Science,English,and math 7th

【Stem cell on the epithelium of the small intestine】

《The number of cell has been kept owing to the stem cell》

Then the oldest cell falls out from the summit of the projection.

Thus the surface of the small intestine has been replaced with the new cell without stopping. The cell which fell out is carried away from the human body with the bodily wastes.

Except for the stem cells on the surface of the skin and the epithelium of the small intestine, there are still lots of other stem cells in the human body.

When an affected area is cutting off from a liver by an operation, the liver…

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【Stem cell on the epithelium of the small intestine】

《The number of cell has been kept due to the stem cell》

…the liver which became small will revive, and it has been thought that the stem cell on the liver is related to the revival.

Thus our body has always kept the number of some 270 kinds of cell because of the stem cell. The study on the stem cell has been done in the field on the regenerative medicine.

【The surface and inside on the body】

《The surface on the cell becomes a wall and defends the inside of the body》

When watching our completed body, we’re aware that the cell is…

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【The surface and inside of the body】

《The surface on the cell becomes a wall and defends the inside of the body》

…we’re conscious that the cell is roughly divided into two with a common point. The way on dividing it is whether the cell is inside on the body or it is outside.

Each of the cell on the surface of the body sticks fast each other so as to defend the inside of the body from a foreign enemy which invades from outside of the body, and makes up with organization called the epithelium 上皮.

Inside of the mouth, stomach, and lung is connected and becomes one, and it connects with…

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【The surface and inside on the body】

《The surface on the body becomes a wall and defends the inside of the body》

…and the part of the inside of the body connects with the surface on the body. Unexpectedly, even the inside of the liver and the kidney are connected with the surface on the body, so we call all of them the surface of the body.

On the other hand, the muscle, bone, and blood aren’t exposed on the outside of the body, so they are real inside of the body.

By the way, the author said like that, but those internal organs are really inside of the body, so it doesn’t ring a bell.

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【A cell on the skin】

《The skin has cells and mechanism which detect various stimulations》

Roughly speaking, the surface on the skin is connected with the internal organs each other and faces outside of the body.

Except for defending the inside of the body, the skin secretes sweat and regulates the body temperature through a sweat gland.

In addition, there are special cells on the skin. The one on the shape resembles an onion, and the other has a structure of layers like a ミルフィーユ. The onion detects a pressure sensation, and the ミルフィーユ touching sensation.

The cell on the outmost layer of…

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【A cell on the skin】

《The skin has cells and mechanism which detect various stimulations》

The cell on the outmost layer is called the layer of keratin, the keratin is filled with protein. The protein piles up like a scale うろこ. The keratin is already dead, and falls out as dirt before long.

【A cell on the lung】

《A cell in 肺胞 builds the wall of some five thousandth millimeter》

The lung has no less than some six thousand million 肺胞 in total. It’s a tiny bag extremely. Its size is 0.06〜0.3 millimeter. It’s surrounded by capillary tubes.

When taking a breath of the air, the air is…

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【A cell on the lung】

《A cell in the 肺胞 builds the wall of some five thousandth millimeter》

…the air is separated from the blood with a wall in the body, and the thinnest part of the wall is no more than some five thousandth millimeter. It’s the border between the inside and the outside of the body.

The oxygen is taken and the carbon dioxide is discharged through the wall. Dust and bacteria invade with the breathing air in the 肺胞, but those alien substance is got rid of by macrophage in the 肺胞.

【Cell in the trachea】

《A cell having hair discharges alien substance from the trachea》

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【Cell in the trachea】

《A cell having hair discharges an alien substance in the 肺胞》

The trachea is a passage for the air connecting from the throat to the lung. When breathing in, we absorb various alien substance like dust and bacteria then, so the trachea has mechanism which exchanges the alien substance.

There is a cell like a cup and the one called 線毛 on the epithelium of the cell. A granule 顆粒 including viscous liquid is made in the cup. The granule moves to the surface on the cell and secretes the viscous liquid outside of the body.

線毛 on the epithelium of the cell is the one having…

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【Cell in trachea】

《A cell having hair discharges alien substance in the 肺胞》

線毛 on the epithelium of the cell is the one having hair on its surface. The hair is called 線毛, and its length is from 5 to 10 micrometer, and its diameter is 0.2 micrometer. The micro means a millionth. It’s a slender projection and can move flexibly as if it were a whip.

