Let’s enjoy English 16th

【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】

《70% is made up with achievement and 30 % is fault》

Both of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution aren’t the slight problem on the Communist Party in the least since China was founded, for no less than thousands of people were caused to die. Is it the fault which made up with 30%? The Communist Party can’t look its history squarely and didn’t reflect on it as the political party at all.

【Invasion on Tibet】

《A mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》

Dalai Lama 14th who is the top leader on Tibet Buddhism and a Nobel Prize…

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《The mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》

Dalai Lama 14th who is the top leader on Tibet Buddhism and a Nobel Prize Winner in 1989. When visiting Japan November in 2006, the author could interviewed him. He visited Japan so as to attend an international peace conference in Hiroshima. He stayed in Japan for twelve days and held a large scale of lecture in Tokyo, but lots of the Japanese don’t know it at all, for it was hardly reported on TV nor the reported on newspaper so much.

Interviewing for a long time on TV was this time alone lately. Why?

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《The mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》

Each of Japanese journalist organizations have branches in Beijing. The branch in Beijing is a thing like a hostage for Japan.

China has learned to rule over Tibet, Dalai Lama exiled himself to India and formed the government in exile in India. It means that he is a separatist for the government in China at present, and adopting him in a big way by the mass media in Japan is unpleasant for the government in China.

If the Japanese media has the branch in Beijing, China would make a serious protest or limit news gathering activity.

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《The mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》

To tell the truth, I’m not sure what the separatist is and the reason why China feels unpleasant for the separatist, for I have little knowledge on China. I regret on it.

Getting back to the original topic and I’m going to go on my expression.

China has adopted the way in the past. Considering something disadvantage when gathering news activities in China, interviewing Dalai Lama is hard to do. It’s a real intention for the Japanese media.

Dalai Lama on whom the government in China has been nervous so much. Why? It’s reason …

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【invasion on Tibet】

Its reason is in the history which the People’s Liberation Army led by the Communist Party in China invaded Tibet. The author said he was going to look back on the history.

《Tibet which is an unexplored region》

The sky is blue in Tibet. It’s really blue sky. The nation which is near the heaven. When visiting Tibet July in 2006, it was the first impression for the author.

The area where the people live is a highland of which height is from 3000 to 5000 meters. Average elevation is no less than four thousand meters. The place is near the heaven. Tibet has been protected…

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《Tibet which is an unexplored region》

Tibet has been protected by natural fortress and if approaching there by way of a land route, it’s hard to do from every direction. Himalaya mountains in the south, the Pamir Mountain in the west, Great Kunlun Mountains and Takulamakan Desert in the north and Amnematine Desert in the East. Going over those areas and going into Tibet isn’t easy both in the past and at present.

The source of great rivers in Asia like Indus River and Ganges one in India, Yangtze one 長江 and Yellow one is in Tibet Mountain, so Tibet is called the roof…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Tibet which is an unexplored region》

…so Tibet is called the roof in the world. As the natural surrounding is severe, to live there is hard. As to agricultural product, barley is cultivated as staple food.

As to livestock, a yak or sheep have been kept and butter is made from the milk of the yak. Excrement on yak is used for fuel when cooking and was useful for supplying energy.

China has called Tibet 西蔵 and longed for it. It means a treasure store in the west. Tibet used to establish enormous territory in the past. Turkestan and Nepal were under control in the 8th…

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《Tibet which is an unexplored region》

Turkestan and Nepal was under control in the 8th century. It used to occupy even Chang’an 長安 which was the capital in Tang 唐.

But as Buddhism was conveyed from India and Tibet Buddhism was established, it’s changed into a peaceful nation which doesn’t invade the other nation around.

