Let’s enjoy English 16th
I’m going to start the 16th from now on. The book of which title is 速すぎるニュースをゆっくり解説します will be over soon. What topic should I take?
The books in which I’m interested is more than 10. When the book is published, it’s done as the latest information, but the more the time passes, the older the information becomes. I’m sure I should start as early as possible, I can’t do lots of things at the same time.
There is the proverb 温故知新 in Japan. There are things which we learned before and other things which happened long ago. We thought of it again and research once more, and finding new logics and information and take them in ourselves.
I’m interested in the history both of Japan and the world, so I’ve wanted to express some day in the future, but I’m wondering when I start it.
Here we go!
タグ
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
【The second canal has opened. The new age for energy】
《The situation on energy in Japan》
The Panama Canal has have the big influence over the world.
【もんじゅ which was lacked in wisdom】
Whether going ahead or withdrawing, it costs a large amount of funds. While hesitating what the government should do, it made a dent on the wallet in the nation. It’s the situation on もんじゅ which is the fast breeder reactor at Tsuruga city in Fukui prefecture. What is the problem on もんじゅ？
The fast breeder reactor in question is a special atomic reactor in which plutonium increases using as fuel.
【もんじゅ in which a wisdom is lacked】
There is uranium in the natural world. Uranium 235 which causes nuclear fission easily makes up for no less than 0.7% in the whole uranium. Other uranium is the uranium 238 which is hard to cause the nuclear fission.
Heightening the purity on the uranium 235 and using as fuel in an ordinary atomic reactor. It includes the uranium 238 which causes the nuclear fission hard.
Uranium 235 causes the nuclear fission in the atomic reactor and neutrons jump out and when the neutrons bump against uranium 238, they change into plutonium 239.
Thus there is a small…
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
Thus there is a small amount of the plutonium in the used nuclear fuel, except for the nuclear waste. As to the nuclear waste, I’m going to express later.
Reprocessing the used nuclear fuel and taking out the plutonium and if using the plutonium in the fast breeder reactor as fuel, the more we use the plutonium the more the plutonium increases. It’s the cycle on the nuclear fuel.
Uranium 235 causes heat in an ordinary nuclear reactor, and making the water boil with the heat. Then making the steam hit on the turbine and generating electricity.
On the other…
【もんじゅ in which a wisdom is lacked】
On the other hand, the nuclear fission on the plutonium 239 causes the heat and making the water boil with the heat.
When the plutonium 239 divides, a few neutrons which are high speed jump out and one of the plutonium bumps against the plutonium, the plutonium 239 divides and the heat is caused.
On the other hand, the rest of the neutrons bump against uranium 238 and makes the uranium 238 change into plutonium 239.
When making the single plutonium 239, a few new plutonium cause. The high speed neutron increases plutonium. So we call it 高速増殖炉 in Japanese.
【もんじゅ in which a wisdom is lacked】
The fast breeder reactor has been named after 文珠菩薩 which is the symbol on wisdom.
Japan relies on import of the uranium, so it would have be an atomic reactor like a dream in which we can get the national nuclear fuel. Its operation started in 1995, but soon the sodium using for cooling caused the fire and the operation has stopped then.
When cooling down, water is usually used in an ordinary atomic reactor, but the sodium is used in もんじゅ, for without decreasing the speed on the neutron which is the high speed, sodium can make the plutonium divide ….
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
Without decreasing the speed on neutron which is high speed, the sodium can make the plutonium 239 divide efficiently, but the sodium has an a quality of burning explosively when touching the air or water, so the fire was caused.
After that the accident took place one after another, though there was almost nothing on achievement of operation, decommissioning on もんじゅ has been decided December in 2016.
In the first place, none of the countries can’t realize the fast breeder reactor is put to use in the world. Japan aimed at being put to use on it, but we…
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
…but we can’t see the future on the fast breeder reactor due to the successive accidents.
《Whether going ahead or withdrawing, it costs a lot》
It cost twenty billion yen a year to maintain もんじゅ. A trillion yen has already been spent on it, but we don’t see the light at the end of tunnel on starting operation again, so the decommissioning is decided, but it’s in 2047 when it’s over. It’s estimated no less than three hundred seventy five billion yen.
When stopping the nuclear fuel recycle, we don’t have to process the nuclear fuel again, so we have to throw…
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
《Whether going ahead or withdrawing, it costs a lot》
…so we have to throw away the used nuclear fuel somewhere. It’s the final disposal. To my surprise, the whole amount of the used nuclear fuel is no less than seventeen thousand ton.
In addition, as it isn’t used in もんじゅ, we have to dispose the plutonium caused by the reprocess on the spent nuclear fuel, for there is fear that the plutonium can be diverted to the material for nuclear bomb.
Without waiting for the start on operation again, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has taken into action.
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
《Both of going ahead and withdrawing, it costs a lot》
The plutonium is caused by reprocessing the used nuclear fuel, putting it with uranium 235 and used in the ordinary atomic reactor as fuel. It’s the pull thermal.
Then plutonium is used as fuel but the used nuclear fuel is caused after all. Where should we throw it away? It has never been decided yet.
If operating the nuclear power plant again, the spent nuclear fuel will be caused one after another, but the place where the spent nuclear fuel is disposed isn’t decided, so we call the atomic power plant…
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
《Both of going ahead and withdrawing, it costs a lot》
…so we call the atomic power plant a mansion where there is no any restroom.
The spent nuclear fuel will be used as fuel in the future, so it’s our assets. So the used nuclear fuel has been stored by electric companies, but the used nuclear fuel changes into the waste. In short, the content on the capital of the electric companies will go bad all at once. To make matters worse, there is still bad situation as well.
The spent nuclear fuel has been kept in the site on the electric companies each place.
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
《Both of going ahead and withdrawing, it costs a lot 》
But the site on the electric companies is filled with the spent nuclear fuel. The spent nuclear fuel is disposed in the future, so it is kept in Aomori prefecture until then. It‘s a temporary storage, but if it isn’t disposed, it’s not the temporary storage.
Aomori prefecture has been opposed to being the place for final disposal, so it’ll send back the used nuclear fuel to the atomic power plant in the whole Japan all at once, but there is no place to store in the atomic power plant in the whole Japan.
【もんじゅ in which wisdom is lacked】
《Both of going ahead and going back, it costs a lot》
Thus the used nuclear fuel has lost its place to go, so the government comes up a plan. Instead of もんじゅ, constructing a new fast breeder reactor. A large amount of funds will be pouring into the construction. Where is wisdom from the 文珠菩薩？
【The form on the nation will change by immigrants】
As the days have passed with the issue on the Moritomo and Kake academy, the law which changes the form on Japan has decided. Revision on Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act and reform on the way of working
【The form on the nation will change by Immigrants】
At any rate, there has never been enough workers in Japan at present. We can afford no further delay on it, so the laws have formed.
The population on working age in Japan continues to decrease owing to declining birth rate and aging society. Everyone is aware that the staff in convenience store are foreign people alone in the center of the city.
Agriculture, fishing industry, construction and nursing become aged in local area as well, and foreign labors visit Japan as technical intern and support those industry. Japan has already been a…
【The form on the nation changes by immigrants】
Japan has already been a big immigrant nation actually, but the conservative fraction has allergic against the immigrant and are opposed to the immigrants absolutely, so the Abe government came up with an excuse that they aren’t immigrants. He explained that making foreign human material stay for a while and has embarked on the revision.
In fact, the definition in the United States, it’s an immigrant as long as staying for a year, but extending the maximum period staying in Japan from three years to five years in Japan.
But even if being able…
【The form on the nation changes by immigrants】
Even if being able to stay in Japan for five years, Japan don’t think it wants to give them the permanent residence status, telling them to go back to their own country once. In addition then all the time keeping them work as technical intern with low pay.
The severe labor condition is informed to their countries at once, so the ones who came from Chinese visit Japan so as to work has decreased lately. Instead the people from Vietnam, Bangladesh, Myanmar have increased, but they are from developing countries. If the economic condition in their…
【The forms on the nation changes by immigrants】
If the economic condition in their country improves, there is high possibility that they don’t come to Japan all the way from their country.
The government says it’s going to promote the immigration bureau to the immigration agency and to carry out the acceptance on the foreign human material and the improvement on the labor condition.
But if the situation continues, Japan may have been the nation which isn’t chosen by foreign labors.
《What’s happened to Japan in the Reiwa era?》
As to one more law, wanting to maintain labors by working…
【The form on the nation changes by immigrants】
《What’s happened to Japan in Reiwa era?》
…wanting to maintain labors by working by elderly people and women, especially if women continue to work, men who is the partner for women are devoted to their work alone and don’t try to being engaged in housework, childcare, or nursing at all, maintaining labors is hard to carry out.
So regulating the overpay and making men come back to their home early. It’s the concept on the reform on the way of working. The author said he can understand it as idea.
When trying to expand the Flex Time in which…
【The form on nation changes by immigrants】
《What’s happened to Japan in the Reiwa era?》
When trying to expand the Flex Time in which there is no overtime and the government offered the data, but the data was sloppy. As being criticized, the Abe government withdrew it.
If Karashi 過労死 which means death caused by overwork or job related exhaustion becomes an international term, it isn’t good, but the data showed that making labor work as much as possible. The author said like the next, cautioning himself.
If there is something to shout out from the country alone, the way of working doesn’t…
【The form on the nation changes by immigrants】
《What’s happened to Japan in the Reiwa era?》
…the way of working doesn’t change easily. Without taking any step, an executive or an administrative position order to stop overpay, it takes a toll on the people who work on site, so the phrase on the harassment by making it faster was born.
Higher tax that the consumption tax is 10% was planned in 2019 and the unified local election and the election on the House of Councils were done at the same time. It’s once in twelve years.
As to the election in the year of the boar, there is a jinx. It’s…
【The form on the nation changes by immigrants】
《What’s happened to Japan in the Reiwa era?》
The jinx is being exhausted in the unified local election and the ruling party loses in the election of the House of Councils. In the election on governor in Okinawa prefecture, the candidate from the ruling party was defeated by the one from the opposition alliance. It has had a great influence over the situation.
If the ruling party is below two thirds on the total number in the House of Councils, revising the constitution which is the dearest wish for the Prime Minister Abe would be far away.
【The form on the nation changes by immigrants】
《What’s happened to Japan in the Reiwa era?》
Mr. Abe would take varied measures so as to avoid the situation.
The Heisei era was over by the abdication on the emperor. It was for thirty years after the bubble burst out and the Cold War between the East and West was over. There were lots of disasters and harmful effects on the globalism has been clear then.
But the emperor said on the last press conference of his birthday he was relieved from the bottom of his heart that the Heisei era was about to be over as the time when there was no war.
＞＞21
The author said he thought the phrase on the emperor was important.
Things which we can do is being aware that each of news connects with a big current and we should not make those things be the problem for someones else’s like that the low percentage on voting rate of the young people in England decided the withdrawal on England from EU.
This book seemed to write down before Mr. Abe was dead, and if he was still alive, what’s happened?
Karoshi becomes the problem, so I can’t work so much, but I want to work six days a week, but I can’t. Though I hate to work, I want more money.
【Preface】
I’m going to express the book of which title, そうだったのか！中国, written by Akira Ikegami. I’ll start from the preface.
As to the GDP, China has overtaken Japan in 2010 at last, and China is in the second place on the GDP in the world.
It used to say if America sneezes, Japan will catch a cold in the past, but in the present situation, if China sneezes, both of America and Japan will feel a chill.
China which has unending history and culture and has had a big influence over Japan historically. Both of rice farming, Chinese characters and Buddhism has been transported from China.
【Preface】
The Analects of Confucius 孔子の論語 breathes in the spirit on the Japanese at present. China which has had the big influence over Japan until now has had a great impact on Japan with regard to the economy as well.
On the other hand, lots of people may have been confused with the behaviors from the Chinese, for example, the action on anti Japan, anxiety on the safety for food. Uncomfortable feeling against China has spread over the whole Japan.
We’ve learned China from the ancient time to the modern times in the class for history at school, but we have hardly chance to learn present…
【Preface】
…but we have hardly chance of learning the present history on China. Lots of the young people in Japan has none of knowledge on the present China in the least.
The government in China said Japan to look at the history directly. It’s a good phrase, but how about themselves? Lots of tragedies were caused by the Communist Party in China. Has China looked at them directly?
To tell the truth, as to the history which is recognizes by China officially, lots of them have been falsified by the Communist Party. What is the actual history? When learning the history in Japan we need to know…
＞＞25
…we need to know the history on China as well at the same time. We the Japanese can’t move form China who is our neighbor. If so, what kind of history has the neighbor gone through? We should know it at first. We should start from it, the author said like that.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
《The Consulate General belongs to Japan in Shanghai was attacked》
Students threw pet bottles and stone and they went over the heads of the police. There was the Consulate General belongs to Japan at the direction where the pet bottles and stones were thrown. The building on the…
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened? 】
《The Consulate General belongs to Japan was attacked》
The building on the Consulate General got dirty and was destroyed quickly but the battalion of cops didn’t try to stop it.
It was the sixteenth day April in 2005 when the shocking image appeared on the news program. Ordinary residents joined in the students who repeated throwing stones, and the part of them became a mob and they attacked a Japanese restaurant as well.
It has been estimated the number of people who became the mob was almost ten thousand. Young people criticized Japan aloud.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
《The Consulate General belongs to Japan was attacked》
Some of them put up a slogan of 愛国無罪, It means the action by patriots is never accused of their crime. The slogan included the meaning if putting up the slogan on patriotism, everything they did was allowed to do.
The demonstration on anti Japan broke out around the embassy belonged to Japan in the Beijing city the ninth day of the same month. The demonstration in Beijing was controlled considerably, but the one in Shanghai developed into the one which included violent destructive action.
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《The Consulate General belongs to Japan was attacked》
They were opposed to the movement in which Japan tried to be the permanent council member in the Security Council on the United Nation.
The thing which the author was surprised was rather the response from the government in China than the behaviors on students.
In the next day from the event in Shanghai, the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs visited China and asked apology and compensation to China because of the action of destruction on the Consulate General belongs to Japan, but...
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《The Consulate General belongs to Japan was attacked》
…but China refused the request on apology and compensation from Japan. The Minister of Foreign Affairs in China said like the next then.
The government in China has never done anything which we were sorry for the nation in Japan until at present. The main problem is the government in Japan has hurt the nation in China in regard to thing on the historic recognition.
He even showed the attitude of accepting the behaviors on the students. The young people in China had the feeling of anti Japan
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
《The Consulate General belongs to Japan was attacked》
The young people in China have the feeling of anti-Japan so much and there is the atmosphere in which the government in China recommended it. We’ve known both of them with the shocking image on the TV.
The liberty on rally and the march to protest has been allowed to do officially on the constitution, but without the permission from the authority, no one could take into action like that. As the authority permitted silently or recommended it, the young people could take into action.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
《Playing a prank in Xian 西安 led to the movement on anti-Japan》
The movement on anti-Japan has occurred each place in China around 2003. A short play performed by Japanese students studying abroad in university at Xian in the west of China ignited October in the same year.
Students played a serious dram in English and after that three of students studying abroad turned up. They wore a brazier on T-shirt and put a cup made of paper on the crotch and danced. No one can say it was a good taste, but it’s just playing a prank, but there was a…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
【Playing a prank in Xian led to the movement on anti-Japan】
…but there was a writing on the internet at night on the day. The writing said the students studying abroad insulted the Chineses. In the next day a wall newspaper criticizing the short play was pinned in university in Xian.
Students who didn’t see the short play started to get angry and attacked the dormitory for students where the Japanese students studying abroad were and destroyed the dining room. Then an irreverent female student happened to be there and she was hit because she …
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Playing a prank in Xian led to the movement on anti-Japan》
…and she was hit because of a reason alone why she was a Japanese, to make matters worse, the Chineses who tried to stop it were struck as well.
When the news was reported the commotion escalated still more. Students in other university rushed there and thousands of young people collided with the battalion of police who tried to regulate the young people and attacked a Japanese restaurant in the city.
The authority on university knew that the short play performed by Japanese students…
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened? 】
《Playing a prank in Xian led to the movement on anti-Japan》
Though the authority in university knew the short play performed by Japanese students studying abroad didn’t insult the Chineses, it made the students withdraw from university and a teacher who taught the Japanese was dismissed from the teacher, for it joined force to the short play.
Moreover the committee on the communist party in university issued the voice and showed an understanding to the 『righteous indignation』by the students. It didn’t warn the students not to take into action.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?-】
《Playing a prank in Xian led to the movement on anti-Japan》
The authority in university gave the student the official go-ahead. As a result, the young people in China thought if the movement on anti-Japan, even if accompanied destructive action, it’s all right.
《Anti-Japan stood out at the match of soccer》
The case in Xian wasn’t reported so greatly in Japan. It was July in 2004 when lots of the Japanese knew China was anti-Japan.
Asian Cup on soccer match was held in four cities in China then and was broadcast live on TV. Then the Japanese…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
《Anti-Japan stood out at the soccer match》
Then the Japanese saw the movement on anti-Japanese by the Chinese with their own eyes on TV. There were four matches in which Japan joined in Chongqing 重慶. The opponents for Japan wasn’t China on four match, but the Japanese players were always hooted then. When the opponent for Japan got the ball, cheers echoed there, especially at the match against Thailand, pet bottles were thrown at the Japanese supporters.
That unusual situation was peak at the direct match, Japan vs China. Public Security…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Anti-Japan stood out at the soccer match》
Public Security Authority in China mobilized security force. Five thousand were distributed at the game venue, and almost fifty thousand were around the game venue. They were on guard on the soccer match, but couldn’t suppress the commotion then.
Japan won the match with 3-1, so the young people in China who weren’t satisfied with the result on the soccer match started to kick up a row immediate after the match was over.
When a car in the minister of the Japanese embassy went out of the match venue…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Anti-Japan stood out at the soccer match》
…the car was attacked by the crowd of people and glass on the car was broken. As being unable to suppress the commotion, it was midnight when the Japanese supporters went out from the game venue.
The supporters’ feeling tends to rise at the international soccer match. If being defeated by the old enemy, they want to explode their dissatisfaction, but the commotion on the night went over the edge.
Furthermore, the authority in China tried to suppress the commotion beforehand, it failed. It showed the…
＞＞39
It‘s showed the magma of energy from dissatisfaction was piled up among the Chinese so much that the authority in China couldn’t control, and the magma of energy from dissatisfaction started to explode violently at Beijing, at Shanghai April in 2005.
『Column, anti-Japan sentiment in Chongqing 重慶』
Chongqing is the city where the Japanese military force attacked indiscriminately at the time of the war between Japan and China. When the Japanese military force occupied Nanjing 南京 which was the capital in 中華民国 in 1937, its government moved the capital to Chongqing.
Japan started attack…
＞＞40
Japan started to attack Chongqing indiscriminately May in 1939. The attack was done in the center of Chongqing and lots of residents were dead then. The war is the first one in which the zero fighter joined in for the first time. The bombing continued until 1943. The memory on indiscriminate attack remained strongly in the residents of Chongqing, so the city has the strong anti-Japan sentiment in China.
《Conscience of pro China dropped sharply among the Japanese》
The Japanese saw with their own eyes the movement on anti Japan at the Asia Cup, and the riot at Beijing and Shanghai.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Consciousness of pro China dropped sharply among the Japanese》
On this occasion, the Japanese learn to have the awareness of anti China all at once. According to the public opinion survey by the Cabinet Office, the people who answered they felt closer to China was 47.9% October in 2003, but it decreased to 32.% October in 2005.
When the Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka visited China in 1973, the Japanese started to feel close to China. After 中華人民共和国 has formed, the diplomatic relation between Japan and China was served, and relation between both…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Awareness of pro China dropped sharply among the Japanese》
…and the relation between both of countries had gone cold under the Cold War between the East and West. In spite of the situation, Mao Zedong 毛沢東 and Zhou Enlai who were the Prime Ministers responded to Japan politely, so the Japanese fans to China increased so much then. Two pandas were sent to Japan from China as proof of friendship, and the boom on China was caused among the Japanese by the two pandas .
After that the Japanese have had an image of friendship between Japan and China…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Consciousness of pro China dropped sharply among the Japanese》
…the Japanese had had an image of friendship between Japan and China vaguely until then, but were shocked at the unexpected movement on anti-Japan and learned to have the consciousness of anti China all at once.
《The Communist Party in China took into action so as to suppress the movement on anti Japan》
China’s Communist Party Leadership was also shocked at the riot on anti Japan by the young Chinese. China has always controlled the action on its nations. It has the sense of …
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party in China Leadership took into action so as to suppress the movement on anti action》
China has the sense of crisis on the action of the public which it can’t reach instinctively. It’s all right as long as the blunt of criticism from the young people was to Japan, but the action which it can’t control hid the power, the power could have changed into the criticism on the government in China. The Communist Party feared it.
Actually there was the movement of criticizing the authority, which was faint hearted to Japan.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《The China’s Communist Party Leadership took into action…》
The criticism against the authority was included in the insistence of the young people actually. The previous day before the movement on anti Japan broke out at Shanghai, the Public Security Authority at Shanghai city sent the mail to the cellphones of all the residents in Shanghai to observe the law.
The author said, to his surprise, the authority grasped the e-mail address on the cellphone of all the residents in Shanghai city, but in spite of the pressure from the authority, lots…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《China’s Communist Party Leadership took into action so as to suppress the movement on anti-Japan》
In spite of the pressure from the authority, lots of the young people joined in the riot. The government in China which had the feeling of crisis changed the plan. The plan was suppressing the movement on anti-Japan.
After three days from the riot on anti Japan at Shanghai, the Minister of Foreign
Affairs gathered three thousand and five hundred executives on the military force and the government at the National People’s Congress at Beijing.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《China’s Communist Party Leadership took into action…》
The Minister of Foreign Affairs directed the regulation to the movement on anti-Japan thoroughly at the meeting.
Each of newspaper in China unfolded criticism against Japan until then, but by a sudden turn, they started to express how important the friendship between Japan and China was, for all the media in China has been under control from the China’s Communist Party and the government, and they have to be faithful to the plan on the Communist Party and the government, but there was…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《China’s Communist Party Leadership took into action…》
…but there was hesitation and waver clearly in the plan against the movement on anti-Japan by the government in China.
The authority in China had a fear that if suppressing carelessly the movement on anti Japan by the young people, the anger from them turned to the government or the Communist Party. So initially, the authority admired the action on the young people was filled with patriotic enthusiasm.
But the young people thought they were given the endorsement from the authority, so…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《China’s Communist Party took into action so as to…》
…so the action on the young people escalated so much the authority couldn’t control, then by sudden turn, the authority started to suppress it. The authority was confused and had trouble with the consciousness on anti-Japan from the young people. There was actual situation there that the authority couldn’t control the awareness on anti-Japan which the authority made.
To tell the truth, the consciousness on the anti-Japan in the young people were cultivated by the China’s Communist Party
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
Why has the Communist Party cultivated the consciousness of anti-government to the young people? There was a bitter lesson from the Tiananmen Square Incident there.
《Being asked whether or not the Communist Party was justified》
The Tiananmen Square Incident was the military force on the Communist Party squashed the students who asked the democracy in China. It was June in 1989.
The author said he was going to express in detail later.
Then the General Secretary Gorbachev went ahead with the democracy in the Soviet Union. As he would visit…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Being asked whether or not the Communist Party was justified》
As Gorbachev would visit China, media gathered China from the world. Students thought if crying democracy in front of the press from the world, the Communist Party care about how it appeared to others, so they didn’t think the Communist Party cramped down on, so going ahead with the democracy was possible.
But the Communist Party was frightened at the students who asked for the democracy. In short, the democracy means being unable to do the dictatorial political control.
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《Being asked whether or not the Communist Party is justified》
The Communist Party couldn’t endure it. The students thought if asking to the Communist Party, the democracy would come true, but their simple feeling of reliability was betrayed easily.
The Communist Party made the military force dispatch and scatter them by kicking, but the Communist Party had a serious feeling of crisis then. If leaving the students as they were, the political legitimacy on the Communist Party could have been asked again in the near future. The Communist Party….
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《Being asked whether or not the Communist Party is justified》
The Communist Party decided to hammer the significance on the Communist Party into the young people. It’s the patriotic education.
《The. Communist Party has driven forward the patriotic education》
It’s the Jiang Zemin 江沢民 government which drove forward the patriotic education.
Freshmen in university are obliged to a military training and history class is increased at junior high school or at high school, especially decanting time on the modern history of China, and students learn…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party has drove forward the patriotic education》
…and students learn their humiliating history in detail, the invasion which China went through from the Imperialist Great Power or from the Japan’s Military Force.
The outline on the patriotic education has been established in 1994 and cenotaphs 慰霊碑 for victims on the war and a memorial building have been arranged each place in China and they have been appointed as the base on the patriotic education. Children and students visit those places and learn the China’s history there.
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party drove forward the patriotic education》
1995 was after 50 years from China won Japan for China and thorough patriotic education has started from then.
The people used to lead miserable life in China in the past, but the Communist Party relieved them from the miserable life, as a result, the Communist Party has had the power. It’s not in the wrong. It’s right.
