warring states period in the past. The human beings used to kill each other everywhere in the past, but in the place where the record on the slaughter each other has been done and being able to record its folly and negative influence, the strife continues gradually.

《The view on history isn’t always single》

If thinking like that, we can’t say easily that history has made progress.

Islamic revolution of Iran broke out in 1978.

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view on history isn’t always single》

Islam revolution in which Khomeini who was an Islamic jurist led broke out and the revolution turned over the national politic system on Iran. Then the system in which politics being based on the principle of Islam was established.

Women had been in ordinary style until then, but they were forced to wear black veil and chador, for the Islamic religious precepts became the law. Lots of journalists and scholars use to think that history made progress absolutely in Europe, but Iran returned to the…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view on history isn’t always single》

…but Iran returned to the Middle Age, both of the journalists and scholars were grieved at it. The way of thinking that history doesn’t always make progress simply has appeared from then.

On the other hand, some people thought the Islamic revolution of Iran was progressive. The king Pahlavi adopted modernizing route and the gap between the poor and the rich expanded. When trying to solve it, the Islamic revolution of Iran broke out.

If thinking like that, the revolution is progressive, for it…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view on history isn’t always single》

…for they tried to overcome the problem in the past with the revolution.

The author said he thought it’s religious Renaissance. After the revolution, Islamic fundamentalism spread out all over the Middle East. When looking at the movement, the revolution was the one which breathing the life into the religion of which influence dropped.

Some people think that the revolution made Iran return to the Middle Age, and others do the revolution is the one which tried to overcome the fault in modern society.

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view on history isn’t always single》

In any case, the revolution isn’t able to be located as the simple progressive view on history.

Let’s take other example which is nearer to the present time a little. After the World War Ⅱ, the whole world was divided into two groups, American side and the side of Soviet Union. We call it the Cold War.

Then tension continued because we faced to the serious situation no one was sure when nuclear war broke out, so when the Berlin Wall collapsed, everyone was pleaded with it, for each of them…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view on history isn’t always single》

…for each of them thought no wonder history makes progress, and the peaceful time has come to us at last, but after that what’s happened in the world? Disputes and terrorism of which we couldn’t think in the time of the Cold War broke out here and there in the world. Is it the progress or the regress?

When looking at it, we are forced to notice that watching the world with the single view on history that history makes progress is very hard.

《The truth on history changes》

When thinking of history…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The truth on history changes》

When thinking of history there is one more thing which we should know, history changes. Description on 聖徳太子 and his portrait used to be together on the textbook of Japanese history in the past.

On the other hand, when reading the textbook on Japanese history at present, the word of 聖徳太子 is disappearing. Instead, it changes into the way of saying 厩戸皇子, and the portrait isn’t on the textbook, for the study on historic material has made progress so much that the existence on 聖徳太子　becomes doubtful. Moreover, as…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The truth on history changes》

Moreover, as to the famous portrait, the way of seeing it’s not 聖徳太子 becomes strong. In consequence, being unable to express 聖徳太子 easily on the textbook. As to the foundation on 鎌倉幕府, it used to be expressed it was founded in 1192. There are lots of people who learned the age by heart with mnemonic 語呂合わせ.

But after that the study on Japanese history has made progress and it proved that 鎌倉幕府 formed before 1192. The opinion it was in 1185 has been supported at present.

As to the relation between Jomon period…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The truth on history changes》

We used to learn agriculture started at the Yayoi period and the people suddenly became rich then, but the ruin on the Jomon period was discovered in Aomori prefecture, and when researching, it turned out that the ruin was a large community. Lots of people used to live there. It proved that they had abundant diet lifestyle and culture. The ruin has made our image on Jomon period change so much.

Thus history has changed one after another by new outcome on the study. As to a thing which we call historic fact…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The truth on history isn’t always single》

…the more it dates back in the past, the more difficult to determine, therefore historians think studying history is worth of challenging.

We learn history as subject requiring memorization in the entrance of high school or university, so we assume studying history is remembering fixed historic fact, actually a copious number of proper nouns are lined up on the textbook of the history in Japan or in the world, but remembering the historic fact isn’t always essential to history.

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The truth on history isn’t always single》

What kind of logic or casual connection are there between each of historic facts? When reading and understanding the left material, can you guess what kind of thing happened? There is a fun there for learning history.

