Science,English,and math 7th

今晩は😊

9時頃でどうかな？

すっとこどっこいハムタロウとして、参上致します🐭

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レスしたよ😊

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【What I’ve thought】

This thread is mainly expressed by English, but it depends, for a lady established it for me, so I’m grateful to her for it, so it is sometimes expressed by Japanese alone.

Without her, I can’t express anything here.

If she is in difficult, I’m ready to help her, for I’m much indebted to her.

On the other hand, there may have been the one who is looking forward to read my English response. I’m sorry for it.

If no one supports me at all, I’ll be disappointed at it, so I’m grateful for the person to support me. Thank you very much.

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【All illustrated reference book on human body】

Brain, heart, lung, trachea, stomach, intestines, liver, antidotal enzyme of the liver, pancreas, kidney, bone, muscle, blood vessel and lymph vessel, the cell of immunity, eye, ear, nose, tongue.

Those things are index in the first chapter, and I’m going to express one by one from now on.

【Brain】

《A neuron has been in charge of handling high level information in the brain》

When making use of a laptop for a long time, its electric power is consumed a lot, and the laptop produces heat, so the brain of a person needs a large amount of energy.

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【Brain】

《A neuron has been in charge of dealing with high level information in the brain》

The brain of a person needs a large amount of energy when taking action. While the brain accounts for no more than 2% in the weight of the whole body, the brain consumes some 20% of energy in the body in average a day. It is equal to 500 kilocalorie, two bowlful of rice.

A neuron has been in charge of dealing with high level information in the brain. Neurons are connected with network each other, and information has been exchanged with electric signal and material which transmits through nerves.

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【Brain】

《A neuron has been in charge of handling high level information in the brain》

The brain has some kinds of cell called glial cell. The one gives the neuron nutritions, the other gets rid of an alien substance from the neuron, and another coils itself around an axon 軸索 of the neuron and becomes insulating film. The insulating film makes the speed of sending signal quick.

There are some a hundred billion neurons in the cerebrum 大脳, and no less than a hundred thousand of them are dead a day, and as the cell of neuron doesn’t divide, the neuron continues to decrease in its whole life.

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【Brain】

《The common knowledge has overturned! The neuron has increased》

The neurons continued to decrease, it used to be the common knowledge, but it overturned in 1998. It proved that neurons were born in hippocampus 海馬. The neuron itself doesn’t divide, but the before one which becomes neuron exists, and the before one produces neurons.

It has been unclear how the new neuron plays the part in the brain, but in experiment on a mouse, the new neurons are related to a memory. There is other report that new neurons were born in the cerebral cortex 大脳皮質 of monkeys, but there is an objection…

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【Brain】

《The common knowledge has overturned. The neuron has increased》

…but there has never any conclusion.

As to a person, the cerebral cortex 大脳皮質 is in charge of high level function of creative activity like language and memory and its study from now on has been expected.

A professor who has been in charge of the study said like the next.

If the study makes progress in the future, it will be applied for treatment of sickness on brain like an disorder of blood vessel on the brain. There seems to be several ways.

For example, after increasing the one which becomes the neuron outside…

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【Brain】

《The common knowledge has overturned. Neuron has increased》

…after increasing the one which becomes neuron outside the body and implanting it into the brain, or making the one which becomes the neuron activate. It means of quickening that new neuron is born.

【Heart】

《A heart makes its own rhythm for itself and pulsates》

All the internal organs are loyal servants to the brain, it seems that lots of people have an image like that, but it’s very dangerous for the human body to be dependent on the brain everything.

The heart is connected with its life directly, so if the brain can…

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【Heart】

《A heart makes its own rhythm for itself and pulsates》

…so if the brain can make the heart stop on purpose, it is risky extremely.

It doesn’t always mean that well-regulated pulsation on the heart is done from an order of the brain regularly. There is a cell which is equivalent to a pace maker, and the pace maker orders to the whole heart. It’s above the right atrium of the heart 右心房.

A person which has sickness on its heart needs a real pace maker so as to stimulate electronically the heart regularly. The real pace maker serves as the one which is above the right atrium of the...

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【Heart】

《A heart makes its own rhythm for itself and pulsates》

The real pace maker serves as the cell which is above the atrium of the heart.

From six thousand to twelve thousand of liter of blood spread over the whole body a day.
Each of muscles on the cell of the heart has ability of contracting for itself. If each of them contracts without being unified, enough blood isn’t sent to the whole body.

