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【A dream of a single Europe】

〈Euro was born〉

Countries which adopted the euro were Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg, Spain, Ireland, Austria, Portugal, Greece and Finland.

Rest of England, Denmark, and Sweden postponed to join.

The nations which adopted the euro were called euroland. It symbolizes as if they were a single nation.

〈A trial of removing war from Europe〉

Each nation in Europe uses euro which is common money means that each of them abondoned its original currency.

A right of issing its original currency is one of their important sovereignty, but each of...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈A trial of removing war from Europe〉

...but each of them gave up their sovereignty and moved it in an organization of EU. It`s a first step of founding a huge nation of European federation.

Why do they continue the trial? It`s a magnificent experiment of eliminating war from Europe.

Europen countries divided into a friend and a foe in the middle of the World War Second, and fought each other and there were plenty of victims.

After the war there has been a movement of founding structure of never break out war again. It`s a way of thinking that if Europe is...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈A trial of removing war from Europe〉

It`s a way of thinking that if Europe becomes a single nation, there won`t be a war.

『Column,customs duty』

If a commodity from foreign country is low price, there is a possibility that other commodity of its own countires isn`t sold, so imposing a tax on commodity of the imported from foreign coutry, and tries to raise its price in its country. Then the tax is called customs duty.

It protects its domestic porducts, and increases its tax revenues. so it`s killing two birds with one stone.

On the other hand, if each..

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【A dream for a single Europe】

『Column, customs duty』

On the other hand, if each nation does the same thing, neither the nation can get any profits, so doing away with the customs duty has been a main stream in the world.

However actual situation is the customs duty protects its main industry,so each country can`t abandon the customs duty easily.

〈To a common market〉

A history on the trial of unifying a single Europe dated back to Europen coal and steel community which began in 1951.

Coal and steel aren`t only very important for both Germany and France but led to a discord between them.

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈To a common market〉

There were coal mine shafts in border between the two countries, and steel industry in which they made use of the coal mine shafts developed in the both nations.

So a way of thinking that international organization which went over a frame of nation managed the steel and coal led by France was proposed.

France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Holland and Luxenbourg joined it and an international organinzation was born.

The same six countries started European Economy community, and European Atomic Energy Community January in 1958.

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈To a common market〉

They increased fields where they cooperated with each other.

At first, the Eruopen Economy Community tried to make a common market so as to turn Europe into a single nation.

Everyone goes in and our without a passport or visa. Selling commodities is done at will beyond border. They tried to be possible that founding a company in a foreing country or purchasing a company in a foreign country.

Trying each economic policy of some countries to be close gradually, and cooperating with each other, and aiming at economic development each other.

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈To a common market〉

At first they planed to found an union on customs duty. Without imposing customs duty on importing any commodity, the countries joining the union can purchse commodities with low price.

It`s beneficial for consumers, and industries in its country becomes strong through competition with foreign countries,they thought like that.

〈Developing into EC〉

Going on those tackles and EC which is an abbreviation of European Community was born July in 1967.

European Coal and Steel Community, European Economy Community, and Eeropean Atomic Energy...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Developing into EC〉

European Coal and Steel Community, European Economy Community, and European Atomic Energy Community were combined into one and EC was born.

The countries which joined the EC was the same six ones as the EEC in the beginning, but England, Denmark, and Ireland participated in it January in 1973, and Greece Portugal,and Spain did in 1980s, so EC was made with twelve countries.

There is a circle made of twelve golden stars on blue flag of EC, and then the number of countries are twelve, so they are the same number, but the number of joining...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Developing into EC〉

...even if the number of joining countires increase, the number of stars on the flag don`t increase, for the number of twelve means complete in Europe.

Advancing economic unification in the EC needed a great effort. Even if getting rid of the customs duty, there were lots of obstacles what is called customs barrier.

For example, English chocolate didn`t fit German standard on way of producing which was decided in Germany.

Or when a driver of truck turned in papers at a checkpoint, the number of papers reached dozens, so giving them ...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Developing into EC〉

...so dozens of paper gave them much trouble and it took time too much when going through the checkpoint, but joining countries negotiated themselves on the matter tenaciously one by one, and solved them.
　
『Column, England which didn`t join euro』

While England joined EC, it didn`t adopt euro in the beginning, for its people were opposed to it violently.

The people in England which is an island country feel originally repelled by putting together European continent.

If money is unified, a portrait of Elizabeth Queen disappears, so ...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Column, England which didn`t join the euro〉

...so there seeeed to be emotional repelulsion among the English.

