Science,English,and math 7th

【A great uproar on the earth】

《Unusual climate and global warming begin to cause something wrong on rhythm on creatures》

It has been thought Plum and dandelion come into flower earlier owing to influence over warm winter and ginkgo turns into yellow and maple tree turns red thanks to warm autumn, but as to the climate for a decade when there was unusual on Yamahagi, there were varied things like warm winter, intense heat, and cool summer, so no one can specify each of cause. Climate change in a scale of the earth like becoming warm may have something to do with the unusual things.

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《Unusual climate and global warming begins to cause something wrong on rhythm of creatures》

How does global warming have influence over Japanese vegetation or coming into flower on cherry? It has been simulated.

According to data on estimation by Environmental Agency, when the temperature goes up by 1 ℃ by global warming, it is said southern limit on beech ブナ is in Kyushu area at present will go north to around Hokuriku area.

Though the sentence continued, I’m not sure that how it was dangerous concretely, for its study began to start when this book was…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

Continuation of the last response.

…for its study began to start when the book was published. I find it boring, so I’m going to start the next topic.

《The earth has been in the middle of something unusual》

Our earth has come across various environmental change from four billion six hundred million years ago when the earth was born.

Homo sapiens which was ancestor for us the humankind appeared some two hundred thousand years ago, and after that the situation becomes clear by analysis on core of ice by observatory base in Antarctic.

Information on change of…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《The earth has been in the middle of something unusual》

Information which shows us the change on climate for some two hundred twenty thousand years in the past remains at the core of ice in the observatory base of which depth was 2546 meters.

Researching isotope 同位体 on heavy hydrogen which is included in the core of the ice makes us know the change on temperature.

What is the isotope?

Atom is made up with an atomic nucleus and electrons, and the atomic nucleus is made up with protons 陽子 and neutrons.

Number of proton is added to the number of neutron is…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《The earth has been in the middle of something unusual》

The number of proton is added to the number of neutron is equal to the mass on the atomic nucleus.

There are some atoms of which mass is different, and we call it the isotope. Why is the mass different? The number of neutron is different.

When researching the ration on the isotope on the heavy hydrogen at the core of the ice in Antarctic, the change on the temperature for long ago becomes clear.

The author said like that, but why? It wasn’t described so I don’t know why it was.

I’m going to return…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《The earth has been in the middle of something unusual》

I’m going to return my main topic.

According to the data, a glacial period in which the temperature was low extremely was twice, and there was an interglacial period 間氷期 which was the same climate like present time between the glacial period.

The glacial period which was chill came to an end one hundred forty thousand years ago and warm interglacial period continued some thirty thousand years.

After that the chill glacial period started some one hundred ten thousand years ago and continued some some…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《The earth has been in the middle of something unusual》

…and the chill glacial period continued some one hundred thousand years until ten thousand years ago.

We have been in warm interglacial period at present.

If analyzing an air bubble at the core of the ice, we can know the density on carbon dioxide or methane in the atmosphere.

When watching the change on temperature, density on carbon dioxide or methane, it turned out that there is interrelation between them.

Density on methane and carbon dioxide were high in the interglacial period when it was warm.

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《We have been in the middle of something unusual》

On the other hand, the density on methane and carbon dioxide became low in the chill glacial period.

Even if there was none of activity on humankind, the change on carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere kept pace with the change on the temperature.

We know the change on density of the gaseous body is related to the change on climate closely.

《Accumulation by polluted material causes the great uproar on the earth》

The humankind in the early days ate wild nuts like other animals and obeyed the surrounding

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《Accumulation by polluted material causes the great uproar on the earth》

We the humankind used to live in the early days like that. After that the humankind used the fire and did agriculture, so changed the surrounding artificially, but its influence was slight for a long time, and was limited to a small area where it lived then.

As a result, without being disturbed by activity on the humankind, the earth changed according to providence in the nature.