The alien substances which come into the trachea like the dust or bacteria are caught by viscous liquid which is secreted by the cell like the cup. The hairs on 線毛 of the epithelium of the cell synchronize and trail out in the same direction all…

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【Cell in the trachea】

《A cell of having hair discharges alien substance in the 肺胞》

The hairs which are 線毛 on the epithelium of the cell synchronize and trail out in the same direction all together, so the alien substance caught by the viscous liquid is sent back to the mouth.

Thus the viscous liquid including the substance alien is thrown out as phlegm finally.

【Cell in the salivary gland】

《A cell which makes viscous liquid and enzyme in the mouth》

As oxygen is taken in our body, it is nutrient by meal which we have to take from outside the body so as to live.

The cells are lined up…

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【Cell in the salivary gland】

《A cell which makes viscous liquid and enzyme in the mouth》

Cells which digest food and absorb nutrient are lined up in the digestive tube from the mouth to anus.

There are cells which specialize in making viscous liquid and enzyme which are component for saliva in the mouth. Each of cells don’t exist as single one, but gather and make a structure as gland.

The salivary gland is the shape of a cluster of grape, and there is the cell which make the viscous liquid and enzyme in the part which is equivalent to the fruit. The viscous liquid and enzyme are…

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【Cell in the salivary gland】

《A cell which makes viscous liquid and enzyme in the mouth》

After the viscous liquid and enzyme are made, they are secreted to the trachea and change into saliva. The amount of saliva which is secreted a day is from some 0.7 to 1.5 liter.

《The component on saliva is made in the most inner part of the salivary gland》

There is a final place in the most inner part of the salivary gland. Cells which make component on the viscous liquid and enzyme for the saliva gather in the final place. Its structure is like a bag.

The main component on the viscous liquid is…

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【Cell in the salivary gland】

《The component in the saliva is made in the most inner part of the salivary gland》

The main component on the saliva is a glycoproteins which the protein and sugar are united. The protein and sugar are made in each of different places on the cells of final place, and both of them are united in Golgi body. It has been thought like that.

The glycoproteins go into the granule 顆粒 for secretion, and is secreted soon.

What is the Golgi body?

The protein is passed from other cell, but it’s imperfect then, so it can’t function enough, so the protein is processed in…

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『Golgi body』

…so the protein is processed in varied way in the Golgi body and changes into the one which functions properly each place on the body. The Golgi body plays a part as distribution center for the protein.

A tag is added to the protein in the Golgi body so as to reach the same kind of protein in the body. The proteins which have the tag are gathered at one place in the Golgi body and are sent to the places where they are needed.

【Cell in the small intestine】

《The cell in the small intestine which has some thousand of slight soft hair》

The food which is decomposed in the…

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【Cell in the small intestine】

《The cell in the small intestine which has some thousand of slight soft hairs》

The food which is decomposed in the stomach is done again into smaller pieces in duodenum and other intestine and is absorbed in the body. The surface on the small intestine has complicated unevenness so as to heighten effect on absorption. A device is done in order to expand its surface area as possible as for the absorption.

There are pleats like a ring on the inner wall of the small intestine, and are soft hairs on the surface. The soft hair is called a villus. No less than some…

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【Cell in the small intestine】

《The cell in the small intestine which has some thousand of slight soft hairs》

No less than some thousand of the slight soft hairs spread all over the surface on the inner wall of the small intestine. It has been guessed the surface area on the small intestine of which whole length is some 8 meters reach some 340 square meters.

The nutrient which was digested is absorbed from the part where there are the slight soft hairs. After that the nutrient moves within the small intestine, before long it goes outside the cell and goes into the capillary tube.

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【Cell in the small intestine】

《The cell in the small intestine which has some thousand of slight soft hairs》

Except for the cell which absorbs the nutrient, there is the one which secretes viscous liquid, the other which secretes hormone, and another which secretes enzyme having antibacterial action in the small intestine. Each of them helps the work on the small intestine.

【Cell in the liver】

《A single cell which performs three parts》

The liver secretes a liter of bile 胆汁 a day. The bile is secreted in the duodenum through the bile duct, so the cell in the liver is connected with the…

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【Cell in the liver】

《The cell in the liver which performs three parts》

…so the cell in the liver connects with the intestine by the bile duct and is the part of the surface of successive body.