Political legitimacy on the Communist Party has been emphasized with the logic, and the people have been asked to love China guided by the right political party.
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party has drove forward patriotic education》
The Communist Party in China regards Marxism-Leninism as model, and the Marxism-Leninism says labors don’t have their homeland. The one who asked the labors to have their homeland is a capitalist who grasps the state power, so the labors have to go over the border and to stand together, and to break out the revolution.
Therefore, driving forward the patriotic education and China has deviated from the Marxism-Leninism, but it wasn’t be mattered at all in China.
The patriotic education…
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party has driven the patriotic education》
The patriotic education of which goal is maintaining the power alone has a risk of elevating exclusive national consciousness.
We love our country. The country which we love is wonderful. Except for our country, there is none of the fantastic country. Other countries are inferior to ours.
Those consciousness could have been formed. Actually, after that we can see the elevation on the nationalism in China. If it’s a healthy nationalism, it’s all right, but increasing groundless contempt..
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party has driven forward patriotic education》
…but increasing groundless contempt to other countries is very risky.
《Jiang Zemin 江沢民 emphasized the problem in the history》
Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 who was the top leader made Jiang Zemin promote to the center in China, but Jiang Zemin’s political base wasn’t founded then and he wasn’t popular among the Chinese, so he adopted the historic issue.
He nipped the bud of resistance from the young people with the patriotic education, on the other hand, asking apology for Japan which invaded…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party has driven forward patriotic education》
…asking apology for Japan which invaded China in the past, his aim was making a impression of a strong leader.
Jiang Zemin who was the head of state in China visited Japan November in 1998. None of the head of the state in China has never visited Japan until then.
Wherever he went Japan, he brought the historic issue. Then the summit meeting was held between him and the Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi, and the head of the state in China said like that.
Japan’s militarism brought …
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《The Communist Party has driven forward patriotic education》
Japan’s militarism caused the aggressive war bringing serious damage to the nation in China many times in the past. Frankly speaking, Japan is the nation which gave the most serious damage to China among lots of the Great Power.
He asked apology to Japan then. He made a speech at Japan and insisted that thirty five million of military and civilian were injured or dead and suffered from economic loss which was more than six hundred billion dollar.
To tell the truth, it is fact that…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
《The Communist Party has driven forward patriotic education》
…the damage which the government in China has insisted increases every year.
Ten million of the nation in China were injured or dead by the invasion from the military force in Japan, and economic loss was sixty billion, it was calculated like that in 1950s.
In 1985 is after 40 years from the winning Japan in the war for China, then the number of the people who were injured or dead were eighteen million and economic loss was hundred billion yen.
And after 50 years, the number of…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Jiang Zemin emphasized the historic problem》
And after fifty years in in 1995, the number of people who were dead and injured were thirty five million, and direct economic loss was hundred billion and indirect one was five hundred billion, China has learned to insist like that.
Jiang Zemin criticized Japan that we had to get the painful lessen from the history forever at the dinner party in the imperial court.
Wherever he went, he criticized Japan. What for had Jiang Zemin been in Japan? The atmosphere of anti China spread over the whole…
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
The atmosphere of anti-China spread over the whole Japan then. Why did he bring up the historic issue when visiting Japan? Some people say he was fallen flat on the face, so he was indignant with it.
《Was Jiang Zemin fallen flat on the face?》
The previous month when Jiang Zemin visited Japan, the President Kim Dae-jung came to Japan and announced Japan-South Korea joint declaration. Then as Japan caused the large amount of loss and pain to the people in the South Korea by controlling colony, Japan expressed its feeling of deep remorse and…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened? 】
《Was Jiang Zemin fallen flat on the face?》
…and apologized from the bottom of the heart, it was described like that in the Japan-South Korea joint declaration.
On the other hand, in the next month, Japan-China joint declaration was done, but there was none of expression on apology from Japan to China in it. Some people say, therefore Jiang Zemin thought he fell flat on the face. Japan apologized to South Korea, but didn’t do to China. Why? So he got angry with it.
Then the Prime Minister Obuchi seemed to think like the next.
Japan had never…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Was Jiang Zemin fallen flat on the face?》
Japan had never apologized to South Korea until then, so did to South Korea, but did to China in the past, if repeating apology to China, the balance between Japan and South Korea would be lost, but the judgement on the Prime Minister Obuchi didn’t reach to Jiang Zemin.
Jiang Zemin tried to make Japan correct the recognition on the history in Japan, making say Japan, Japan invaded China and caused the large amount of loss to the people in China, so apologized it for the people in China.
It means…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
It means heightening the political rightfulness on the communist party in China which fought against the invasion on China and won it, so being able to appeal being strong China in its country.
『Column, Jiang Zemin』
He was born in a family of pedigree Yangzhou Jiangsu province 江蘇省揚州 in 1926. His name is expressed 江沢民, and 江沢 means benefitting people.
He learned the classic from the childhood. Reformation on Chinese character has been done in China and simplified Chinese characters has learned to be used since then, but Jiang Zemin often used…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
『Jiang Zemin』
…but Jiang Zemin frequently adopts the traditional Chinese character which was used in the past. His uncle was the member of the Communist Party. He became the stepson of his uncle at the age of thirteen. When being in university, he’s also joined in the Communist Party.
After the World War Ⅱ was over and the new China forms, he went abroad at university in Moscow. At the time of the Culture Revolution, he had a hard time, but after Mao Zedong was dead, he markedly stood out in Shanghai and was given special attention from…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
…and was given special attention from Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 who was the top leader and advanced to the central political world.
《Without being anti-Japan, there is fear of losing position》
The Communist Party in China fought against Japan which was the militarist and founds the new China. It’s a national foundation myth. As a result, in the first place, anti Japan becomes the backbone, the basic thought in China. If being regarded as pro Japan, there is the fear of losing position. Downfall on Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 shows it clearly. He was the top leader…
【Why has the movement on anti-Japan happened?】
《Without being anti Japan, there is the fear of losing position》
Hu Yaobang who was the top leader at the Communist Party in China visited Japan in 1983. He was the first one who made a speech at the National Assembly in Japan as the head in China.
In addition, he attended to a meeting by young people which was held in Tokyo prefecture and announced a plan of inviting three thousand of young Japanese people to China. He had a strong liking to Japan and associated with the then Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone privately.
But the then Prime…
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《Without being anti Japan, there is the fear of losing position》
But the then Prime Minister in Japan visited to the Yasukuni shrine officially the fifteenth day August in 1985 after forty years from the war and senior executives were repellent to it all at once. In the next month, a gathering on anti Japan was held at three university in Beijing and students shouted, overthrow the militarism, overthrow Nakasone. Then students marched to the square of Tiananmen.
No one is able to march at will in China, but the march was approved silently.
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《Without being anti Japan, there is the fear of losing position》
It shows the authority shows tacitly it’s no problem and we can guess that there is the influence which tried to push down Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 and agitated the students.
Hu Yaobang invited Mr. Nakasone China privately in 1986, and this attitude of his pro Japan was greeted with hostility by the conservative faction, and he was brought to bay more and more. As a result, the influence which tried to push down Hu Yaobang became powerful.
Hu Yaobang tried to make progress democracy in…
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened? 】
《Without being anti Japan, there is the fear of losing position》
Hu Yaobang tried to make progress democracy in China then. Students who tried to evaluate Hu Yaobang developed gatherings and demonstration march supporting Hu Yaobang each place.
On the contrary, it was the ammunition attack for the conservative faction, and Hu Yaobang was forced to retire from the General Secretary in 1987.
Taking the position of pro Japan is risky politically, it has founded in China as common knowledge then.
《Japan China friendship was done because…》
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened？》
《Friendship between Japan and China was done because of the necessity of the strategy against Soviet Union》
The Prime Minister Kakue Tanaka visited China in 1972 and decided to improve the relation between Japan and China. Then China informed Japan it abandoned the compensation for damage against Japan.
China compromised greatly, saying friendship between Japan and China. Anti Japan was the lifeline for the communist Party in China, but China took into action of friendship between Japan and China. Why?
Then China was opposed to Soviet Union.
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《Japan China friendship was done because...》
China had to found the united front so as to confront the Soviet Union, so China needed to improve the relation between China, Japan, and America.
As to the strategy by China, a specialist on the history of diplomacy and politics in China analyzes there was the traditional idea, controlling a barbarian by other barbarian.
There has been the traditional sinocentrism 中華思想 in China. It's the great China which is prosperous with virtue and manners and other nations of which culture didn't developed.
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened?】
《Japan China friendship was done due to the necessity of the strategy against Soviet Union》
But China isn’t always prosperous. Sometimes it’s disturbed and its independence is threatened. Then it adopts the strategy of making use of foreign countries of which culture were behind and tries to maintain its independence. They call it controlling a barbarian by other barbarian. It is expressed 亥を以て亥を制す in Chinese.
After the World War Ⅱ was over, the Communist Party has founded the new China, and China became a partner with Soviet Union so as to …
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened? 】
《Japan China friendship was done on account of…》
…and China became a partner with Soviet Union so as to oppose to Japan and America which is behind Japan, but when the conflict with Soviet escalated, China tried to resist against Soviet by joining forces with Japan.
Japan China friendship was done on account of the strategy of controlling barbarian by other barbarian. Japan China friendship has the aspect like that.
But as Soviet Union collapsed, China was released from the strategy and was able to think the measure against Japan.
【Why has the movement on anti Japan happened? 】
《Japan China friendship was done owing to the necessity of strategy against Soviet Union》
Even if the movement on anti Japan heightens and the relation between Japan and China doesn’t go well for a moment, it doesn’t matter. The situation has changed like that.
As tot he diplomatic policy to Japan, China can do it with its own way, and it led to the approval on the movement of anti Japan by the young people.
Thus when thinking of the relation between Japan and China, we have to look at the history of China, especially the knowledge on the…
＞＞78
…especially the knowledge on the history of the communist party in China is indispensable so as to know the present China.
What is the position on the communist party in China? How has the communist party formed China? The author said he was going to date back to the establishment on the communist party in the next chapter.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The number of people who joined in the first communist party national meeting was only 11》
Shanghai which has developed brightly. There is the building in the old urban area which moves out of the bustle of central cities
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The number of people who joined in…》
Children visit from the whole China and learn the history on revolution in the building, where the first communist party national meeting was held. The national meeting was held secretly July in 1921. Then the member of the communist party were no more than fifty three and eleven people attended to the meeting as their representative, and Mao Zedong was one of them. Mao Zedong who would reign over the top of the communist party later used to be one of the representatives then.
The communist party in Soviet aimed at…
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The number of people who joined in the first communist party national meeting was only eleven》
The communist party in Soviet aimed at causing the revolution in the world and the communist party was born in China as Comintern which was directed by the communist party in Soviet. It was born as branch in China.
The people who were sent from the Comintern attended to the first national meeting. When being in the session, the investigation from the police reached around the participants on the national meeting, the participants were away from Shanghai, and…
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The number of people who joined in the…》
…and continued the meeting on the sightseeing boat and announcement on the formation of the communist party was done in China in 1921.
The communist Party was also born in Japan in the next year.
China was invaded by each nation of imperialism then, but as Germany which occupied the Shandong 山東 peninsula was defeated in the First World War, the people in China thought the Shandong peninsula would return to China.
But it decided that the right of possession on the Shandong peninsula moved from Germany to Japan.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The number of people who joined in the first communist party national meeting was no more than eleven》
It was decided in the treaty of Versailles. Young people were infuriated to hear it and developed the movement of protest on the street. The movement on the protest started the fourth day May in 1919, we call it May fourth movement. It made the anti Japan patriotic movement which opposed to Japan liven up in China. Demonstration march and the movement of not to buy Japanese goods developed on the street. Then there was the movement on anti Japan.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The number of people who joined in…》
As the communist party was born from the liven up movement of the fourth May, the fourth May has a special meaning in the present China. A magazine of which name was 新青年 started and it was supported by young intellectuals and its reader increased in China then.
The revolution broke out in Russia in 1917, the thought on the revolution in Russia was introduced in the magazine, and the magazine played a role that the communism spread over. Young people who sympathized with the communism turned up each place in China.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The number of people who joined in the first communist party national meeting was only eleven》
The group of the young people who sympathized the communism became the mother body of the communist party.
The the one who was dispatched from the Comintern went into Shanghai at first and made contact with the young people who sympathized with the communism and worked on them to form the communist party. Thus, the communist party was born in Shanghai.
Intelligent people in the city like a professor at Beijing university was mainstream in the communist party
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
The communist party developed as the political party for peasants later, but there was no sign of it then.
《The communist party which aimed at the national democratic revolution》
The communist party started the policy, according to the instruction from the Comintern. The goal on the communist party is the realization on the socialism. The socialism is the next step from the capitalism, according to Marx.
Even capitalism didn’t develop in China then, and it was feudal system which was the previous step to the capitalism . Moving from the feudal system…
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The communist party which aimed at democratic national revolution》
Moving from the feudal system to the capitalism and bringing the society to the socialism so as to come true the realization on the society of the socialism. They needed the revolution of two steps. The communist party had the recognition like that.
The great landowner possessed the land in a farm village and peasants didn’t have any land and they were abused under the great landowner, so the communist party thought the reformation on the land and divided land each peasants was to be…
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The communist party which aimed at the democratic national revolution》
…and divided the land each peasant to be done. But the communist party couldn’t admit a chaotic capitalism, so the capitalism was classified into two.
The one which causes the benefit in China. It’s national capital which is something patriotic. The other is the one which sells the benefit in China to the foreign capital, something traitorous. It’s the comparator capital 買弁資本.
Developing the national capital and they didn’t allow the comparator capital. Their plan was like that.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The communist party which aimed at the democratic national revolution》
At first, can we classify the capital into two? Putting it aside, and the communist party started the policy that the national democratic revolution is indispensable before the revolution on the socialism, being based on the classification.
We can’t see the viewpoint of the revolution from a farm land by Mao Zedong. The policy was brought into China from Comintern which was the outside organization as it was, a great principle that the revolution is done by advanced peasants started
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《The communist party which aimed at the national democratic revolution》
Bit then China was a society made of great farm village, and the number of labor were limited.
Being based on the policy from the Comintern, the communist party in China started to organized labors in the urban area. Organizing labors started in the next month from the establishment on the communist party.
As receiving the liven up the fourth May movement, the movement on the labor union in a province gained steam in a local area for a while, but it was oppressed by the warlords.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
As a result, the movement on the labor union was dropping, for the capitalism was too immature to be born the base for the movement on the labor union then.
『Column, the phrase of 共産党 was translated in Japan』
When the word of communism entered Japan, it was translated into 共産主義 in Japanese. It was named after the meaning that the private property for the people becomes the common property and they produce together. The word was brought into China, and it’s the political party which aimed at the communism, so it was translated into the communist party
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《Joint struggle with the national party》
The Republic of China formed January in 1912 and in the next month the emperor in Qing 清retired and the Qing dynasty perished from the earth then. It’s the Xinhai 辛亥 revolution.
It seemed to move to the democracy once, but Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 who was a survivor from the Qing revolution had the real power and the reverse movement to the empire made progress, but Yuan Shikai was dead because of sickness soon.
After that China was crowded with warlords and China learned not to function as single nation then.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《Joint struggle with national party》
It was Sun Yat-sen 孫文 who tried to support the democracy in China. He established the temporary government of the Republic of China in Nanjing, but was forced to hand over the position of the President to Yuan Shikai owing to the pressure from him.
After Yuan Shikai was dead, Sun Yat-sen started the movement of establishing the Republic of China of which base was Canton. As he saw the success on the Russian revolution and the liven up fourth May movement, he changed the political party which he formed until then.
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《Joint struggle with national party》
The new one is the political party of the Republic of China, and Sun Yat-sen developed the wide range of national movement then. It was the Comintern which paid attention to it. While it worked on the establishment of the communist party, meeting with Sun Yat-sen and worked on him to make the national party and the communist party join together and develop the wide range of national movement.
Sun Yat-sen accepted it, and started the plan of admitting the communism. Thus the first national congress of new China of…
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《Joint struggle with national party》
Thus the first national congress in new China of the national party was held in 1924, and the member of the communist party also became the member of the national party as individual qualification.
Its central committee was made up with 24 members and three belonged to the communist party. There were fourteen candidates for the central committee, and seven of them belonged to the communist party, and Mao Zedong was one of the candidates. We call it the First United Front 国共合作.
Sun Yat-sen was dead in 1925 and after…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Joint struggle with the national party》
…and after that the confrontation between the left and right in the national party intensified. The leader in the right fraction was Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石. He didn’t allow the communist party to exist and decided to oppress members of the communist party, and the communist party suffered such a huge blow that all the members of the communist party withdrew from the national party June in 1927, thus the first united front collapsed then.
On the other hand, the leader in the national party made progress the fight…
【The communist party and Mao Zedong】
《Joint struggle with national party》
…the leader in the national party made progress the fight against the warlord and unified almost all the China in 1928, and the national party government of which capital was Nanjing was born. Its government was the one-party dictatorship by Chiang Kai-shek, and Chiang Kai-sheik became the President.
『Column, Sun Yat-sen 孫文』
He was born in a farmhouse in Guandong province 広東省 in 1866, after being a doctor, diving into the movement on the revolution. After being beaten by Yuan Shikai 袁世凱, he exiled himself in Japan…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
『Column, Sun Yat-sen』
…he exiled himself in Japan for a while. When being Japan then, he adopted the Nakayama which was the family name of his neighbor in Japan and he named himself Sun Nakayama, so he has been called 孫中山先生 in China. He has been appreciated as the father on the revolution from both of the national and communist party.
《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》
The Communist Party which withdrew from the national party received guidance from the Comintern , undergoing a complete change and rose in arms against the national party then.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》
Comintern directed that peasants who were labor rise in arms and overthrow the government of the national party and succeedin the revolution. Armed organization of which members were twenty thousand was trained at the time of joint struggle with the national party, and making them mobilize, deciding to rise in arms in Jiangxi Province 江西省 and occupied. It was the first day when the Communist Party had the original military force and it’s the anniversary on building army for the People’s Liberation Army at present.
【Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》
But the uprising in arms failed entirely. Even if the organization of the communist party occupied the city with the arms, none of residents in the city rose at all. When the national party rushed to Jiangxi Province, the communist party was defeated easily.
After that the communist party rose in arms each place, without being supported by residents, the military unit on the communist party was surrounded by the one of the national party and the communist party was crushed one after another.
The communist party was…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》
The Communist Party was just newly born then, and the headquarters in Comintern of Moscow didn’t know the actual condition on China at all, but directed China and China was forced to obey it, for Comintern was the organization directed by the communist party in the Soviet Union which was the home country for the revolution. It was the absolute existence for China then.
Comintern thought the model on the Russian revolution was only, absolute, for it had succeeded in the Russian revolution led by Lenin. Lenin led…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》
Lenin led the peasants of labor in the city and caused the arms uprising and succeeded in the revolution, so the Comintern thought the way of uprising in arms would work everywhere in the world. As to the condition of the country, China was different from Soviet Union altogether, but Soviet imposed its value to China. There were lots of people who used to study abroad in Soviet in the leadership of China, and they received the direction from the Comintern as golden rule.
Though there was never extensive influence …
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》
Though there was never extensive influence supporting the Communist Party in China then, China obeyed the policy on the Comintern of uprising in arms and made a miserable mistake.
『Column, Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石』
He was born in modern Zehjiang Province 浙江省 in 1887. Since becoming an age, he studied abroad at the military academy in Japan after that returned to China and joined in the Xinhai Revolution 辛亥革命, then Sen Yat-sen 孫文 acknowledged him and he became an executive in the national party and became the head of…
＞＞103
… he became the head of the Republic of China in 1948, but was beaten on the civil war between the communist and national party and fled to Taiwan and named the place where he reached the Republic of China.
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
While uprising in arms at the city by the Communist Party failed completely, there was the one who gave up the uprising in arms and withdrew to the mountainous area with a small amount of military unit. It was Mao Zedong.
Without Mao Zedong, we can’t talk about the modern history in China, but how should we talk about it? Because his…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
Because his existence is so big that his historic evaluation is filled with violent praise and censure, he was exactly a monster, a ringleader.
In 1960s when the author was a student, Mao Zedong was the star on the revolution in China and was the giant who shone brilliantly in the present history, but as the actual condition on the Cultural Revolution was revealed and the individual character on Moa Zedong became clear, the evaluation on him of the dictator who caused thousands of people death is becoming solid.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
But his evaluation that though there was mistakes, he was a great leader on the revolution in China. How should we locate his existence in the present history? It’s very difficult to do, but the author said he was going to look at the growth on the Communist Party after that, regarding Mao Zedong as pivot.
He was born at a farm village in the Hunan Province 湖南省 in 1893 as the son in wealthy farmer. After graduating from an elementary school, he got married to a woman who his father recommended at the age of 13.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
The woman was dead after three years. Mao Zedong didn’t talk on the woman, so it’ not clear in detail. He loved to reading book from childhood, after graduating from the elementary school, he helped his farm house once, but had a strong interest in learning, and went to a normal school at Changsha 長沙 in the Hunan Province.
Even if graduating from the even elementary school, it was a favorable environment in China then, and Mao Zedong went to the next stage of education on account of sending money as allowance…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
…and Mao Zedong went to the next stage of education due to by being sent to money as allowance from his wealthy father.
He was graduated from the normal school at the age of twenty four, he went to Beijing, counting on his mentor who was a supervisor at the time of the normal school and got a job at library in Beijing university. He got to know contributors to 新青年 which is a magazine in China. Then he became aware of the concept of Marxism.
The magazine played a role which was the center of the movement on new…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
The magazine played a role which was the center of the movement on new culture in the Republic of China and led the world of thought in China in 1910s.
Mao Zedong got married to the daughter of his mentor and returned to Hunan Province which was his homeland and became a headmaster in elementary school there and at the same time kept a bookstore and succeeded in the bookstore greatly. He seemed to have a talent for management.
When the first National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held, he attended…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
…he attended it as representative for Hunan province.
《Founding the base at 井岡山》
As to 井岡山, I want to express it in English, but when searching it in the internet, the internet shows Iokayama、so I’m forced to give up expressing. I’m sorry for it.
As receiving the instruction from Comintern and the Communist Party rose in arms but the Communist Party fell into destruction each place, then Mao Zedong withdrew to the mountainous area with his subordinates in 1928. It was 井崗山 where he aimed at. It’s a mountainous area between Hunan and Jiangix Province。
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
The geographic feature on the 井岡山 was hard to attack but easy to protect, and Mao Zedong found the base on the revolution.
There was the better mass base comparatively. The description is in the social studies book for the fifth grade at the elementary school in China, but there were bandits there. Mao Zedong negotiated with leaders in the mountain and made his military unit stay there. Soon the unit on the bandits was incorporated into the member on the military unit on the Communist Party. Then Mao Zedong…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
Mao Zedong devised the original strategy on the guerrilla war there. It’s like the next.
If the enemy goes ahead, we go back. When the enemy stops, we disturb it. If the enemy is tired, we attack it, and when the enemy withdraws, we pursue it. Arranging the essence on the guerrilla war into four sets made of four characters, sixteen characters in total, and Mao Zedong made illiterate peasants recite and trained them as soldier, and summarized contents which the peasants should obey as soldier as three rules.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》
The contents which the peasants should obey as soldier as three rules are like the next.
When taking into action, obeying the command.
Don’t take away anything by force from labors nor from peasants.
The thing taken away from the enemy belongs to everyone.
Mao Zedong changed these things into songs and made the soldiers coming from peasants sing, and six warning were added to it like folding up bedding, don’t do their business in the place as they like.
The warnings were organized and they became eight.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong whose evaluation was divided》
The eight warnings are like the next.
When talking, do it calmly.
When selling and buying, it should be done fairly.
If borrowing, return it absolutely.
If destroying something, reimburse it.
Don’t punch nor execrate anyone.
Don’t cause problem on agricultural products.
Don’t tease women.
Don’t abuse a captive.
Thus three rules made of eight warnings were summarized, and they were the one which the Communist Party should obey. Those things were done thoroughly, so we can guess the actual situation then.
＞＞114
Obeying those rules, the military unit on the Communist Party maintained an edge against the one in the National Party of which discipline was corrupted, so the supporting the communist party spread over the people in China.
《The way that farm villages surround the city has been established》
Moreover Mao Zedong started a plan of confiscating the land from a big landowner and distributing the land to the peasants. Possessing its own land means being the main character in labor for the peasants who were forced to work intensively for land owners, so the peasants supported the plan on…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》
…so the peasants supported the plan on the revolution of the land enthusiastically. In addition, Comintern used to direct the Communist Party to rise in arms in the city, but as the way of adopting by Comintern failed one after another, Comintern changed its plan, adopting a new one of putting effort into the revolution on the land and organization on the military unit for the Communist Party in the farm land in 1928. As a result, the original plan of Mao Zedong was confirmed
Capitalism was….
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《The way that farm villages surround the city established》
The capitalism was undeveloped and there wasn’t enough number on the labor at the city in China then, without being supported by peasants who occupied the large amount of population overwhelmingly, the revolution wasn’t realistic.