However without joining euro, there is change on the foreign exchange rate between pond of English currency and euro, so when trading with each nation with Europe, England is disadvantageours.

So the nation considered to join the euro in the future, though this book was written in 2007, so present situation has changed so much. England seems to retire from EC and...

I`ve seldom watched news, so I`m not sure of present situation, so I can`t comment.

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈EU was born〉

Piling up those efforts,countries which joined EC signed on a treay of founding EU which aims at unifying economy and currency and at being political alliance December in 1991.

It was done in Maastricht of a pleasure resort in Holland, so we also call it Maastricht Treaty.

EU has started November in 1993, being based on the Maastricht treaty.

Austria, Holland, and Sweden joined newly January in 1995, and number of country which joined were 15 then.

Population of countries which joined the EU are about 0.37 billion. A gigantic group was born.

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈EU was born〉

Its headquarters was at Brussels in Bergium. Belgium is allied nation by people who speak the language of Dutch, France and Germany and their cluture are differnet.

Belgium is as if it were an epitome of EU, so it`s appropriate to put its headquarter,they thought like that, and they avoid putting its headquarters in a big country like France and Germany from political consideration.

〈There is a background of stagnation of European economy〉

EC developed into EU,and its background was a stagnation of European economy. Economy of both of Japan...

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【A dream for a single nation】

〈There is a background of stagnation in European economhy〉

Economy of both Japan and America revived from oil shock in 1970s at once, but Europe reamined stagnate for a long time. Their managers were conservative, and new industry wasn`t prosperous,situation of its ability to compete was weak continued for a long time.

Each nation in Europe was small and its economic power was weak, so producing and selling in one nation alone isn`t effective very much.

Its cost was high, and even if its product was sold so so, its price remained high, and ability to,,,

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉

,,,and its international ability to compete reamined weak. They would be defeated by America and Japan, especially japanese commodities which were low price and were good efficiency were filled with Europe by export offense of Japanese in 1980s.

Each naion in Europe had a sense of impending crisis. They would be defeated by Japan, if they reamined the situation.

If the whole Europe becomes as if it were a single nation, companies of each nation compete with other ones in foreigh nations except　for...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉

If the whole Europe becomes as if it were a single nation, companies of each nation learn to compete with other ones in foreign countries except for Europe, the ability to compete becomes strong.

If advancing a merger and cooperation beyond border, its ability to compete will still be strong.

As the population in the whole Europe was so much that if being able to sell beyond borders, markets will expand, they can sell lots of commodities. Cost drops, and international ability to compete becomes strong.

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉

There is difference between economic power in Europe according to each nation.

For example, as to economic power, Portugal is behind the others, and its criterion on wage is low. German companies of which criterion on wage is high should build its industry rather in Portugal than its own country, so cost of producing is low.

If European economy becomes a single one, building a new factory, or moving it becomes simpler.

If factories are moved, even if its economy is stagnate and a job is limited in a...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉

If factories are moved, even if economy was stagnate and jobs are limited in some countries, they may grasp of first step of development.

〈They aimed at doing away with risk on foreign exchange rate〉

EU introduced a common currency of euro,and still aimed at economic development.

If each nation uses other currency, it has influence over trade by change of foreign exchange rate. Charge for changing currency is necessary.

Currency used to be different each nation in Europe until then, if travelling ...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈They aimed at doing away with risk on froeign exchange rate〉

...if travelling in Europe, whenever going into a neighboring country, they need to change their currency, then they had to pay for charge of changing currency.

It is said if travelling each nation in Europe,and changing currency every time, the money they had with them becomes half by charge of changing currency alone.

They thought introducing the common money made the problem doing away with it all at once.

〈Competition advanced in the EU〉

If the countries who joined the EU learnt to use the...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Competition advanced in the EU〉

If countries who joined the EU learn to use the same currency, they know the price of the same commodity which is sold in other countries at once.

Then if its quality is the same, the one of higher price isn`t sold, so we can expect economic competition in Europe will still be harder.

It is thought as a result consumers will be able to buy commodity of which quality is good with low price, and ability to compete in enterprise becomes strong.

Actually difference between price on main new cars including tax each nation is...

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【A dream for a Europe】

〈Competition advanced in EU〉

Price of difference on main new cars which were sold each nation in Europe was held within 20% before the EU started. Price of difference on home appliance has shrunken.

〈Central Bank of European has been formed〉

They need a central bank which issues currency so as to be common currency. The central bank ie equivalent to the Bank of Japan in Japan. The central bank of Europe was established at Frankfurt in Germany.

