Science,English,and math 7th

【Cells in the adaptive immunity】

《B-cell》

…and secretes other protein called antibody, and the protein is the same shape of the projection. The protein sticks to the pathogen and prevents the pathogen from functioning or urges the pathogen to be swallowed by the cell which eat the pathogen.

【Division of immunity cell】

《All the immunity cells are born from a single kind of cell》

There are immunity cells in a great variety. How were they born?

All of the immunity cells are sometimes called the white blood corpuscles. Those white blood corpuscles, red white corpuscles, and blood…

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【Division of immunity cell】

《All of the immunity cells are born from a single cell》

Those white blood corpuscles, red white corpuscles, and blood platelets are flowing in our blood vessels. Each of them has different function and different shape each other, but if following their origin, all of them are born from a single one called a hematopoietic 造血 stem cell. It exists in the bone marrow of a grownup or in the liver of an unborn baby.

The hematopoietic stem cell is divided and changes into other immunity cell like the red blood corpuscle, granulocytes, 顆粒球 macrophages and B-cell.

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【Division of immunity cell】

《All of the immunity cells are born from no more than single a single cell》

Some of the hematopoietic stem cells move to the thymus 胸腺 on the way. The one which moves to the thymus is divided into the T-cell after that. Moreover, if the T-cell and B-cell are stimulated by a pathogen and they will be divided.

A thing like a selective examination for the cell is done in the bone marrow or in the thymus. Both of the T-cell and B-cell have to distinguish a protein which exists from the beginning in the body from the pathogen which invades in the body.

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【Division in the immunity cell】

《All of the immunity cells are born from no more than a single cell》

Otherwise the T-cell and B-cell will attack an indispensable one in the body by mistake, so they are checked so as not to attack the indispensable thing in the body from the time when they were in the bone marrow or in the thymus.

When being exposed to the indispensable things, if two of them respond with them, the T-cell and B-cell which are inferior goods will be destroyed, or their functions are forfeited. They have a thing like hand on the surface of the cell. They recognize the…

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【Division in the immunity cell】

《All of the immunity cells are born from no more than a single cell》

The T-cell and B-cell recognize the protein and pathogen with their hand, their hands are made to be changed as long as they are inferior goods.

As to the T-cell, the one which can’t respond with the pathogen invading from outside the body will be removed. B-cell is stimulated by the T-cell, so the selective examination is done for the T-cell alone.

The T-cell and B-cell go out of the bone marrow and thymus before long and they come across proteins which they have never met until then.

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【Division in the immunity cell】

《All of the immunity cells are born from no more than a single cell》

If they respond with the protein by mistake, they will be killed or their function will be forfeited, but unluckily, the selective examination isn’t always perfect, and some of them can escape from it.

The ones which can escape from the selective examination travel around the body and respond with the protein, we’ll suffer from an autoimmune disease like rheumatism.

【T-cell and B-cell go in circles around the blood and lymph fluid】

T-cell and B-cell were born in the bone marrow and thymus.

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【T-cell and B-cell go in circles around the blood and lymphatic fluid】

After that where are two of them in the body?

A place where we can see lots of mature T-cell and B-cell is in a peripheral 末梢 lymphatic organ like lymph node, or spleen, but it doesn’t always mean that those cells don’t stay still in one place alone. They go circle around the blood and lymph fluid with the flow.

The lymph fluid is liquid which flows in the lymph duct. The lymph duct connects with other one and blood vessels.

When going in circles around the body and coming across the pathogen shown by other cell in the…

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【T-cell and B-cell go in circles around the blood and lymph fluid】

When going in circles around the body and coming across the pathogen shown by other cells like the other cell which resembles tree and the helper T-cell, the killer T-cell goes to the place where the cell was infected in order to kill the cell which was infected with the pathogen. The B-cell returns to the bone marrow.

【Innate immunity】

《The first unit which is the innate immunity swallows the pathogen and digests it》

A pathogen which invades from outside the body goes in the body through the skin and a mucous membrane.