Even if a large scale of construction like the Great Wall of China was done, its influence was limited its...

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《Accumulation by polluted material causes the great uproar on the earth》

…its influence was limited to its neighborhood alone.

Industrial revolution started about the middle of the 18th century, after that a large amount of fossil fuel started to be burned.

Its influence was in the local area alone, air pollution was around place on the industrial area alone. We thought for a long time.

When burning, carbon dioxide was released, but its density was so low that it didn’t have bad influence over creatures direct, so its influence was overlooked, but…　　　　

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《Accumulation by polluted material causes the great uproar on the earth》

…but even if a pollution which causes a slight influence in a short term is accumulated, a terrible uproar will be caused. It has been recognized in various situations on environment after the Great World War Ⅱ. It’s example is Minamata disease.

Organic mercury was exhausted from a factory and its density was so thin that its influence over creatures seemed to be unbelievable, but polluted material was concentrated to high density by food chain through plankton and fish, and a tragedy of…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《Accumulation by polluted material causes the great uproar on the earth》

…and a tragedy of Minamata disease was caused.

Same thing has happened at the carbon dioxide and Freon in the atmosphere.

When being exhausted, it was a slight pollution but it was accumulated for a long time, so there has been a big probability that it entraps the earth into irreparable tragedy.

《A rapid uproar extremely is caused by activity on humankind》

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to increase for two hundred fifty years until lately after the industrial revolution.

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《A rapid uproar extremely is caused by activity on humankind》

Density on carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to increase 0.15 ppm a year from the beginning in the 19th century, it was 0.6 ppm a year in 1950s, and 1.8 ppm in 1990s.

To tell the truth, when looking at the numerical value alone, I’m not sure how serious it is.

The earth has gone through the density of some 80 ppm on the carbon dioxide in the past, but the change was done gradually for thousands of years.

On the other hand the change which we’ve faced at present is a rapid one which happens…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《A great uproar extremely is caused by activity on humankind》

…the change which we’ve faced at present is a rapid one which happens in a short term like a hundred years. Its ratio on the change is dozens of times.

To make matters worse, methane in the atmosphere has also increased rapidly. Methane is a gaseous body which promotes the global warming like carbon dioxide. It also continues to increase from the industrial evolution.

We can’t ignore the great damage to the global warming by methane any more.

《Can creatures get over the rapid change?》

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《Can creatures get over the rapid change?》

It’s the biosphere which we’ve been worried about that it would be confused a lot thanks to the rapid change on the surrounding of the earth.

With the global warming, the temperate plants move to high latitudes. As to the one of which speed was fast comparatively, its speed was 100 kilometers a year. The one of which speed was slow was 30 kilometers a year.

On the other hand it has been estimated that the movement on a climatic zone to high latitudes is some 1000 kilometers for a hundred years.

No one can…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《Can creatures get over the rapid change?》

No one can guarantee whether or not plants all over the world can follow the change safely, but if the plants can’t, animals which coexist with the plants will be damaged. It’s inevitable.

As a result, diversity on the creatures will be damaged extremely.

《As to the estimation on the global warming, there is something vague》

It is certain that the humankind have consumed a large amount of fossil fuel so much that carbon dioxide increases, and it makes the climate on the earth warm.

If carbon dioxide continues to…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《As to the estimation on the global warming, there is something vague》

If carbon dioxide continues to increase as it was, it becomes double in 2100, according to the research by the government. Then it has been estimated that the temperature would rise from 1.5 to 4 ℃.

As to the estimation on the most appropriate numerical value, the temperature which would go up is by 2.5 ℃. The expectation on the global warming is shown by simulation being based on physical law.

As to the proper reasoning, it was made sure by a comparison with the observatory data in the…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《As to the estimation on the global warming, there is something vague》

…it has been made sure by the observatory data in the past, but the credibility on the estimation of the observatory data, there is room for improvement. The most important theme is an effect on minute particles of sulfur oxide floating in the troposphere 対流圏. It is called aerosol in the troposphere.