The place where we usually call is Tibet Autonomous Region and its area is by far less than the original Tibet. Tibet originally accounts for a quarter in the whole China, and is four times as large as Japan. The present China has founded the Tibet…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Tibet which is an unexplored region》

The present China has founded the Tibet Autonomous Region between the central Tibet and western Tibet and Tibet has been divided. The area which was Qinghai Province 青海省 in China used to be the part of Tibet originally, but it was made to separate from Tibet at the time of 清. There are residential area for the Tibetan in Sichuan Province 四川省, in Yunnan Province 雲南省 and in Gansu Province 甘粛省. They also used to be Tibet originally.

Speaking of the symbol in Tibet, it’s the Potala Palace in Lhasa. It was built by Dalai Lama 5th in the …

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【invasion on Tibet】

It was built by Dalai Lama 5th in the 17th century. Potala means the holy place for Kannon. The palace was the government for Dalai Lama in successive generation.

《Reincarnation in the Tibet Buddhism》

The author said he was going to put together on the Tibet Buddhism simply so as to understand the society of Tibet.

The Buddhism came in Tibet at DC fourth century. The Buddhism mixed with a native religion in Tibet and an original religion was formed then.

The life of a person is in the reincarnation in Buddhism and even if being dead, the person will be born again…

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《Reincarnation in the Tibet Buddhism》

…the person will be born again in this world, but what kind of life it will receive is determined, according to the action before it will be born. If the action is bad, it may be born again to not be a person but a beast.

The life is filled with agony in this world, Buddhism has thought like that. Even if the life is over, it will revive again, so we can’t escape from the agony forever. It’s the reincarnation, but if a Buddhist achieves enlightenment, it’ll be able to reach a self emancipation. It means being able to escape from…

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《Reincarnation in Tibet Buddhism》

It means being able to escape from the reincarnation. Escaping from the ring of being born, agony, death and revival and the death and birth have nothing to do with, it has been thought like that in Buddhism.

On the other hand, the Buddhism in Tibet thinks like the next.

Even if achieving enlightenment, and release from the reincarnation, working out for all the people so as to achieve enlightenment, some people sometimes return to this world. We call them an incarnation 化身. It means Bodhisattva 菩薩. There is a way of calling a living…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Reincarnation in Tibet Buddhism》

There is a way of calling a living Buddha, it’s a Chinese style and Dalai Lama himself says the way of calling it is in the wrong. At first Buddha releases from the reincarnation, so it couldn’t have been born in this world with the form, but without releasing from the reincarnation on purpose and repeating the reincarnation as a person so as to help the people. It’s the Bodhisattva.

The Bodhisattva becomes the Buddha in the next reincarnation, but without doing, being born again as a person in this world again. It has been believed…

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《Reincarnation in Tibet Buddhism》

It has been believed like that. It is said that Dalai Lama is the rebirth from the Kannon Bodhisattva. The present Dalai Lama is 14th. Dalai Lama means a saint as if it were the sea of wisdom.

It is said that except for Dalai Lama, there is an incarnation which repeats reincarnation in Tibet. If Dalai Lama is dead, it is said it will repeat to reincarnate again somewhere, being born again in this world, looking for the one who is reincarnated is an important mission.

《Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama》

There are four sects mainly in the…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama》

There are four sects mainly in the Tibet Buddhism. Dalai Lama is a top leader in Tibet both on the sides of religion and politics and belongs to the sect of ゲルク. ゲルク means virtue. The high position which is next from Dalai Lama is Panchen Lama. It is believed it’s an incarnation from Buddha Amida. Panchen Lama means a great scholar.

If either of Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama is dead, the one who is alive is responsible for looking for the incarnation of the dead one. The one who was incarnated is still an infant then, so educating it so as to…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama》

…so educating the infant so as to be Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama in the future. The one who is alive is responsible for it.

The top on the Tibet government is Dalai Lama and the Cabinet is made up with three secular ministers and the single minister of priest. When Dalai Lama is after incarnation and is young, a regent will support Dalai Lama.

Tibet was invaded by China, but before it, it was a religious nation. One to four men of grownup was a priest. There were some monasteries which had thousands of priests, and the monasteries owned…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

…and the monasteries owned manors and the monasteries were managed by the money from the manors.