Mao Zedong who was a realist founded the base on farm villages and distributed the land to peasants, and peasants were delighted at it, and making the happy peasants organize the military unit on the Communist Party which was named Red Army, and founded the base on…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》
…and the base on the revolution was founded in the farm villages. It led to establishment on the revolutionary course to the original plan that the farm villages surrounded the city by Mao Zedong. Except for 井崗山, other members in the Communist Party began to build the base on the farm villages in other places.
《The purge was done on the base of farm villages》
The base on farm village was built every place and the area controlled by the Communist Party spread over China, the movement of…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《The way that farm villages surround the city established》
…the movement of executing officers in the Red Army was born because a spy from the National Party sneaked into the Communist Party. Officers in the Red Army were also executed in 井岡山. As the executives in the Red Army who stayed at the place which away from 井岡山 was executed. The ones who were executed belonged to the twentieth military unit, and the twentieth military unit committed mutiny then, so the Communist Party oppressed the twentieth military unit under the command by Mao Zedong.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》
As a result, soldiers more than two thousand were executed.
When living together a group which had the same ideology in a closed place which was away from human habitation, a trivial confrontation on opinions develops a decisive showdown. It frequently breaks out, and a large amount of execution occurs from there.
When the united red army lived at the mountain in Gunma prefecture of Japan and built the base there, the execution was done under the name of summary. The same thing happened in …
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》
The same thing in a large scale broke out in China. It is said thousands of soldiers in the Red Army were executed in the base of farm village. Murdering each other was done before fighting against the enemy.
《Escaping under the name of long march》
Mao Zedong’s living in the 井岡山 didn’t continue for a long time. He went down the mountain so as to expand the line of battle, and aimed at building new base. He built the base called Soviet in Jiangxi 江西 between Jiangxi and Fujian province 福建省
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Escaping under the name of long march》
Mao Zedong declared the establishment on the temporary central government of the republic China and Soviet Union there, and Mao Zedong was elected the President. The military unit of the Communist Party in other area joined in it, and its influence increased.
Though Mao Zedong became the President, the headquarter on the Communist Party in China moved from Shanghai, the real power on Mao Zedong was taken away to executives in the party who studied abroad in Soviet.
Soviet means a council in the Russian, and…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Escaping under the name of long march》
…the revolution in Russia didn’t come to power by congressional election but was done by the group of labor made up with peasants directed by the Communist Party. The name on the new republic changed into Soviet federation of socialism republics. It was the declaration of trying to establish the nation of the style on the revolution in Russia.
But the place was flatter than 井岡山, and was received the attack from the National Party repeatedly and the Red Army couldn’t maintain the base. The Red Army gave up the…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Escaping under the name of long march》
The Red Army gave up the central base in the Jiangxi Province 江西省 autumn in 1934 and escaped to west. It was a large scale of the military unit made up with eighty six thousand of soldiers. The long march started like that.
The military unit including the family of soldier made up with eighty six thousand moved not only with weapon but with the complete sets of household goods. They were attacked by the National Party each place and there were the dead and injured people every time. They suffered from hunger and…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Escaping under the name of long march》
They suffered from hunger and coldness. They moved to west and went north in the next. As they were chased by the National Party so their course was strayed off. The long march continued some thirteen months and they moved no less than twelve thousand kilometers then. When reached the mountainous area in Chenxi 陳西Province the number of the military unit decreased to no more than eight thousand, though it was no less than eighty six thousand when the long march started.
The long march was called the one of hardship
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Escaping under the name of long march》
When founding the new China and every time facing difficulty, the long march was cited, don’t forget the long march of hardship. If comparing it with the difficulty in which we went through during the long march, it’s no problem. The Communist Party has achieved the long march, so there is no phrase of impossibility in the Communist Party. The author said like the next.
To be honest, when learning the present history in China when being a student, he was moved by the long march, but now that he thinks about it…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Escaping under the name of long march》
…the long march was just an escaping without having any strategy. As making a mistake on the strategy and in the stage where there wasn’t enough power on the Communist Party, declaring the establishment of the temporary central government on the Republic of Soviet and China, and received attack from the National Party, gave up the base and ran away around China.
If the leader made a mistake to judge, how many victims were caused. It’s shown obviously there.
《Mao Zedong grasped the power at last》
As to starting…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong grasped the power at last》
As to starting the long march, Mao Zedong had no responsibility on it. When he proposed the plan of building base on the farm village the executives in the Communist Party in China were negative then and Mao Zedong couldn’t hold a leadership position then.
But as the miserable march started, the liability issue on the executives in the Communist Party then was lifted. It was Zunyi 遵義 council in the middle of the long march. Then Mao Zedong criticized the leadership in the Communist Party. Though the Communist …
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Mao Zedong grasped the power at last》
Though the Communist Party didn’t have enough power, it adopted the wrong policy of rising in arms, so the Communist Party suffered the large amount of damage. Mao Zedong criticized like that.
As Zhou Enlai 周恩来 who was loyal to the Communist Party at the meeting until then criticized himself and accepted the criticism from Mao Zedong, the whole situation on the meeting was decided. Mao Zedong became the Politburo standing committee member and established the leadership both on the political and military aspect.
＞＞129
At the same time, the relation between two of them in which Zhou Enlai pledged allegiance to Mao Zedong was decided as well.
『Column, Zhou Enlai』
He was born into the land owner’s family at Jiangsu 江蘇 Province in 1898 and studied abroad in Japan from 1917 to 1919, learning in university which was the predecessor of Meiji and Hose university. He returned to China in 1919 and joined in 5.4 movement and was arrested then. After released from the prison, he studied abroad in Paris and founded the branch of the Communist Party in France there. After returning to China, he joined in the…
＞＞130
After returning to China, he participated in the Soviet in Jiangxi 江西 and took into action with Mao Zedong.
《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an 延安》
The military unit on the Communist Party reached the Chenxi 陳西 Province October in 1935 and the long march came to an end then. Founding the revolutionary base in Yanan which was the same province and the headquarters on the Communist Party was established there as well.
After the new China was born, the Communist Party has learned to handle Yan’an as holy place on the revolution.
A cave dwelling is dug on the middle of the hill …
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》
A cave dwelling is dug in the middle of the hill in Yan’an and Mao Zedong had learned to live there. He escaped from the attack by the National Party for a while there and started to study on Marxism and to found original theory.
He summarized books of which title was 実践論 and 矛盾論 then and gave a lecture on the content of the book at Party School in Yan’an in 1937, instructed the true knowledge was able to acquire through the practice alone. He criticized intellectuals then.
In short, he pulled the buds off…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》
In short, he pulled the buds off the people who seemed to be his rival by criticizing intellectuals who were except for himself, and he described like the next.
There was hostile contradiction and the contradiction which wasn’t hostile, the wrong thought inside the Communist Party is the contradiction which isn’t hostile, but if the one who made a mistake sticks to the mistake and expands the mistake, there is the possibility of developing into the hostile one.
He asked the purity on the thought in the…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》
He asked the purity on the thought in the Communist Party and it led to Rectification Movement 整風運動 from February in 1942. It was the movement of disclosing a spy and purifying the thought in the Communist Party. In a word, eradicating the faction of anti Mao Zedong in the Communist Party. Thousands of members in the Communist Party were falsely accused there and were executed.
Thus Mao Zedong grasped the real power in the Communist Party. He became the head on the central committee of the Communist Party in…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》
He became the head on the central committee of the Comunist Party in China May in 1943, reaching to the top on the Communist Party and the Communist Party belonged to Mao Zedong was completed then. It was fixed that the Communist Party treated the thought on Mao Zedong as guideline for all the activities. The cult of personality on Mao Zedong began to see then.
『The red star in China』
Mao Zedong at the time of Yan’an became the person who was known in the world. When being interviewed by an American reporter…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Column, the red star in China》
…he’s started to be known in the world. The reporter visited Yan’an and stayed three months, interviewing Mao Zedong for a long time and putting the content of the interview into one book of which title was the red star in China.
The book was published in America in 1938 and Mao Zedong was represented as excellent person who was the leader at the revolution in China. The book made the public opinion on the west side biased toward Mao Zedong, toward the Communist Party in China and was translated into the Chinese. Lots of…
＞＞136
Lots of young people in China read the book and joined in the Communist Party.
『Column, Mao Zedong got married fourth times』
The marital relationship between Mao Zedong and the third wife went bad at the time of Yan’an in 1937. She was sent to Soviet under the pretext of treatment. After that, Mao Zedong got married to Jiang Qing 江青 who was actress.
The third wife was worshipped by executives in the Communist Party, so it is said lots of them were got angry with that Mao Zedong parted from the third wife and got married to Jiang Qing. Moreover she has a career of getting married…
＞＞137
Furthermore, she had a career of getting married to other person or living together other man four times in the past, so lots of people raised eyebrows, but no one can remonstrate Mao Zedong who had the dictatorial authority that no one was against it.
《The second united front 国共合作》
Immediate after the long march on the military unit of the Communist Party was over unexpected thing happened. It’s Xi’an incident. Jang Shiueliang 張学良 in the National Party shut up Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 at Xi’an. He hated that the National Party fought against the Communist Party, and pressed Chiang Kai….
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《The second united front》
…and pressed Chiang Kai-shek that the National Party and the Communist Party should join force and fought against Japan together. Zhou Enlai 周恩来 rushed to Xi’an from the Communist Party and persuade Chiang Kai-shek, so Chiang Kai-shek was forced reluctantly to accept the cooperation.
Thus the National Party and the Communist Party joined force and fought against Japan together. The second united force formed then.
When the military force belonged to Japan did night exercise at Marco Polo Bridge 盧溝橋, a shooting was done against…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
…a shooting was done against the military force belonged to Japan, so the military force belonged to Japan started to attack the one in China. The war between Japan and China broke out. The National Party and the Communist Party fought against the invasion by Japan.
《Who fought the War of resistance against Japan?》
The military force on the National Party and the Red Army in the Communist Party were unified so as to fight against Japan in the second united front. Two of the military force have been organized into the People’s Liberation Army in 1947.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Who fought the war resistance against Japan?》
The Communist Party fought against Japan violently in the united front on the official history in China, but it was the military force in the National Party which fought against Japan squarely. Unexpectedly, China recognizes it in a textbook for elementary school like the next.
When the war resistance against Japan started, the Communist Party commanded both of the military force belonged to the National and the Communist Party and made them move forward to the occupied area by the military force in Japan.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong 】
《Who fought the war resistance against Japan?》
Then the Communist Party made the mass stand up extensively and developed guerrilla battle at the end of the enemy and founded the base on the resistance against Japan.
It said at the back of the enemy. In other words, the one which was in front of the enemy was the military force in the National Army.
Though it was united front, Mao Zedong aimed at expanding influence on the Communist Party severely. He directed like that. 70% of the power is expanding influence, 20% is compromising, and 10% is fighting…
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Who fought the war ressitance aganst Japan?》
...and 10% is fighting against Japan.
The military force of Mao Zedong avoided fighting against the one in Japan,trying to expand its influence, making the military force in the National Party fight against the one in Japan and consume its military strength.
The Communist Party played a central role in the war resistance against Japan and won.It's publicized as ground on the political basic legitimacy, but it wasn't actually.
『Column, Hu Jintao 胡錦涛 has acknowledged the role on the Natioal Party for the ...』
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
『Column, Hu Jintao has acknowledged the role on the National Party for the first time』
The commemorative meeting of ten years anniversary winning the war resistance against Japan was held in Beijin September in 2005. Then Hu Jintao described the military force on the Natioanl Party took charge in the front battlefield and in the beginning of the war delivered a blow to the military force in Japan at Shanghai. He acknowledged the part on the Natioanl Party for the first time as the top of the Communist Party. Though his speech was a conciliatory measure...
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
『Colun, Hu Jintao has acknowledged the part on the National Party for the first time』
...it's just a conciliatory measure against Taiwan, the Communist Party has appreciated the history of the war resistance against Japan again, so it has been paid attention.
《Japan was defeated and the civil war between the National and Communist Party》
Japan was beaten autumn in 1945 and the second united front collapesed in 1946, and both of the National and Communist party went into the civil war again then, but the Soviet Union supported the Communist Party.
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Japan was defeated and the civil war between the National and the Communist Party》
The military force in Soviet invaded then the Manchuria and made the military force in Japan disarm and handed over the land which Japan occupied until then to the Communist Party in China. In addition, it supplied a large amount of weapon to the military force of the Communist Party.
While the military force in the National Party consumed its military force due to the battle against Japan, the one in the Communist Party increased its influence. Moreover, the large …
【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】
《Japan was defeated and the civil war between the National and Communist Party》
Moreover the large amount of weapons reached from Soviet, so the civil war was advantageous for the Communist Party.
The Communist Party took away the land from land owners and distribute the land to peasants and received the support from the peasants overwhelmingly. The People’s Liberation Army on the Communist Party went to Beijing, and the National Party went away to Taiwan. Thus the civil war between the National and Communist Party was over.
【China belonged to China..】
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Mao Zedong declared founding on the new China》
Mao Zedong stood up on Tinananmen of Beijing and declared founding of People’s Republic of China October in 1949. Three hundred thousand of crowd gathered in the square of Tiananmen and responded to it with cheers. Tiananmen leads to the main gate of a Chinese castle which used to be the residence for the empire, what is called Shikinjo. It was a direction as if a new emperor had appeared in China.
The square in Tiananmen made for the ceremony can accommodate no less than some half a million of people.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Mao Zedong declared foundation of new China》
After that, the square in Tiananmen has often been the stage on the present history in China. A tremendous portrait on Mao Zedong has been put up in Tiananmen, and there are slogans both sides of the portrait.
Hooray! People’s Republic of China is in the left side. Hooray! The great unity of the people in the world is in the right. The people unite in the world, in short, a goal for doing their best so as to increase the nations of socialism in the world is shown there.
As to the name on new China…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Mao Zedong declared the foundation of new China》
…there were three ideas. It was considered before founding the nation. The first Is the People’s democratic republic of China, the second is the People’s republic democratic of China, and the third is people’s republic of China.
How should three word of people, democratic, and republic include the name of the country? It was the problem. The first one was too long, so it was rejected.
In the next which should they adopt, republic or democratic? Republic means the political system on democracy.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Mao Zedong declared the foundation on new China》
They don’t have to adopt the word of democratic, the opinion was influential. There was other opinion that the word of the people included the democratic, so its national name becomes the People’s Republic of China.
When looking at the process after that, the nation is lacking of the democracy as the national name shows.
When expressing the national name in Japanese, the word of 中華 is included. As there is the phrase of 中華思想, they think their civilization is the center of the world. It’s there unique…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Mao Zedong declared foundation on new China》
It’s their unique traditional thought. They have what is called 礼 in Confucianism 儒教, so they are the center of the world, and other people who don’t have what is called the 礼 in Confucianism around China are 夷狄, which means the ones of which culture is behind, so the other people are looked down on, they seem to think like that.
There is the 中華思想 in the new China which has been found by the Communist Party of Marxism and Leninism.
The national flag on the new China was fixed to be the five star red flag.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Mao Zedong declared foundation on new China》
Its national flag is red, for it symbolizes the revolution in communism, and there is a single big star and four little stars on the red flag. The big star means the Communist Party in China, and each of four stars is labor, farmer, intellectual, and patriotic capitalist. The thing which the Communist Party insists is shown on the national flag.
Its national anthem is the theme song on the movie which was put on the screen in 1953. It had been sung at the time of the war resistance against Japan.
＞＞153
The title of the theme song is the march on the volunteer army. Its lilac is like the next.
Stand up! The people who want not to be slave. Let’s make our new castle wall with our blood and flesh. The people of China has confronted the most critical crisis and it’s the time when one of us to scream out of last anger. Rise! Rise! Rise! Gathering the mind of thousands of people of us into single one, catching the gap on gunfire and lets’ move forward. Forward! Forward! Forward!
『The memorial hall of Mao Zedong』
Mao Zedong declared foundation on new China at Tiananmen, and the square…
＞＞154
…the square spreads over in front of Tiananmen. There is the memorial hall of Mao Zedong in the corner of Tiananmen. The dead body of Mao Zedong used to be laid to rest in the memorial hall. The people who want to see the face of Mao Zedong even a little make a long line, and it’s shown how the people think of Mao Zedong in China.
《The Communist Party leads the nation》
When the new China was founded, there was no constitution then. An assembly is indispensable so as to establish the constitution, but there wasn’t the assembly as well. Instead of the assembly, people’s political…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
…People’s Political Consultative Conference was held. The Communist Party, eight political parties, the military authority, and representatives from local areas joined in the conference.
The formal constitution was established in 1954 and the formal government was formed then, but until then, the conference functioned as supreme authority in China. Except for the Communist Party, other political parties joined in the conference as well.
Then except for the communist Party, other political parties existed and…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
…and they were engaged in the movement which was opposed to the people’s party. The Communist Party called them the faction of democratic party, and adopted the policy of founding the new nation together, for the Communist Party tried to take the ones who were except for the members in the communist party extensively in the Communist Party.
The Communist Party belonged to Mao Zedong called the structure of authority in new China people’s democratic dictatorship. Is it possible to keep a good balance between…?
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
Is it possible to keep balance between the dictatorship and democracy? I’m not sure of it. I’m afraid my interpretation is word for word, to my sorrow, anything good didn’t occur to me. I’m sorry for it.
The structure on the authority in new China wasn’t one-party dictatorship but was made up with proletariat, the ones who were engaged in agriculture, petit bourgeois, racial bourgeois, and patriotic democratic people.
Proletariat is labor, petty bourgeois isn’t a big capitalist but a manager who keeps small…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
…petty bourgeois wasn’t a big capitalist but kept small and medium sized business, or intellectuals. Racial bourgeois was a Chinese manager who had nothing to do with foreign capital. It’s not the nation of socialism by dictatorship of the Communist Party but the capitalist joined in and aimed at being socialism slowly with people from a wide range.
The structure on the authority in the new China means adopting the policy like that.
《To the one-party dictatorship actually》
The Communist Party and other…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To a one-party dictatorship actually》
The Communist Party and other fraction of political parties exerted authority together formally in the new China. It was a coalition government just formality, but immediate after the nation was founded, all of the faction of eight political parties rewrote the general plan of their political party, including to being directed by the Communist Party.
The faction of political party which said clearly accepting direction from other political party couldn’t have been independent one. Actually, it’s one-party….
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To one-party dictatorship actually》
China is one-party dictatorship actually. As to the politics in China, the mass media in Japan expresses like that.
As to the faction of the political parties in China, the Chinese government says they aren’t opposing parties but the ones who join in the politics.
There is an expression on the people’s democratic dictatorship like the next.
Representatives from the people carry out the dictatorship on the bourgeois so as to prevent capitalists who squeeze from the people from surviving.
But without a right…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
But without a right thought, the authority on the people will be unable to be exerted, so the Communist Party which has the right thought watches acts on behalf of the people. In short, it’s the one-party dictatorship by the Communist Party.
Or who is the capitalist who squeezes from the people? Except for the Communist Party, no one is permitted to judge it, so the people or organization which are dictatorship are decided by the Communist Party.
『中南海』
When standing on the square of Tiananmen and looking at…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
『Column, 中南海』
…and looking at Tiananmen, the Main Street runs through Tiananmen. If turning left and move forward, we can see the area filled with green on the right side. It’s called 中南海, and is the residence for executives in the Communist Party. Its gate is policed so severely that ordinary tourists can’t approach it nor learn much about inside the 中南海. It is said there is deep green and huge lake and gorgeous buildings scatter there.
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
The same sub title again…
The Communist Party is higher rank in than…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
The Communist Party is higher rank than the nation in China. The nation of which politics is one-party dictatorship by the Communist Party like Soviet and North Korea is the same.
For example, there is the nation in Japan and political parties like the Democratic Party or the Liberal Democratic Party take into action in the nation, but China is different.
At first there is the Communist Party in China and all of the organizations in the nation receive guidance from the Communist Party. The top of the…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
The top of the Communist Party becomes the head of the nation in China. National People’s Congress in China is equivalent to the National Assembly in Japan. Without recommendation from the Communist Party, no one can be the member of the National People’s Congress. Judicial power isn’t independent there. Who or what kind of crime does a prosecutor indict? The prosecutor receives the guidance from the Communist Party. When a judge sentences, the judge respects the intention from the Communist Party.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The Communist Party directs the nation》
People’s Liberation Army in China isn’t only the military force in the nation of China but the one for the Communist Party. The military force received the guidance from the Communist Party.
Military Committee commands and supervises the military force, and there is the Military Committee both for the nation and for the political party formally, but the member of each of the Military Committee is almost the same. The military force doesn’t belong to the nation but to the political party. It’s extremely…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
It’s extremely exceptional in the world.
《After founding the nation seven hundred thousand people were executed at once》
Even if the new China has been found, there were remnants from the National Party in China still more then. Moreover there were feudal local bosses in a countryside and they resisted against the revolution by the Communist Party.
The Communist Party embarked on the eradication on those force of resistance. Instruction oppressing anti revolutionary activity was issued in 1950 and no less than seven hundred thousand people were…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《After founding nation, 7000 people were executed at once》
…and no less than seven hundred thousand people were executed in the whole nation as counter revolutionary. Lots of the execution were done openly. Making crowd gather in a square and gave the presentation of the name of 『criminals』 in front of the crowd and executed them by shooting on the spot.
When looking at them, the people learned if disobeying the Communist Party, they would be treated as criminal and be killed.
Even if being able to escape from the execution, lots of people were sent…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《After founding nation seven hundred thousand of people were executed at once》
…lots of people were sent to the concentration camp. They call the situation improving them through labor. System watching whether or not the force of resistance hid was devised. The Communist Party started to watch labors at the factory in the whole nation.
《Controlling the nation with the family register and unit》
Not only watching labors but controlling the whole nation. The system of family register has been introduced as the way of controlling the nation.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Controlling the nation with the family register and unit》
The family register has been introduced in 1951. The whole nation is controlled by the family register and moving the family register becomes impossible as principle.
The family register was distinguished severely between farm village and city, and moving from the farm village to the city also becomes impossible. When founding the new nation, China was enormous nation made up with farmers. Farmers account for some 90% in China. If the farmers flowed into the city, the city would be out of ….
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Controlling the nation with the family register and unit》
…the city would be out of control, the Communist Party thought like that, tying down the ones who were engaged in agriculture to the farm village by controlling the family register. This system continues at present.
The family register was able to maintain because there was the ration system. Daily necessities are distributed by the nation, being based on the family register. Ration ticket is handed over each home and the system is that people receive supplies in exchange for the supplies.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Controlling the nation with the family register and unit》
If going out of the farm village to the city, as not having the ration ticket the people can’t receive food. It prevents the ones who were engaged in agriculture from going to the city.
Contrary to it, the residents in the city are controlled by the unit. All of them belong to some kind of the unit. If working in an enterprise, the enterprise becomes the unit. School is the unit for teachers and students. Without working, the residential quarter is the unit. The ration was done with the unit.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Controlling the nation with the family register and unit》
In addition, as to the controlling each of them, the personal information has been adopted. The Communist Party which controls each of units makes the personal information each of people in the unit, one by one. Not only its background, but its thought, human relation, and the class in the society are described in the personal record, and the personal record follows the people until they died.
If its job changes, the personal record is sent from the former unit to the new one. The class…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Controlling the nation with the family register and unit》
The class was classified with labor, poor farmer, middle farmer in the lower class, executive in revolution, service person in revolution and the family of the victim in the process of the revolution. The ones who were classified to those classes were given preferential treatment.
On the other hand, if being classified in the landowner, rich farmer, reactionary element, malignant element, right wing, even if being competent, being unable to be the executive. And its family member was…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Controlling the nation with the family register and unit》
And even its family member was discriminated when entering in the next education or getting job because its class was bad. Thus the class system as if it had been in the feudal society was completed, the way of controlling the people thoroughly was formed.
The way of China has been introduced into North Korea, and it has been broken down more minutely there and the people are controlled in North Korea.
《Establishment on the leadership of the Communist Party with 三反, and 五反》
After founding…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Establishment on the leadership of the Communist Party with 三反 and 五反》
After establishment on the administrative structure, Mao Zedong started to eliminate influence except for the Communist Party slowly. It was the movement on 三反 and 五反. The movement on 三反 was uprooting the decay from the government. 三反 means opposing to three things. Opposing to three things means opposing to corruption, to waste, to bureaucratism. No one can oppose to those three goals.
The decay was regarded as the moral taint in the process of capitalists caused. And 三反
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Establishment on the leadership of the Communist Party with 三反 and 五反》
And 三反 developed the one opposing to five moral taints. It’s the movement on 五反. The five moral taints is bribery, evading tax, embezzlement, cutting corners 手抜き, and stealing economic information. After all the object on the movements were capitalists, causing a heavy damage to the capitalists. Managers on companies and owners of small and middle scale of shop were criticized each place. They were rebuked in front of lots of crowds. It was called the mass struggle. Some of the …
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Establishment on leadership of the Communist Party with 三反 and 五反》
Some of the people who were blamed with the movement committed suicide one after another. There is an opinion that the number of the people who killed themselves reached thousands.