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【Innate immunity】

《The first unit which is the innate immunity swallows the pathogen and digests it》

The first response against the invaded pathogen takes place. It’s the innate immunity.

A protein called antibacterial peptide is secreted from the epithelium mucous membrane. Its typical antibacterial peptide destroys the cell membrane on the pathogen.

A leading part in the innate immunity is a phagocyte. The phagocyte is a cell which eats other cells like the macrophage, 好中球, the cell like a tree.

The phagocyte usually goes in circles around the body with the flow of blood, but when…

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【Innate immunity】

《The first unit which is the innate immunity swallows the pathogen and digests it》

…but when finding an invader, the phagocyte swallows and digests it. The phagocyte recognizes molecules which a parasitic worm, bacteria, and fungi have, and distinguish the ones from the others which are in the body originally.

好中球 has lots of digestive enzymes in the body, after swallowing the pathogen, it destroys not only the swallowing the pathogen but itself like a suicide bombing. The dead body on the 好中球 or the pathogen is a pus 膿.

Furthermore, the 好中球 secretes the digestive enzyme…

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【Innate immunity】

《The first unit which is the innate immunity swallows a pathogen and digests it》

好中球 secretes digestive enzyme, macrophage emits a signal, and a group of some twenty kinds of protein called 補体系 leads the phagocyte one after another to a place where the cell was infected.

Then the blood vessel is expanded and lots of phagocytes gather there, so the wound is swollen and becomes red, so inflammation occurred.

Macrophage and the cell like a tree swallow the pathogen and digest them, and holding the part of the pathogen on the surface of the cell, and moves the peripheral…

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…the phagocyte moves to the peripheral lymph organ.

【Killer T-cell】

《Killer T-cell makes the infected cell commit suicide in the adaptive immunity》

When the pathogen isn’t able to be got rid of enough in the innate immunity, the leading part on the attack is moved to the adaptive immunity.

At first, the cell like a tree which holds the part of the pathogen on the surface of the cell moves to the peripheral lymph organ and comes across the T-cell. The information on the pathogen is told to the T-cell and the T-cell is stimulated, so it divides.

Division on the T-cell are two kinds.

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【Killer T-cell】

《Killer T-cell makes the infected cell commit suicide in the adaptive immunity》

The one is divided into the killer T-cell and the other is the helper T-cell. Which one to divide is determined from the time when it was in the thymus.

The killer T-cell kills the cell direct which was infected with virus and bacteria in the body. The cell like a tree passed the true character on the pathogen to the killer T-cell. After division, the killer T-cell travels around in the body in order to come across the infected cell.

MHC is in charge of an important role when the killer T-cell…

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【Killer T-cell】

《The killer T-cell makes the infected cell commit suicide in the adaptive immunity》

MHC is in charge of an important role when the killer T-cell finds the infected cell. MHC is an abbreviation of major histocompatibility complex. It’s a kind of protein.

When a cell is infected with a pathogen, the part of the pathogen is stuck out on the surface on the cell. The MHC sticks out the pathogen as if it were an arm.

For example, the cell is infected with a virus, and the virus is broken down minutely in the cell. The part of the virus is stuck to the MHC and is stuck out to the…

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【Killer T-cell】

《The killer T-cell makes the infected cell commit suicide in the adaptive immunity》

The part of the virus is stuck to the MHC and is stuck out to the surface of the cell.

The killer T-cell also has a thing like the arm and recognizes the MHC and pathogen on the infected cell with its arm. When the cell like a tree shows the pathogen, the killer T-cell recognizes it with its arm.

Thus when the killer T-cell recognizes the same pathogen on the surface of the infected cell with the one which was shown by the cell like a tree before, the killer T-cell secretes a protein.

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The infected cell received the protein and starts a program of killing itself, and the cell commits suicide then.

【Helper T-cell】

《The helper T-cell urges the immune cell to function》

The helper T-cell is one more T-cell and its function is different from the killer T-cell. It stimulates B-cell, macrophage, and the killer T-cell and urges them to function. The author expresses how the helper T-cell makes the B-cell work like the next.