The one which is equal to the pace maker directs each of muscle to contract, and it is enable to lots of cells of the heart to contract at once, but all of the cells of the heart contract…

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【Heart】

《A heart makes its own rhythm for itself and pulsates》

…but all of the cells of the heart contract all together, it isn’t good. Upper half and lower half on the heart doesn’t contract by turns, the blood isn’t sent efficiently. There is a time lag on the contraction of the heart.

The heart has an elaborate system in order to accomplish the contraction of time lag. Changing the speed of sending signal, so it is enable the upper half and lower half of the heart to contract with the time lag.

At first the signal is sent from the one which is equal to the pace maker to the upper…

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【Heart】

《A heart makes its own rhythm and pulsates》

At first the signal is sent from the one which is equal to the pace maker to the upper half of the heart on the both part of right and left rapidly, and the upper half of the heart starts to contract.

But when the signal reaches the border between the upper half and lower halfway of the heart, the speed of transmitting the signal becomes slow quickly, so the signal doesn’t reach the lower half at once.

When the upper half of the heart finishes contracting and the blood is sent to the lower half enough, the signal reaches around the…

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【Heart】

《A heart makes its own rhythm for itself and pulsates》

…the signal reaches around the entrance of the lower half of the heart. Then the speed on the signal becomes fast and the signal is sent to the whole of the lower part of the heart without stopping.

Thus this time the lower part of the heart starts to contract and the blood is sent to the whole body and the lung.

The blood which goes to the lung receives oxygen at the lung, and returns to the heart, then is sent to the whole body.

【Lung】

《Eleven thousand liter of air is sent to the lung a day》

No less than eleven thousand…

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【Lung】

《Eleven thousand liter of air is sent to the lung a day》

No less than eleven thousand liter of air is sent to the lung of the human body so as that we can breathe. There is the oxygen in the air which was breathed in the lung, and the oxygen is handed to the blood, and the blood is prevalent to the whole body.

A cell in the human body releases carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide is handed to the lung through the blood, so the carbon dioxide is released outside from the human body by breathing.

It is said that numberless of germs and viruses drift in the air and pathogen 病原体…

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【Lung】

《Eleven thousand of liter is sent to the lung a day》

…and a pathogen always raids the lung. It is a pneumonia which is caused an inflammation in the lung by the pathogen, especially the inflammation caused by tubercle bacillus 結核菌 used to be the top of a cause of death in Japan. It’s a tuberculosis 結核.

The ratio on the person who suffered from the tuberculosis has decreased sharply by prevention and treatment of the whole Japan, but new type of bacillus has appeared, and modern treatment has never been effective to the new type, so the sickness has been paid attention again.

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【Lung】

《Eleven thousand liter of air is sent to the lung a day》

The lung has always been exposed to such the danger that we can call it the front defending infection, so the lung develops immunity system well which drives back an intruder.

【Trachea, bronchial tube 気管, 気管支】

《Trachea and bronchial tube are the front of defending infection which fight with intruders》

Inside of the trachea and bronchial tube are covered with viscous liquid 粘液. An antibody which unites with the pathogen and makes its function lose exists in the viscous liquid, and it prevents us from being infected.

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【Trachea, bronchial tube】

《Trachea and bronchial tube are the front of defending infection which fight with intruders》

The antibody has diversity so as to compete with pathogens which are almost infinitive. When the pathogen intrudes, the antibody which is exclusive and suitable for driving back the pathogen is released.

Or bacillus and a small elian substance is caught by the viscous liquid, and cilia 繊毛 of the cell pushed back it to the mouth, and the bacillus or the small elian substance are spat out from the mouth. It’s a phlegm 痰.

One of immune cell, macrofuzzy, has played an…

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【Trachea, bronchial tube】

《Trachea and bronchial tube are the front of defending infection which fight with intruders》

One of immune cells, macrofuzzy, has played an important role. It’s one of white blood corpuscle 白血球.

Gas is exchanged in an organization like a bag and the organization is in the end of the bronchial tube. It’s called an alveolus 肺胞. The macrofuzzy moves inside of the respiratory tract 気道 and the alveolus at will and are greedy at bacteria and alien substances which intrude and eat them one after another.

The macrofuzzy has weapons like activated oxygen and nitric oxide.