The aerosol in the troposphere causes not only a local air pollution but appeases the global warming by increase on the carbon dioxide. The effect on controlling the global warming by the…

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【A great uproar on the estimation】

《As to the estimation on the global warming, there is something vague》

The effect on the controlling the global warming by the aerosol in the troposphere is two.

The first is the aerosol which means minute particles on sulfur oxide themselves reflect extra radiation from the sun and decreases the amount of energy which will absorb by the earth. As to the first estimation, we can rely it on pretty.

The second is the aerosol has influence over clouds and it changes particles made up with clouds. It controls the global warming indirect.

The aerosol which…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《As to the estimation on the global warming, there is something vague》

As to the aerosol which means minute particles on sulfur dioxide, they divide large particles made up with clouds into small ones. When small particles made up with clouds increases, reflection on the sun by the cloud increases, as a result, the amount of energy which the earth absorbs decreases.

A meteorological satellite observed thick clouds along with a route by ship, so the effect over the aerosol is clear. There is smoke from the chimney on ships. The meteorological satellite can’t…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《As to the estimation on the global warming, there is something vague》

The meteorological satellite can’t observe the smoke from ships, but minute particles on sulfur oxide included in the smoke had influence over the smoke in the sky, so the ability on reflection by the cloud increased. As a result, the meteorological satellite could observe it.

But as to the influence by the second effect, we can’t grasp how much it is done. Making progress on the research for the phenomenon is essential so as to heighten the credibility on the global warming.

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《The key on the rise of the surface of the sea is in change of snowfall in Antarctic》

Credibility on estimation of the surface of the sea with the rise on temperature isn’t enough. The surface of the sea rises with the rise on the temperature has been made sure by a theory or data in the past.

But the main reason that it is limited to the credibility on estimation for its amount is lacking of information on snowfall in Antarctic.

In Antarctic where the temperature is extremely low, even if the global warming breaks out, melting snow doesn’t increase, but…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《The key on the rise of the surface of the sea is in a change on snowfall in Antarctic》

…but snowfall increases, as a result, an accumulation of snow also increases in Antarctic.

Without being clear how the snowfall changes with the global warming, we can’t estimate the surface of the sea exactly.

There is other problem.

Rising on the surface of the sea in the scale of the earth was some 10 centimeters in the past, and half of them has been estimated swelling on account that the temperature on the seawater rose.

How much does the temperature on the seawater…

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《The key on the rise of the surface of the sea is in a change of snowfall in the Antarctic》

How much does the temperature on the seawater including ocean of depth rise in the 21st century? There isn’t enough observatory data on it, so we can’t estimate it easily.

《To enrich the observatory data and EKO have been longed》

EKO is an abbreviation of Earth Keeping Operation.

A Technical satellite of platform on observation for the earth was launched in 1996, of which center was a corporation on development for the outer space. The satellite was called ADEOS.

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《To enrich observatory data and EKO has been longed》

The aim on the artificial satellite is watching the surrounding on the earth like the global warming, destruction on the tropical rain forest, destruction on ozone layer, decrease on the tropical rain forest.

It carries a spectroscope measuring the amount of ozone, and implement of observing the density on gas of greenhouse effect.

Launching the artificial satellite makes the observatory data which is lacking in enrich and realization on estimation of observation for unusual climate.

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《To enrich the observatory data and EKO has been longed》

The summit on the earth was done at Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and 155 countries signed a treaty of framework for change on climate. It came into effect March in 1994. Its aim was preventing the global warming from breaking out.

Regulation on exhaust of the carbon dioxide is expressed in the treaty, but doesn’t include almost any concrete duty, so we’ve expected we are worried about that there is no effect on the treaty.

An exhaust on the carbon dioxide is related to economic development for each country.