Putting up the target which no one could oppose officially and starting the mass movement and without knowing, the people and organization except for the Communist Party were caused a significant hit then. New China succeeded in founding the national system of which leadership was the Communist Party.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
The new China succeeded in the foundation on the framework of a nation of leading by the Communist Party right away after it was founded.
《Declaration to be devoted to Soviet exclusively》
The new China started with the support from the Soviet Union. First of all the Communist Party in China is an organization which aimed at being the socialism in Soviet. As grasping the national power, it is natural for it to make proceed on the foundation of the nation like Soviet.
The nation like Soviet means the one in which means of production is communized.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Declaration to be devoted to Soviet exclusively》
Means of production is a factory in industry, and farmland and live stock in agriculture. Being communized is all the factories and shops were communized and agriculture becomes collective farm. China declared being the nation of junior fellow member of Soviet July in 1949 before it was founded.
Soviet responded to it. In the next day on declaration of foundation of China, Soviet was the First Nation which approved of China. Mao Zedong visited China December in 1949 soon after China was founded.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Declaration to be devoted to Soviet exclusively》
Visiting china was for celebration on the seventieth birthday for Stalin. It was nominal reason for visiting China, but Mao Zedong continued to stay in China more than two months until Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and alliance was concluded February in the next year. He went on negotiating so as to be helped from Soviet. As a result, it was decided to receive fully support from Soviet in the heavy industry sector.
《The economy developed sharply due to the new democracy》
In fact China wasn’t the…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The economy developed sharply due to the new democracy》
To tell the truth, China wasn’t the nation of socialism from the beginning on the foundation of the nation. Mao Zedong thought the socialism was the goal in the future then, for China adopted out dated feudal system until then, so being unable to make proceed to the socialism all at once, the time when coexisting with capitalism would continue.
The socialism is the next step from developed capitalism in Marxism. The feudal society becomes the society of capitalism by democratic revolution, and…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The economy developed sharply due to the new democracy》
The capitalism developed highly developed after that socialized revolution broke out and socialism in the society would be founded, it was assumed then by Marxism.
As China was agricultural nation which was out dated feudal system, the economic condition wasn’t prepared for the socialism. Making the capitalism develop under supervising by the Communist Party and when the condition was arranged, moved to the socialism. Mao Zedong thought like that. He assumed the time of the capitalism was some…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The economy developed sharply due to the new democracy》
He assumed the time of capitalism was some twenty years so as to make proceed the full socialism. He called it the new democracy. It means that it wasn’t the socialism still.
The economy in the new democracy is mixture of capitalism and socialism. Mao Zedong used to accept the capitalism. As to communizing personal managers and private companies, he was cautious. He said like the next June in 1950.
Some people think making the society of capitalism abolish early and socialism comes true, but …
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The economy developed sharply due to the new democracy》
…but it’s in the wrong and isn’t appropriate to the situation in the nation.
Being based on the concept, a land reform law was carried out June in 1950. Taking away land from land owners and distribute the land to petty peasants. Land was given to no less than three hundred million farmers at the end of 1952.
As the farmers could own their own lands, their willingness of producing was heightened. Production output on agricultural product increased sharply then. The production output on …
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The economy developed sharply due to the new democracy》
The production output in industry and agriculture exceeded the highest level before the new China was founded. The population reached to six hundred million at the end of June in 1953, according to census.
The political system was arranged as well. Some thousand and two hundred representatives in the National People’s Congress which is equivalent to the National Assembly were elected and the first congress was held in 1954, but the representatives weren’t elected by a free election. Voting…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《The economy developed sharply on account of the new democracy》
Voting was voting of confidence to candidates which was recommended by the Communist Party. The formal constitution was established by the National People’s Congress and leaders in the nation were chosen newly. The head of the state was Mao Zedong. The chairperson in the National People’s Congress was Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇, the Prime Minister in the Cabinet was Zhou Enlai 周恩来.
《To the socialism all at once》
The political system was established, the opposition faction was wiped out, and….
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To the socialism all at once》
…and the economy was best record on the history of China. Mao Zedong thought economic ground for socialism was arranged. Though admonishing others it will take a long time to realize the socialism, he thought as if the socialism had been just there.
The end of the new democracy was declared in 1953. China rushed into the age of transition of the socialism. First five year plan on industry started in 1953, and the project on the heavy industry began each place, receiving the assistance from Soviet. Industrializaiton …
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To the socialism all at once》
Industrialization was weighed on the heavy industry. It’s not light industry leading to improvement on the life of the people but prioritizing the heavy industry aiming at improving national power. To make matters worse, the factory of that heavy industry was constructed inland. As the place where the economy developed was along the coast, if thinking its efficiency on economic growth, constructing the factory on the heavy industry in inland is rational, but the Cold War had started then.
Even if China was occupied by…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To the socialism all at once》
Even if being occupied by both of America and Japan, the industrial area in the inland could support the economy in China, China adopted the strategy like that, but roads weren’t arranged and electric power plants weren’t enough in the inland. As they tried to build the factory in the place where there was none of industrial foundation, the efficiency was bad and the productivity was extremely low.
《Agriculture becomes collective》
Socialism in the department of agriculture is collectiveness. The Communist Party took…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To socialism all at once》
The Communist Party took away the farm land from the land owner and distributed the farm land to poor farmers from the time of the civil war between the National Party and the Communist Party and won support from farmers overwhelmingly.
But when starting the socialism, taking away the farm land which the Communist Party distributed from farmers.
Farm land is the means of product for farmers. Privatization on the means of product isn’t admitted. It was the position for the Communist Party. If an individuality possesses…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To socialism all at once》
If an individuality possesses the means of product, there is fear that exploiting others by the means of product or unplanned causes confusion in the economy. If the means of product is state ownership, there is no exploitation nor confusion on the economy. Mao Zedong planned like that.
Staling made process on collectiveness for agriculture from the same idea in Soviet and it was cause on economic stagnation in Soviet later, but it would happen in the future. Follow Soviet! China thought like that and carried out the state…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《To socialism all at once》
…and carried out the state ownership on the means of product.
Collectiveness on agriculture was divided into three stages and it planed it was done moderately in the beginning. The first stage started from a mutual aid association. Making the mutual aid association was recommended at farmers in the neighborhood.
They are usually engaged in agriculture separately, but they help each other in a busy season for farmers. It’s the mutual aid association, and the first step started from the mutual aid association.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Agriculture becomes collective》
Making farmers get used to the collectiveness on agriculture by the mutual aid association and went to the cooperative store in the next step. As to the cooperative store, there was elementary cooperative and advanced one.
A village made up with from twenty to thirty houses is an unit, the farmers invest their land or livestock to the cooperative store and the farmers joined in the management on the cooperative store as a regular employee and work collaboratively there.
The product is distributed all of them, but…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Agriculture becomes collective》
…but additional distribution is added to the ones who invested the land and livestock.
The unit on the house is bigger in the advanced cooperative store which was the last stage. The unit is made up with some two hundred houses. Then both of the land and livestock becomes collective ownership. As to the land and livestock the farmers invested, the right on the farmers which invested disappears. The farmers work collectively and products are distributed equally.
Neither of the mutual aid association nor the advanced…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Agriculture becomes collective》
Neither of mutual aid association nor the advanced cooperative store developed, so Mao Zedong lost his temper, encouraging the people to make progress, as a result, no less than 90% of the farm village in the whole China became the advanced cooperative store all at once. Collectiveness on agriculture was done sharply then.
But the large part of the agricultural product produced by the cooperative store was forced to deliver to the nation. The government in the Communist Party put agricultural product taken away from…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Agriculture became collective》
The government in the Communist Party put the agricultural product taken away from the people toward payment on assistance from Soviet, for the assistance from Soviet wasn’t charge free, so China had to pay the price to Soviet, but China didn’t have any foreign currency then, so paid the price in kind 現物支払い.
It doesn’t always mean that there was extra agricultural product in China enough. Making the farmers deliver even the agricultural product which is necessary for their life and paid to Soviet. What is called ….
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
It’s what is called exporting starvation. China made progress on industrialization at the sacrifice of the agriculture. Mao Zedong used to rely on farmers and made the revolution succeed in, but this time went ahead with the industrialization at the expensive of the farmers.
《Declaration on the establishment of socialism》
The age of transition on the socialism started from 1953 and it was announced the socialism was completed in 1956. It was declared that the socialism was established basically in this year.
Socialism came true basically and main…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Declaration on the establishment of the socialism》
…and main contradiction isn’t the confrontation on the class between the proletariat and bourgeois but advanced socialism and delayed productivity, Mao Zedong declared at the eighth National Congress of the Communist Party like that. Then the number of member of the Communist Party reached more than ten million. We can imagine the face of Mao Zedong who was satisfied with it, but he started to put too much confidence from there.
Socialism would have been a target for the long time, but it has been…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Declaration on the establishment of the socialism》
…but the socialism has been achieved more easily than he expected, so catching up with and overtaking developed countries is a matter of time, Moa Zedong thought like that, but the reality didn’t go ahead like his hope.
Farmers could get their own farm land, but lost owing to collectiveness on agriculture, so their consciousness of their own land on the farm land lost and their willingness of labor declined. Agricultural productivity started to flounder owing to collectiveness on agriculture.
【China belonged to Moa Zedong was born】
Make matters worse, farmers who escaped from the cooperative store increased, and the case of going bankrupt on the cooperative store appeared then.
《Urging 百花斉放, 百花争鳴》
For all the national system on leadership by the Communist Party was established, Mao Zedong was never satisfied with the actual situation. He gave a lecture of which title with regard to the problem dealing with contradiction inside the people correctly in 1957, and said welcoming positive criticism on the Communist Party from outside the Communist Party. It’s 百花斉放, and 百花争鳴.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Urging 百花斉放 and 百花争鳴》
Mao Zedong addressed to the people in China, remarking at will, discussing actively on how the Communist Party should be.
Though the system on the leadership by the Communist Party was completed, the new China adopted the form of coalition government of the Communist Party and other political parties except for the Communist Party, Democratic Party faction.
What kind of thought do the influence except for the Communist Party have? Isn’t it the threat to the Communist Party? Mao Zedong thought he was going to elucidate it.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Urging 百花斉放 and 百花争鳴》
But it takes courage to criticize the Communist Party so much under the actual autocratic system by the Communist Party, so no one started to remark easily, so Mao Zedong chanted a slogan, the one who says has no crime, and urging to criticize at will.
As receiving by addressing from Mao Zedong zealously, the people in the Democratic Party faction who exerted themselves to the new China with the Communist Party started to open their mouth gradually, criticism sprang out against the dictatorship by the Communist Party.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
The people in the Democratic Party faction criticized the actual condition of arranging the member of the Communist Party on all the top of the national organization and the decision done by the Communist Party. There was an opinion distinguished the Communist Party and the national organization should be clearly.
《Anti Rightist movement》
After various criticism against the Communist Party came out, Mao Zedong started to counterattack. He commanded to counterattack against the crazy attack from the right wing element with organizing power. It was no…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Anti Rightist movement》
It was no more than four months from the 百花斉放 and 百花争鳴 . He started to oppress the people who criticized the Communist Party. It’s the anti rightist movement. He labeled the people who criticized the Communist Party as right wing.
The ones who criticized the Communist Party were intellectual people. Literacy rate was low in China then, and the people who could read and write and insist on their own thought were classified as intellectual people.
In the anti rightist movement, not only the ones who criticized the Communist…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Anti Rightist movement》
Not only the ones who criticized the Communist Party but the intellectual people were objection for brainwashing in the anti rightist movement. The labors and farmers who obey the order from the Communist Party is indispensable for the socialism by Mao Zedong, on the other hand, the intellectual people who had the critical of the Communist Party was just an obstacle.
More than a half million people were acknowledged as the right wing and they were ejected from their job and were shunted off to a remote region. Moreover more…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Anti rightist movement》
Furthermore more than one hundred ten thousand people were jailed. As Mao Zedong said the right wing made up for no more than 5% in the population, applying for his remark mechanically and 5% of the people were acknowledge and got kicked out from the workplace as the right wing.
As the family members of the one who was acknowledge as the right wing followed the same fate, there was estimation that the people who suffered from the damage reached to more than two hundred thousand.
Oh！I’ve made a mistake. I’ve said no less…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Anti rightist movement》
I’ve said a half million people were acknowledged as right wing…
But it’s not a half million but five hundred and fifty thousand people. I’m sorry for it.
Mao Zedong was dead in 1976 and after three years, and as to the five hundred and thirty thousand people from the five hundred fifty thousand ones, their honor was vindicated. Correcting the course on China was too late for the five hundred and fifty thousand people.
《Why did Moa Zedong change the policy?》
Why did Mao Zedong address the 百花斉放, and 百花争鳴 and changed …
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Why did Mao Zedong change the policy? 》
…and changed completely, promoting the struggle on anti rightist movement. Why?
When the boss said anything goes at a drinking party, if taking it seriously and speaking its mind to the boss without hiding anything, the attitude from the boss becomes cold from the next day. It often happens. Then we ended up demotion at worst in Japan, but it’s life-threatening in China.
If interpreting the change on the policy by Mao Zedong friendly, making others point out shortcomings on the Communist Party from outside…
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Why did Mao Zedong change the policy? 》
…and trying to improve the political party, but criticism appeared more than he expected, so he got flustered and counterattacked, but there is possibility actually that agitating to criticize at will so as to specify the elements of anti Communist Party from the beginning.
As Mao Zedong adopted the drastic course of the communism, dissatisfaction and criticism appeared in China then. There is the strong possibility that Mao Zedong had the sense of crisis against the dissatisfaction and criticism.
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Why did Mao Zedong change the policy?》
Mao Zedong tried to make progress rapid socialism. If it didn’t go well, he thought the right wing obstructed him. As the thought of capitalism was deep-rooted, without driving into the correct thought to the people, there was fear they would return to the capitalism, he thought like that, in particular, intellectual people were rattled easily, so he was sure he had to be careful of them and he hated them as enemy.
As to the action of Mao Zedong, we can see the attitude of anti intellectual people. Before …
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《Why did Mao Zedong change the policy?》
Before founding the new China, he stigmatized intellectual people at Yan’an 延安 which was the base on revolution, after founding the new China, the intellectual people were singled out for criticism in the whole China
Pol Pot government was influenced by the thought of Mao Zedong and tried to make progress of foundation of new nation at Cambodia and hated the intellectual people as enemy. It adopted the way of wiping out the intellectual people literally.
《No one could correct the mistake by the leader》
【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】
《No one could correct the error by the leader》
If happened to criticize in 百花斉放, and 百家争鳴, they were oppressed thoroughly. As having seen it, none of the people could criticize both of Mao Zedong and the government in China.
Even if being the leader, it’s a person, so everyone makes a mistake, but after that, if Mao Zedong or the Communist Party started a wrong policy, no one learned to be able to criticize them.
Thus without being able to stop going out of control by Mao Zedong, tremendous China started to lose control. It’s the Great Leap Forward.
【The people starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Though they’ve learned to enjoy rich diet…》
Even if there is a big gap between the rich and the poor, lots of people have learned to enjoy rich diet at urban area in developing China at present. Fashionable restaurant opens one after another. There is no sense of despair in the past there, but the large amount of the people s were about to starve to death sixty years ago. No one can’t believe in it.
But young people in China haven’t heard of their negative history in the past at all. Without being able to stop the delusion of…
【The people starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
Without being able to stop the delusion of grandeur by Mao Zedong, the tragic situation started.
《Thought of the Great Leap Forward all at once》
Great Leap Forward started in China in 1958. Mao Zedong thought it took a long time to come true the society of socialism immediate after the new China was founded, but as his autocratic control was formed he started to think he could attain the socialism in one go. It’s the Great Leap Forward which he started the policy. Changing the delayed China into socialism, communism in one fell swoop.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Thought of the Great Leap Forward in one go》
Collectiveness on agriculture and expansion on producing steel was made progress so as to realize the Great Leap Forward.
As to the collectiveness on agriculture, the large amount of farmers were organized into the advanced cooperative association until 1956, and the advanced cooperative association was organized into the people’s commune again.
Communism and socialism deny a private property. The private property means land and factory for a capitalist in this case, but a farmer’s farm…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Though of the Great Leap Forward in one fell swoop》
…but farmer’s farmland was regarded as private property. Taking away the farmland from each of farmers and making them the property in the whole society. It was thought to be the way to the socialism.
公社 of the 人民公社 means commune in Chinese. The commune is a way of thinking in Soviet and an ideal socialism. Farmers and workers become main characters and they decide everything and construct common society. The socialism was thought like that. Though it’s the ideal in Marxism, it isn’t …
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Thought of the Great Leap Forward in one go》
…it isn’t clear concretely, but trying to realize it in one fell swoop in China.
The people’s commune is a community in which not only agriculture but industry, commerce, culture, education and military affairs are put together and making it the base on the forthcoming society of the socialism, Mao Zedong thought like that.
Farmers are engaged in agriculture and are related to the industry, doing business, heightening culture, receiving education and being soldiers in the people’s commune.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Thought of the Great Leap Forward in one fell swoop》
Being the almighty existence which carries out everything was the goal. Mao Zedong thought it made the gap between workers and farmers, and the gap between physical work and mental work eliminate. It’s not the ideal but was almost a dream.
《The people’s commune was born》
The Communist Party adopted the resolution on the establishment of the people’s commune at the Politburo Expansion Convention and started a plan of incorporating the cooperative association and organizing them into…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people’s commune was born》
…and organized them into the people’s commune again. Seven hundred thousand of the cooperative association in the whole nation were reorganized into the twenty six thousand of the people’s commune for three months after that.
It could realize all at once because it’s just that the one which was the cooperative association as true state changed its name and became the people’s commune.
Building the people’s commune means taking away the farmland from farmers and farmers are engaged in agriculture together.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people’s commune was born》
When the Communist Party fought against the National Party and aimed at the revolution, distributing the land to farmers and the Communist Party was supported by farmers then.
As the peasants were made be engaged in tenant farming in the farmland possessed by land owners, they were welcoming to have their own land, so the supporting the Communist Party expanded. It was the big reason why the Communist Party won the National Party.
But once coming to power, the Communist Party took away the land from farmers
【People starved to death by the Great Leap. Forward】
《The people’s commune was born》
This time the nation was a big land owner. Livestock for agriculture which was possessed by each of farmhouses were also taken away and was possession for the people’s commune.
Farmers who knew their livestock would be taken away took into action unexpectedly. They killed their livestock before being taken away and sold its meat. If the livestock was taken away, the farmers could do nothing any more, but if selling the meat, they could get cash earnings.
Thus the domestic animal decreased sharply in the …
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people’s commune was born》
Thus the livestock decreased sharply in the process of collectiveness on agriculture. To make matters worse, when changing into a collective farm, farmers drove the livestock for agriculture which was possessed by collectiveness to work hard to be dead. It is said farmers sang a song like the next.
We used to weep when our cow was dead in the past, for it’s ours. If the cow is dead now, we’re happy, for we can eat its meat.
They didn’t have any passion for their job, and didn’t think they cherish the field…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people’s commune was born》
They didn’t think they cherish the field of rice and other crops nor the domestic animal any more, for all the outcome of their labor is taken away. Instead, the farmers thought like the next. As being the communism, the nation could buy everything which they want for them.
On the other hand, GHQ did the land reform in Japan after the World War Ⅱ, and the land was distributed to peasants from big land owners. As peasants could possess their own land, their willingness for work heightened and agricultural…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people's commune was born》
...and agricultural product heightened dramatically in Japan then. The time which doesn't connect with hunger unlike before the war came to Japan, but China didn't adopt the course.
The Communist Party in China distributed the land to farmers and won the support from them and came to power, after that taking away the land from farmers. it means that the Communist Party deceived farmers and assumed the reins of government.
Mao Zedong had a personal ideal like a dream, but as to farmers, the land which...
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people's commune was born》
...the land which farmers possessed at last was taken away again. Farmers were opposed to the collectiveness on agriculture and some of them escaped from the land. It could have connected with the collapse on the agriculture.
Mao Zedong introduced the system of domestic passport so as to prevent agriculture from collapsing. Without being issued the domestic passport from the authority, farmers couldn't travel in China. Family register was made for farmers as farmer, and they couldn't get the family...
【People starved to death by the Great Leat Forward】
...and farmers couldn't get the family register in city actually. The system binding farmers to the land was completed.
《Mao Zedong made a promise a paradise on the earth》
As the autocratic position on Mao Zedong was established through the right wing struggle and 百花斉放, the personality cult against Mao Zedong went ahead as well. The great leader isn't to make a mistake, it means that the direction from Mao Zedong is absolutely right and they have to obey it, and proceeding the personality cult on Mao Zedong made the authority on the...
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Mao Zedong made a promise a paradise on the earth》
…and proceeding the personality cult on Mao Zedong made the authority on the Communist Party heighten and harden the power on the Communist Party, but no one could reprove Mao Zedong because of the personality cult, so all of them were forced to obey as Mao Zedong commanded.
Mao Zedong made a promise the realization of a paradise on the earth to the people in China through the Great Leap Forward. The Communist Party made publicity if putting into practice as instruction from Mao Zedong…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Mao Zedong made a promise a paradise on the earth》
…the food would be abundant and utopia in which being able to get everything what they want would come to them.
It reminds us of other country next to China. The country put into practice the same thing with Mao Zedong even at present and its people are suffering from being lack of food.
《稲 on which being able to sit》
As to the rice, when expressing in Japanese, there are various description like 苗,稲,籾,米,飯 and so on, but when expressing in English, all of them is rice alone, so except…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《稲 on which a child can sit》
…so except for 稲 in Japanese, nothing appropriate doesn’t occur to me. I find it regrettable, but it can’t be helped.
稲 of good harvest on which a child can sit was made publicity in China then and its picture was disclosed. It’s the outcome on the direction from Mao Zedong. If planting 稲 in the field with little space between the 稲, the ears of the large amount of the 稲 fruits, so the rice becomes the good harvest. Mao Zedong thought like that, and the dense planting on 稲 was done in the farm village of the…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《稲 on which a child can sit》
…and the dense planting on the 稲 was done in the farm village of the whole China. As the direction from the great leader must not have been in the wrong, its outcome on the dense planting of the 稲 has to be shown..
When Mao Zedong and executives of the Communist Party visited the field of the 稲, the one who took charged in the farming of 稲 gathered the grown 稲 at one place and showed the situation that the 稲 grew so densely that the child could sit on there. After Mao Zedong and executives went back, the 稲 …
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《稲 on which a child can sit》
…the 稲 was returned to the original place. Sometimes a bench was hidden among the 稲 and made the child sit on there and took the photograph of the child. It was disclosed later.
But if the good outcome was announced from the rooftops, the people at the farm village in the whole nation thought like the next.
After all, the direction from the great leader is right. Our way of doing is in the wrong because it doesn’t go well, but if making a report it didn’t go well, we’re answerable to them. We’ll report them …
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《稲 on which a child can sit》
We’ll report them it goes well.
Thus dense planting on 稲 was done in unison in the whole nation and the production output on rice decreased drastically, but it was reported that the rice was a good harvest.
《Applying for the theory on communism to the one on evolution》
If carrying out the dense planting on 稲, it would be a good harvest, the absurd theory took the world by storm in the nation of socialism like Soviet, China and North Korea. It’s applying the theory from a biology to Marxism by a biologist ...
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Applying from the theory on communism to the one on evolution》
The theory was done by a biologist in Soviet.
Worker unite and join force as the same class in the capitalism, and fighting against capitalists and causing the revolution and realizing the socialism, its inevitability in the history and is science, according to Marxism.
The biologist applied simply the theory from the Marxism for the world on plants in the natural world. If the same kind of plants are sowed on the ground densely, the plants help each other and being a good…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Applying from the theory on communism to the one on evolution》
…and being a good harvest. Likewise workers help each other and join force in the human society.
I’m afraid the description of the turn both on the human society and the world of the plant should be reverse. I made a mistake. I’m sorry for it.
It was thought the same plant which was the same class didn’t fight against each other with regard to the light and fertilizer.
Both of animal and plant have hereditary nature. It’s natural for us in the present time, but the …
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Applying from the theory on communism to the one on evolution》
…but the socialism denied the natural theory and insisted that the surrounding decided the nature on both animal and plant. If the surrounding changes, people will do, it’s the theory on communism, and applying for it to botany simply.
For all being born in a farm village, Mao Zedong didn’t know on agriculture very much, so he introduced the theory on the biologist to China as it was. He became the objection on the personality cult then, so no one expressed dissent.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
The way of dense plant caused tragedies in China, and Kim ll-Sung introduced it to North Korea and brought a large amount of damage to North Korea.
《Absurd agricultural reform was carried out》
Absurd agricultural reform isn’t limited to the dense planting alone. 農地深耕, 農地管理, 作物保護, and 水利灌 were also done.
農地深耕 means cultivating fields of rice and other crops deeply. A groundless theory the deeper they dig, the more abundantly the crop fruits was put forward. Farmers were asked to dig up the ground deeper. There was an area where the field …
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Absurd agricultural reform was carried out》
There was an area where the field was dug by three meters deep underground. Without considering difference between the area, cultivated deeply all over China, nutrients were lost from the place where the surface soil was thin.