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【Trachea and bronchial tube】

《Trachea and bronchial tube are the front of defending infection which fight with intruders》

The nitric oxide is 一酸化窒素, and the macrofuzzy makes use of the weapons and destroys the cell membrane of and DNA on the bacteria.

【Stomach】

《The stomach has gastric juice 胃液 which is hydrochloric acid 塩酸 and melts even a metal》

The gastric juice is a liquid of strong acid, and the liquid of strong acid is often used in an experiment of chemistry. The main component on the gastric juice is the hydrochloric acid and melts even the metal.

If the wall of the stomach…

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【Stomach】

《The stomach has gastric juice which is hydrochloric juice and melts even a metal》

If the wall of the stomach touches the strong acid direct, it will be crumbled at once. The wall of the stomach is covered with the viscous liquid 粘液 and avoids the gastric juice and prevents itself from digesting.

However if drinking and feeling a stress too much, an injury and hole will be made in the wall of the stomach. It’s a gastric ulcer 胃潰瘍.

The gastric juice has digestive enzyme which breaks down protein. It’s called pepsin, but even if the stomach is extracted by an operation, other….

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【Stomach】

《The stomach has gastric juice which is hydrochloric juice and melts even metals》

…other internal organs secrete digestive juice and digestion on food is done. When taking it into account, the role on the gastric juice is sterilizing food.

《Food is stored for four hours in the stomach》

When the food goes into the stomach, three layers of muscle move and the food and gastric juice is mixed up. After that the stomach stores the food for four hours so as to send the food the intestines.

The temperature inside the human body is about 37 degrees. It’s as if there was the room in the…

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【Stomach】

《Food is stored for four hours in the stomach》

It’s as if there was a room in the middle of summer. If leaving alone it, the food will be rotten.

The stomach is the first checkpoint for the food, and takes advantage of strong hydrochloric acid and kills harmful pathogens, so prevents the food from being rotten. It defends other digestive organs after that.

However there is bacterium which escapes from the strong acid and survives. It’s helicobacter pylori, what is called ピロリ菌, which has been paid attention lately as a cause on the stomach ulcer.

The inside the stomach has…

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【Stomach】

《Food is stored for four hours in the stomach》

The inside the stomach has nature of such the strong acid that it had been thought none of microbes inhabit there, so we were surprised at the ピロリ菌.

Why can the ピロリ菌 survive among the environment of strong acid? Its mystery has been given clear explanation from the study of molecule level recently.

ピロリ菌 takes in urea 尿素 from the place around it. The urea is composed from a harmful ammonia in the liver. ピロリ菌 takes advantage of special enzyme and makes alkaline ammonia from the urea, and counteracts the acid around it, so escapes from…

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【Stomach】

《Food is stored for four hours in the stomach》

Thus the ピロリ菌 escapes form influence on the acid like that.

【Intestines】

《intestines are the second brain which is in charge of digestion》

As to a role on the intestines, in short it digests food which was sent from the stomach and absorbs, and ejects waste materials as excrement, but it has other important function.

The intestines judge a chemical element in the food at once and issue order other internal organs around it so as to digest. It doesn’t always mean that it receives the order from the central nerves. It’s a function…

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【Intestines】

《Intestines are second brain which are in charge of digestion》

It’s a function from intestines themselves which are independent.

The intestines are called little brain or second brain among the researchers lately. A hydra is a primitive creature which doesn’t have any brain and its whole body is said the intestine. There are some researchers on hydra have a theory that the brain was born from nervous cell on the intestines.

There is a cell like a sensor here and there on the inner wall of the intestines. It detects a chemical element in the food on the upper part of the cell.

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【Intestines】

《Intestines are second brain which are in charge of digestion》

The cell secretes hormone and passes information on the food to other internal organs like pancreas, liver and gallbladder and makes them act appropriately.

The hormone is a material which sends information to other remote organization and causes physiological phenomenon.

As to the cell of sensor is more than ten kinds so as to correspond with various chemical elements.

For example, if lots of protein is included in the food, the intestines make the pancreas secrete digestive enzyme so as to digest the food.

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【Intestines】

《Intestines are second brain which are in charge of digestion》

If lots of fat is included in the food, the intestines make the gallbladder shrink and causes gall which helps digest the fat in the intestines.

When detecting harmful material, a large amount of intestine juice is secreted from the inner wall of the intestines themselves, and drove the harmful material out of the intestines. It’s diarrhea.