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【A great uproar on the earth】

《To enrich observatory data and EKO has been longed》

Forcing the duty on regulation of exhausting for the carbon dioxide on each country is almost impossible, but we have to avoid the crisis that the whole earth falls into the great uproar owing to the activity by the humankind.

So the United Nation have to found Earth Keeping Operation and to take into action forcefully so as to maintain the surrounding on the earth.

【Companions which are about to disappear from the earth】

《The number of animals which become extinct is more than six hundred, and others…》

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【Our companions which are about to disappear from the earth】

《The number of animals which become extinct is more than six hundred and the ones which are endangered species some six thousands》

Lots of creatures have disappeared from the earth like dodo, Japanese wolf, and quagga. Extinction has never been a thing in the past. Other animals which are familiar with us in zoo have been in the verge of extinction like African elephant, black rhino, Siberian tiger and orangutan.

《Species become extinct four thousandth times as quick as dinosaurs》

The Prime Minister Castro asked research…

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【Our companions which are about to disappear from the earth】

《Species become extinct four thousandth times as quick as dinosaurs》

The Prime Minister Castro in Cuba asked research workers on birds each of foreign country including America to investigate the last habitat for a kind of woodpecker in Cuba thoroughly spring in 1986.

It was no more than three of the woodpeckers which they could recognize their existence. The Prime Minister specified the habitat as protective area at once and forbade logging, but the trace of existing on the woodpecker disappeared spring in 1993.

It was a big…

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【Our companions which are about to disappear from the earth】

《Species become extinct four thousandth times as quick as dinosaurs》

It was a big woodpecker of which full length on the body was 50 centimeters and used to inhabit the U.S.A.widely, but decreased thanks to logging primeval forests, so they have never been observed after 1948.

The people who concerned the woodpecker hoped the population on the woodpecker which were left in Cuba alone to exist, but it has been thought it becomes extinct at last. We have to add to the name of bird which vanished in the death register in the past.

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【Our companions which are about to disappear from the earth】

《Species become extinct four thousandth times as quick as dinosaurs》

Lots of other animals which become extinct are added to the item for extinct species in red list. Endangered species or extinct species are registered in the red list.

Extinct species increases more and more in the present time. It is well known that dinosaurs perished one after another sixty five million years ago. Some research workers calculate the speed on become extinct on dinosaurs then was one four thousandth at present.

It is the time of a large…

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【Our companions which disappear from the earth】

《Species become extinct four thousandth times as quick as dinosaurs》

It is the time of become extinct in a large scale which has never been in the history of creatures. There is an estimation that as if half on the whole kinds of creatures became extinct until the end in the 21st century.

I’m going to express some species which became extinct.

『Dodo』

It used to inhabit Mauritius Island east to Madagascar. Its full size was 1 meter and its weight was 20 kilogram. It was gigantic as bird but it belonged to pigeon.

It didn’t have any…

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【Our companions which disappear from the earth】

『Dodo』

Dodo didn’t have any foreign enemy, so it didn’t have to fly, as a result its wing degenerated, but after discovery by humankind, it became edible or a stuffed animal owing to its humorous shape, so it became extinct within no more than two hundred years.

『Passenger pigeon』

It was in northern area in North America in summer and moved to around the Mexican Gulf in winter. The large flock of birds were over two billion. When passing through the sky over the people it became dark for a long time because of the large flock of birds.

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『Passenger pigeon』

But forest which was its habitat was cleared one after another and it was over hunted for edible or material for a down quilt, so it decreased rapidly and became extinct in 1914.

『Moa』

Thirteen kinds of Moa which was various size used to be in New Zealand. The most gigantic Moa reached no less than 3 meters. Even the biggest ostrich which exist at present is 2.5 meters at most.

After 1600, 30% of it became extinct. After 1800, no one could see its shape. It is said it died out because of over hunting by the Maori.