A person of adult liver reaches some 1500 gram, and is the biggest organ. The blood which is supplied to the liver is from 1 to 1.8 liter a minute.

The liver is mainly made up with two kinds of cell, the one is hepatocyte 肝細胞, and the other is the cell which takes fat.

Except for making the bile, the hepatocyte saves lipid and glucide which are absorbed from food, and changing poisonous substance…

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【Cell in the liver】

《The cell in the liver performs three parts》

…and changing a poisonous substance into harmless one. The function on the hepatocyte is varied. As a result, all of small organs in the cell develop so much.

Vitamin A is saved in the cell which takes the lipid.

Except for the two cells, there is the one like macrophage in the liver. It swallows a red blood corpuscle which becomes too old or bacteria and digests them.

《The hepatocyte which is a hard worker》

Main function on the hepatocyte is three. The one is saving lipid and glucide, and when it is needed, two of them…

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【Cell in the liver】

《The hepatocyte which is a hard worker》

…when it is needed two of the lipid and glucide are released, and protein is composed there and is released. It has a function of metabolism.

The second is the bile is composed and is released.

The third is changing poisonous substance into harmless one, so there are lots of little organs in the cell of the liver and all of them develop enough.

【Cell in the kidney】

《Capillary on the kidney in which a cell like the legs of octopus coils around》

Oxygen and nutrient which are taken from outside the body is used in the whole…

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【Cell in the kidney】

《Capillary on the kidney in which a cell like the legs of octopus coils around》

Oxygen and nutrient which are taken from the outside the body is used in the whole body as energy source for out activity. Then as a result, wastes are caused from the activity on the cell, and the kidney functions of separating urine from the blood.

An unit where the urine is made in the kidney is called nephron. The nephron is made by a renal corpuscle 腎小体 and tubule 尿細管. The origin on the urine is filtered out from the blood by the 腎小体. It’s made up with the thing like a ball made of…

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【Cell in the kidney】

《Capillary on the kidney in which a cell like the legs of octopus coils around》

腎小体 is made up with a lump of capillary, and a bag including the lump of capillary. The origin on the urine is filtered out from the lump of capillary to the bag.

A cell which has legs like the veins of leaf coils around the lump of capillary. The leg like the veins of leaf has a slender projection, and it plays a part on the filter.

The lump of capillary separates liquid which is no less than amount of 150 liter a day from the blood, and it becomes raw urine 原尿.

It doesn’t always mean…

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【Cell in the kidney】

《Capillary on the kidney in which a cell like legs of octopus coils around》

It doesn’t always mean that the raw urine is ejected as it is. The ones which must not be ejected is absorbed in tubule 尿細管 again and the remains become urine. 99% of the raw urine is absorbed and the one which is ejected as urine is no more than 1%, 1.5 liter.

【Cell in the ovary 卵巣】

《Oocyte 卵母細胞 becomes mature in a fixed period》

If thinking of the course for an embryo 卵子 or sperm, we can regard both of the ovary and testis as the continuous surface on the body.

The embryo which is…

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【Cell in the ovary】

《Oocyte becomes mature in a fixed period》

The embryo which is ejected from the ovary is sent to the womb through the oviduct 卵管. Then if it comes across the sperm which is ejected from the testis and swam to the womb on the way, a fertilization is caused then.

The Oocyte becomes mature over and over again in a fixed period in the ovary. The Oocyte is the one which becomes the embryo soon. It’s covered with an ovarian epithelium cell. The Oocyte forms the ovarian.

When looking at the situation on mature of the Oocyte, its size is 40 micrometer. Micro means millionth.

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【Cell in the ovary】

《Oocyte 卵母細胞 becomes mature in a fixed period》

The Oocyte sleeps in a situation of the primitive ovary from the woman who has the Oocyte was a newly born infant to the puberty 思春期.

After the puberty, the ovary epithelium cell which surrounds the ovary starts to increase, and a layer is formed. Furthermore, a film of the ovarian is formed the outside. The size of the ovary cell becomes from some 60 to 80 micrometer. We call it the second ovary.