Or when the gastric juice of strong acid comes into the intestines by mistake, a large amount of water and bicarbonate of alkali acid are secreted, so the acid is counteracted.

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【Intestines】

《Intestines are second brain which are in charge of digestion》

If leaving alone the gastric juice, it’s so strong that it damages inside the intestines.

【Liver】

《Liver is a chemical factory on multipurpose in the body》

The intestines are internal organs which digest and absorb, the lung is the one which breathes, the kidney is the one which makes urine. What is done in the liver?

More than five hundred of chemical reaction are done in the liver. It has such the complicated functions that it’s hard to express with a single simple phrase.

If I must find something good to…

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【Liver】

《Liver is a chemical factory on multipurpose in the body》

If I must say something good to understand its function, it’s a chemical factory on multipurpose in the body or a distribution center for nutrients.

While development on artificial internal organs like the heart and and kidney has made progress, it is said that a realization on the artificial liver is hard, for the liver is more complicated than any other internal organs.

It is thought the one which has a possibility isn’t a perfect artificial liver but partly artificial liver of hybrid in which living liver is made use of.

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【Liver】

《Liver is a chemical factory on multipurpose in the body》

Metabolism is composition and decomposition on sugar content which is necessary for activity on life. If trying to do the metabolism like the liver, it is said a chemical factory of one building is necessary.

One of important functions on the liver is the metabolism and storage on three major nutrients like sugar content, fat and protein.

For example, the sugar content which was absorbed in the intestines is sent to the liver through a blood vessel and is broken down into a grape sugar which is made use of energy source.

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【Liver Ⅰ】

《Liver is a chemical factory on multipurpose in the body》

In addition, extra sugar contents are pasted together and were changed into glycogen which is suitable for storage. The glycogen which was stored is changed into the grape sugar again when the body needs and is released into the blood.

It is said the whole number of cells are sixty trillion, and the liver supplies all the energy for the cells stably.

Gall 胆汁 helps digest and absorb the fat in the small intestine, and the composition on the gall is an important role on the liver. Jaundice 黄疸 is the whole body becomes…

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【Liver Ⅰ】

《Liver is a chemical factory on multipurpose in the body》

Jaundice is that the whole body becomes yellow as sign on sickness in the liver. It is well-known, though except for sickness on the liver, the phenomenon occurs. A pigment included in the gall increases in the blood because of a disorder on function in the liver.

《Liver is made of half million of liver lobule 肝小葉》

The liver is the internal organ which is in charge of various roles. Its basic unit is a liver lobule, and the liver lobule gathers together and the liver is made. No less than a half million of liver lobule…

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【Liver Ⅱ】

《Liver is made of a half million of liver lobules》

No less than a half million of liver lobules gather together in the single liver, besides no less than a half million of cell on the liver are included in the single liver lobule. A blood vessel including nutrient and other one including enough enzyme go to the central vein through capillary vessels 毛細血管.

Then the cells on the liver and the capillary vessels exchange materials actively, and various chemical reactions occur.

Thus indispensable material for our activity on the life is sent to the blood.

【Antidotal enzyme in…】

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【Antidotal enzyme in the liver】

《P450 is antidotal enzyme which turns an artificial harmful material into harmless》

Modern society is filled with various chemical elements, and lots of them are harmful to the human body. Strange to say, an antidotal enzyme which changes harmful artificial chemical elements into harmless in the liver. Even if the harmful material doesn’t exist in the natural world, it is done. The group of enzyme is called cytochrome P 450.

As almost all of the harmful material is hard to dissolve in the water, once being taken into the human body, it is hard to excrete.

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【Antidotal enzyme in the liver】

《P450 antidotal enzyme which turns artificial harmful material into harmless》

P450 makes molecule of oxygen stick to the harmful material, and the harmful material becomes easy to dissolve in the water, so it is easy to excrete from the human body.

A single person has no less than 60 kinds of P450. While an enzyme acts on a specified material, the P450 does various materials. It’s so flexible that it counteracts the poison against the artificial materials.

There is iron ion near the structure on molecule of P450, and there is space for the harmful material…

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【Antidotal enzyme in the liver】

《P450 antidotal enzyme which turns artificial harmful material into harmless》

…and there is space for harmful artificial material near the iron ion, and the harmful material receives antidotal reaction there. There is a secret in the space why the group of enzyme on P450 can correspond to lots of harmful materials, for lots of P450 of which size or shape are different delicately exist there.