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『Quagga』

Though forming a flock at savanna or at plain in South Africa and seemed to be numberless then. It was a kind of zebra. Its height from the ground to the shoulder was 1.4 meters. Its stripe was half of its body alone.

The Dutch immigrated there in 1652 and aborigines became their slave, and quagga became edible for the slave, and over hunted as material for leather bag and leather shoes, so the wild quagga disappeared in 1878.

It was raised at a zoo in Europe but the last one died in 1883.

『フクロオオカミ』

It used to inhabit Australia.

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【Our companions which disappear from the earth】　　

『フクロオオカミ』

It’s a carnivorous animal and a marsupial 有袋類.

People brought dingoes belong to dogs, and the habitat of the フクロオオカミ was taken by dingoes and it disappeared from Australia.

Its last habitat was Tasmania, but it was got rid of because it attacked sheep. After the last one was dead in a zoo in 1933, there has never been a certain record of its existence.

《Animals disappeared from Japanese Islands where there is rich and plentiful nature》

An insistence that Japanese wolves don’t become extinct goes on and on even at present.

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【Our companions disappeared from the earth】

《Animals disappeared from Japanese Islands where there is rich and plentiful nature》

The Japanese wolf was small and primitive. The last one in a record was it was caught and killed in Nara prefecture in 1905, but some cases that it may have been the Japanese wolf continued after that, but unfortunately none of the cases have never been made sure by some taxonomists 分類学者 .

To distinguish between the Japanese wolf and a dog which becomes a wild is hard from a limited data, and it has never been unclear why it became extinct.

Various guess have…

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【Our companions disappear from the earth】

《Animals disappeared from the Japanese Islands where there is rich and plentiful nature》

Why did it become extinct? It has been unclear. There are some opinions on the extinction.

For example,a new contagious disease brought by foreign dogs like distemper, deer which was its feed decreased, a development had influenced over it multiply, but its decisive reason has been unclear even at present.

The Japanese Islands is long from the north to south and there are lots of rainfall, so there are various wild creatures there, but modernization in Meiji…

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【Our companions disappear from the earth】

《Animals disappeared from the Japanese Islands where there is rich and plentiful nature》

…but modernization in Meiji era and economic development after the World War Ⅱ had influence over the Japanese wolf greatly, and its extinction broke out in the process of the two of great changes.

The process was shown on Japanese otters カワウソ.

It is said it had seen at a river in Tokyo in the Meiji era and it survived in Nagano prefecture before the World War Ⅱ, but it has been unclear whether or not it survives in Shikoku area at present.

As

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【Our companions disappear form the earth】

《Animals disappeared from the Japanese Islands where there is rich and plentiful nature》

It was hunted in excessive numbers owing to its fur, or fish which was its feed decreases, so if the energy on seeking its feed is bigger than energy of getting its feed, its extinction is just a matter of time.

To make matters worse, natural seashore disappeared, and artificial river increased so much that a place for making its nest decreased.

In addition, people invaded into an area where the Japanese otter took into action, so it put a pressure the on…

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【Our companions disappear from the earth】

《Animals disappeared from the Japanese Islands where there is rich and plentiful nature》

…so it put pressure on the otters, especially the ones which have been influenced by development easily are animals on islands, for the islands are isolated, so they became the habitats for animals which survived until people came there.

But once people came there with other foreign animals, an ecosystem collapses and valuable species which survived become extinct easily.

The Ogasawara Islands belongs to Japan in 1876, and its forest became below one tenth...

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【Our companions disappear from the earth】

《Animals disappeared from the Japanese Islands where there is rich and plentiful nature》

…and its forest became below one-tenth in 1895 and its population increased ten times as much as it was. It was five thousand.

People and new animals like rats, dogs, cats and other domestic animals caused the extinction on the animals in Ogasawara islands.