《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》

Mao Zedong announced the foundation on the People’s Republic of China in Beijing far from Tibet in 1949, though the civil war against the National Party continued in China then.

Mao Zedong continued the battle against the National Party and aimed at relieving the whole China, and Tibet was also included in the whole China. There were lots of temples and priests were engaged in the politics in Tibet.

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《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》

Tibet was a feudal society itself behind the times and the people are suffering from the suppression there, the Communist Party in China thought like that.

China which was born again by Mao Zedong announced the People’s Liberation Army would relieve Tibet January in 1950. The government in Tibet was aware of it and tried to maintain its independence, and worked out to other nations so as to certify Tibet was an independent nation, but other nations didn’t accept it. The new China had the sovereignty on Tibet.

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》

Other nations took the attitude like that, so Tibet was isolate in the international society. Forty thousand of military unit belonged to the People’s Liberation Army went over the Yangtze River 長江 and made an attack the east of Tibet October in 1950.

June in the same year the Koran War broke out in the Korean Peninsula and the People’s Liberation Army went to the military unit in the North Korea so as to support under the name of a volunteer army. It means the military force in China adopted the two front war

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》

The two front war means fighting against two different enemies in two places at the same time. The military power on China was so powerful.

In the beginning, the military force in Tibet resisted against China, but it didn’t have enough weapons, so it was at a loss on the large force of the People’s Liberation Army and gave in to China after three weeks. It is said that some eight thousand soldiers in Tibet were dead in the battle.

To make matters worse, Tibet wasn’t monolithic. Then Panchen Lama 10th was…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》

Then Panchen Lama was ten years old and stayed at Qinghai Province 青海省. Aides of Panchen Lama were opposed to the government in Tibet, they sided with the Communist Party in China. They requested China relieve Tibet.

It was the best pump priming for the Communist Party in China. The request from the No.2 in Tibet was the reason to relieve Tibet.

The government at Lhasa in Tibet was surprised at the action of Panchen Lama. The government in Tibet appealed to the United Nations the invasion by China November.

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》

The Korean War broke out June in the same year, and the interest in the world was turned to it and the United Nation didn’t adopt the issue from Tibet. It was treated as the domestic issue in China.

Dalai Lama was fifteen years old then. The young person of which age was fifteen confronted the large force in China.

『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』

Dalai Lama 13th was dead in 1933 and looking for the one who was incarnated started. The dead body on Dalai Lama was laid to rest on the throne of villl at..

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『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』

The dead body on Dalai Lama was laid to rest on the throne of villa for summer at Lhasa. Its face turned to the south, but after a few days, it turned to the east, so the one who was incarnated was the east to Lhasa.

When looking for the one who was incarnated, looking for the signs with the change on the surface of the holy lake. it’s their custom. When the regent of Dalai Lama stayed at the lakeside, he looked at the illusion of A, K, and M on Tibet letters on the surface of the lake.

Moreover the scene of the temple of which …

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【Invasion on Tibet】

『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』

…the scene of the temple of which roof was green and golden and the house of blue green tile roofing appeared in front of him.

The search party on the one who was incarnated thought A was Amdo area, and K was Khum Pum temple and visited the temple. They made sure the roof of the temple was green and golden.

When investigating around the place, they found a boy of which age was two in the house of which roof blue green tile. The boy received a test. Showing the belonging of Dalai Lama and its fake to the boy. Which one did he take?

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『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』

The boy passed the test, for he took the belonging of Dalai Lama and he is the Dalai Lama 14rh at present. After that it was concluded K and M means Karma Rolbai Dorje temple on the mountain of the village..

By the way, I’m sure K is Karma, but where is M?

《Seventeen treaty was concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》

The People’s Liberation Army observed the discipline and were ordered strictly so as not to offend the people in Tibet. The ones who saw the People’s Liberation Army actually had a good feeling….