The B-cell originally fixes antibody to the surface of the cell. The pathogen sticks to the antibody soon, and is taken inside the B-cell and is broken down.

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【Helper T-cell】

《The helper T-cell urges immune cells to function》

After that, the pathogen is stuck to the MHC and is stuck out to the surface of the cell, but we have to be careful of the next thing.

The MHC which the B-cell has is different from the MHC which the infected cell has. The MHC which is stuck out by the infected cell is recognized by the killer T-cell, and the MHC which is done by the B-cell is recognized by the helper T-cell.

A pathogen is shown on the surface of the B-cell and the helper T cell recognize it is the same one which was shown by the cell like a tree before.

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【Helper T-cell】

《The helper T-cell urges immune cells to function》

Then the helper T-cell sends the B-cell molecules. The molecules make the B-cell increase and urge the B-cell to divide.

Thus the B-cell is stimulated by the helper T-cell and increases. It divides and secretes antibody.

By the way, macrophage has the same MHC with the one which the B-cell has, so when being infected by virus, MHC and the part of pathogen are shown on the surface of the cell. It is indicated to the B-cell.

Originally, virus is swallowed by the macrophage and is digested, but some of them can survive.

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【Helper T-cell】

《The helper T-cell urges immune cells to function》

Even if after being swallowed by the macrophages, some of germs can survive in the body of the macrophage. They are troublesome. The helper T-cell which recognized the pathogen on the surface of the cell moves to the place where the cell was infected and urges the macrophage to function.

In addition, when the cell like a tree shows the T-cell a pathogen, it uses the same MHC.

【Antibody in the B-cell】

《The antibody is so varied that each of them can response with any kind of invaders》

The B-cell is one more leading part…

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【Antibody in the B-cell】

《The antibody is so varied that each of them can response with any kind of invaders》

The B-cell is other leading part in the adaptive immunity.

The antibody is stuck out on the surface of the cell in the B-cell. When a pathogen clings to the antibody, the B-cell is divided and increase. As to the T-cell, it has to be near the pathogen, otherwise, it can’t function against the pathogen.

On the other hand, the B-cell secretes the antibody and the antibody travels around the human body, so the B-cell can function to the pathogen which is far away from the B-cell.

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【Antibody in the B-cell】

《The antibody is so varied that each of them can respond with any kind of invaders》

After being exposed to the pathogen, the B-cell divides. Can all the B-cell which is divided then secretes antibody? Do they become the ones who join the battle and do good job at once? It doesn’t mean that all of them can.

The B-cells are stimulated by united the pathogen and divide. Some of them become memory cell. The memory cell doesn’t secrete the antibody nor attack at once then, but when the same pathogen goes into the body again, it becomes a ready fighting power at once…

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【Antibody in the B-cell】

《The antibody is so varied that each of them can respond with any kind of invaders》

…so the memory cell secretes the antibody at once this time, so when suffering from infectious disease, responsive immunity become quicker in the second time than the first time.

We receive an inoculation 予防接種, then a pathogen of which poison becomes weak or is lost is injected, and our body prepares for the next infectious disease. It’s the principle on the inoculation.

By the way, the antibody which is secreted by the B-cell is a single kind alone. On the other hand, the kind…

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【Antibody in the B-cell】

《The antibody is so varied that any of them can respond with any kind of invaders》

On the other hand, the kind of pathogens which go into the human body is immeasurable. To tell the truth, a large amount of kinds of antibody, which means the B-cell have already been made in our body.

So the B-cell which has an antibody fits the pathogen which goes into the body increases, divides. It secretes antibodies, or becomes the memory cell.

It has been thought like that. It’s called clone selection theory.

【Variation on the antibody】

《Recombination on gene causes…》

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【Variation in the antibody】

《Recombination on gene causes varied antibodies》

It is said a large amount of kinds of antibody are prepared in our body originally. Its more than ten trillion. How are the enormous amount of kind of antibody ready for?

The antibody is a protein which is made by a plan of genes.