『オキナワオオコウモリ』

It used to inhabit main land alone. Its specimen has been arranged…

I’m very sleepy and to my sorrow, I can’t get over my sleepiness. I’m going to bed from now on. I’m sorry for it.

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『オキナワオオコウモリ』

Its specimen has been preserved in British Museum, but it has been unclear why it became extinct or its mode of life. Other オオコウモリ is on the verge of extinction.

『オガサワラカラスバト』

It used to inhabit in Ogasawara Islands alone. It was collected in 1899, and after that no one could make sure its existence.

Its full length was 43 centimeters. It has been thought the development destroyed forests and it became extinct. People who moved to the islands handled the bird as food, so it is said it was one of reason why it became extinct.

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『オガサワラガビチョウ』

Its full length was 20 centimeters. It also used to inhabit Ogasawara Islands alone. The ones which were on the ground were collected in 1828, and it was recognized as new kind then.

After that when being researched, there is a record that a bird which was like オガサワラガビチョウ was seen, but after that none of them has been seen, so it has been thought it became extinct.

The bird wasn’t outstanding very much it has never been thought it was hunted in excessive numbers, so the reason on extinction has been mysterious.

『ニホンカワウソ』

It used…

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《ニホンカワウソ》

It used to inhabit each area of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, but its fur was so good and its liver was such a good medicine for tuberculosis 結核 that it was hunted in excessive numbers

Last one which was collected and was recognized as ニホンカワウソ in 1947, and it is said a few numbers existed in Shikoku, and excrement and tracks on ニホンカワウソ has been discovered in Kochi prefecture lately.

But the number of them which exist seems to be few extremely. It is classified endangered species.

『Wild tiger exists no less than from 5000 to 7400』

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『Wild tigers exist no less than from 5000 to 7400』

It was at the end of 1960s when all the people paid attention to the crisis on tigers. An information that no less than 1800 tigers survived in India which was the most influential for tigers was shocking to us then. It means Bengal tiger.

A news on Bali tiger came to an end a long ago, and Persia tigers approached extinction limitlessly, to make matters worse, Javanese tigers were the same situation.

Protection on Bengal tiger was made progress by decision of Gandhi Prime Minister who was …

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『Wild tigers exist no less than from 5000 to 7400』

Protection on Bengal tiger was made progress by decision of Indira Gandhi who was the Prime Minister and by strong support of WWF. WWF is an abbreviation of World Wide Fund for nature.

International well known protective area for tigers including Corbett National Park were prepared in India then, but a tremendous habitat and severe control on protection for tigers were necessary.

As a result, 9 special protective area for tigers were provided from 1973 to 1974, and increased to 17 until 1985.

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《The number of wild tigers are no less than from 5000 to 7400》

No one is allowed to settle down on the special protective area and even going into there is allowed a part of the special protective area alone conditionally.

The special protective area is different from other protective area and national parks in the past, it has a core area and a buffer zone.

The core area is a perfect protective area. It’s the heart of the special protective area, and the buffer zone is a neutral zone. The double structure has raised an effect on the protection.

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《The number of wild tigers are no less than from 5000 to 7400》

As to the number of tigers, there were only 268 in 9 special protective area in the beginning. The special protective area increased to 18 in 1989, and the tigers also increased to 1327 until 1989, and it was over 4000 in the whole India.

But its number recovered to 4500 in 1990s, then poaching 密漁 started to increase. The main aim for poaching used to get its fur, but this time the poaching was done for trading bone of tiger. It was sold in high price as material for Chinese medicine.

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《The number of wild tigers are no less than from 5000 to 7400》

The poaching was done for even Siberian tiger in Russian of which number was from 150 to 200. Every snow season there was always sacrifice by the poaching in Russian territory. It was so serious damage on tigers in Russia that WWF in America sent people and fund to Russia in haste and joined forces with Russia so as to prevent the poaching from defending then in response with an immediate demand from Russia.

Siberian tigers are close to extinction limitlessly in China and are just…

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