Its six directors including a chairperson of terms are six years, and any statesmen can make them retrie. It`s neutral...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈A central bank has been formed in Europe〉

The centrla bank in Europe is neutral politically and independent power.

Even if the central bank in the EU alone was formed, each nation has its own centrlal bank, but issuing euro and decision of crtiterion of interest are done by the central bank of the EU alone.

Central banks of each nation have to listen to orders from the centrtal bank in the EU alone. Main business which central banks of each nation take charge in are economic study, and supervise private banks its country.

〈Competing with America over the...〉

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Competing with America over the money for the world〉

As having introduced the common money, euro, the EU has tried to make compitition between countries which join the EU hard, and it makes other competition between America harder.

Dollars of American money have played a part in the money for the world at present. When paying money for trade between countries, a dollar has been used.

However if an euro is adopted, when paying, European countries don`t have to use, and other countries which are connected with European coutries will learn to use euros when...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Competing with America over the money for the world〉

...and other countries which are connected with European nations deeply will leanr to use euros when paying. Then it seems that a position of the dollar drops in the whole economy in the world.

As starting the euro, and it makes dealing between nations in Europe active, and if the EU will develop economically, foreign countries may think instead of dollars, euro is better.

Then money which has flown into America at present may flow into the EU, so American economy in which the price of stock maintains....

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Competing with America over the money for the world〉

,,,then American economy in which high price of its stock maintained by flowing funds from foreigh countries may change something wrong.

As a result the part which ueros play in the world economy is very big, at the same time, there is a possiblity that main money in the world may be yen, euro, and dollar.

However yen has hardly been used when paying for trades between foreigh nations, so it doesn`t have ability as international currency like dollar and euro.

How should we use yen?

We have never heard...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Competing with America over money in the world〉

We`ve never heard on a figure on the yen in the future from any Japanese statesmen and people who are in charge on the Japanese finance.

〈To European federation〉

EU has had an ideal that it has the common currency, advances various unification for a long time, and finally reaches political unification.

It has a single original organization as if it were a single nation.

Let`s suppose that the EU was a single nation. Then European alliance of a board of directions is equal to a national assembly. This is...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈To European federation〉

This is legislatative power where law is made for the whole EU should observe. It`s composed of representatives from each country.

For example, when dealing with economic problem, ministers of finamce gather from each nation and discuss it with others and make its law.

When handling an agricultural problem, ministers who are in charge agriculture.

On the other hand, there is European assembly. Though it has a name of assembly, it doesn`t have any legislative power. It`s just a consultative body.

It can say its opinion on...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈To European federation〉

The European assembly which is equal to the consultative body can say its opinion on decision of a board of direction from Cabinet Ministers.

Besides it has authority of giving approval on appointment of members of European committee. The European committe is equal to the government in the EU.

As to number of members on the European assembly, its fixed number is alloted each country according to its population.

The members are elected with a proportional representation system. Its election is done every five year.

Member of the...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈To European Federation〉

A person is elected for a member of the European committee from each nation. Its main job is carrying out on content of decision by the board of direction of Cabinet Ministers.

Judiciary on the EU is equal to judicial court in the EU. Number of judge are 27. Its court has nothing to do with crininal case nor civil action.

When a trouble breaks out among nations in the EU over its actual management, the judicial court in the EU plays a part on its decision.

They`ve prepared for unification of a single nation as European Federation...

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【A dream foa a single Europe】

〈To European Federation〉

They`ve prepared for an unification of a single nation as the EU in the future by founding those organizations.

〈A brave experiment for the future〉

Modern history is the one which is covered with blood such as a war between nations, hostile among nations, and civil war in its country. It was symbolized with the Cold War between East and West.

The author said whenever watching those history, forming a single nation so as to prevent war from breaking out by the EU makes his eyes open for something important.

Needless to say, even...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈To European Federation〉

Needless to say, even if European Federation that each country in Europe changes into one nation comes true completely in the future, it will be done in the farther future.

However there seems to be a lots of things to learn from ideal perseverance, and ability to plan of European statesmen who try to advance toward their ideal step by step from a place where they can do.

It`s a trial of a brave experiment which has an ability of robust plan.

〈What`s happened after that?〉

After that, the EU continues to expand. Each nation of...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈What`s happened after that?〉

Each nation of Eastern Europe which used to be under Soviet Union joined the EU one after another. Bulgaria, and Romania have participated in January in 2007, and number of countries which join in reach to 27.