《Power makes history rewrite. Example on North and South Korea 》

History sometimes happens to be written again by rather forcible power. For example, the history on founding the nation of the North Korea is the one what is called myth of founding nation. Kim Wilson who was the …

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Power makes history rewrite. Example both on North and South Korea》

Kim Wilson who was the absolute leader continued to fight against Japanese army from the time when the Japanese army ruled over the colony in the Korean Peninsula, and gained victory at last and founding the North Korea, it’s a myth in the North Korea, but the North Korean have been forced to believe in it.

But we know it’s not. When Japan lost in the war, Soviet Union and America came into the Korean Peninsula. After Japan withdrew from the Korean Peninsula, Soviet Union…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Power makes history rewrite. Example both on North Korea and South Korea》

…Soviet Union founded a nation at the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. It’s North Korea. Then taking Kim Wilson who acted with the military force in Soviet as captain to the North Korea and he was set on the top of the North Korea then. He was in the base of the Soviet Union at the end of the war and his son was born there, so he couldn’t have fought in the Korean Peninsula then.

In short, he was made to found the nation with the intention of the Soviet Union.

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Power makes history rewrite. Example both on North and South Korea》

It seemed to be inferiority complex for Kim Wilson, for he couldn’t found his nation with his own ability. What should he do so as to push aside the inferiority complex? He’d invented history in which he founded the nation.

In fact, the same kind of thing was done in the South Korea too. After Japan lost the war, the general election was done at the initiative of the United Nation, as a result, the Syngman Rhee government formed then, we used to learn at school like that.

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【Past. History has been constantly written again】

《Power makes history rewrite. Example both on North and South Korea》

To tell the truth, when Japan controlled the Korean Peninsula, a temporary government on the South Korea formed in Shanghai. It’s, so to speak, the government in exile. Though the government had its name but was not based in reality. It was Syngman Rhee who was appointed to the first president on the temporary government, but he was dismissed from the president of the temporary government. He didn’t return to the Korean Peninsula until the war was over. Then he did lobby…

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【Past. History has been constantly written again】

《Power makes history rewrite. Example both on North and South Korea》

He did lobby activity vigorously then, and returned to the Korean Peninsula immediately after the war was over, and became the president thanks to the lobby activity.

Well, let’s just say, Syngman Rhee was also taken to the Korean Peninsula by other country which was America, like Kim Wilson and became the president, so he also had the inferiority complex of being unable to found his country with his ability alone.

As a result, the government on the South Korea has…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Power makes history rewritten again》

As to the main title, I’ve misunderstood until just now. The one above is the correct one which is expressed in the book on Liberal Arts for grown up written by Akira Ikegami. It is shameful of me to make such a mistake.

As a result, the government on the South Korea at present has adopted the form of succeeding to the temporary government in Shanghai in order to repel the inferiority complex like the North Korea.

It has been written on the constitution on the South Korea, and the youth have learned…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Power makes history rewrite again. Example both on the South and North Korea》

…and the youth have learned the history like that in the South Korea. It’s just that inventing the history that as the temporary government in Shanghai went on fighting against the control by Japan, so the South Korea has been at present.

It isn’t equal to the fabricated history like the North Korea, but it’s the same as the fact that inventing subjective historic fact extremely.

Both of the North and South Korea have emphasized that as they won Japan in the war…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again.】

《Power makes history rewrite. Example both on the South and North Korea》

…then both of the countries were born. In short, it becomes anti Japanese education. The history of emphasizing what a cruel thing Japan did has been told.

It is sure that Japan controlled the Korean Peninsula and exhibited very bad behavior in the process of controlling. It’s fact.

But when having been written the history form Korean side, those things have been emphasized extremely and it ends up being inhumane control extremely.

《Inventing history by political…》

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Inventing history by political intention. The example on China》

The history was written again in China as well. National Party and communists party joined force and fight against Japan together during the war, but actual condition was that the National Party was main.

The communist party thought making the national Party fight against Japan and the national party become weak. When two quarrel, a third party wins a benefit. The communist party aimed at it.

When the general in the communist party fought against Japan cleanly and won, Mao…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Inventing history by political intention. The example on China》

…it seemed that Mao Zedong got angry at the general, saying how useless it was! Our comrades have decreased!