By the way, when trying to express it in English, I find it hard to do, so I’m going to omit it. I wish I could be aware of it before starting to express. I’m sorry for it.

【Medical treatment by immune cell】

It’s a new medical treatment in which immunity is made use of. There is…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

There is few side effects and combination with other medical treatment shows its effect in the medical treatment.

The immunity attacks an enemy which is a pathogen goes from outside the body, but its enemy isn’t the pathogen alone. Cancer cells which change into unusual one in the body receive attack from the immunity.

It was shown clearly that cancer cells are attacked and excluded by the immune system in the body in the middle of the 1980. At first a material called interleukin which increases the T-cell has been discovered then.

The interleukin was…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

The interleukin which increases the T-cell was composed and was injected to patients who suffered from the cancer. Then the cancer of a part of patients reduced clearly, but the interleukin doesn’t function the cancer cells direct. It makes the T-cell increase, and the T-cell attacked the cancer cells and excluded them. It was demonstrated then.

The T-cell doesn’t attack an ordinary cell but do the cancer cells alone. What makes the T-cell attack the cancer cell as guide?

A Belgian immunologist started from a study on melanoma which is a cancer on a mole.

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

He discovered molecules on the cancer as a guide, which is the pathogen on the cancer, after that lots of the pathogens on cancers have been discovered. In addition, the cell like a tree which shows the T-cell the pathogen on the cancer, and various cells which attack the cancer cells have also been discovered.

《An immune cell which is needed alone is strengthened outside the body》

Applying the immune system to a medical treatment against sickness for the people practically has been paid attention at present, and is popular among us.

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《An immune cell which is needed alone is strengthened outside the body》

The medical treatment by immune cell means a combination of medical treatment by immune and the medical treatment on cells. What is the medical treatment on cells?

Taking out cells and organs from the body of a patient, dealing with them outside the body, processing and increasing and heightening its function. After that, the cells and organs are returned to the body. The medical treatment on cells is done like that.

For example,culturing a cell on cartilage 軟骨 in joint outside the…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《An immune cell which is needed alone is strengthened outside the body》

…culturing the cell on cartilage in a joint outside the body and taking advantage of it for a damaged joint, so the joint is cured. Or culturing the cell on skin outside the body, and applying it to a remedy for a burn on damaged skin. It’s the medical treatment on cells.

In the medical treatment on cells, a cell which functions to an immune cell is used. It’s the medical treatment on immune cell.

The medical treatment on immune cell has been done against the cancer in wide area.

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《The immune cell which is needed alone is strengthened outside the body》

Medical treatment on immune cell has also been used for a part of infectious disease on virus. The Cell which has been taken advantage are the T-cell, or the cell like a tree. The T-cell kills cancer cells direct, and the cell like a tree conveys information on pathogen of the cancer cell to the T-cell, and issues a command for attack against the cancer cell.

The medical treatment has been taken advantage of the cancer from the latter half in 1980s.
Then various immune cells which…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《The immune cell which is needed alone is strengthened outside the body》

Then various immune cells which is increased by interleukin is injected into the human body. The interleukin increases the T-cell, but except for the T-cell, there are cells which attack the cancer cells like NK cell and others.

Each of the cells is limited to the cancer cell which each of them can attack. For example, the T-cell attack the cancer cell which sticks out a molecule called MHC and a pathogen on the surface of the cell.

But the cancer cell sometimes hides the MHC, for…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《The immune cell which is needed alone is strengthened outside the body》

…for the cancer cell defends itself from the T-cell. Then the cancer cell isn’t attacked by the T-cell any more, but the NK cell can attack the cancer cell, using other molecule on the surface of the cell as guide.

Therefore, being based on the feature of the cancer cell in the human body or on the symptom on the cancer, choosing an appropriate cell from various cells and increasing it, so it has been taken advantage of the treatment at present.

《A medical treatment against cancer …》

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《A medical treatment against cancer which is less side effect than any other medical treatment》

How is the medical treatment on immune cell done actually?