農地管理 means rotation of crops. If growing the same plant alone in the field, the field depletes, so we should leave the field fallow periodically. It wasn’t always in the wrong, but as leaving fallow was done all together, the fields where they should cultivate decreased…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Absurd cultural reform was carried out》
…the fields where they should cultivate decreased drastically.
作物保護 means getting rid of harmful organisms. Sparrow, mouse, insect and fly were regarded as four bad things, and human wave tactics 人海戦術 was developed so as to eradicate the four bad things. All the farmers hit a drum or a pan together so as to eliminate the sparrow. The way of surprising the sparrow was adopted. The sparrow was so frightened that it couldn’t reach to the ground, so when going on flying in the sky, it would be tired…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Absurd agricultural reform was carried out》
…the sparrow would be tired too much because it was forced to go on flying, so it would be dead soon. The Communist Party seemed to think like that. Unbelievable thing was developed seriously all together in the whole nation.
Sparrow disappeared because it was eliminated, but a large amount of insects appeared because the sparrow which was the natural enemy for insects disappeared. There was serious damage on agricultural products then.
水利感慨 means a large scale of construction on irrigation….
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Absurd agriculture reform was carried out》
水利灌漑 means a large scale of construction on irrigation construction or building dam. Farmers were also rounded up by the human wave tactics 人海戦術 this time. Without having advanced technology nor machine, earth and sand were piled up by human power alone, so it collapsed right away, and serious damage was caused.
As farmers were rounded up this construction work none of them weren’t able to be engaged in agriculture in the least.
《False report was done》
That agricultural reform was done, being…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《False report was done》
As the agricultural reform was done, being based on the theory of official recognition by the Communist Party, if the production didn’t grow, it means that the ones who were engaged in agriculture failed. In short, the People’s Commune is a national company, so there were government bureaucrats who took to defending themselves above all, and they reported how it went well.
As a result, an exaggerated report was done. For example, in Hubei Province 湖北省, executives on the Communist Party at the local area pulled out…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《False reports were done》
…executives on the Communist Party at the local committee pulled out 稲 from a distant paddy field which was a good harvest and planted them closely extremely in the other paddy field along the railway.
When the train exclusive for Mao Zedong passed, making him see it was a good harvest from the window of the train, trying to make him give an impression it was the good harvest. Thus the false report was done.
Mao Zedong was got used to being sucked up to ゴマスリ and flattery. He pressed the government and the most…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《False report was done》
He pressed the government and the most senior officials so as to make them carry out the magnificent plan. The senior officials pressed lower executives so as to be pleased with Mao Zedong or they were afraid if disobeying his order they would lose their positions, so they tried to cover their own back.
Lower executives were forced to work farmers mercilessly or to report to which their boss wanted to listen. Thus unthinkable false report was done. The amount of harvest on 10 square meter was not only 5 ton but…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《False report was done》
The amount of harvest on no more than 10 square meter wasn’t only 5 ton but became its double or triple sometimes.
As Mao Zedong received the report that the production on food went smoothly it is said he was worried about that even if allotting the food for the feed on pig, there were extra food, though it’s just that a phantom surplus food. He was the autocrat who was the Emperor’s New Clothes then.
《Farmers started to produce steel as well》
Producing steel was also the foundation on the Great Leap Forward….
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Farmers started to produce steel as well》
Producing the steel was also the foundation on the Great Leap Forward with agriculture. Khrushchev announced Soviet would overtake America on economy in fifteen years then. As Mao Zedong was conscious of the announcement, he established the goal of overtaking England of which economic power was the second in the world then in fifteen years. It means concretely catching up with England on the production output in the steel business. The amount of producing steel was some five million ton in China…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Farmers started to produce steel as well》
The amount of producing steel was some five million ton in China in 1957, and the goal in the next year was some ten million ton. The report that producing ten million of steel succeeded was done, and the next goal was 2700 ton in the next year, but it doesn’t always mean that a steel mill was constructed newly so as to produce the steel. As a country of which main character was farmers and workers, the steel was produced at the site of the People’s Commune. It was called the furnace for steel in…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Farmers started to produce steel as well》
It was called the furnace for steel in the back garden. It’s just a hand made furnace for steel, mortared firebrick of which height was about five meters.
As the steel was produced easily at the blast furnace in the back garden, why did they have to construct a tremendous steel plant? It is said Mao Zedong couldn’t understand why each country in Europe and America constructed the huge steel plant.
Six hundred thousand of furnaces for steel in the back garden were constructed in the whole China…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Farmers started to produce steel as well》
Six hundred thousand furnaces for steel in the back garden were constructed in the whole
China so as to expanding production of steel and no less than one hundred million of farmers were called into service.
But the level of the steel which was produced easily in the back garden was different from the understanding of Mao Zedong altogether, all of them were useless, but as he insisted on being able to produce easily in the back garden, when he visited the place where iron was produced….
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
…carrying high quality of steel produced in steel plant in and made Mao Zedong looked at it, and he believed that the high quality steel was produced.
《Both of iron product and lumber were lost》
When the high quality steel is produced in the steel plant, its material is iron ore and is done dozens of process, but it was unable to do in the furnace for steel in the back garden. It’s just the mass of iron was made then. Original goal was producing iron and making iron goods through processing, but producing iron itself became their goal.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Both of iron product and lumber were lost》
It’s just that farmers melted iron goods at hand in the furnace and changed into other thing made of iron.
Pot, frying pan, and kitchen knife were delivered from the households of farmers as raw material for producing steel. When being lacking in the raw material, a spade, hoe, and shovel for agricultural work were thrown into the furnace.
Originally steel is produced in the furnace and the spade and hoe have to be produced, but destroying both of the space and hoe. It’s putting the cart…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Both iron product and lumber were lost》
It’s putting the cart before the horse, and to make matters worse, the one which was made was the useless mass of iron. Thus both of the iron product and agricultural tool disappeared from farm houses.
Lumber was made use of so as to make fire in the furnace, farmers started to cut lumber from forest around farm lands, so forest was lost suddenly from the whole China then. As the forest decreased a landslide broke out easily and nature was destroyed, so the production on agriculture declined further
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Both iron product and lumber were lost》
Without burning anything, farmers threw furniture made of wood like chair or desk into the furnace, for they couldn’t disobey the policy on the Communist Party and had to show their zealous attitude tackling the policy enthusiastically. Otherwise they would be criticized from the Communist Party. Being criticized from the Communist Party means putting their life at risk.
After all producing steel in which farmers were engaged was melting iron product which was indispensable for daily life and….
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Both iron product and lumber were lost》
…and changing the iron product into of no use, making forest disappear, losing their furniture from the household. In addition, the problem was farmers were urged to produce steel, and being unable to being engaged in agriculture which was the most important.
And the irrigation work was done at the cost of the daily agricultural work on farmers, so the production on agriculture sharply decreased then. Without being harvested, lots of the agricultural products which bore fruit went bad in the….
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
…lots of agricultural product which bore fruit went bad in the field or in paddy field as they were.
《Without working, they could led their life》
Working according to being necessary, and being able to gain food according to being necessary. It’s an ideal on communism, and the People’s Commune tried to carry it out and started free distribution on food, to be concrete, setting up an official dining room.
Farmers were forbidden to have a meal each home of theirs and they had a meal in the official dining room in group. As being able to…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Without working, they could lead their life》
As being able to have a meal in the official dining room with free of charge, farmers ate as much as they wanted to eat, for it was free of charge. When comparing it with the time when they had a meal in their farmhouse, consumption on food increased in the whole China.
On the other hand, the willingness on working became low not only because the farmland didn’t belong to them, but because whether they worked or not, their salary was equal, the willingness on work dropped further more.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
The time on agricultural work decreased and the willingness on agricultural work dropped, but the consumption on food increased. What does it mean? It was obvious.
《And starvation started》
Farmers were busy in producing steel or in construction work on irrigation, and they had no time of harvesting grain and agricultural tools were melted in the furnace, they couldn’t harvest any grain. The grain which bore fruit at last went bad in the field, but some of the grains were managed to harvest and they were stored at the storehouse in the…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《And starvation started》
…and grains were stored at the storehouse in the People’s Commune, but the number on the crop income which was reported was extremely high, for government officials in the local area wanted show their achievement and loyalty. Sometimes the amount of grains which were offered to the nation exceeded the amount of grains which were harvested actually. Thus the storehouse in the People’s Commune became empty.
Starvation broke out in 1959. Sick people who didn’t have enough physical strength or old people died one…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《And starvation started》
Sick people who didn’t have enough physical strength and old people died one after another. The people ate every kind of wild grass, peeling the bark from the tree, nipping leaves, and ate them, but those things weren’t suitable for the their body, and they had diarrhea and died one after another as well.
When the information that farmers were starved reached to the top of the Communist Party, it was judged like the next.
Though there was the report that the grain was a good harvest, there were the hungry people.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《And starvation started》
There must have been some people who hide grains.
It was concluded like that and a campaign on anti concealing grain was done. Government officials went door to door farmhouses and investigated from their house to storehouse thoroughly. If finding even a small amount of grain was kept, all of the grain was taken away. If resisting against it, it was committed assault relentlessly, and lots of farmers were dead by the violence.
《Though confidents of Mao Zedong advised…》
Farmers were starved and dead one after…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Though confidents of Mao Zedong advised…》
…and dead one after another due to the starvation, but the voice from farmers didn’t reach to Mao Zedong. The structural deficiency expanded the damage.
But there were executives in the Communist Party who had the sense of crisis that knowing the actual situation on the famine and trying to change policy is indispensable, and one of them was Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐. He was from Hunan province like Mao Zedong and took into action with Mao Zedong from long ago.
When China joined in the Korean War so as…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Though confidents of Mao Zedong advised…》
When China joined in the Korean War so as to help the North Korea, Peng Dehuai was engaged in the supreme commander. Then he was in the position which was equal to Defense Secretary.
He inspected Hunan Province and recognized the miserable state of being people died from starvation, and thought of suggestion on looking back the policy of the Great Leap Forward. He suggested Mao Zedong turn the policy secretly in the form of a private note.
The suggestion itself was very peaceful. Basically the…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Though confidents of Mao Zedong advised…》
Basically the Great Leap Forward is right and the direction from Mao Zedong is right as well, supporting Mao Zedong and sought for looking back on the policy of the Great Leap Forward.
But Mao Zedong was the absolute dictator then, so he couldn’t endure that objection was raised on his policy. The private note was opened at the conference at once and Mao Zedong labeled on Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐 and his sympathizer as fence-straddles 日和見主義 on the right wing and criticized them seriously on the meeting.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Though confidents of Mao Zedong advised…》
Peng Dehuai and his sympathizers lost their position.
Other executives in the Communist Party at the conference knew the actual situation on the famine and felt the insistence of asking for changing the policy by Peng Dehuai was right, but supporting Peng Dehuai means losing its position, so they were silent or supporting Mao Zedong and tried to survive.
Peng Dehuai was isolated and it was recognized again that the policy on Mao Zedong was right. After that far from looking back on the Great…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Though confidents of Mao Zedong advised…》
…far from looking back on the policy of the Great Leap Forward, but Mao Zedong asked for its progress further more. Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐 took into action with Mao Zedong and won military glory many times, but even he lost his his position because he asked for changing the policy, no one could say Mao Zedong to stop the Great Leap Forward.
So the executives on the Communist Party in the local area couldn’t show they acknowledged the production on food decreased. If happening to show it, they were …
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Thought confidents of Mao Zedong advised…》
…they were criticized as opportunists and faced danger of losing position.
Thus though the famine continued, the report alone that the great increase on food went on. 40 % of the produced food was to offered to the nation, and the number on 40% on the false report exceeded the amount of the actual harvest in almost all of the cases.
As a result, making effort so as to secure food as much as possible continued.
Executives on the Communist Party went around villages seeking for stored food.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
It was cruel and barbarous movement. Lots of farmers were tortured and were beaten to death, extracted from 餓鬼, hunger ghost, which was the title of a book written by Jasper Becker.
Farmers starved to death or even if they didn’t die like that, they were dead because of torture by the executives on the Communist Party.
《The people who died from hunger appear one after another in the whole China》
A woman who could survive from the famine said on the situation in a small village on Henan Province 河南省 in 1960 like the next. Dozens of…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people who died from hunger appeared one after another in the whole China》
Dozens of people who were dead from hunger lay at muddy places on the road in village. They weren’t buried. There were dead bodies in disused fields as well. We who could survive crawled among the dead bodies as if we had threaded among them, seeking for seeds on wild grass which we could barely eat.
No one had energy to bury the dead bodies. Cows were dead, dogs were eaten, instead of grain as tax, chicken and duck were confiscated by the Communist Party…..
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forwad】
《The people died from hunger one after another in the whole China》
Chicken and duck were confiscated by the Communist Party as tax long ago. Birds on tree disappeared. Leaves were nipped and bark was peeled from the trees.
The famine in China from 1959 to 1961 was peculiar in the history of China. The famine attacked from the north of the backland on the cold region along the Heilong River 黒龍江 where wheat was grown to the south area which was Hainan Island where there was rich green and subtropical. The famine attacked the whole China…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people died from hunger one after another in the whole China》
The famine attacked the whole tremendous China in every nook and cranny for the first time. The people were starving at all the area in China. Those description on the miserable situation were extracted from the book of which title was 餓鬼, hungry ghost written by Jasper Becker.
In spite of it, the information on the miserable situation didn’t reach to Moa Zedong. Even if executives knew it, they were forced to be silent. Far from it, Mao Zedong and his henchmen were…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The people died from hunger one after another in the whole China》
…Mao Zedong and his henchmen were entertained with the best hospitality. When he went to the local place for an inspection, the executives in the Communist Party of the local area welcomed him in best way so as to seek his favor. The one who was the attending physician said the situation ironically like the next.
As we used to lead our daily life in paradise in communist, it was the same for us the society on the communism came true then.
《Mao Zedong took a step backward》
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Mao Zedong took a step backward》
As the starvation spread out over the whole China, executives in the Communist Party learned to be unable to endure it at last. Zhou Enlai 周恩来 informed the situation to Mao Zedong in 1961. Mao Zedong became weaker because the executives ganged up to advise him and withdrew from the forefront in politics, so the reform party had the real power then.
Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇, Chen Yun 陳雲, and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 started to carry out the reform. Loosening the collectivism of agriculture and each of individual learned ….
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Mao Zedong took a step backward》
…and each of individuals learned to be able to grow agricultural crops in their farmland and to be able to sell them. Without being engaged in agriculture in group, they were permitted to be engaged in agriculture for themselves and learned to be able to grow farm produce and to sell them for themselves, the willingness on labor of farmers improved and the agricultural production recovered. Farm village which escaped from the starvation started to increase.
Mao Zedong withdrew from the front line of….
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Mao Zedong took a step backward 》
The production for themselves became the one which belonged to them. The starvation was solved with the simple principle.
Mao Zedong withdrew from the frontline of politics and approved of the reform silently as if he had been in a bad mood. He was forced to look at the course of his reform was denied with his arms folded.
Thus Mao Zedong lost his power, but didn’t gave up. He got revenge against the reform party which taken away the power from him with unexpected form. It was the Culture Revolution.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
What was the Culture Revolution? The author said he was going to adopt it in the next chapter soon.
《The Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong was exported》
The failure on the Great Leap Forward became the secret. The great success on the Great Leap Forward was propagandized , so China seemed to be star of the hope for other developing countries all over the world then. The collectivism on agriculture in China was a good example for countries in Africa like Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, and Somalia. They abandoned the traditional agriculture.
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong was exported》
The countries built the farmland for collectivism on agriculture in Africa, and it caused a starvation and civil war.
Pol Pot government in Cambodia also believed in the course of Mao Zedong and sent all of the people to the farm land. He hated intellectuals and despised technical skill on agriculture and constructed the large scale of irrigation facilities with only human wave tactics alone. It caused a large scale of destruction on nature and famine on the fruitful agricultural land.
【The people starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《The Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong was exported》
As the Communist Party hid the miserable failure and propagandized it was a success, the fatal blunder was repeated in the scale of the world. Mao Zedong takes the responsibility for not only the people in China but the death of the lots of people in developing countries in the world.
【Lots of victims were caused on account of Utopian socialism】
The Great Leap Forward started from delusion of grandeur by Mao Zedong resulted in miserable failure. It’s estimated fourth million people…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Lots of victims were caused by due to the Utopian Socialism》
It’s estimated forty million people were dead in the whole China at least. After Mao Zedong was dead, the thing which happened actually was investigated in 1979, and it was concluded from forty three to forty six million people were dead because of the famine, but the catastrophe wasn’t over in the Great Leap Forward. More of lots of people were dead in the Culture Revolution by Mao Zedong after that.
Engels built the theory on communism with Marx and his work was from fantasy…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Lots of victims were caused due to the Utopian Socialism》
…and his work is from Fantasy to socialism. I’m not sure that how the title of the book was translated into English actually, so it’s just word for word by my own.
There used to be Utopian socialists who imagined the society of the utopian socialism, but Marx is the scientific socialist, Engels insisted on it in his work like that.
Which was utopia or science? The socialism which Mao Zedong aimed at was just the utopian Socialism. If an individuality imagines it, it’s all right…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Lots of victims were caused due to the Utopian Socialism》
…but there were no less than some forty million victims on account of the experiment so as to come true the Utopian Socialism in China. China has pursued Japan on the historical issue and insisted that Japan should think of the thing in the past as lesson, but China remained silent on its own past. The fact on the Great Leap Forward isn’t in the textbook on history at school in China at all.
The government in China has asked Japan to see the facts in history directly, but it…
【People starved to death by the Great Leap Forward】
《Lots of victims were caused by the Utopian Socialism》
….but the government in China doesn’t look at its own negative history. Why can’t it acknowledge the failure in the past? The tragedy on the Great Leap Forward isn’t only mistake by his personal alone, but the mistake, the crime committed by the Communist Party.
Acknowledging the mistake in the past means acknowledging the mistake on the Communist Party, asking whether or not the political legitimacy on the Communist Party is justified. Without being able to do, the Communist Party…
＞＞281
Without being able to do it, the Communist Party puts the lid on it and regards as that nothing worse has happened.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Culture Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong is a souvenir》
The poster at the time of the Culture Revolution has been sold in a street stall, in an antique store, or in a souvenir shop. Or lots of booklets of which cover is red have been lined up there. They are the quotation from Mao Zedong.
The Culture Revolution used to shake the whole China in the past and then the Red Guard was the center of the Culture Revolution and it was…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong is a souvenir》
…and it was the booklet which the Red Guard held in their hand and sometimes raised in the heaven. The booklet which they brought it with them, keeping close at hand is being sold at the street stall. It means that the absolute chaos in the Cultural Revolution becomes in the past far away from the present time, but it’s just that the time of flow alone is in the past, for the evaluation on the Cultural Revolution has never been fixed in China even at present.
August in 2006, forty years…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong is a souvenir》
August in 2006, forty years passed from the Cultural Revolution, the Communist Party in China directed all the mass media in China not to touch on the Cultural Revolution at all. The mass media in China is to receive direction from the Communist Party like other organizations, so the article looking back on the things forty years ago didn’t appear then.
Even if forty years passed, not only the Great Leap Forward but the Cultural Revolution has been untouchable for the Communist Party in China.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong is a souvenir》
The Cultural Revolution is the event asking the historical responsibility on the Communist Party. Though it was serious historical event, putting a lid on the history and event which the Communist Party has thought of it as nothing wrong happened. Great damage remains in China by the Cultural Revolution even at present. The author said he was going to look back it on from now on.
《Mao Zedong gave up the head of state》
If putting in a word concerned in the Cultural Revolution is the one like…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong gave up the head of state》
If putting in a word concerned in the Cultural Revolution, it’s the one like the next.
As the power base on Mao Zedong became weak in the Communist Party, Mao Zedong tried to recover its power, engulfing the influence both the outside and inside of the Communist Party.
The authority and the power on Mao Zedong became weak due to the failure on the Great Leap Forward. He handed over the post of the head of state to Liu Shaoqi 劉祥煕 who was the vice head of state April in 1959.
The top on the …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong gave up the post of the head of state》
The top on the national organization was the head of state in China then. It was equal to the President. The top on the Communist Party was the Chairman on the Central Committee in the Communist Party. There were two posts on the top in China, and Mao Zedong was in both of two since the People’s Republic of China was founded, but the top on the nation was separated from the top on the Communist Party then.
Change on the head of state was done because the criticism on the failure of…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong gave up the post of head of state》
Change on the head of state was done because the criticism on the failure of the Great Leap Forward was heightened, but it was intention from Mao Zedong personal. The head of state had to attend various official ceremonies, and Mao Zedong hated it. Without being restrained by official ceremonies, he wanted to take into action in a free position.
In addition, it has been pointed out it was the strategy of the style of Mao Zedong, luring a snake out of the hole. Withdrawing from the….
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong gave up the post of head of state》
Withdrawing from the frontline on purpose, finding out people who tried to grasp the power and discovering them who who could have threatened him, depriving him of power, and knocking them down before they grasp the power. Moa Zedong sometimes adopted the strategy. Handing over the position of the head of state to others, and degree on reverence to Mao Zedong may have changed. It is said he wanted to make sure of it for himself.
But he kept the position of the head of the Communit Party.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong gave up the post of head of state》
It’s the Communist Party which rules over China and being the head of the Communist Party is the biggest source on the power.
As a result, two heads existed in China then. The head of China was himself alone for Mao Zedong, but Liu Shaoqi learned to behave himself as the head of state little by little, and Mao Zedong learned to dissatisfied with him strongly.
《Mao Zedong criticized himself at last》
The thing in which Mao Zedong hated Liu Shaoqi broke out. It was a conference on the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong criticized himself at last》
It was the conference on the Communist Party January in 1962. They talked on the measure of famine by the Great Leap Forward. Seven thousand of executives were summoned from the whole China.
Then Liu Shaoqi made a speech, and acknowledged that the famine wasn’t caused by natural calamity but the man-made disaster. It was actual criticism on Mao Zedong. As receiving the speech, executives who gathered from the whole China started to criticize the policy on the Great Leap Forward, and Mao Zedong…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong criticized himself at last》
…and Mao Zedong was forced to take a step backward. He made a speech at the conference and criticized himself for the first time like the next.
I don’t say it’s all right if others escape from their responsibility. Actually many of others assume the part of responsibility, but it is myself who should take the responsibility for it at first.
Even if it’s the self criticism, saying there was responsibility on others, so he wasn’t always graceful, but he criticized himself for the first time then
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
After that, the power on Mao Zedong in the Communist Party moved to decline still more.
《Mao Zedong tried to recover》
Needless to day, the Communist Party in China is one of the political parties, without having been supported by lots of members in the central committee on the Communist Party, no one can maintain its power and even if Mao Zedong, there is no exception.
The head on the central committee in which Mao Zedong was chosen at the whole meeting on the central committee, according to the rule on the Communist Party in China.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong took into action for recovery》
The power was lost from Mao Zedong because of the failure on the Great Leap Forward, on the other hand, Liu Shaoqi improved the situation causing dead people by the famine in farm village, so his authority became strong. Mao Zedong thought Liu Shaoqi formed the command center on the Communist Party. If leaving it alone, he couldn’t win Liu Shaoqi at the voting of the central committee. Mao Zedong judged like that. He had to make the command center led by Liu Shaoqi lose its position.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong took into action for recovery》
Mao Zedong thought he had to carry it out so as to protect his position of the head of the Communist Party, but the upper class on the Communist Party was grasped by Liu Shaoqi, so Mao Zedong tried to make use of cult on personality on him from the people.
《Quotation from Mao Zedong was published》
The Quotation from Mao Zedong is just a souvenir in China at present. Its first edit was done May in 1964 by Lin Biao 林彪 who was the Defense Secretary.
Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐 used to be the Defense…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong was published》
Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐 used to be the Defense Secretary at the time of the Great Leap Forward, but as criticizing the policy on Mao Zedong, he was lost his position and Lin Biao who became the next Defense Secretary as his successor.
Lin Biao tried to avoid repeating the same mistake like Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇, and thought of winning Mao Zedong’s favor. He tried to strengthen the cult of personality on Mao Zedong, and made the Quotation from Mao Zedong publish as its lever. The remark from Mao Zedong and…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong was published》
Remarks from Mao Zedong in the past and contents on his books are classified into 33 items and are collected in the booklet. For example, the title on the first chapter is the Communist Party and starts like the next.
The critical power leading our undertaking is the Communist Party in China. The theoretical base on the thought leading our thought is the Marxism and Leninism.
It’s just that collecting a few words alone, and its contents were ambiguous. We can interpret them at will.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong was published》
For example, there is the sentence in the 26th chapter of which title is discipline.
When doing something, we shouldn’t emphasize one side alone and shouldn’t deny the other side alone. There should be freedom inside the people, and at the same should be rule there.