Even if two of them joined force, the one which fought actually was the national party. As a result, the national party became weak and the communist party was assisted by the Soviet with weapon, and won the victory. Therefore there has been the history like that.


China at present is the one which the communist party won the national party and was founded. There is…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Inventing history by political intention. The example on China》

There is none of political legitimacy, for it wasn’t elected by the nation’s election. Then what China should do? It’s sought the political legitimacy of fighting against Japan and releasing the people. Why does the communist party have the political legitimacy? Inventing history of fighting against the invasion by Japan and releasing the Chinese from the tyranny, and teaching it its nation.

It is often said that the relation between Japan and China is the problem in China.

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Inventing history by politically intention. The example on China》

Actually whenever the control by the communist party is swayed, appealing desperately, Japan used to be cruel, but it’s the communist party which fought against Japan and released the people. We must not forget it.

The existence on the national party has been poor extremely in the war between Japan and China in the official history made in China, but China has learned to take proper care of Taiwan lately.

Other political party used to come into power at one time in Taiwan.

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《Inventing history by political intention. The example on China》

But it becomes the national party government at present. China wants to improve the relation withTaiwan and to take it in China, so appreciating the way of fighting against Japan by the national party has been done nowadays. China has recognized the national party fought against Japan cleanly to some extent. It means rethinking the history has been done by the clear political intention of taking Taiwan in.

The history is written by winners, at the same time it’s rethought….

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

…at the same time history is rethought and rewritten according to the political situation and circumstance then.

《View of history on Tokyo trial and Great East Asian war》

When adopting the example in the Bible or in 古事記, the author used to point out that the history is founded by the winner. As to both of the North and South Korea, as their victory was distorted extremely, the winners inventing mythology on founding nation as history.

China also founded its own history so as to build legitimacy for winner.

The history by winner has been …

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view of history on Tokyo trial and the Great East Asian War》

The history by winner has been reflected strongly on Japanese modern history.

There is the way of saying of view of history on Tokyo Trial after the war in Japan. In the Tokyo Trial which was done from 1946 to 1948 allied force which was the winner judged Japan which was the loser.

Cruel activity by the Japanese military force during the war became clear one after another by the trial. The Japanese were shocked at it greatly, at the same time after that Japan had to…

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view of history on Tokyo trial and the Great East Asian War》

…after that the Japanese had to reflect over the invasion deeply by the Japanese. We shouldn’t have done it. We have the view of history like that.

The phrase of the view on history on Tokyo trial ridiculing the view on history, for some people have criticized that the negative part of the view on history alone is emphasized after the war, and they learn to use the word of the view on history of Tokyo trial.

How should we appreciate the Tokyo trial? Its opinion has…

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【History. Past has been constantly written】

《The view on history of Tokyo trial and the Great East Asian War》

Its opinion has divided even at present. It is sure that the view of history has been reflected over the one of Japan from the other of winners.

For example, the phrase on Pacific War itself is the naming from the view point of America which is the winner. Japan used to make war in China and in the South East Asia as well. The Japanese used to call it the Great East Asian War in those days, for Japan wanted to found a co-prosperity area in Asia. It was the convenience of Japan.

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>> 79 　I see

ｏｈ! by the way five years ago

I was battle to PSYCHO　mathematics

junky!　

name was ぎゃりーなんとか＋stupids

It was extreme rude for me.

Back then

At the time YOU dive in our battle

of thread

Specialy you were too drank

Ｓo then you fagot me easily

Mr.Abe past way as soon as

I comeback mikuru then

I found you and bring back memory

I was writing　response　it before

your? thread

This is jist reason why

Iｍ afraid I must be going.

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＞＞80

Thank you for your message.

I know the one who you said was, but I had no idea what I joined in the battle when you and other quarreled, though to my sorrow, I’m always drunk. He is famous in this thread, but I’ve never talked with him before.

I remember talking with the one whose family name was the same with you, 大鷹, but its first name was different, so I’m afraid I misunderstood.

Fagot? I’m sorry to say, but I can’t follow you. Does it mean I assisted you then? The one whose family name was the same with you seemed love to use 絵文字, but you don’t, so I’m afraid I misunderstand.