After that, the ovary epithelium cell increases, the ovary cell also becomes bigger which is over 100 micrometer. We call it…

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【Cell in the ovary】

《Oocyte becomes mature in a fixed period》

We call it Graf cell. The Graf cell continues to grow up and finally the ovary epithelium cell becomes thin and breaks, the ovary cell is released from the inside. It’s an ovulation 排卵. As to a person, the ovulation happens once 28 days.

【Cell in the testis 精巣】

《It takes some sixty four days until the sperm is made》

There is a curbed testicular tube which makes the sperm in the testis. It’s winding. Its whole length is some 250 meter in the single testis.

The sperm is made in the spermatogonia 精素細胞 on the wall of the…

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【Cell in the testis】

《It takes some sixty four days until the sperm is made》

The sperm is made in the spermatogonia on the wall of the testicular duct. In short, the spermatogonia is the stem cell which makes the sperm.

A cell which is divided from the testicular tube becomes the sperm which has a tail finally. It is said it take some 64 days that the spermatogonia changes into the sperm. The structure on the sperm is divided into the head and tail. When swimming, it moves its tail.

There is the enzyme in its head. When fertilization with an embryo, the enzyme melts the film on the embryo.

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【Cell in the eye, nose, and tongue】

《There are cells which detect the element on light, smell and taste in specialized way》

Organs which receive stimulation from the outside is in the border between the surface and inside of the body, and the information is sent to the brain through the nerve.

The eye is an organ which receives light. The light which passes through the crystalline lens makes an image on the retina 網膜. There is the one which reacts with light and shade from the light, and other which does with the color from the light like red, blue and green.

The nose detects smell.

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【Cell in the eye, nose and tongue】

《There are cells which detect the elements of light, smell and taste in specialized way》

There are an olfactory cell 嗅細胞 on the surface of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity. It has hair in the upper place. When the element on the smell which is melt in the mucous membranes sticks fast to the hair, the information on the smell is sent from the olfactory cell to the brain.

The tongue detects a taste. Mainly a mechanism which exists on the mucous membrane of the tongue sends the information on taste to the brain. We call the mechanism a taste bud 味蕾.

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【Cell in the eye, nose, and tongue】

《There are cells which detect the element on light, smell and taste in specialized way》

The taste bud is made up with several cells, and there is a taste hair which unites the element on the taste on the upper part of the cells.

【Cell in the ear】

《Hair on the cell having hair catches sound》

The ear is an organ which detects balance, weight and acceleration on its body. The true self on the sound is a vibration in the air. When a thing moves violently, the air shakes, and the vibration becomes the sound. The tone from an musical instrument or a sound…

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【Cell in the ear】

《Hair on the cell having hair catches sound》

The tone on a musical instrument or voice from a person is making the air vibrate on purpose.

The sound is received in an ear drum at first. The ear drum vibrates because it responds with the vibration in the air. The vibration in the air which is sent to the ear drum is transmitted to place like a snail in the inner ear through some bones.

There is two kinds of thing in the place like the snail. The one is filled with lymph liquid of outside, and the other is full of the lymph liquid of inside. The sound is sent to the…

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【Cell in the air】

《Hair on the cell having hair catches sound》

The vibration in the air is sent to the outside which is filled with lymph liquid like the snail.

There is a spiral instrument which detects the sound in a cochlear duct 蝸牛菅. The spiral instrument has a cell having unwavering hair which is arranged with the form of w or v of alphabet.

When the vibration in the air is sent to the lymph liquid, it is also sent to the spiral instrument. Then the vibration makes a film covering the upper place on cell having hair and unwavering hair on the cell having hair move, so the…

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【Cell in the air】

《Hair on the cell having hair catches sound》

…so the information on the sound is sent to a nerve fiber just under the cell.

Thus the sound which is the vibration in the air is caught by unwavering hair on the cell having hair finally, so we can recognize the information as the sound.

Except for the snail which detects the sound, the inner ear has significant parts which plays. Vestibule 前庭 and semicircular canals 三半規菅.

The vestibule is a part which detects a balance, weight and acceleration in a straight line to the body. On the other hand, the semicircular canals is…

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【Cell in the ear】

《Hair on the cell having hair catches sound》

…the semicircular canals is a place which detects acceleration on movement of rotation.