On the other hand, P450 sometimes turns some materials into a carcinogen 発癌物質. The one which is included in a burned meat or the other which is included the smoke from…

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【Liver】

《P450 antidotal enzyme which turns artificial harmful material into harmless》

The one which is included in a burned meat and the other which is included in the smoke from cigarette causes the cancer by encountering with P450.

Furthermore, P450 is related to side effect or effectiveness on medicine. The medicine is an alien substance for the human body, and the P450 changes into other one which is driven out of the body easily.

There is a professor in university who makes database on gene of information making P450. He said like the next.

As to a person of which gene on P450…

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【Liver】

《P450 antidotal enzyme which turns harmful artificial material into harmless》

As to a person of which gene on P450 doesn’t act on well, the medicine remains in the human body as long as the person is alive, so it sometimes causes the side effect.

If the study on the relation between the medicine and P450 makes progress in the future, when making use of an individual information on the gene and giving medicine effectively will be possible, giving effective medicine which is suitable for a patient will be possible.

It has been thought like that at present.

【Pancreas】

《Pancreas…》

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【Pancreas】

《Pancreas is a headquarter on the system of overcoming hunger》

Pancreatic juice is made in the Pancreas. It’s a strong digestive juice which digests lots of materials like starch, protein and fat. Actually even if being extracted a sickened stomach from the human body, the pancreatic juice can make up with gastric juice enough.

There is a tube where the pancreatic juice is sent from the pancreas to the duodenum 十二指腸. If the tube is closed, the pancreatic juice dissolves the pancreas itself. It’s an acute pancreatitis, and it shows us how strong the pancreatic juice is.

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【Pancreas】

《Pancreas is a headquarter on the system overcoming hunger》

The pancreas has other important role which controls the blood sugar level. Sugar content in the blood is an energy source for all the cells, so if we’re short of the sugar content in the blood, it’s very serious.

For example, if the blood sugar level becomes quarter of the normal one, the brain receives a great shock and falling into a coma.

On the other hand, if the blood sugar level is too high, the blood vessel or the nerve are damaged, so the blood sugar level must always remain appropriately.

The pancreas…

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【Pancreas】

《Pancreas is a headquarter on the system overcoming hunger》

The pancreas secretes hormone which makes the blood sugar level become low or high. The one which makes the blood sugar level become low is called insulin, and the one which becomes high is glucagon. Those hormones make the sugar blood level maintain appropriately.

For example, if the blood sugar level becomes high after a meal, the insulin secretes from the pancreas, and the insulin urges the liver to make glycogen by using the blood sugar. As a result taking sugar content is urged in the fatty tissue or in the muscle.

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【Pancreas】

《Pancreas is a headquarter on the system overcoming hunger》

Thus the blood sugar was consumed and the blood sugar level drops.

In the time when we’re short of food, the function of without wasting food was very important one. It prepared for the hunger, but the system on overcoming hunger of which center is the pancreas has ended up being harmful at present, for it is the time of eating well.

The way of thinking has been paid attention recently.

Fatty issue prepares for the hunger and becomes gigantic, and it turned out that the fatty issue has secreted material which...

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【Pancreas】

《Pancreas is a headquarter on the system overcoming hunger》

…and it turned out that the fatty issue secretes material which prevents the insulin from acting on us. If the insulin is obstructed, the blood sugar level doesn’t drop easily. Though the pancreas did its best so as to make up for it, the pancreas lost its strength at last. The blood sugar level remains high and it can’t drop.

It has been thought recently it’s one of scenario of suffering from diabetes.

【Kidney Ⅰ】

《Kidney makes a drum of raw urine a day》

The size of a kidney is the same as a clenched fist, and its…

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【Kidney】

《Kidney makes a drum of raw urine》

…and its shape is like a broad bean そら豆, and there are two of them, right and left in the body.

The blood is purified by the kidney and urine is made. It is made with unnecessary water and component. The urine is sent to the bladder through the ureter 尿管.

When the urine is collected in the bladder enough, its information is sent to the cerebrum. Then the cerebrum issue an order of urination, and the bladder shrinks, so we urinate.

The amount of raw urine made by the kidney a days is equal to a single of drum, 170 liter, but real urine which…

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