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＞＞79

【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《The view of history on Tokyo Trial and the Great East Asia War》

The naming on the Great East Asian War isn’t objective, the author said like that. The war between Japan and China, the other one in the continent, another in the South East Asia, one more in the Pacific Ocean, what is the way of saying including all of them?

The way of saying which is often used lately is the war in Asia, the Pacific Ocean. It has the least ideology at present, the author said like that.

As to the large scale massacre in Nanjing, it used to be a big…

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【History. Past has been constantly written】

《The view of history on the Tokyo Trial and the Great East Asia War》

…it used to be a big controversy in Japan. The opinion that the Japanese military force slaughtered no less than three hundred thousand people in Nanjing issued from China. It’s also the history from the winner.

As the winner expressed like that, Japan swallowed the whole story before. The slaughter was done in Nanjing then, but as to the number of three hundred thousand, it’s impossible. It turned out to be, according to the research after that. If it was long ago…

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【History. Past has been constantly written】

If it was long ago, the history from the winner alone was left, but analyzing various testimony, material scientifically, positively, rethinking on the history has been done.

《How should we deal with the history? 》

The Japanese history which we learn is also the history from the winner as well. The Japanese history are limited to description in Kinki area alone like 平城京, or 平安京. There could have been the human activity by the people in Tohoku area or Kyushu area, but almost all of the history on those people aren’t left at present.

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【History. Past has been constantly written】

《How should we deal with history? 》

Historical book, 大日本史, was written in Mito in Edo era. It’s the Japanese history which was written again from the point of view that how legitimate the history on the emperor was until Edo era.

When looking at them back like that, the history in the past was very simple in a way. The winner left its record, the record from the loser isn’t left. As to the various history in the past, the scholars analyzed the record lost from the winner enough after ages, and is established.

On the other hand, the history from…

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【History. Past has been constantly written】

《How should we deal with history? 》

...the history from the loser is got rid of from the past. As a result, the history we learned is, so to speak, the tip of the iceberg, except for it, there are lots of unknown history. The author said he wants us to bear it in our mind.

Needless to say, as scholars on history at present know it enough, they make progress its study as much as unbiased, trying to express objective history, but it's just the trial is the beginning, especially the history in the world tends to be the center of Europe as it was.

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【History. Past has been constantly written】

《How should we deal with history？》

There is a book, イスラムから見た世界, written by the one who is from Afghanistan. When reading it, though we said the history in the world, the author said he realized that we've seen only half part of the history in the whole earth.

In other words, in Saudi Arabia, the history on Islam alone has been taught under the Islamic absolutism. They can seldom teach European history, without having objection which they can compare, they believe in the history as absolute existence. It also leads to the biased view of history.

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《How should we deal with history? 》

History isn’t always the single one. At first we should grasp there are various views of history. History has been written again, according to its time. Some of them are written again by the intention of politicians. Others are done by scientific accumulation, and its appreciation changes.

Without knowing it, we tend to make a blunder repeatedly over and over again. Learning from history, we can prevent us from failing. There is a proverb that a fool learns from experience, a wise man learns from history

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【History. Past has been constantly written again】

《How should we deal with history? 》

It means that relying on its experience alone is stupid, we should learn from history in which others’ experience is described. Though looking at history critically, making use of the knowledge in which we should learn for the present time. Though it’s difficult, accumulating it, and we can avoid repeating act of folly. Learning history makes us understand the direction to come from, being based on the knowledge, we look for the place to go.

【Japan and the Japanese. When and how are they born? 】

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how are we born? 】

It’s the last one finally. We’re born in Japan and have a nationality as the Japanese, so speak the Japanese as mother tongue. We’re the ones like that.

Needless to say, some of them have foreign nationality though being born and brought up in Japan, though mother tongue is foreign language, first language is the Japanese.

Mother tongue is the language for the person who has the nationality, and the first language is the one the person who acquires for the first time since being born. The Japanese who are born and brought up in Japan…

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

…so the mother tongue and the first language are the same Japanese, but there are the ones who are not. Then what kind of the country is Japan? What kind of existence are the Japanese?

The more we think of it, the more its answer becomes ambiguous, don’t you feel like that? The author said the point of the liberal arts at present is knowing ourselves, what kind of existence is it?

The author suggests we face something mysterious as Japan or as the Japanese.