As the content was like that they made use of the part which was convenient for them, they could insist on anything at will. After at the power struggle, each side learned to quote the ground of each of legitimacy.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong was published》
The royalty on the booklet, Quotation from Mao Zedong, came into a bank account of the Mao Zedong personal. He could use the large amount of funds at will. While Lin Biao published the Quotation from Mao Zedong and buttered up Mao Zedong, and came up with phrases which is adjective Mao Zedong. He learned to call Mao Zedong, great leader, great teacher, great commander, great one who takes the helm. When referring to Mao Zedong in official place, he always added those four title, Great, to him.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Quotation from Mao Zedong was published》
When hearing his name with the exaggerated adjective, how did he feel? If he was a great leader, he wouldn’t let him call like that, would he? The author said like that.
But Mao Zedong enjoyed personality cult on himself and use it as weapon at the power struggle. He took advantage of youths called Red Guard as a pawn. The struggle setting about by Mao Zedong started from the field of culture.
《A strange criticism on the newspaper at Shanghai》
A thesis was published on the newspaper in….
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Strange criticism on newspaper in Shanghai》
A thesis was published on newspaper in Shanghai in 1965. Its title was 新編歴史劇、海瑞被官を評す. 海瑞被官 is a historic drama written by a playwright. He was the deputy mayor in Beijing and the professor in university then. The thesis criticized the 海瑞被官.
海瑞 was a government official at the time of Ming in China. He spoke plainly to the Emperor he was in the wrong, so 海瑞 was removed from the office, but Mao Zedong evaluated 海瑞 highly.
Mao Zedong used to develop the struggle the anti right wing party.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Strange criticism on newspaper in Shanghai》
Then everyone was sensitive to their boss’s mood and no one remarked voluntarily then. Mao Zedong said learning courage from 海瑞, and when thinking the top brass was in the wrong, speak them plainly they were in the wrong. He addressed to the movement on learning from 海瑞 against the general atmosphere then.
The deputy mayor in Beijing was an ardent admirer to Mao Zedong, so obeying direction from him faithfully and expressed 海瑞被官 so as to evaluate 海瑞 highly.
The Great Leap Forward by Mao…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Strange criticism on newspaper in Shanghai》
As the Great Leap Forward didn’t go well, Peng Huaide 彭懐徳 advised Mao Zedong to rethink on the Great Leap Forward and lost his position. Then some people who comparing Peng Huaide who lost his position due to the advise to rethink on the Great Leap Forward with 海瑞 who advised to the Emperor and was removed from his position appeared gradually.
Then if evaluating 海瑞 highly, it seemed to evaluate Peng Huaide highly who criticized Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong thought of the 海瑞被官 as an innuendo.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Strange criticism on newspaper in Shanghai》
Mao Zedong requested other newspaper companies to publish the criticism on 海瑞被官. His final goal was ousting Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇, and the mayor in Beijing was under Liu Shaoqi. Mao aimed at Liu Shaoqi and tried to make the mayor in Beijing who supported Liu lose his position, so he started to attack the deputy mayor. He started to criticize the deputy mayor at the political convention in 1966 like the next.
Intellectuals resist with the process of the socialism revolution and uncover they are …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Strange criticism on newspaper in Shanghai》
…and uncover the essence that they are anti Communist Party and anti socialism. Though the deputy mayor is the member of the Communist Party, he is anti Communism and belongs to the National Party.
Mao stated confidently like that and said he had to promote the revolution with regard to the culture. The word of the Cultural Revolution was born from there.
《Mao Zedong brought up the theory on going on the revolution》
Mao came up with an original theory. Even if the revolution comes true…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong brought up the theory on going on the revolution》
Even if the socialism comes true, the revolution is necessary. Mao thought like that.
It has been thought the class conflict would vanish by the revolution of socialism in the orthodox Marxism. It’s the theory like the next.
Bourgeoise who is the capitalist class occupies the means of production like land or factory and exploits proletariat who is the worker and makes it work hard. The proletariat who can’t endure the treatment tries to create the new society.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong brought up the theory on going on the revolution》
The Proletariat is the main character in the new society, but the bourgeoise tries to prevent from being the new society, then the class conflict breaks out. When the proletariat succeeds in the revolution and grasps the power and the means of production is nationalized, the bourgeoise would be knocked down, so the class conflict between the bourgeois and proletariat would be cancelled.
But Mao’s way of thinking was different. Even if being in the socialism, the class …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong brought up the theory on going on the revolution》
Even if being the socialism, the class conflict between the bourgeoise and proletariat would continue. The opposition is reflected on the inside the Communist Party and not only the influence aiming at the communism but the one trying to return to the capitalism were born. The struggle against the influence returning to the capitalist is necessary both inside and outside the Communist Party so as to solve the opposition for a long time until the society of communism forms.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong tried to brought up the theory on going on the revolution》
In short, even if being the socialism, as the people who try to move forward to the capitalism would be born, so the revolution has to be continued constantly. Mao insisted like that.
《A wall newspaper was put on at university in Beijing》
A wall newspaper criticizing the Communist Party was put at the campus of university in Beijing May in 1966.
There is a committee which is a lower branch under the Communist Party at workplace in the whole China, and…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover the Cultural Revolution】
《Wall newspaper was put at university in Beijing》
…and the committee issues various directions. There is the committee under the Communist Party at university in Beijing, and the committee issued direction to professors, staff and students. In short, the committee ordered them. The committee was made up with the member of Peng Zhen 彭真 who was the mayor in Beijing and belonged to the faction of Liu Biao and the wall newspaper criticized the committee.
The content on the wall newspaper was broadcast on radio over the whole China.
【Moa Zedong tried to recover the Cultural Revolution】
《Wall newspaper was put at university of Beijing》
Mao directed to broadcast and the full text on the wall newspaper was on the newspaper published by 人民日報 which was the biggest newspaper company in China after two days.
The target aiming at attacking by Mao Zedong spread gradually. The newspaper criticized the committee belonged to the faction of Peng Zhen 彭真 thoroughly, even if they were carrying a flag under any kind of slogan, being in a high position, being a senior member in the executives.
Then the final goal of attacking by…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover the Cultural Revolution】
Then the final goal of attacking by Mao Zedong was clear.
《The red guard was born》
Students in school belonged to 清華 university put the wall newspaper, and its title was hooray the rebellious spirit in the proletariat revolution. Its content was like that.
The revolutionist is Son Goku, swinging about a rod and issuing supernatural power, overthrowing the heaven and the earth of the formers society, striking villains thoroughly. The more confused the former society is the better the situation is. The students call themselves Red guard
【Mao Zedong tried to recover the Cultural Revolution】
《The red guard was born》
The red symbolizes the communism, and students are the soldiers who protect the communism. It seems that students thought like that then. The red guard is expressed 紅衛兵 in Chinese. Young people in the whole China who joined in the Cultural Revolution learned to call themselves the red guard.
The school belonged to 清華university is equal to junior high school and high school in Japan. It’s elite school for children of senior executives in the Communist Party to go. Why did the children of senior executive take …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《The red guard was born》
Why did the children of senior executive take into action like that? It wasn’t clear whether they were advised from the senior executives who knew the intention on Mao Zedong or they did it voluntarily. Mao made use of the young people.
He sent letters to the young people who called themselves the red guard and saying there is the logic against the reactionaries, it’s expressed 造反有利 in Chinese and proclaimed he’d support them enthusiastically. The young people were delighted at it and disclosed the letter …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《The Red Guard was born》
…and disclosed the letter from Mao Zedong in public, and organization of which name was the red guard was born one after another. The insistence of being the logic against reactionaries, and the way of knocking them down thoroughly was put into practice by students in junior high school or in university in the whole China.
《Attacking the command headquarters with gunfire! 》
Mao Zedong himself put the wall newspaper on 中南海 where the executives on the political party or on the government live. The content on…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Attacking the command headquarters with gunfire!》
The content on the wall newspaper was attacking the command headquarters with gunfire.
Mao Zedong must have been the member of the command headquarters, so it was as if he had ordered to attack himself, but he thought his power was taken away, and the command headquarters were made up with Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 and others.
He regard them as the ones who were in the headquarters on the revolution, but were opposed to the revolution, so addressing the young people to..
【Mao Zedong tried to recover the Cultural Revolution】
…so addressing the young people to attack the ones who were opposed to revolution.
《Mao Zedong had an audience with the red guard》
Mao decided to develop the movement of the red guard into the whole China so as to recover himself. He called the million of red guard from the whole China in the square of Tiananmen and had an audience with them. A schoolgirl from the Normal University in Beijing stepped up on to the platform as representative from the red guard and made Mao Zedong wear the armband on the red guard to the left arm of Mao.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover in the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong had an audience with the red guard》
The red guards wore badge showing loyalty on Mao Zedong on their chest. After that all the nations learned to wear the badge on their chest as if they had worn the badge showing respect on Kim ll-Sung in the present North Korea.
The Communist Party and the government started a plan of encouraging to observe the Cultural Revolution for teachers and students in local area to come to Beijing. Movement of stopping the class and carrying out the revolution spread out at school all over China.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover the Cultural Revolution】
《Mao Zedong had an audience with the red guard》
The function of school stopped in China. If a teacher tried to continue the class, it would be stigmatized as the one who was opposed to the revolution. All the China was covered with enthusiasm. It was as if the enthusiasm on the Great Leap Forward had been reproduced.
《There are no rebels without reason, caused the great confusion in China》
The young people who were urged to revolutionary enthusiasm went into the town with the badge of red guard on their arm. Their aim was changing the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《There are no rebels without reason, caused the great confusion in China》
Their aim was changing everything into the color of the revolution all over and their slogan was 造反有理. The red guard who went into the town made the signboard of the shop change the slogan of the revolution. 王府井大街 is called Ginza in Beijing, but it was named 革命路, and after that it was renamed 人民路.
長安街 changed into 東方紅大路. 東方紅 means the communism which appears in the east. It means Mao Zedong. It’s also the title of the song which admired Mao Zedong. 全聚徳 is a …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《There are no rebels without reason…》
全聚徳 is a restaurant which is famous for Pekin Duck, and the red guard brought in there as well. Its signboard at the entrance was destroyed by the staff of the restaurant who were scolded by the red guard and its name was changed into an ordinary one. As its expensive menu was bourgeois, everyday dish which was cheap was added.
Other restaurant which was famous for mabo tofu was also attacked. Its signboard which was the speciality was destroyed, and the new one was made to put up. It’s 文勝飯店.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《There are no rebels without reason, caused the great confusion in the whole China》
文勝 means the victory in the Cultural Revolution.
The goal of the attack by the red guard was aimed at the appearance of the people as well. Women who were long hair or got a perm was criticized as bourgeois, and their hair was cut on the street. If wearing a skirt, they were criticized and women were ordered to wear trousers.
All of the people learned to wear clothes, what is called Mao jacket so as to defend themselves. Women stopped to wear makeup.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《There are rebels without reason…》
Color disappeared from the town.
People changed their names into something revolutionary like 継紅, or 永革, and when a baby was born, its name was like that. In addition the red guard developed the movement of 四旧打破. 四旧 means old thought, old culture, old custom and old habit. Breaking down four of them means destroying cultural assets concretely. Christian church and Buddhist temple were attacked and their precious cultural assets were destroyed one after another.
海瑞 who was the beginning on the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《There are no rebels without reason, caused the great confusion in the whole China》
海瑞 was the beginning on the Cultural Revolution and his grave was dug and the old man who was the grave keeper was stigmatized and was dead.
There was a story as thought it had been false, for the red guard found fault with even a traffic light. Red is the symbol in the revolution, so it should mean going ahead, but it means to stop in the traffic signal. It’s in the wrong. The red guard insisted on it.
The red guard stood beside the policeman who…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《There are no rebels without reason…》
The red guard stood beside the policeman who directed the traffic and insisted that the red on the traffic light was going ahead, and it caused the great confusion in the traffic, and lots of traffic accidents broke out then. At last Zhou Enlai 周恩来 said the signal display is common in the world, and the situation calmed down. They were very serious, so tiresome. Why did they go to extremes like the Great Leap Forward?
Without mass media which criticized objectively the society was filled with…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
Without the mass media which criticized objectively, the society was filled with the personality cult, they tend to go to extremes.
《The nation was classified into friend and foe》
Even if being in the socialism, the class conflict goes on, according to the theory by Mao Zedong. It means there must have been the enemy for the laboring class in China. The battle of looking for the enemy, charging, and destroying started.
Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping were criticized and were dragged down from the position of the power, but the …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The nation was classified into the friend and the foe》
…but the Cultural Revolution wasn’t over, and developed into a fight of which object was the whole nation in the whole China. The whole nation was classified into 黒五類 or 紅五類.
黒五類 means the landlord, rich farmer, the one who was anti revolution, wickedness, and the right wing party. They were chosen as the enemy for the laboring class.
紅五類 means the executive on the revolution, a military man in the revolution, a labor, a poor peasant and middle peasant in the lower class and…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The nation was classified into the friend and foe》
…and the patriot in the revolution, which means the family member of an activist who was dead on the process of the revolution.
Without being the 紅, it couldn’t join in the movement of the Cultural Revolution, and 黒 was the object of defeating.
The ones who were in the position of the executive were classified into the 黒五類 one after another in each of workplaces, and were denounced. Adding to the 黒五類, a spy, betrayal, an aristocracy on the labor and intellectual were criticized.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The nation was classified into the friend and foe》
They were called 臭老九, which means nine kinds of disgusting fellows. They learned to be criticized.
A criticizing convention was held each of workplaces. The ones who were executives in the workplace until then made a thick paper writing the landlord or the right wing party wear on the neck. They were made to line up on the stage of the rostrum. Their colleagues were gathered there and the red guards held the heads of the ones who were criticized on the spot and made their arms…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The whole nation was classified into the friend and foe》
…and made their arms twisted back. The style of the people was called jet style. When children played pretending being a jet plane, they formed like that.
The executives were made to take the stance of the jet style for a few hours and plea of guilty on the executives were informed to the colleagues and the colleagues were forced to abuse the executives in unison like defeat or kill.
After that the executives were taken outside and were to be in a line. It resembles…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The whole nation was classified into the friend and foe》
It resembles a parading a criminal through the town before their execution in the Edo period. Stones were thrown at them and they were struck with a stick, and were damaged. In the process, they were dead or kill themselves one after another.
If the member of the Communist Party kills itself, it was the worst betrayal to the Communist Party, so the family members were persecuted.
The red guard who was the center of the battle were children of the executives in the revolution
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The whole nation was classified into the friend and foe》
It means that they were born to revolutionaries. Family status determined whether they were superior or inferior. It was far apart from the idea on the socialism, but it was developed.
Peng Zhen 彭真 who was the mayor in Beijing and the target for Mao Zedong was dragged out to the street and was abused by the red guard.
Some Japanese women got married to Chinese men and went to Beijing then and they were suffered from the red guard. They were doubted as spy because they were…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The whole nation was classified into the friend and foe》
They were doubted as spy because they were the Japanese and their houses were hunted.
The voltage is different between Japan and China so the Japanese women brought in a converter, but it was problematic. When the red guard barged in on the house, the red guard couldn’t understand what the converter was and pursued the Japanese women, demanding it should be wireless sending information to Japan. Some of the Japanese women had letters from their mothers, but the red guard said …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
…but the red guard said the letter was the communication so as to contact with the spy and took away the letters. The action by the red guard escalated. It was all right even if killing them as long as they were the 黒五類.
《Murdering was endorsement from the police》
A plan was released in the congress by the public security bureau in Beijing like the next August in 1966.
The police must not stop any violent behavior or slaughter by the red guard formally.
The police doesn’t stop the public to pay off score by force.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《Murdering was endorsement from the police》
The police should help when the red guard hunts the house.
The police joined forces with the red guard which committed the violence act. The policy caused a tragedy right away. A genocide broke out in Beijing. The police informed the red guard the houses which were classified to the 黒五類, according to the policy on the public security, and the red guard barged on in the house in group and repeated the violence and no less than three hundred twenty five of people were slaughtered then.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
From an infant from shortly birth to an old one whose age was eighty were victims then and needless to say the police left it alone.
《The dead were one after another》
The denunciation form the red guard was one side, but the one who was attacked sometimes counterattacked. The one who was attacked labeled the one who attacked as anti revolution or right wing party, and a convention for criticizing them was held often.
The opposition between two of them developed into the armed struggle sometimes and every time a large amount of…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The dead were one after another》
…and every time a large amount of the people were dead.
Some of the young people who happened to kill others in the armed struggle were confused, but told themselves it was the part of the class conflict against bourgeoisie by the proletariat, according to the theory by Mao Zedong.
As telling themselves like that, after that when murdering they didn’t hesitate at all. Mao Zedong gave the legality on thought to the large amount of murder in the Cultural Revolution. He said like the next then.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The dead were one after another》
The Communist Party doesn’t say to hit others, but when striking others we have to analyze its class. It is natural for a good person to hit a bad one.
As to the foe against the class, doing anything cruel is all right. It was approved in the society of China then.
It is said he said to the attending physician who he trusted like the next.
This time some thousand of people will be dead. Everything is turning upside down. I love a great uprising in the whole country.
Residents who were classified…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The dead were one after another》
Residents who were classified into the 黒五類 in Beijing were got kicked out to a farm village in a local area one after another. Murdering the enemy on the class was recommended even in the farm village.
Hong Kong used use to be the colony belonged to England and wasn’t returned to Chin then. A large amount of dead body who were executed were drifted to Hong Kong. Their hands were bound on their back. It was guessed murdering each other was done enormously in the continent of China, but China was…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
But China was closed with the curtain of bamboo tightly and its information didn’t reach its outside in the least.
《It is said it’s the revolution which touched the soul》
It used to be called the Cultural Revolution was the one which touched the soul then. It isn’t always the power struggle alone by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong searched for an ideal form of a man and tried to come true the ideal on the communism.
It’s abolition on division of labor, on commercial economy and coming true the social equality, especially the system on…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《It’s said it’s the revolution which touches the soul》
…especially the system on division of labor in the modern society was criticized, for the division on labor caused the people to be a specialist who inclined to the one side alone. Abolishing the division on labor and getting rid of the wall and discrimination between an intellectual, a worker and a farmer and aiming at development on a whole person. Judging the person from all the directions like the body, psychology and social position. It was spread out over China.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《It’s said it’s the revolution which touches the soul》
It seemed to be fascinated for Japanese students who longed for ideal. An organization which devoted itself to the thought on Mao Zedong was born in Japan as well and the slogan of 造反有理 was put up at the gate of the Tokyo university which was at strike by the whole students in 1968.
Each of people are incorporated in the division on labor under the capitalism and changed into the cog in the society. Marx criticized like that and if being the communism, the person becomes the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《It’s said it’s the revolution which touches the soul》
…if being the communism, the person becomes the whole person, the one which is judged from the body, psychology, and the social position.
To tell the truth, as to the whole person, I’m not sure of its concept. In short, does it mean the one who doesn’t incline to one side alone, is it? Marx insisted on it like that, and Mao Zedong tried to come true it in China.
As the part of the trial, making intellectuals in the city go to a farm village in a local area and be engaged in labor
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《It’s said it’s the revolution which touches the soul》
But it seemed it’s just an ascetic penance for the intellectuals.
On the other hand, farmers and workers in factory were sent to university, but they couldn’t follow the class, so it was also the ascetic penance for them.
Marx thought when the capitalism developed highly and high productivity came true, the communism would come true for the first time.
But there was low productivity extremely in China then, but Mao Zedong ignored it and tried to come true the capitalism.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《It’s said it’s the revolution which touches the soul》
As a result, it wasn’t the communism but ended up being absurd one.
As to the abolishing commercial economy, denying to put a price on goods and to sell them, so the economy doesn’t form.
As to the realization on the equality in the society, it’s the socialism, so aiming at coming true it is natural, but it fell into the equality as consequence. Whether working or not working, each of benefits was the same. The willingness of working hard was lost from workers.
As to the fear….
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
As to the fear of losing willingness on working, he tried to prevent workers from losing willingness by going ahead of improving way of thinking by the Cultural Revolution, but it fell through.
《The red guard was sent to a local area》
Mao Zedong said it was indispensable for young intellectuals to go to the farm village in a local area and are educated from a poor farmer in the lower class.December in 1968. The young intellectuals means the red guard.
Mao Zedong made the red guard call out so as to succeed in the Cultural Revolution
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The red guard was sent to a local area》
But after the success on the Cultural Revolution, the red guard was an obstacle for him. The red guard developed the armed struggle and China was taken in on the vortex of confusion. Then the role on the red guard was over.
Mao Zedong addressed the red guard to learn from the farmer and banished them to the farm village in the local area. It was called 下放. No less than twenty million of young people were driven away to a remote farm village where there was no electricity and were made to be….
【Mao tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The red guard was sent to a local area》
…and were made to be engaged in the heavy labor. The red army should learn something valuable from farmers, but farmers could neither read nor write and had nothing to teach for the young people. They regarded the young people as labor force, and lots of the young people who had never gone through the heavy labor were dead from sickness because of overwork.
School girls who were sent to the farm village were often treated by the young men there as subject to sexual desire. Lots of the school girls…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
Lots of the school girls were victims of the violence by the young people in the farm village and the large amount of them were mentally damaged or committed suicide.
《People’s Liberation Army took the field》
When the Cultural Revolution broke out, lots of the executives in the Communist Party were criticized because they advanced to the capitalism, the organization on the Communist Party didn’t work out.
Mao Zedong made the organization on the Communist Party paralyze and made the revolutionary committee form then.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People’s Liberation Army took the field》
The revolutionary committee was established from the government to the people’s commune which was a lower branch. The revolutionary committee took over the organization on the Communist Party and promoted the Cultural Revolution, but there was none of decisive organization. Its only aim was being opposed to the existing organization on the Communist Party and to the executives.
Each of organization put up the thought on Mao Zedong as slogan but they were disorganized.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People’s Liberation Army took the field》
Of course, the opposition between the ones who named themselves as the revolutionary committee occurred. It sometimes developed into killing each other. Using weapon at hand and brawling advanced to a lynching and there were lots of victims on it.
If it’s in an ordinary nation, the police would intervene it and pull apart both of them and punish them being based on the law, but if regulating the one who named themselves the revolutionary committee, there was a fear that the police itself…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People’s Liberty Army took the field》
…there was fear that the police itself would be labeled as anti revolution, so the police couldn’t intervene in it easily, and lots of the situations were out of control. Its confusion was so worse that Mao Zedong ordered the People’s Liberty Army to take the field so as to get things under control.
The People’s Liberty Army being under command of Lin Biao 林彪 seized the initiative each place and learned to maintain the public order, for the People’s Liberty Army which admired Mao Zedong led by…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People’s Liberty Army took the field》
…for the People’s Liberty Army which admired Mao Zedong led by Lin Biao alone escaped from the criticism on the anti revolution.
The Cultural Revolution which was lit fire by Mao Zedong changed into the one taken the lead by the People’s Liberty Army owing to the confusion, as a result, the power on Lin Biao became powerful.
《The group of four controlled》
If it was Lin Biao who controlled the confused nation by the military power, it was the group of four which controlled the nation by the…
【Moa Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The group of four controlled》
…it was the four people who were called four of group controlled the confused nation by the thought. They were Jiang Qing 江青 who was the wife of Mao Zedong, and Zhang Chun Bridge 張春橋, Yao Wenyuan 姚文元, and Wang Hongwen who were gained the favor of Jiang Qing.
Jinnah Qing used to be a film star in Shanghai in 1930s. She was well known as a woman of many loves and was also famous for the scandal on her marriage and living with somebody. She joined in the Communist Party in 1933, but was arrested in the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The group of four controlled》
…but was arrested in the next year, but was released from the prison by reading the sentence criticizingthe Communist Party, After that she went into Yan’an 延安 which was the base for the revolution where there was Mao Zedong and was acquainted with Mao Zedong in 1937 and they got married.
In spite of criticizing the Communist Party in the past, Moa Zedong ignored it. When the Cultural Revolution broke out, the past on the all the nation was poked and pried, researched whether or not it used to be the …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The group of four controlled》
…researched whether or not it used to be the anti revolution in the past, but Jiang Qing 江青 escaped from it. She feared that her past was disclosed and persecuting the ones who knew her past and tried to tie them tongue.
When the Cultural Revolution broke out, Mao Zedong had other lover and he was separated from Jiang Qing, but she made use of the position of Mao Zedong’s wife and exerted an authority over others. She took into action as if she had always been with Mao Zedong and wielded the intention…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The group of four controlled》
…and wielded the intention from Mao Zedong and heightened her own prestige, and three of Zhang Chun Bridge 張春橋, Yao Wenyuan 姚文元, and Wang Hongwen 王洪文 who were supported by Jiang Qing 江青 learned to have the power inside the Communist Party at the background of the prestige on Jiang Qing.
The source of the power on the four of the group was Mao Zedong, so they had to stand high in Mao Zedong’s favor and trust so as to maintain their power and to get promoted, so they guessed the intention on Mao Zedong…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The group of four controlled》
…and perceived what Mao Zedong thought of earlier and took into action. Thus they escalated the persecution on the faction of the real power. Lots of executives and cultured people who were loyal to the Communist Party were persecuted.