【Cell in the blood】

《Varied blood corpuscles are made from the same stem cell》

The blood vessel is a route on transportation for material which is instituted in the whole body. The blood vessel which carries the blood from the heart is an artery. After having started from the heart, the artery branches off one after another delicately, they become capillary vessel like a fine net finally.

The capillary vessel changes into the one which…

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【Cell in the blood】

《Varied blood corpuscles are made from the same stem cell》

The capillary vessel changes into the one which carries the blood to the heart. It’s a vein. The vein joins from the capillary vessels one after another, so it becomes thick and returns to the heart finally.

The vein has a valve which prevents the blood from flowing backward.

The blood is a component made up with liquid in which a red blood corpuscle, white blood corpuscle, and blood platelet 血小板 are mixed in blood plasma 血漿.

The red blood corpuscle carries oxygen from the lung to cells, carries carbon…

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【Cell in the blood】

《Varied blood corpuscles are made from the same stem cell》

…the red blood corpuscle carries carbon dioxide from cells to the lung.

The white blood corpuscle is the cell which has something to do with defending the body.

The blood platelet plays a part of stopping the blood in a wound.

Thus varied blood corpuscles and blood platelet are made from the same stem cell in the bone marrow.

『Artery』

The artery is made up with three layers covering endothelial cell 内皮細胞. A thick artery near the heart has an elastic fiber, and endures a change on the blood pressure.

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【Cell in the blood】

『Artery』

The artery of middle size has lots of smooth muscle 平滑筋, and changing the diameter on the blood vessel and keeps a fixed blood pressure. The smooth muscle is classified with an involuntary muscle and is controlled by the autonomous nervous system.

『Vein』

When comparing it with the artery, vein has such the less smooth muscle and so less elastic that its wall on the blood vessel is thin, the flowing blood looks blue and see-through.

There is an inner film which expands like a pleat in the vein. It’s a valve which prevents the blood from flowing backward.

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【Cell in the blood】

『Corpuscles which go into the blood from the capillary vessels in the bone marrow』

New red blood corpuscle, white red blood corpuscle, and blood platelet are made in the stem cell making blood of the bone marrow.

Corpuscles made in the bone marrow make a hole in the capillary vessels in the bone marrow for themselves and go into there. They are on the stream of blood and are flowing over the whole body.

How do the corpuscles make the hole? Why can’t an imperfect corpuscles which is on the way of differentiation make the hole? We can’t understand in detail at present.

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【Cell in the bone】

《Osteoblasts 骨芽細胞 secretes calcium for the bone》

Bone and muscle determine the appearance on a person. Basic shape on the person is made by the bone, and all kinds of movement on the person are caused by the muscle. Both of the bone and muscle are made by cells.

The bone is mainly made by inorganic matter like calcium phosphate リン酸カルシウム, calcium carbonate 炭酸カルシウム, and cell on bone.

There are projections from the cell on the bone and are connected each other but are buried in the bone. They make a mysterious pattern like a ripple on the surface of the bone, but the …

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【Cell in the bone】

《Osteoblasts secretes calcium for the bone》

…but the cell on the bone isn’t buried in the bone from the beginning. The osteoblasts 骨芽細胞 secretes calcium around itself, so the cell on the bone is made. With the perfection on the bone, the osteoblasts are surrounded by the calcium which was secreted for itself and is buried completely. It’s the cell on the bone.

【Cell in the muscle】

《Muscle has a skeletal muscle, heart muscle and smooth muscle 平滑筋》

The muscle has three kinds like the skeletal muscle, the heart one and the smooth one.

The skeletal muscle is the one…

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【Cell in the muscle】

《There are three kinds of muscle, a skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and smooth muscle》

The skeletal muscle is the one which sticks to the bone and makes the limbs move. We can move it with our own will. A single fiber on the skeletal muscle is made with a single cell which has lots of nuclei. Its feature is we can see a horizontal stripe on the fiber.

The heart muscle is the one which makes the heart pulsate. Each of cells on the heart muscle branches off one by one, and every tip of the cell connects with other cells on the heart muscle. As a result, those cells on the…

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【Cell in the muscle】

《There are three kinds of muscle, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and smooth muscle》

As a result, those cells on the muscle connect as if they were a lattice and forms the shape well which is like a round bag. As the cells on the muscle connect like the lattice, contracting the heart muscle makes the capacity on the upper half of the heart and the lower half reduce.