At first taking dozens milliliter of blood from a patient, and using a medicine which is suitable for a kind of necessary cell, and increasing the cell in a culture solution. Finally the T-cell which has strong offensive ability in the large amount of culture solution which is more than 2 liter. Its number from five billion to ten billion.

The amount of the blood on a grownup is some five liter.

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《Medical treatment against cancer which is less side effect than any other ones》

The number of the T-cell which is increased in the culture solution is twice the ones in the blood of a grownup.

After washing off the medicine which was used for the culture solution enough, the cell is injected into the patient repeatedly. When the medical treatment is done against the patient, the patient has a slight fever involving immune response, but as the one which is injected is the cell from the patient itself, it’s different from a composed medicines, so its side…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《Medical treatment against cancer which is less side effect than any other ones》

…so its side effect is less.

The medical treatment against cancer in the past is a surgical operation, radiation treatment, or chemical treatment used to be adopted.

The surgical operation is getting rid of a focus 病巣 on the cancer by a surgical knife. The radiation treatment was caused damage on the patient by applying radiation. The chemical treatment is an anti cancer drug which is poisonous was used.

Those medical treatment can’t avoid damage against normal cells and…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《Medical treatment against cancer which is less side effect than any others》

…and its side effect used to be strong. It was problematic in the past. On the other hand, the medical treatment by immune cell is less side effect, and it’s a strong point.

But the medical treatment by immune cell isn’t standard one against cancer, so health insurance wasn’t applied for the medical treatment February in 2011, so its effect should be appreciated in the future.

As to the medical treatment against cancer, combining various medical treatment, joining forces, and…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《Medical treatment by immune cell which is less side effect than any other ones》

…and handling the cancer. The ones who are engaged in the medical treatment will fight with all their strength.

None of other medical treatment takes the place of the one by immune cell, so the one by immune cell is combined with other medical treatment and has been made use of it so as to get better result.

In general, as to development on medical supplies, Japan is often behind America and Europe, but the medical treatment by immune cell has been done well in Japan, so…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《Medical treatment by immune cell which is less side effect than any other ones》

…so Japan is a developed countries in relation to the medical treatment by immune cell. Clinical tests have been done in Japan. Liver cancer and lung cancer often relapse after an operation, but the medical treatment by immune cell makes it decrease. It has been demonstrated in the clinical tests.

FDA approved of the medical treatment on vaccine of the cell like a tree as appropriate medical treatment against the prostate 前立腺 cancer in America April in 2010. FDA is an…

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《The medical treatment by immune cell which is less side effect than any other ones》

FDA is an abbreviation of Food and Drug Administration.

The clinical test which took no less than 14 years demonstrates the medical treatment by immune cell prolongs the life of a patient with the medical treatment by immune cell, but the technical skill is the one which was 14 years ago, so it isn’t always the latest one.

Immunology is constantly advancing, being based on the knowledge until at present, the medical treatment by immune cell has a great possibility…

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…the medical treatment by immune cell has a great possibility of developing more effective way on treatment.

【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《It appeared in the medical setting quickly》

The medical treatment by immune cell has been handled as a technical skill in the medical treatment like an operation, so it’s different from medical supplies 医薬品.

As to the medical supplies, it takes a lots of time until it’s approved officially, for clinical tests are done under official regulation and safety and effectiveness has to be demonstrated, so it takes a lots of time.

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《It appears in the medical setting quickly》

On the other hand, as to the technical skill in the medical treatment, doctors can always adopt its latest technical skill, so it is possible to offer it to the medical setting quickly, but there is no official regulation against it, it’s different from the medical supplies, so it doesn’t always mean that good and safe medical treatment has been done.

As to the medical treatment by immune cell, a cell is taken from the body and is cultured outside the body, and is processed. After that it’s returned to the body.

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【Medical treatment by immune cell】

《It appears in the medical setting quickly》

As a result, faculties and institutions in which safety is guaranteed like the medical supplies, and controlling production and quality thoroughly. Those things are indispensable. Its management system should be founded quickly.