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Seventeen treaties were concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》

The people who saw the People’s Liberation Army had a good feeling for it, for if comparing it with the military force of the National Party of which discipline was corrupted. Some part of Tibet has atmosphere of welcoming the People’s Liberation Army.

The government of Dalai Lama was forced to compromise when confronting overwhelming power of the People’s Liberation Army. It entered into negotiation with China by sending the special envoy from the government to Beijing, and Panchen…

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《Seventeen treaties were concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》

…and Panchen Lama was also present at the negotiation, but it was far from the negotiation, for the Communist Party in China prepared for the agreement on the peaceful liberation on Tibet, it’s the seventeen treaties, beforehand and forced the delegation from Tibet to sign it, and the agreement was concluded in 1951.

Tibet was annexed to China by the agreement, but was promised China wouldn’t carry out reform which Tibet didn’t hope, and the government in Tibet was permitted to….

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Seventeen treaties were concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》

…and the government in Tibet was permitted to continue exist as local government. Twenty thousand of soldiers went into Lhasa from the People’s Liberation Army October. The national newspaper company in China reported Tibet was liberated from the attack of imperialism and returned to the People’s Republic of China which was beloved homeland for Tibet, though there wasn’t any power of the imperialism in Tibet. Twenty thousand of soldiers were large crowd which were equal to half of the…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

Twenty thousand of soldiers were large crowd which were equal to half of the population at Lhasa then.

《Dalai Lama had a talk with Mao Zedong》

After the People’s Liberation Army was stationed each place of Tibet, the Communist Party started to make around Tibet communize. Taking away the power from the monastery and the Communist Party held a leading position and accused the feudalists and pressed them to criticize themselves. Then if recognizing their crimes, they were sent to the place like the concentration camp.

While the Communist Party behaved itself politely in…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Dalai Lama had a talk with Mao Zedong》

While the Communist Party behaved itself politely in Lhasa which was the home turf for Dalai Lama, it took the power around Lhasa surely. To make matters worse, the People’s Liberation Army went into Lhasa so its population increased sharply and Lhasa ran short of the food and the price soared. As a result, the people started to feel resentful to the People’s Liberation Army.

The Korean War was ceased fire July in 1953 and the People’s Liberation Army withdrew to China, and Mao Zedong promoted the communism still more. Dalai Lama…

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《Dalai Lama had a talk with Mao Zedong》

Dalai Lama 14th and Panchen Lama 10th were invited to Beijing and had a talk with Mao Zedong. As to the first impression on Mao Zedong, Dalai Lama said like the next.

When shaking hands with him, I felt a sucking force from him. In spite of the formal place, he made a friendly and natural impression and my fear seemed to vanish somewhere.

In the beginning, Dalai Lama was fascinated by Mao Zedong, and said he started to think over the possibility on the partnership with China seriously. Moreover he was pleased with the communist.

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《Dalai Lama talked with Mao Zedong》

Dalai Lama even harbored the feeling of wanted to be the member of the Communist Party then. When being in Beijing, the convention on the Communist Party was held, and Dalai Lama was chosen as the vice chair person on the standing committee of the National People’s Congress, though he recognized it’s just a nominal position.

When being in Beijing for a year, he was addicted to Mao Zedong completely. He was called from Mao Zedong suddenly the previous day before returning to Tibet, and Mao Zedong said to him like the next.

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《Dalai Lama talked with Mao Zedong》

Your attitude is good but religion is harmful, for the population decreases because both of a priest and a nun must remain single, and religion ignores material progress.

When hearing it, Dalai Lama thought like the next.

I felt the emotion showed on my face as if it had been a storm and had a great deal of fear suddenly. He acknowledged the Communist Party and Mao Zedong would never accept the Tibetan Buddhism. Besides, he stoped by each place of Tibet on the way back from Beijing to Lhasa, and knew the present situation under…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Dalai Lama talked with Mao Zedong》

…and knew the situation under control by the Communist Party. When asking the people on the situation of their life, they answered like the next.