Furthermore, Slovenia joins in the currency of euro from the same year,and the number of countries which join the euro become 13.

Value of euro becomes higher than dollar as they aim, and amount of circulation has exceeded dollar at the end of 2006.

Except for dollars, countries of which rate for preparing for foreing...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈Aftet that what`s happened in Europe?〉

Except for dollars, countries of which rate for preparing for euro as foreign currency have increased.

On the other hand, each nation in Eastern European which used to be under Soviet joined the EU, so companies of France and Germany moved their factories to Eastern Europe where personnel expenses are low have increased.

Hollowing out of European industry has been conspicuous.

Besides Turkey hopes to join the EU. Turkey belongs to Islam block,but has a mutual base of Christine society. Whether or not the EU should...

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【A dream for a single Europe】

〈After that what`s happened?〉

Should the EU allow Turkey to join the EU? Its opinion opposes among each nation becomes clear.

【End of the Cold War causes other war, which is a dispute over ex Yugo】

〈A missile hit Chinese embassy in Serbia〉

A missile hit Chinese embassy in Belgrade which is a capital of Serbia by military force of Nato May in 1999. Three people of the staff in the embassy and news reporter died then.

NATO apologized for it to Chinese government that it was a bombing by mistake. When setting up offensive target, using an old map caused the...

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【End of the Cold War causes other war, which is a dispute over ex Yugo】

〈A missile hit Chinese embassy〉

When setting up its offensive target, it used an old map, then caused the bombing by mistake. Air raid to Serbia started by NATO from March in the same year.

An aim of attack to Serbia was preventing the government of Serbia from suppressing residents of Albanian ancestry who lived in self-governing dominion by Kosobo in Serbia. Complicated... it`s hard to understand for me.

However the air raid often caused bombing by mistake, and lots of residents of both Albanian ancestry and...

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【End of the Cold War causes a dispute over ex-Yugo

〈A missile hit on Chinese embassy〉

However the air raid often caused bombing by mistake and lots of residents of Albanian and Serbian of both ancestry were dead then.

On the other hand, force on suppression to residents of Albanian ancestry by the ones of Serbian ancestry increased so much that no less than about a hundred thousand of the ones of Albanian ancestry lost their homes and became refugees.

Each nation in Europe which were grieved over suppression and slaughter to residents in Serbia so much that each nation tried to stop the...

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【End of the Cold War causes a dispute over ex Yugo】

〈A missile hit Chinese embassy〉

Each nation in Europe which were grieved over the suppression and slaughter to residents in Serbia tried to stop them with the military force, but their damage increased.

The Cold War which continued from the end of the World War Second was over and various systems which were supported by the Cold War collapsed.

It means that loosening restriction of Yugoslavia which put together into a single nation, and the nation was taken apart and those problems were caused.

〈Ex Yugoslavia where civil wars and...〉

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【End of the Cold War caused other war over ex-Yugo】

〈Ex-Yogoslavia where civil wars and disputes continue〉

Yugoslavia which formed after the World War Second was taken apart since 1991. In the next year two republics of Serbia and Montenegro alone formed Yugoslavia federation.

We call Yugoslavia which didn`t take apart before the end of the Cold War ex-Yugo.

Civil war went on in Bosnia and Herzegovina before suppression to residents of Albanian ancestory in self-governing dominion of Kosovo.

Then a tragic struggle that Muslim and residents of Serbian ancestory killed each other continued.

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【End of the Cold War caused other war over ex-Yugo】

〈Civil wars and disputes continued in the ex-Yugoslavia〉

Then a special representative from the UN grappled the problem, but he didn`t handle it very well.

After that military force in NATO bombed corps of Serbia in Bosnia and Herzegovina and forced the Serbian who were advantageous on military affairs negotiate for peace, and NATO succeeded in winning a cease fire.

NATO tried to blockade Serbia in Kosovo with the way, but failed to do it.

After that NATO continued the air raid for two months and made the military force of Serbia...

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【End of the Cold War caused other war over ex Yugo】

〈Civil Wars and disputes continued in the ex-Yugoslavia〉

In the end NATO continued the air raid for two months and made the military force in Serbia withdraw from Kosovo June in 1999, and then lots of refugees remained.

There used to be civil wars in Slovenia and Croatia before the ones in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Declaring independent from the ex-Yugo made start the military force of Yugo Slavia federation attack them and the civil broke out.

Both of Slovenia and Croatia were independent and the civil wars were over.

Thus various...