The upper half is called an atrium 心房, and the lower half is a ventricle 心室.

Except for ordinary cell on the heart, there are special cell on the heart muscle. It’s the heart muscle which decides the pace…

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【Cell in the muscle】

《There are three kinds of cell in the heart, skeletal muscle, heart muscle and smooth muscle》

It’s the heart muscle which decides the pace on the pulsation of the heart and the other which responses with the reaction on the stimulation from the heart muscle and conveys a message the pace on pulsation to other ordinary cells in the heart.

The heart keeps a normal rhythm on the pulsation by the special work on the cell of the heart.

The smooth muscle is the one which is in a digestive tube and a thick blood vessel. We can neither move nor…

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【Cell in the heart】

《There are three kinds of muscle in the heart, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and smooth muscle》

We can neither move nor stop the smooth muscle with our own will. It’s different from the skeletal muscle.

【Cell in the lymph node】

《Macrophages swallow an alien substance in the lymph fluid》

There are some organs like like lymph vessel, lymph node, spleen 脾臓, tonsil 扁桃腺, and thymus 胸腺 so as to defend our body from an alien substance which invades like bacteria in the human body.

Both the lymph node and spleen play a part on the filter. The lymph node does on the way of …

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【Cell in the lymph node】

《Macrophages swallow an alien substance in the lymph fluid》

The lymph node plays a part as filter on the way of the lymph vessel and the spleen does on the way of the blood vessel. Each of them purify the lymph fluid and blood.

The lymph vessel starts as capillary lymphatic vessel in a passage for the lymph fluid in all the cells and gathers gradually, so becomes the lymph vessel. It connects with the vein under the collarbone 鎖骨.

The main component in the lymph fluid is a lymphocyte リンパ球 which is in charge of immunity. B cell and T cell is included in the...

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【Cell in the lymph node】

《Macrophages swallow an alien substance in the lymph fluid》

T cell and B cell are included in the lymph fluid and are in charge of the immunity.

The lymph node is an organ of which size is a broad bean そら豆, and is on the way of the lymph vessel. The lymph fluid of which number is no less than from 300 to 600 in the human body.

Macrophages are waiting for alien substances among cells and they catch the alien substance which pass through the lymph fluid and swallow them.

【Cell in the spleen 脾臓】

《There is a capillary vessel which has lots of opening in the spleen》

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【Cell in the spleen】

《There is a capillary vessel which has lots of opening in the spleen》

The spleen functions of filtering an alien substance like a trash or bacteria in the blood vessel. There is a special capillary vessel between artery and vein in the spleen.

There are cells of which shape is a slender stick, and each of them sticks out a short projection and connect each other with the short projection. The slender sticks stand in a line, and there is the opening between the slender sticks. Its shape is as if it were a duck board すのこ.

There are macrophage, lymphocyte, and others …

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【Cell in the spleen】

《There is a capillary vessel which has lots of openings in the spleen》

There are macrophages, lymphocyte, and other lots of cells which are related to immunity on the special capillary vessel, and they are waiting for alien substances and old red blood corpuscles which go in and out of the opening in the spleen so as to catch and eat them.

Thus the blood is purified.

The alien substance which is dealt with in the lymph node and spleen is recognized as antigen 抗原. Immune reaction is caused by the antigen, so immune cell which attacks the alien substance which means…

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【Cell in the spleen】

《There is a capillary vessel which has lots of openings in the spleen》

…so immune cell which attacks the alien substance which means the antigen starts to increase.

【Cell in the nerve】

《There are no less than one hundred and forty billion nerve cells in a person》

It is said the human body is made with some two hundred seventy kinds and sixty trillion of cells, but it doesn’t always mean it isn’t a simple aggregate on the cells. Each of the cells are related to each other and join forces, so the human body exists as a person.

It is the nerve and hormone which…

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【Cell in the nerve】

《There are one hundred and forty billion nerve cells in a person》

It is the nerves and hormone which combine and adjust all the cells.

There are two kinds of nerves. The one is a center nerve which is in the brain and in the backbone. The other is a peripheral nerve which contacts between the center nerve and each part of the body.

There is the motor nerve which connects with muscle, autonomous nerve which connects with internal organs, and a sensory nerve which connects with sensory organ. Both of the center nerve and peripheral nerve are made up with nerve cells…

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