We’re very happy because of the head of Mao, the Communist Party and the People’s Republic of China.

But there were tears in their eyes.

Thus Dalai Lama began to feel alarm against China.

《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》

By the way which is Tibet an independent nation or the part of China? 清 sent troops to Tibet in 1720 and the present government in China has had an…

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《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》

…and the present government in China has had the opinion by that Tibet becomes the part of China. After that the dynasty of 清 sent governmental officials to Tibet regularly, and it’s the evidence for the present government in China to rule over Tibet since then.

On the other hand Tibet thought China acknowledges Tibet as nation and sent an ambassador.

The military force belonged England invaded into Tibet in 1903 and Tibet fought against England, but the ambassador from 清 looked on with folded arms then. If 清 was the ….

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《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》

If 清 was the ruler over Tibet, 清 would try to protect Tibet, but looking on with folded arms means that its actual situation was the ambassador from the 清 dynasty. Or Tibet used to have its original armed force and it‘s the evidence that Tibet was an independent nation.

Though successive emperors in 清 understood the Tibet Buddhism and supported, it didn’t meddle internal.

On the other hand, Tibet didn’t have the idea as nation, so it has never declared its independence, but maintained actual independence, but England…

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《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》

…but England and Russia concluded an entente, accepting suzerainty over 清 on Tibet. Dalai Lama 13th exiled himself in India belonged to England for a limited time only on account of the interference by 清, but when 清 collapsed in 1912 and the soldiers from 清 were banished from Tibet, and Dalai Lama 13th retuned to Lhasa and declared Tibet was independent in the next year. He called his nation a little one which is released from any kind of control then.

He organized the national military force and established its national …

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《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》

…and established its national flag of snow lion and introduced its original currency for the first time.

Though Mongol approved of the independence on Tibet, China, England, Russia and France didn’t, for each of them wanted Tibet under control. In addition, America also acknowledged Tibet was under protection of 清.

Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 in the Republic of China after 清 tried to put Tibet under protection of China, and Tibet was the part of territory in China like Mongol in its constitution. The slogan on the Republic of…

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《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》

The slogan on the Republic of China was the harmony of five races, and five races is Han 漢, Mongoloid, Manchurian, Tibetan, and Hui people 回族, so Tibet was included.

China, Tibet and England negotiated at Shiela in India and concluded Shimla treaty June in 1914. England joined in the negotiation as intermediary agent.

Tibet secured its sovereignty on its domestic administration, but accepted the suzerainty on Tibet by the Republic of China, but Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 in the Republic of China thought England deceived China, so…

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《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》

…so lots of territory belonged to China was taken away from China by Tibet, and Yuan Shikai didn’t consent to the treaty.

On the other hand, the government in Tibet declared it didn’t agree to the suzerainty by the Republic of China. After that Tibet is a sovereign nation with regard to the international law, but without being approved by the international society, even if insisting on being the independent nation, it’s fact that it’s an illusional existence.

《Uprising on anti China broke out in Tibet》

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Uprising on anti China broke out in Tibet》

Qinghai Province 青海省 which was eastern area in Tibet was under control by the liberation army from early time, being communized was promoted rapidly. Huge land possessed by monastery was released to the people in China. In short, China learned to belong the tremendous land. Propaganda on anti religion was unfolded and priests were forced to criticized themselves in public.

The people who broke out riots being opposed to the way of the Communist Party appeared one after another, but they were oppressed relentlessly and were...

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《Uprising on anti China broke out in Tibet》

…and they were executed. Lots of refugees arrived at Lhasa so as to escape from the oppression and some of them unfolded the activity on guerrilla, and the liberation army responded to them by oppression.

Monasteries which were the base for guerrilla were bombarded and even family members on the guerrilla were tortured and were executed. When being executed, lots of them who yelled hooray Dalai Lama, so their tongues were pulled out before being executed.