【Origin and evolution on the human body】

A person is a creature who was born through a long evolution. We have organs inside the body. Our organs evolve from other ones in other creatures. What’s kind of organs? What’s kind of creatures?

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【Origin and evolution on the human body】

Origin on the organs and the process on the evolution of the human being is introduced from now on.

It is said an organ which has the oldest origin is the intestine, and the ear used to be the one which detects a current and was distributed on the surface of fish.

The author said he was going to express unexpected history which is inscribed on our body.

Its content is like the next.

Creatures linking to a person.

Origin and evolution with regard to intestine, mouth, backbone, tooth, nose, eye, ear, and lung. Evolution and skeleton on upright…

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【Origin and evolution on the human body】

Evolution on the skeleton and upright bipedal walking. Special evolution on the throat of a person. History on the organ and evolution of the human body. There are still more mysteries on the evolution of the human body.

【Creatures linking to a person】

《The human body is filled with the history on evolution》

As the evolution makes progress for a long time little by little, it is hard to reproduce in a laboratory. As a result, we need to verify the most reliable process on evolution logically, being based on various clue so as to investigate the…

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【Creatures linking to a person】

《The human body is filled with history on evolution》

…being based on various clues so as to investigate the organ and evolution on the human body.

A fossil which is the clue on the evolution is that a dead creature is buried among sediment 堆積物. It happens to be preserved fortunately.

In short, the creatures which remains as fossil is only a part of the whole evolution, so the fossil which was in the middle of the evolution isn’t discovered, it often happens. Moreover hard tissue like tooth, bone changes into a mineral, it’s the fossil, but soft tissue like…

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【Creation linking to a person】

《The human body is filled with history on evolution】

…but soft tissue like an internal organ isn’t usually left as the fossil, so it is hard for us to get a clue on the evolution form the fossil. In this case, if comparing the organ on a creature which is alive at present with the one on a creature which is dead in the past, we can get its clue.

A fossil which is alive at present of which shape doesn’t change from the far past is a valuable source of information. Moreover, the human body of our is filled with the history on evolution. For example…

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【Creatures on linking to a person】

《The human body is filled with history on evolution》

For example, the tailbone which is the remain on the tail of the monkey is on the human body. A comparison on various generation of creatures from a fertilized egg to an adult organism gets the clue on evolution for us.

For example, the remains on the fin of fish appears in the unborn baby in the beginning. It seems to show our ancestor evolves from the common ancestor of the fish.

If following the evolution on a vertebrate animal which has a backbone, we reach a jawless fish. As the jawless fish…

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【Creatures on linking to a person】

《The human body is filled with history on evolution》

As the jawless fish didn’t have its jaw, so it couldn’t bite its prey nor crush it into bits. After that, the fish which had the jaw evolved from the jawless fish, and other fish which had fleshy fins appeared. Its four fins are original form on our limbs.

Furthermore, the amphibians appeared from the fish which had the fleshy fins and advanced into the land. After long long years from the amphibians, the mammals, the primates 霊長類, and a person appears.

The author said he was going to express the…

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The author said he was going to express the origin and evolution of the concrete organ from the next page.

【An origin and evolution on intestine】

《The intestine which is the oldest organ on its origin》

As to the organ in the human body which is the oldest on its origin, a professor on the university said like the next.

The intestine is older than any other organ. We can see its the most primitive shape in a hydra.

The hydra has a body like a tube of which size is no more than 5 millimeters, and has a mouth and feelers on the upper end of the tube. It’s an aquatic one. Its whole body is…

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【An origin and evolution on the intestine】

《The intestine which is the oldest organ on its origin》

The whole body on the hydra is the intestine.

When a food is in it, the intestine secretes an appropriate enzyme and digests the food. When a harmful thing is in, the intestine excludes it. It is done by the cell like a sensor on the intestine.

The thing like the sensor on the cell of the intestine is a projection like hair. The projection distinguishes a component on the food and secretes substance around it as signal. The signal is a command of secreting a kind of digestive enzyme around…

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