As they were in high position because they were loyal to the Communist Party and went on the devoted action for the Communist Party, but they were condemned as the faction of the real power because they were in the high position. Lots of excellent executives were killed.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The four of group controlled》
Or they were driven to commit suicide.
The one who was the first target on the invoke of the Cultural Revolution was cast into prison and killed himself. His wife was delicacy of health but was compelled to be engaged in abusive labor practice under the name on modification by labor as anti revolutionary and was dead, and their eldest daughter killed herself and the eldest son alone could survive.
Both of Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 were also denounced. The former devoted himself to building…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The four of group controlled》
Liu Shaoqi devoted himself to building the Communist Party and made a violent effort to the development on the new China and became the upper higher position than Mao Zedong, and became the objection on chasing down.
Deng Xiaoping was Liu Shaoqi’s subordinate and judged the situation realistically but he wasn’t loyal to the thought on Mao Zedong and sent away to the rural area and was forced to work as worker in factory.
Liu Shaoqi was under confinement in 1967 and even if falling ill, he couldn’t get…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The four of group controlled》
…and even if falling ill, he could hardly get medical treatment and was dead in 1969. His death wasn’t informed to his family members and it was solitary and was in secret.Three years after his death, his family member knew he was dead.
《Lin Biao aimed at the head of state》
Lin Biao and Jiang Qing 江青 took an oath of allegation to Mao Zedong. The interest on both of them fell in line and made use of themselves each other and went up the stairs on the power.
As Lia Shaoqi lost his position Lin Biao…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《Lin Biao aimed at the head of state》
…Lin Biao was promoted to the position on No.2 actually. He was the vice president in the People’s Republic of China then. Strengthening the cult of personality on Mao Zedong and improving his own position and was appointed as successor of Mao Zedong at last.
The ninth convention on the Communist Party in China was held in 1964 and the bylaws on the Communist Party was reformed, and was described he was close fellow soldier to Mao Zedong and the successor. The name on the successor was written…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《Lin Biao aimed at being the chief of state》
The name on the successor was written in the bylaws on the Communist Party. It was unusual situation. It’s just that he had only to wait for Mao Zedong’s death so as to reach the chief of state which is the top on China, but he was so frail that he couldn’t wait for it. He thought of assumption on the chief of the state in China when Mao Zedong was alive, but there was a miscalculation there.
Mao Zedong proposed they abolish the position on the chief of state in 1970. He hated being…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《Lin Biao tried to be the chief of state》
Mao Zedong hated being restrained as the chief of state, for he couldn’t take into action at will, on the other hand, he thought the one who was called the chief of state was himself alone. He couldn’t forgive two chief of state existed again.
But Lin Biao was dissatisfied with it. If the chief of state was abolished, he couldn’t be the top in China forever, and worked out a plan. He asked Mao Zedong to be the chief of state again. He anticipated that Mao Zedong would refuse it firmly. If ….
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《Lin Biao aimed at being the chief of state》
If Mao Zedong refused it firmly, he could be the chief of state, he thought like that.
But when Mao Zedong saw the way of doing, he was aware that Lin Biao tried to be the top on China, instead of himself. He took advantage of Lin Biao so as to recover himself through the Cultural Revolution until then, but he threatened the position on Mao Zedong and was ambitious.
As Mao Zedong recognized it and he in turn learned to be caution to Lin Biao and be cold to him after that. He abstained ….
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
Though he abstained from the criticism on Lin Biao by name, he started to criticized the group of people who supported Lin Biao.
《Lin Biao planned the coup d‘etat》
Thus the curtain on the event which has been regarded as the biggest mystery on the Cultural Revolution was opened. The plan and failure on the coup d’etat by Lin Biao. He was appointed as the successor of Mao Zedong and the close fellow soldier on the in-laws of the Communist Party, but conspired to assassinate Mao Zedong. It was an incomprehensible case overly. Both of…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《Lin Biao planned the coup d’etat》
Both of the wife and son of Lin Biao had a sense of crisis because Mao Zedong developed the sense of discomfort against Lin Biao. As the authority on Mao Zedong was tremendous and their destine was dependent on the intention of him. They knew it enough.
If leaving it alone, abduction from the successor would be impossible. Far from it, their position was in danger. They thought like that and planed the coup d’etat on Mao Zedong.
The son of Lin Biao was promoted exceptionally in the air service.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《Lin Biao planed the coup d’etat》
The son of Lin Biao was in his 20s, but was in the deputy director of operation on the Air Headquarters. He made use of his position and formed the group on Lin Biao secretly inside the air service. He planned the coup d’etat by using the group.
Mao Zedong went around each place in the south area like Wuhan 武漢 from August to September in 1971 and criticized Lin Biao then. As Lin Bias got the information and thought he would follow in Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇, and order to carry out the coup d’etat.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《They failed in the coup d’etat》
They planned to assassinate Mao Zedong in Shanghai. Mao Zedong went around the south area by his exclusive train and planned to return Beijing by way of Shanghai, so they tried to attack when the train stopped at the Shanghai station.
But there wasn’t the combat troops on the ground in the Air Force to which the son of Lin Biao belonged and there was almost none of weapons which they could use, and the concrete plan which they should carry out couldn’t put together easily. In the meantime, the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《They failed in the coup d’etat》
In the meantime the exclusive train in Mao Zedong departed from Shanghai. Mao Zedong criticized the group of Lin Biao and made others watch the action on him and his group. As he was conscious that they took into a suspicious action, he departed from Shanghai with utmost secrecy and returned to Beijing.
It was Lin Biao and his group who were in panic. When looking at the action on Mao Zedong, they jumped to conclusion that the plan on assassination was disclosed, and thought of being away from Beijing.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《They failed in the coup d’etat》
They tried to ran away to Canton and expected to come back there, but the eldest daughter who didin’t join in the coup d’etat was suspicious that her family members tried to go to Kanton and told it to the security guard, the plan of escaping by Lin Biao was bought to light.
The jet plane belonged to the Air Force in the family of Lin Biao flew from Beijing September in 1971. Zhou Enlay who knew the situation issued instruction to his staff lead from front and made them chase the jet plane.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《They failed in the coup d’etat》
The jet plane gave up flying to the south and went for the north and went into the territory of Mongol. Lin Biao tried to flee a foreign country, but as they were in haste and the jet plane didin’t have enough fuel. When being in the territory of Mongol, the fuel ran out and tried to make a crash landing on a grassy plain in the midnight, but failed to do. The jet plane crashed on the grassy plain and blew up in smoke. All the family members and crews in the jet plane were dead. The fellow close…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
The close fellow soldier to Mao chief of state was dead.
『Column. The group of the coup d’etat was the combined fleet』
The secret organization formed by the son of Lin Biao named itself as the combined fleet. When watching at a Japanese war film, he was impressed and thought they needed the spirit on the character of the war film and named themselves as the combined fleet.
『Column. Asahi newspaper denied the downfall on Lin Biao』
After Lin Biao was dead, the newspaper in Hong Kong publicized that Lin Biao tried to flee a foreign..
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
『Column, Asahi newspaper denied the downfall on Lin Biao』
…the newspaper in Hong Kong publicized Lin Biao tried to flee a foreign country but failed and was dead. Outside China was in uproar over the information, whether the information was true or false.
Then a reporter in the Beijing branch of Asahi newspaper wrote an article that the information on the loss of Lin Biao was false. Its grounds was the book written by Lin Biao was published as usual. But later it proved that the article on the Asahi newspaper was false. It was the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
『Column, Asahi newspaper denied the downfall on Lin Biao』
It was the false report on the century. At the same time it was criticized that Asahi newspaper put a great deal of thought on the government in China then, and praised the Cultural Revolution, and assumed that Lin Biao couldn’t have lost. It led to the false report.
《The prestige on Mao Zengong was shot to pieces》
The death on Lin Biao was a strict secrecy. Both of Mongol and Soviet Union which was a custodial capacity for Mongol considered the relation with China and…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The prestige on Mao Zedong was shot to pieces》
…and both of Mongol and Soviet Union didn’t announce the death of Lin Biao. Even if hidden to the people in China, the information was reported to the government and executives in the Communist Party immediately.
Lots of the people were shocked at the outbreak by the successor of Mao Zedong, especially the damage which Mao Zedong received was serious, for he was betrayed by the one who was in the position of No. 2, who was appointed by Mao Zedong himself, and he looked much older.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The prestige on Moa Zedong was shot to pieces》
The attending physician on Mao Zedong said the situation then like the next.
After the case on Lin Biao, his physical decline stood out dramatically. Impending crisis was over, the conspirators were arrested, and recognizing his own safe was all right, Mao Zedong fell into depression. Staying in the bed, without saying anything nor doing anything, lay down all the day.
It was announced in public that Lin Biao tried to flee to a foreign country and was dead by falling October in 1971.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The prestige on Mao Zedong was shot to pieces》
The people who were connected with Lin Biao were exposed one after another. As Lin Biao , by a sudden turn, changed into the enemy, the people were shocked at it in China. Lots of things going overboard extremely on the Cultural Revolution until then became the responsibility for Lin Biao. Zhou Enlay 周恩来 who was the Prime Minister was in charge of recovering China.
Zhou Enlay made effort so as to revive the faction who were moderate and were engaged in practical work.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The prestige on Mao Zedong was shot to pieces》
The faction of the moderate ones who were engaged in the practical work were persecuted by the Cultural Revolution, but their assessment was reversal in 1972 like the next.
Veteran executives who has been trained in the revolutionary struggle for a long time is a precious asset for the Communist Party. Deng Jiaoping 鄧小平 also revived and supported Zhou Enlay as the Vice President. The industrial production was destructive then, but it started to recover and school which continued…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
…and school which continued to be closed temporarily in the whole China started again. The wild excitement on the Cultural Revolution was over and the peaceful time came back then.
《This time Zhou Enlai was the target》
Lots of people were surprised at the loss on Lin Biao but moderate Zhou Enlai held a leading position and overdoing on the Cultural Revolution was corrected, so lots of people were relieved at it. Brightness returned to the society, but there were people who were dissatisfied with that Zhou Enlai seized the real power.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《This time Zhou Enlai was the target》
It’s the four of group. They had promoted the Cultural Revolution, but it was about to come to an end incompletely and Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 who tried not to take sides with them had the real power, so the four of group was dissatisfied with it.
The four of group like Jiang Qing 江青 tried to recover the lost ground. They led a rebellion within the plan of correcting overdoing by Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong sympathized with them. He relied on the correction on overdoing by Zhou Enlai.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《This time Zhou Enlai was targeted》
On the other hand, he was dissatisfied with the end of the Cultural Revolution which he invoked and approved of the plan by Jiang Qing 江青 silently. As the Cultural Revolution started from the criticism on the 海瑞被官, without showing their real enemy clearly, the way of making allusive remark at Zhou Enlai was adopted then. Without criticizing Zhou Enlai direct, they criticized Conficius 孔子. The hard headed ability on Zhou Enlai looked Confucianists who were loyal to the teaching on Confucianism.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《This time Zhou Enlay was targeted》
At least the four of group seemed to think like that. Criticizing Confucius 孔子 who founded the Confucianism which was the teaching in the feudal society, and they criticized Zhou Enlai indirect. The movement on criticizing Confucius and Lin Biao started. It escalated gradually, and it seemed to be the second Cultural Revolution at last.
It turned out that Zhou Enlai was sick from cancer May in 1972, but Jiang Qing prevented Zhou Enlai from treating cancer. Though Zhou Enlai continued his duties…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
His cancer deteriorated. Without being able to receive enough medical treatment, Zhou Enlai was dead.
《The people gathered because they mourned Zhou Enlai》
It started automatically. They started to hold a wreath and a bouquet around the monument at the Tiananmen Square in the center of Beijing March in 1976. The remark on devoting to Zhou Prime Minister with respect was written on the wreath and on the bouquet.
The wreath was taken away by the public security department at night, but it was held again in the next day. Before long…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People gathered because they mourned Zhou Enlai》
Before long lots of people started to gather at the Tiananmen Square and started to watch so as not to take away the wreath. Both of the wreath and the people continued to increase. In the beginning, they mourned Zhou Enlai purely, but the mass media which was controlled by the four of group didn’t report mourning Zhou Enlai. The gathering of the people who were dissatisfied with it seemed to be the rally on anti four of the group little by little.
The people who were tired of the…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People gathered because they mourned Zhou Enlai》
The people who were tired of the derangement on the Cultural Revolution mourned Zhou Enlai and raising voice, being opposed to the Cultural Revolution.
The number of wreath was over a thousand April, and no less than two million of people gathered at the Tiananmen Square because it happened to be Sunday and to be the day when thinking of the deceased.
And the fifth day April. The counterattack from the four of group started then. The number of the crowd decreased 9：30 at night.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People gathered because they mourned Zhou Enlai》
Units of the police and the military force rushed into the Tiananmen Square. The police who had a heavy stick in hand scattered the people by kicking or hit them and excluded them from the square. Lots of people who resisted against it were arrested and were taken away. The wreath was removed from the Square. It was called the event on the Tiananmen, but the other event broke out in the same place, so we call it the first case in the Tiananmen Square at present.
The people mourned…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《People gathered because they mourned Zhou Enlai》
People mourned Zhou Enlai and hated the four of group. It occurred automatically, but the four of group didn’t think like that. They didn’t think they were hated by the people, so they suspected Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 without reason he pulled wires from behind and took into action so as to exclude Deng Xiaoping, so he lost his position again.
《The Cultural Revolution was over due to the death of Moa Zedong》
Zhou Enlai was dead and Deng Xiaoping was purged, a sense of limitation drifted…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The Cultural Revolution was over on account of the death of Mao Zedong》
…a sense of limitation drifted in the society, but the sense of limitation came to an end by the death of the great man in China. Mao Zedong was dead September in 1976 at the age of eighty two.
After Zhou Enlai was dead, Mao Zedong appointed Hue Guofeng 華国鋒 as the one who acted over the Prime Minister. He didn’t appointed any member on the four of group as the one who acted over the Prime Minister on purpose. He appointed the modest one who was obedient to him.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The Cultural Revolution was over due to the death of Mao Zedong》
Hua Guofeng announced a sentence in which Mao Zedong wrote when he was alive. The sentence said if he acted over the Prime Minister, Mao Zedong would be relieved, and proclaimed that he was the successor on Mao Zedong.
But the four of group like Jiang Qing didn’t think pleasantly and took into action so as to hold the reins of power. When seeing it, Hua Guofeng was cautious on the coup d’etat by the four of group and made a preemptive move to them. They were arrested.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The Cultural Revolution was over owing to the death of Moa Zedong》
Except for Jiang Qing 江青, three of four of group were called under the pretext of being held the Politburo Standing Committee, and were arrested and Jiang Qing who was at home was also done. Arresting four of the group was so as to prevent the coup d’etat from breaking out. When arresting their suspicion wasn’t clear, and it was as if it had been the coup d’etat by Hua Guofeng 華国鋒.
Arresting four of the group made the storm of the Cultural Revolution which blew out…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
Arresting four of the group made the storm of Cultural Revolution which blew out the whole China come to an end, but its after effect was serious.
《Lost generation was born》
Function of school in the whole China stopped then. The youth of teenagers then didn’t take any lesson on education, so they couldn’t gain basic knowledge. They couldn’t read or write at all. They would reach 70s in China at present. Without receiving basic education, they became grown ups. They are called the lost generation.
Ordinary people drove others…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The lost generation was born》
Ordinary people drove others in the area and in workplace to be dead as if they had been suffered from fever, but they remain silent on their own action. They don’t say anything on it. The ones who were the victims and were imprisonment or others who were received violence remained silent as well, for the policy on the Communist Party may have changed suddenly, so being silent means protecting themselves. They seemed to judge like that.
How many people were victims in the Cultural Revolution? Its exact …
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The lost generation was born》
Its exact number has never been clear. Some data shows no less than three million people were imprisonment for a decade and no less than one hundred thousand people were executed. There must have been lots of other people who killed each other.
The people who joined in the Red Guard said on the Red Guard like the next.
Most of them were arrogant and something monomaniac, and frankness of bring others by bay thoroughly was as if they had been sometimes children. They hardly knew on the society, and…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The lost generation was born》
They idealized the reality so much and were indulged in the dream of revolution from the morning until the night, but they didn't’ know at all what the revolution was. They had fever seeking for the truth, but they incited others being ignorant actually.
There are two scholars who went through the Cultural Revolution and exiled themselves to America. They looked back on the Cultural Revolution and said in their books like the next.
The Cultural Revolution was possible in the world of Communism alone.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《The last generation was born》
As the people don’t have the private property and the material for the life were managed by the government and the Communist Party completely, the people lost all their rights. There was the existence of the people had no rights absolutely at the background of the enthusiastic personal cult. As the revolution on the communism was the particular phenomenon in the 20th century, the Cultural Revolution in China was particular one in the world of the Communism.
《Achievement is made up with 70% and 30% is…》
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
『Column, after that the four of group…』
The four of group who was arrested was put on the trial as the crime of anti revolution, and after no more than a month the sentence was done January in 1981. Jiang Qing 江青 and Zhang Chun Bridge 張春橋 were capital punishment, and the suspense sentence were two years. Yao Wenyuan 姚文元 was sentenced 20 years in prison, and Wang Hongwen 王洪文 was imprisoned for life.
Suspense sentence is added to the death penalty is unique at the law system in China alone. It means that when the suspense sentence is…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
When the suspense sentence reaches its maturity, there is possibility of reducing the sentence. Jiang Qing 江青 and Zhang Chun Bridge 長春橋 reduced the sentence, being imprisonment for life after two years, but Jiang Qing killed herself in prison in 1981.
《70% is made up with achievement and 30% is fault》
After Mao Zedong was dead, the four of group was arrested, Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 revived agains as if he had been a phoenix and held the leading position. Under the leadership by him, the eleventh convention on the Communist Party was held.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《70% is made up with achievement and 30% is fault》
Then the Cultural Revolution was summarized as the Communist Party like the next.
The Cultural Revolution was caused by the leader by mistake and was made use of by the group of anti revolution and was a civil war causing a calamity to the political party, the nation and the people.
It was regulated like that and the Cultural Revolution was denied entirely. The mistake on Mao Zedong has been acknowledged in document for the first time, but at the same time it has been pointed out.
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《70% is made up with achievement and 30% is fault》
Mao Zedong is a great Marxist and a great revolutionary on proletariat, a strategist, and a theorist. Though he made a serious mistake on the Cultural Revolution, judging from his whole life, his achievement on the revolution in China has excelled by far than his fault.
In summary, acknowledging his fault, his achievement is bigger than his fault. There is achievement of 70% and fault of 30% in the summary, but both of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution aren’t…
【Mao Zedong tried to recover by the Cultural Revolution】
《70% is made up with achievement and 30 % is fault》
Both of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution aren’t the slight problem on the Communist Party in the least since China was founded, for no less than thousands of people were caused to die. Is it the fault which made up with 30%? The Communist Party can’t look its history squarely and didn’t reflect on it as the political party at all.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《A mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》
Dalai Lama 14th who is the top leader on Tibet Buddhism and a Nobel Prize…
【invasion on Tibet】
《The mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》
Dalai Lama 14th who is the top leader on Tibet Buddhism and a Nobel Prize Winner in 1989. When visiting Japan November in 2006, the author could interviewed him. He visited Japan so as to attend an international peace conference in Hiroshima. He stayed in Japan for twelve days and held a large scale of lecture in Tokyo, but lots of the Japanese don’t know it at all, for it was hardly reported on TV nor the reported on newspaper so much.
Interviewing for a long time on TV was this time alone lately. Why?
【invasion on Tibet】
《The mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》
Each of Japanese journalist organizations have branches in Beijing. The branch in Beijing is a thing like a hostage for Japan.
China has learned to rule over Tibet, Dalai Lama exiled himself to India and formed the government in exile in India. It means that he is a separatist for the government in China at present, and adopting him in a big way by the mass media in Japan is unpleasant for the government in China.
If the Japanese media has the branch in Beijing, China would make a serious protest or limit news gathering activity.
【invasion on Tibet】
《The mystery which doesn’t appear on TV》
To tell the truth, I’m not sure what the separatist is and the reason why China feels unpleasant for the separatist, for I have little knowledge on China. I regret on it.
Getting back to the original topic and I’m going to go on my expression.
China has adopted the way in the past. Considering something disadvantage when gathering news activities in China, interviewing Dalai Lama is hard to do. It’s a real intention for the Japanese media.
Dalai Lama on whom the government in China has been nervous so much. Why? It’s reason …
【invasion on Tibet】
Its reason is in the history which the People’s Liberation Army led by the Communist Party in China invaded Tibet. The author said he was going to look back on the history.
《Tibet which is an unexplored region》
The sky is blue in Tibet. It’s really blue sky. The nation which is near the heaven. When visiting Tibet July in 2006, it was the first impression for the author.
The area where the people live is a highland of which height is from 3000 to 5000 meters. Average elevation is no less than four thousand meters. The place is near the heaven. Tibet has been protected…
【invasion on Tibet】
《Tibet which is an unexplored region》
Tibet has been protected by natural fortress and if approaching there by way of a land route, it’s hard to do from every direction. Himalaya mountains in the south, the Pamir Mountain in the west, Great Kunlun Mountains and Takulamakan Desert in the north and Amnematine Desert in the East. Going over those areas and going into Tibet isn’t easy both in the past and at present.
The source of great rivers in Asia like Indus River and Ganges one in India, Yangtze one 長江 and Yellow one is in Tibet Mountain, so Tibet is called the roof…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Tibet which is an unexplored region》
…so Tibet is called the roof in the world. As the natural surrounding is severe, to live there is hard. As to agricultural product, barley is cultivated as staple food.
As to livestock, a yak or sheep have been kept and butter is made from the milk of the yak. Excrement on yak is used for fuel when cooking and was useful for supplying energy.
China has called Tibet 西蔵 and longed for it. It means a treasure store in the west. Tibet used to establish enormous territory in the past. Turkestan and Nepal were under control in the 8th…
【invasion on Tibet】
《Tibet which is an unexplored region》
Turkestan and Nepal was under control in the 8th century. It used to occupy even Chang’an 長安 which was the capital in Tang 唐.
But as Buddhism was conveyed from India and Tibet Buddhism was established, it’s changed into a peaceful nation which doesn’t invade the other nation around.
The place where we usually call is Tibet Autonomous Region and its area is by far less than the original Tibet. Tibet originally accounts for a quarter in the whole China, and is four times as large as Japan. The present China has founded the Tibet…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Tibet which is an unexplored region》
The present China has founded the Tibet Autonomous Region between the central Tibet and western Tibet and Tibet has been divided. The area which was Qinghai Province 青海省 in China used to be the part of Tibet originally, but it was made to separate from Tibet at the time of 清. There are residential area for the Tibetan in Sichuan Province 四川省, in Yunnan Province 雲南省 and in Gansu Province 甘粛省. They also used to be Tibet originally.
Speaking of the symbol in Tibet, it’s the Potala Palace in Lhasa. It was built by Dalai Lama 5th in the …
【invasion on Tibet】
It was built by Dalai Lama 5th in the 17th century. Potala means the holy place for Kannon. The palace was the government for Dalai Lama in successive generation.
《Reincarnation in the Tibet Buddhism》
The author said he was going to put together on the Tibet Buddhism simply so as to understand the society of Tibet.
The Buddhism came in Tibet at DC fourth century. The Buddhism mixed with a native religion in Tibet and an original religion was formed then.
The life of a person is in the reincarnation in Buddhism and even if being dead, the person will be born again…
【invasion on Tibet】
《Reincarnation in the Tibet Buddhism》
…the person will be born again in this world, but what kind of life it will receive is determined, according to the action before it will be born. If the action is bad, it may be born again to not be a person but a beast.
The life is filled with agony in this world, Buddhism has thought like that. Even if the life is over, it will revive again, so we can’t escape from the agony forever. It’s the reincarnation, but if a Buddhist achieves enlightenment, it’ll be able to reach a self emancipation. It means being able to escape from…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Reincarnation in Tibet Buddhism》
It means being able to escape from the reincarnation. Escaping from the ring of being born, agony, death and revival and the death and birth have nothing to do with, it has been thought like that in Buddhism.
On the other hand, the Buddhism in Tibet thinks like the next.
Even if achieving enlightenment, and release from the reincarnation, working out for all the people so as to achieve enlightenment, some people sometimes return to this world. We call them an incarnation 化身. It means Bodhisattva 菩薩. There is a way of calling a living…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Reincarnation in Tibet Buddhism》
There is a way of calling a living Buddha, it’s a Chinese style and Dalai Lama himself says the way of calling it is in the wrong. At first Buddha releases from the reincarnation, so it couldn’t have been born in this world with the form, but without releasing from the reincarnation on purpose and repeating the reincarnation as a person so as to help the people. It’s the Bodhisattva.
The Bodhisattva becomes the Buddha in the next reincarnation, but without doing, being born again as a person in this world again. It has been believed…
【invasion on Tibet】
《Reincarnation in Tibet Buddhism》
It has been believed like that. It is said that Dalai Lama is the rebirth from the Kannon Bodhisattva. The present Dalai Lama is 14th. Dalai Lama means a saint as if it were the sea of wisdom.