Though Lhasa was peaceful, in eastern Tibet like Khams and Amdo lots of…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

…in eastern Tibet like Khams and Amdo lots of the Tibetans were slaughtered by the relentless oppression.

《Dalai Lama exiled himself in India》

The news on the slaughter was reported to the peaceful Lhasa, there was unrest atmosphere there and it was March in 1959 when it was decisively. The military force belonged to China invited Dalai Lama to the garrison for a theater party. Without being escorted by any Tibetans, the military force requested Dalai Lama alone come there or come there with a small number of people in secret strictly.

The people in Lhasa thought…

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《Dalai Lama exiled himself in India》

The people in Lhasa thought the military force in China tried to abduct Dalai Lama and no less than thirty thousand of crowd gathered in front of Norbulngka Palace where Dalai Lama was in so as to defend Dalai Lama.

But the military force in China got angry with it and issued the final notice, if the crowd didn’t disperse, it would bombard the Norbulingka Palace and mop up the crowd. At last Dalai Lama decided to go into exile then.

He judged if he was away from the palace, the crowd would disperse and the collision between the…

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《Dalai Lama exiled himself in India》

…and the collision between the military force in China and the Tibetan would be avoided. At first four of cabinet members were away from the palace in the morning on the 17th day March, and the mother and the little brother of Dalai Lama were in the evening.

Dalai Lama departed from the palace with the small number of the guards and left for India. After that the people who made their own way merged together later. Hundred of refugees aimed at being in India and three hundred and fifteen soldiers protected them. Going over several…

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《Dalai Lama went into exile in India》

Going over several highest points on mountain, being bothered by snowstorm or the rain of down pour and they were in the land route for two weeks. It was the escape from Tibet, being feared with the pursuing party from China.

Dalai Lama had a high fever on the way and couldn’t move owing to dysentery 赤痢, but he could go over the border of India.

The government in India accepted the exile on the party of Dalai Lama and Dalai Lama established the government in exile at Dharamsara which was the high land. Buildings on the government…

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《Dalai Lama went into exile in India》

…and the building on the government, temples have been built on the hill of which elevation was one thousand eight hundred meters, and lots of the Tibetan who exiled themselves live there. Dalai Lama is the head of state in t he government in exile belongs to Tibet. It’s a miniature nation in which there is the three branches of governmental legistrative.

《China established controlling interest on Tibet》

The military force in China was indignant when knowing Dalai Lama was away from the palace and bombarded the Norbringka palace….

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《China established the controlling interest on Tibet》

…and attacked the people with gunfire indiscriminately, so the large amount of the people were killed. Furthermore the military force in China attacked the Potala Palace and Jokhang temple which is the holy place close to Lhasa and thousands of people were dead then.

No sooner Dalai Lama disappeared from Tibet than the government in China abandoned the peaceful politics against Tibet and tried to establish the controlling interest with the serious oppression. Sending the people concerned the government and priests…

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【Invasion in Tibet】

《China established the controlling interest in Tibet》

Sending the people concerned the government and priests into the prison or into the concentration camp and promoted the rapid socialism. An armed uprising broke out in the east Tibet where the occupation was done from the early time and the battle was unfolded there, and after 1959 when Dalai Lama went into exile, the resistant movement spread over the whole Tibet.

On the other hand, the government in China confronted with decisive measure, carrying out the large amount of execution on guerrillas or destroyed and …

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【Invasion on Tibet】

《China established the controlling interest in Tibet》

…or destroyed and attacked the monasteries which were the base on the movement of the guerrillas and the execution on priests. According to the document on the People’s Liberation Army which the government in exile of Tibet gained, no less than some eighty seven thousand of the Tibetans were killed by the military operation from March in 1959 to October in 1960. It was a serious slaughter.

After that the large amount of the Tibetans went over the border and flowed into India and Bhutan as refugees.

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