《Origin of the name on Japan》

Strange to say, the sense of nationhood…

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

《Origin of the name on Japan》

Strange to say, the sense of nationhood isn’t born inside ourselves alone. In short, when contacting with others who are different from us, the recognition that we are different from others was born for the first time. It appears on Japan which is our country name .

As to the origin on the name of Japan, roughly speaking, there are two opinions.

The one is the original place for the sun where the sun rises from there, so it’s expressed with 日の本, and changes into 日本,

The other was born from the relation…

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

《Origin of the name on Japan》

The other was born from the relation between Japan and China. If looking at Japan from the Chinese continent, it’s the original place where the sun rises, so it becomes 日本. There was a letter from Japan to China then. There is a sentence in which the Japanese expressed, the place where we live is the one where the sun rises, for being conscious of China so much that calling ourselves the Japanese like that.

It’s not clear whether or not two of them are right, but China was a big existence for Japan even then

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

《Origin of the name on Japan》

We the Japanese have realized the difference on language or culture between Japan and China, and a thing like self consciousness appeared as nation.

In general, after the political system being based on ritsuryo code, centralization was formed in ancient Japan. Speaking of ritsuryo, it’s a kind of legal system then. It was taken from China positively and was fixed.

Importing ritsuryo from China into Japan, and reformed it so as to put it into practice in Japan.

《にほん or にっぽん? 》

As to Japan, there is two…

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【Japan and the Japanese. Where and how were we born? 】

《にほん or にっぽん? 》

There are two ways of reading on Japan. The one is にほん, and the other is にっぽん. Except for Japan, there is none of the country in which there are two ways of calling its own country.

Though the author’s talk continues, I’m not interested in it, so I’m going to omit it.

《日本人 was born in 1837》

Though there are two ways of calling, it turned out that the way of calling 日本 has existed from long ago. How about 日本人? As contacting with foreign people, the phrase was born from there.

Family register law was born in 1871 in.

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【Japan and the Japanese. How and where were we born? 】

《日本人 was born in 1837》

After that, 太政官布告 was done. 太政官 was equal to the prime minister at present, so the 太政官布告 is equivalent to a cabinet decision. When a couple whose nationality is different get married, woman becomes the nationality of the man, the regulation was decided in the 太政官布告. It’s the house system peculiar to Japan alone.

If the foreign man becomes a son in law and taking into wife’s family, he can get the Japanese nationality then, it was regulated like that. It was after 太政官布告. How about before 太政官布告？ Nothing was fixed.

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

《日本人 was born in 1837》

In short, there was no idea on the nationality in Japan before 太政官布告. When a Japanese and a foreigner get married, what should we do? When thinking like that in Meiji ear, the concept on nationality was born for the first time.

The Japanese is the one who has Japanese nationality and its definition was born in 1873. 日本人 was born in 1873 officially.

It means that 日本人 didn’t exist as concept on modern era until then. There were lots of people who lived in national land what is called Japan and lots of people came…

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

《日本人 was born in 1837》

…and lots of people came from the Korean Peninsula. They learned to be recognized as the Japanese with the phrase of naturalized person 帰化人.

Nara of Nara prefecture is originally Korean word of which meaning is a nation, so there has been an opinion that the people who came from the Korean Peninsula learned to call the place Nara.

There is a station what is called 高麗 in Tokyo. This is the place where the people came from 高麗 learned to live. Though we call ourselves 大和民族, or 日本人 ordinary, when dating back in the…

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【Japan and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

《日本人 was born in 1873》

…when dating back in the past, it turned out that lots of races and nations mixed up and the present Japanese were born. Some of them were from north, and others were from Ryukyu. There could have the people who came from South Pacific Ocean like Amami. There were the ones who came from the continent or a peninsula. Repeating the blood is mixed up, so the image on 日本人 was born.

It doesn’t always mean that there is clear actual condition as the Japanese. The concept as the Japanese was made by politically…

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【Japanese and the Japanese. When and how were we born? 】

《日本人 was born in 1873》

…the Japanese has existed for the first time as the social system, but the consciousness as the Japanese didn’t appear in the people who lived in Japan then. Actually in the era of Meiji Restoration, it is said the people from Tohoku area and the people from Satsuma couldn’t communicate each other.

Without being able to communicate each other, the sense of nationhood in common would never be born. As radio broadcasting started and common standard language was formed, so common language in which everyone could…

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