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Civil Wars and disputes continued in the ex-Yugoslavia〉

Thus various areas formed a single nation in the ex-Yugo, and it separated into one after another and tragic wars were caused, and the tragic wars added fresh fuel to separation, so the ex-Yugoslavia took apart more and more.

〈Yugoslavia was a nation from one to seven〉

Yugoslavia is a nation composed of southern Slavs. There used to be a famous phrase which expressed the ex-Yugoslavia.

One nation, two letters, three religions, four languages, five races, six republicans, and ...

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Yugoslavia was a nation from one to seven〉

...and seven borders.

Ex-Yugoslavia was single as a nation, some races used Latin letters and other races used Cryillic alphabet. There were believers of Catholic, Serbian religion, and Islam. Four kinds of languages were used. There were five main races. The nation was composed of six republics and was surrounded by seven countries.

Actually the number of nations were far from five. It was said it was over 20. The nation was as if it had been composed of mosaic.

The bills which were used...

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Yugoslavia is a nation from one to seven〉

There were some kinds of bills which were used in the time of ex-Yugoslavia. Each language of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia were written by each language of Latin letters and Cryillic alphabet. It was complicated.

There was no language of Yugoslavia. When the nation of Yugoslavia existed, some people who wre conscious that they were the Yugoslavian, but lots of the people thought they were the Serbian or Croatian.

In the civil wars Bosnia and Herzegovina, the people of Serbia....

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Yugoslavia is a nation from one to seven〉

In civil wars of Bosnia Herzegovina, people of Serbia, Croatia, and Islam fought against each other.

Islam used to be believers of religion, and isn`t a race originally. Lots of them were either the Serbia or the Croatia with regard to a race.

However believing in Islam made them have different culture from Catholic and Serbian religion, and they learned to think they are a race of Islam.

A structure that difference between religion was equal to difference between races existed there.

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-yugo】

『Column, Tito』

He was born in Croatia in 1982, and was from a farm house, and used to be a metalworker. He joined the World War First as soldier and became a captive of Russia. He had experienced Russian Revolution there, and aimed at realizing socialism then.

In the middle of the World War Second he led partisan and fought against Germany as leader of communist party of Yugoslavia.

After the World War Second, he disobeyed Soviet which led by Stalin and groped the third course which didn`t belong to both America and Soviet.

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

『Column, Tito』

When groping the third course, he was in concert with other countries which weren`t allied with America and Soviet.

『Column, partisan』

It`s the French, and means a flying squd　遊撃隊 of residents who took action with a weapon. It`s almost same meaning of guerilla.

However if comparing it with the guerilla, it has a nuance of being supported by residents.

Military force of releasing people 人民解放軍 in communist party in China used to start as partisan originally.

〈Federal republic founded by Tito〉

Ex-Yugoslavia was a nation..

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Federal republic founded by Tito〉

Ex-Yugoslavia was a nation of which formal name was Yugoslavia socialism Federal Republic. As it was controlled by Nazis Germany during the World War Second, Tito fought against Germany with partisan which was the communist party, and defeated it with their own military force alone. Ex-Yugoslavia alone could do it in Europe.

Eastern Europe was emancipated from Nazis by America, other nations in Eastern Europe were done by Soviet. On the other hand, ex-Yugoslavia done it for itself, and its people were...

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Federal republic founded by Tito〉

The people in ex-Yugoslavia were proud that they defeated Nazis Germany for themselves. Tito founded depostic political power by communist party.

However its self-confidence of emancipating its own country for itself was so strong that it didn`t obey Soviet led by Stalin like other nations in Eastern Europe.

As a result, Yugoslavia opposed against Soviet squarely, and adopted original course which belonged to neither side of capitalism nor the side of socialism.

〈Solidarity strengthened because of...〉

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Solidarity strengthened due to fear for Soviet〉

They always feared as if Soviet had been about to attack because ex-Yugoslavia opposed against Soviet which had mighty armed forces. The fear became the power for solidarity which got over difference between religions and races. Moreover Tito`s reign was also skillful.

He admitted right of each nation and founded republics and self-governing dominion, and formed a federation with equal position. His contrivance had an exquisite balance.

Concept on republic or federation is hard to us...　

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【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】

〈Fear for Soviet strengthened solidarity〉

Concepts on republic or federation is hard for us the Japanese to understand.

In simple words, each republic has equal power as if it were different and independent from others, but for example when joining the UN, they put together as federation against outside.

Besides, the self governing dominion is a part of the republic but its authority is as strong as the ones of republic.

Each republic has its original police, but federation has armed force. On the other hand Tito pushed forward a...

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