It is said that except for Dalai Lama, there is an incarnation which repeats reincarnation in Tibet. If Dalai Lama is dead, it is said it will repeat to reincarnate again somewhere, being born again in this world, looking for the one who is reincarnated is an important mission.
《Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama》
There are four sects mainly in the…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama》
There are four sects mainly in the Tibet Buddhism. Dalai Lama is a top leader in Tibet both on the sides of religion and politics and belongs to the sect of ゲルク. ゲルク means virtue. The high position which is next from Dalai Lama is Panchen Lama. It is believed it’s an incarnation from Buddha Amida. Panchen Lama means a great scholar.
If either of Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama is dead, the one who is alive is responsible for looking for the incarnation of the dead one. The one who was incarnated is still an infant then, so educating it so as to…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama》
…so educating the infant so as to be Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama in the future. The one who is alive is responsible for it.
The top on the Tibet government is Dalai Lama and the Cabinet is made up with three secular ministers and the single minister of priest. When Dalai Lama is after incarnation and is young, a regent will support Dalai Lama.
Tibet was invaded by China, but before it, it was a religious nation. One to four men of grownup was a priest. There were some monasteries which had thousands of priests, and the monasteries owned…
【Invasion on Tibet】
…and the monasteries owned manors and the monasteries were managed by the money from the manors.
《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》
Mao Zedong announced the foundation on the People’s Republic of China in Beijing far from Tibet in 1949, though the civil war against the National Party continued in China then.
Mao Zedong continued the battle against the National Party and aimed at relieving the whole China, and Tibet was also included in the whole China. There were lots of temples and priests were engaged in the politics in Tibet.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》
Tibet was a feudal society itself behind the times and the people are suffering from the suppression there, the Communist Party in China thought like that.
China which was born again by Mao Zedong announced the People’s Liberation Army would relieve Tibet January in 1950. The government in Tibet was aware of it and tried to maintain its independence, and worked out to other nations so as to certify Tibet was an independent nation, but other nations didn’t accept it. The new China had the sovereignty on Tibet.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》
Other nations took the attitude like that, so Tibet was isolate in the international society. Forty thousand of military unit belonged to the People’s Liberation Army went over the Yangtze River 長江 and made an attack the east of Tibet October in 1950.
June in the same year the Koran War broke out in the Korean Peninsula and the People’s Liberation Army went to the military unit in the North Korea so as to support under the name of a volunteer army. It means the military force in China adopted the two front war
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》
The two front war means fighting against two different enemies in two places at the same time. The military power on China was so powerful.
In the beginning, the military force in Tibet resisted against China, but it didn’t have enough weapons, so it was at a loss on the large force of the People’s Liberation Army and gave in to China after three weeks. It is said that some eight thousand soldiers in Tibet were dead in the battle.
To make matters worse, Tibet wasn’t monolithic. Then Panchen Lama 10th was…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》
Then Panchen Lama was ten years old and stayed at Qinghai Province 青海省. Aides of Panchen Lama were opposed to the government in Tibet, they sided with the Communist Party in China. They requested China relieve Tibet.
It was the best pump priming for the Communist Party in China. The request from the No.2 in Tibet was the reason to relieve Tibet.
The government at Lhasa in Tibet was surprised at the action of Panchen Lama. The government in Tibet appealed to the United Nations the invasion by China November.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The Communist Party took into action so as to relieve Tibet》
The Korean War broke out June in the same year, and the interest in the world was turned to it and the United Nation didn’t adopt the issue from Tibet. It was treated as the domestic issue in China.
Dalai Lama was fifteen years old then. The young person of which age was fifteen confronted the large force in China.
『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』
Dalai Lama 13th was dead in 1933 and looking for the one who was incarnated started. The dead body on Dalai Lama was laid to rest on the throne of villl at..
【Invasion on Tibet】
『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』
The dead body on Dalai Lama was laid to rest on the throne of villa for summer at Lhasa. Its face turned to the south, but after a few days, it turned to the east, so the one who was incarnated was the east to Lhasa.
When looking for the one who was incarnated, looking for the signs with the change on the surface of the holy lake. it’s their custom. When the regent of Dalai Lama stayed at the lakeside, he looked at the illusion of A, K, and M on Tibet letters on the surface of the lake.
Moreover the scene of the temple of which …
【Invasion on Tibet】
『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』
…the scene of the temple of which roof was green and golden and the house of blue green tile roofing appeared in front of him.
The search party on the one who was incarnated thought A was Amdo area, and K was Khum Pum temple and visited the temple. They made sure the roof of the temple was green and golden.
When investigating around the place, they found a boy of which age was two in the house of which roof blue green tile. The boy received a test. Showing the belonging of Dalai Lama and its fake to the boy. Which one did he take?
【Invasion on Tibet】
『Column, discovery on Dalai Lama 14th』
The boy passed the test, for he took the belonging of Dalai Lama and he is the Dalai Lama 14rh at present. After that it was concluded K and M means Karma Rolbai Dorje temple on the mountain of the village..
By the way, I’m sure K is Karma, but where is M?
《Seventeen treaty was concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》
The People’s Liberation Army observed the discipline and were ordered strictly so as not to offend the people in Tibet. The ones who saw the People’s Liberation Army actually had a good feeling….
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Seventeen treaties were concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》
The people who saw the People’s Liberation Army had a good feeling for it, for if comparing it with the military force of the National Party of which discipline was corrupted. Some part of Tibet has atmosphere of welcoming the People’s Liberation Army.
The government of Dalai Lama was forced to compromise when confronting overwhelming power of the People’s Liberation Army. It entered into negotiation with China by sending the special envoy from the government to Beijing, and Panchen…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Seventeen treaties were concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》
…and Panchen Lama was also present at the negotiation, but it was far from the negotiation, for the Communist Party in China prepared for the agreement on the peaceful liberation on Tibet, it’s the seventeen treaties, beforehand and forced the delegation from Tibet to sign it, and the agreement was concluded in 1951.
Tibet was annexed to China by the agreement, but was promised China wouldn’t carry out reform which Tibet didn’t hope, and the government in Tibet was permitted to….
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Seventeen treaties were concluded under the pressure of the military force in China》
…and the government in Tibet was permitted to continue exist as local government. Twenty thousand of soldiers went into Lhasa from the People’s Liberation Army October. The national newspaper company in China reported Tibet was liberated from the attack of imperialism and returned to the People’s Republic of China which was beloved homeland for Tibet, though there wasn’t any power of the imperialism in Tibet. Twenty thousand of soldiers were large crowd which were equal to half of the…
【Invasion on Tibet】
Twenty thousand of soldiers were large crowd which were equal to half of the population at Lhasa then.
《Dalai Lama had a talk with Mao Zedong》
After the People’s Liberation Army was stationed each place of Tibet, the Communist Party started to make around Tibet communize. Taking away the power from the monastery and the Communist Party held a leading position and accused the feudalists and pressed them to criticize themselves. Then if recognizing their crimes, they were sent to the place like the concentration camp.
While the Communist Party behaved itself politely in…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama had a talk with Mao Zedong》
While the Communist Party behaved itself politely in Lhasa which was the home turf for Dalai Lama, it took the power around Lhasa surely. To make matters worse, the People’s Liberation Army went into Lhasa so its population increased sharply and Lhasa ran short of the food and the price soared. As a result, the people started to feel resentful to the People’s Liberation Army.
The Korean War was ceased fire July in 1953 and the People’s Liberation Army withdrew to China, and Mao Zedong promoted the communism still more. Dalai Lama…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama had a talk with Mao Zedong》
Dalai Lama 14th and Panchen Lama 10th were invited to Beijing and had a talk with Mao Zedong. As to the first impression on Mao Zedong, Dalai Lama said like the next.
When shaking hands with him, I felt a sucking force from him. In spite of the formal place, he made a friendly and natural impression and my fear seemed to vanish somewhere.
In the beginning, Dalai Lama was fascinated by Mao Zedong, and said he started to think over the possibility on the partnership with China seriously. Moreover he was pleased with the communist.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama talked with Mao Zedong》
Dalai Lama even harbored the feeling of wanted to be the member of the Communist Party then. When being in Beijing, the convention on the Communist Party was held, and Dalai Lama was chosen as the vice chair person on the standing committee of the National People’s Congress, though he recognized it’s just a nominal position.
When being in Beijing for a year, he was addicted to Mao Zedong completely. He was called from Mao Zedong suddenly the previous day before returning to Tibet, and Mao Zedong said to him like the next.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama talked with Mao Zedong》
Your attitude is good but religion is harmful, for the population decreases because both of a priest and a nun must remain single, and religion ignores material progress.
When hearing it, Dalai Lama thought like the next.
I felt the emotion showed on my face as if it had been a storm and had a great deal of fear suddenly. He acknowledged the Communist Party and Mao Zedong would never accept the Tibetan Buddhism. Besides, he stoped by each place of Tibet on the way back from Beijing to Lhasa, and knew the present situation under…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama talked with Mao Zedong》
…and knew the situation under control by the Communist Party. When asking the people on the situation of their life, they answered like the next.
We’re very happy because of the head of Mao, the Communist Party and the People’s Republic of China.
But there were tears in their eyes.
Thus Dalai Lama began to feel alarm against China.
《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》
By the way which is Tibet an independent nation or the part of China? 清 sent troops to Tibet in 1720 and the present government in China has had an…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》
…and the present government in China has had the opinion by that Tibet becomes the part of China. After that the dynasty of 清 sent governmental officials to Tibet regularly, and it’s the evidence for the present government in China to rule over Tibet since then.
On the other hand Tibet thought China acknowledges Tibet as nation and sent an ambassador.
The military force belonged England invaded into Tibet in 1903 and Tibet fought against England, but the ambassador from 清 looked on with folded arms then. If 清 was the ….
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》
If 清 was the ruler over Tibet, 清 would try to protect Tibet, but looking on with folded arms means that its actual situation was the ambassador from the 清 dynasty. Or Tibet used to have its original armed force and it‘s the evidence that Tibet was an independent nation.
Though successive emperors in 清 understood the Tibet Buddhism and supported, it didn’t meddle internal.
On the other hand, Tibet didn’t have the idea as nation, so it has never declared its independence, but maintained actual independence, but England…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》
…but England and Russia concluded an entente, accepting suzerainty over 清 on Tibet. Dalai Lama 13th exiled himself in India belonged to England for a limited time only on account of the interference by 清, but when 清 collapsed in 1912 and the soldiers from 清 were banished from Tibet, and Dalai Lama 13th retuned to Lhasa and declared Tibet was independent in the next year. He called his nation a little one which is released from any kind of control then.
He organized the national military force and established its national …
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》
…and established its national flag of snow lion and introduced its original currency for the first time.
Though Mongol approved of the independence on Tibet, China, England, Russia and France didn’t, for each of them wanted Tibet under control. In addition, America also acknowledged Tibet was under protection of 清.
Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 in the Republic of China after 清 tried to put Tibet under protection of China, and Tibet was the part of territory in China like Mongol in its constitution. The slogan on the Republic of…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》
The slogan on the Republic of China was the harmony of five races, and five races is Han 漢, Mongoloid, Manchurian, Tibetan, and Hui people 回族, so Tibet was included.
China, Tibet and England negotiated at Shiela in India and concluded Shimla treaty June in 1914. England joined in the negotiation as intermediary agent.
Tibet secured its sovereignty on its domestic administration, but accepted the suzerainty on Tibet by the Republic of China, but Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 in the Republic of China thought England deceived China, so…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Though Tibet used to be an independent nation…》
…so lots of territory belonged to China was taken away from China by Tibet, and Yuan Shikai didn’t consent to the treaty.
On the other hand, the government in Tibet declared it didn’t agree to the suzerainty by the Republic of China. After that Tibet is a sovereign nation with regard to the international law, but without being approved by the international society, even if insisting on being the independent nation, it’s fact that it’s an illusional existence.
《Uprising on anti China broke out in Tibet》
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Uprising on anti China broke out in Tibet》
Qinghai Province 青海省 which was eastern area in Tibet was under control by the liberation army from early time, being communized was promoted rapidly. Huge land possessed by monastery was released to the people in China. In short, China learned to belong the tremendous land. Propaganda on anti religion was unfolded and priests were forced to criticized themselves in public.
The people who broke out riots being opposed to the way of the Communist Party appeared one after another, but they were oppressed relentlessly and were...
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Uprising on anti China broke out in Tibet》
…and they were executed. Lots of refugees arrived at Lhasa so as to escape from the oppression and some of them unfolded the activity on guerrilla, and the liberation army responded to them by oppression.
Monasteries which were the base for guerrilla were bombarded and even family members on the guerrilla were tortured and were executed. When being executed, lots of them who yelled hooray Dalai Lama, so their tongues were pulled out before being executed.
Though Lhasa was peaceful, in eastern Tibet like Khams and Amdo lots of…
【Invasion on Tibet】
…in eastern Tibet like Khams and Amdo lots of the Tibetans were slaughtered by the relentless oppression.
《Dalai Lama exiled himself in India》
The news on the slaughter was reported to the peaceful Lhasa, there was unrest atmosphere there and it was March in 1959 when it was decisively. The military force belonged to China invited Dalai Lama to the garrison for a theater party. Without being escorted by any Tibetans, the military force requested Dalai Lama alone come there or come there with a small number of people in secret strictly.
The people in Lhasa thought…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama exiled himself in India》
The people in Lhasa thought the military force in China tried to abduct Dalai Lama and no less than thirty thousand of crowd gathered in front of Norbulngka Palace where Dalai Lama was in so as to defend Dalai Lama.
But the military force in China got angry with it and issued the final notice, if the crowd didn’t disperse, it would bombard the Norbulingka Palace and mop up the crowd. At last Dalai Lama decided to go into exile then.
He judged if he was away from the palace, the crowd would disperse and the collision between the…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama exiled himself in India》
…and the collision between the military force in China and the Tibetan would be avoided. At first four of cabinet members were away from the palace in the morning on the 17th day March, and the mother and the little brother of Dalai Lama were in the evening.
Dalai Lama departed from the palace with the small number of the guards and left for India. After that the people who made their own way merged together later. Hundred of refugees aimed at being in India and three hundred and fifteen soldiers protected them. Going over several…
【invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama went into exile in India》
Going over several highest points on mountain, being bothered by snowstorm or the rain of down pour and they were in the land route for two weeks. It was the escape from Tibet, being feared with the pursuing party from China.
Dalai Lama had a high fever on the way and couldn’t move owing to dysentery 赤痢, but he could go over the border of India.
The government in India accepted the exile on the party of Dalai Lama and Dalai Lama established the government in exile at Dharamsara which was the high land. Buildings on the government…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama went into exile in India》
…and the building on the government, temples have been built on the hill of which elevation was one thousand eight hundred meters, and lots of the Tibetan who exiled themselves live there. Dalai Lama is the head of state in t he government in exile belongs to Tibet. It’s a miniature nation in which there is the three branches of governmental legistrative.
《China established controlling interest on Tibet》
The military force in China was indignant when knowing Dalai Lama was away from the palace and bombarded the Norbringka palace….
【Invasion on Tibet】
《China established the controlling interest on Tibet》
…and attacked the people with gunfire indiscriminately, so the large amount of the people were killed. Furthermore the military force in China attacked the Potala Palace and Jokhang temple which is the holy place close to Lhasa and thousands of people were dead then.
No sooner Dalai Lama disappeared from Tibet than the government in China abandoned the peaceful politics against Tibet and tried to establish the controlling interest with the serious oppression. Sending the people concerned the government and priests…
【Invasion in Tibet】
《China established the controlling interest in Tibet》
Sending the people concerned the government and priests into the prison or into the concentration camp and promoted the rapid socialism. An armed uprising broke out in the east Tibet where the occupation was done from the early time and the battle was unfolded there, and after 1959 when Dalai Lama went into exile, the resistant movement spread over the whole Tibet.
On the other hand, the government in China confronted with decisive measure, carrying out the large amount of execution on guerrillas or destroyed and …
【Invasion on Tibet】
《China established the controlling interest in Tibet》
…or destroyed and attacked the monasteries which were the base on the movement of the guerrillas and the execution on priests. According to the document on the People’s Liberation Army which the government in exile of Tibet gained, no less than some eighty seven thousand of the Tibetans were killed by the military operation from March in 1959 to October in 1960. It was a serious slaughter.
After that the large amount of the Tibetans went over the border and flowed into India and Bhutan as refugees.
【Invasion on Tibet】
『Column, though CIA intervened in…』
When the uprising against the military force belonged to China broke out in Tibet, CIA of America decided to support the guerrilla of Tibet in the middle of the Cold War between the East and West. It trained the members on the guerrillas at the military base belonged to America in the Guam Island and dropped weapons and ammunition from the sky to Tibet, but dropping out of fashioned weapons alone so as to prevent America from being intervened, it is said the power on the weapons weren’t demonstrated in the battle very much.
【Invasion on Tibet】
＞＞451
As the government in America hated to stimulate the government in China in 1960, the secret assistance to Tibet from America stopped on account of the change of the course by America.
《There was also the damage by the Great Leap Forward there》
Speaking of the socialism in China, it was the Great Leap Forward and the same policy was carried out in Tibet as well. It was after 1958 when the Great Leap Forward was carried out in China. In Tibet it was after 1965 and the people’s commune was also established in Tibet.
As absurd agricultural reform was done each ….
【Invasion on Tibet】
《There was also damage on the Great Leap Forward there》
As an absurd agricultural reform was done in China, the uniform reform ignoring the natural surroundings was carried out in Tibet.
An barley which was strong to the cold was grown in Tibet, but the Communist Party in China thought the people of Tibetan had to grow the great grain like the main land and changed into growing wheat, as trying to grow the wheat which was weak to the cold, the amount of harvest decreased sharply.
As the earth on Tibet isn’t fertile, so fallowness 休耕 has to be done regularly, but the…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《There was also damage on the Great Leap Forward there》
…the fallowness was abolished so as to increase the amount of harvest and it led to drop on the amount of the harvest. Nomads were forced to settle down and yak was taken away from them. Pasturing yak was limited so as to grow the wheat, and large amount of yak were dead then. The Tibetan people lost the dairy product which was indispensable for them. As a result, nutrient deficiency spread over the Tibetan people.
As yak decreased extremely, they couldn’t get the skin of yak covering their tents in wintertime.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《There was also damage on the Great Leap Forward there》
There were lots of people frozen to death then. As there were lots of the people starving to death in the main land of China, the same situation reappeared in Tibet as well after several years.
The population on the Tibet autonomous region was two million and eighty hundred thousand in 1950 according to the formal announcement, but it decreased to two million and five hundred thousand in 1964.
As there were the people who were born then, and the ones who exiled themselves, if extracting them from the people who…
【Invasion on Tibet】
…if distracting them from the people who were born and exiled themselves, it means that some eight hundred thousand people were dead then,
《The military force in China attacked India》
The war broke out between China and India and then Tibet suffered from damage by the war. Dalai Lama went into exile in India and the government in India accepted it in 1959, and then the relation between China and India deteriorated. The military force in China instructed from Mao Zedong invaded into India August in 1962.
Simla Convention was concluded in 1914. India which used to be the…
【Invasion in India】
《The military force in China attacked India》
India which used to be the territory of England, and England proposed the border between China and India. It‘s McMahon Line. It was done at Simla in India, but China didn’t accept it, so the national border between China and India was established formally, and China insisted that India occupied the territory belonged to China illegally and attacked India.
The attack caught India by surprise and China won the overwhelming victory in the war. China occupied the large amount of the land which it insisted its terriroty.
【Invasion in India】
《The military force in China attacked India》
It seemed that Mao Zedong aimed at diverting attention on the people in China from the failure on the Great Leap Forward.
The Tibetan were made to construct the military architecture and were pressed to work for China as soldier.
The large armies belonged to China have stayed at Tibet so as to watch India and lots of nuclear missile have been deployed in the Pamir Mountain at present.
《Tibet suffered from damage by the Cultural revolution as well》
Tibet has been damaged by the Cultural revolution. No less than ten…
【Invasion on India】
《Tibet suffered from damage by the Cultural Revolution》
No less than ten thousand of the Red Guard went to Tibet from China and forced their way into the temples in Tibet Buddhism and destroyed Buddha statues and sutras then. Lots of precious cultural assets in Tibet have been lost.
Young people in Tibet were included in the ones who took part in the Cultural Revolution as Red guard. The Red Guard dragged out the elder people in a square and abused them, saying they were feudalists, or imperialists, and criticizing them openly. It was the same as in China.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Tibet has suffered from damage by the Cultural Revolution as well》
Some six thousand of temples and monasteries used to be in Tibet before 1959, but almost all of them have been destroyed.
Religious ceremonies have been permitted and repair work on the temples and monasteries have been progressed at present, but the number on the monks has been fixed every monastery. Even monks have been forced to receive the education on socialism. Needless to say, putting up with the photograph on Dalai Lama is forbidden.
《The time of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 and Hu Jintao 胡錦濤》
The Cultural…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The time of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 and Hu Jintao 胡錦濤》
The Cultural Revolution came to end and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 had the real power on politics, and Hu Yaobang became the General Secretary in the Communist Party. He visited Tibet June in 1980 and knew how the government in China handled Tibet in the past. He was shocked at it and criticized severely the policy on Tibet by the government in China before, it was the worst stupid policy on colony. He said.
After that instead of the oppression, he went ahead with liberation on Tibet. Agriculture was done a part of private land.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The time of Hu Yaobang and Hu Jintao》
Local administrative organs were occupied by the Han people alone but the Tibetan people were appointed and Hu Yaobang went ahead with the release on political prisoners. Using the Tibetan language was permitted at the administrative organs and publishing books on Buddhism by the Tibetan language was also done. The reformation by Hu Yaobang is called several years on tolerance after that.
Conservative group on the Communist Party criticized Hu Yaobang because he was tolerated to the movement on the liberalism and he lost his…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《The time of Hu Yaobang and Hu Jintao》
…and he lost his position in 1987 and after that riot seeking after independence on Tibet broke out Lhasa every year, especially January in 1989 when Panchen Lama was dead, a large scale of riot broke out then.
It was Hu Jintao who was the secretary in the Communist Party of the Tibet Autonomous Region. He invoked the martial law in Tibet at the same year and oppressed the independent movement by the residents. It was three months before the oppression on students at Tiananmen Square. His decided oppression was rated highly by the…
【Invasion on Tibet】
His decided oppression was rated by the center and after that he was on the ladder to success.
《Two of Pnachen Lama》
Dalai Lama is the top leader on the Tibet Buddhism and no.2 is Panchen Lama. While Dalai Lama 14th went into exile in India after that Panchen Lama 10th stayed in Tibet. The latter took the stance of compromise to the Communist Party. As a result he held an important position of China like Dalai Lama, but lots of the Tibetan people thought of him as a betrayal.
But if Panchen Lama continued to stay at Tibet, the conscience on independence of the ….
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Two of Panchen Lama》
…the conscience on independence of the Tibetan people would be heightened. The government in China feared it and made the home field on Panchen Lama move in Beijing. But the storm of the Cultural Revolution raged in Tibet, Panchen Lama took into action at last. He wrote down a report accusing the real situation on the damage by the control of China in the past and submit it to the Prime Minister Zhou Enlai 周恩来.
When translating the sentence in the Tibetan language into the Chinese one, it was the document made up with seventeen thousand of Han…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Two of Panchen Lama》
…it was a document made up with seventy thousand of Han letters, so the book is called seventy thousand letters. Panchen Lama decided to accuse at the age of twenty four.
The action of this Panchen Lama was a betrayal for Moa Zedong. After that Panchen Lama was in confinement at Beijing for nine years and eight months. He turned up in front of people in 1978 when the Cultural Revolution was over.
After that he was made to stay at Beijing, the pagoda at Tashilunpo Monastery in Tibet was destroyed owing to the Cultural Revolution, and it was…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Two of Panchen Lama》
…and the Tashilunpo monastery was reconstructed January in 1989 and Panchen Lama visited Tibet so as to celebrate the completion on the temple. He was engaged in the ceremony in extremely cold weather, and was dead. His age was fifty then.
The government in China made the body of Panchen Lama mammify and dedicated to the Buddhist tower in the Tashilunpo monastery, for he is a prominent person for the government in the Chinese.
As Panchen Lama was dead, they had to look for the one who was reincarnated from him. The problem is who certifies the one…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Two of Panchen Lama》
The problem is who certifies the one who was reincarnated from Panchen Lama 10th. In the Tibet Buddhism, it’s Dalai Lama 14the, who ordered believers who stayed in Tibet to look for and certified a boy who lived in Tibet May in 1995, and announced it. His age was six.
The government in China abducted him immediate after it was announced, and the boy went missing, and he is called the youngest political prisoner.
On the other hand, the government in China certified other boy as Panchen Lama eleventh October in the same year. The Communist Party…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Two of Panchen Lama》
The Communist Party which doesn’t admit the religion took the lead and certified the one who reincarnated. It’s something strange. Thus two of Panchen Lama happens to exist. Both of parents of Panchen Lama eleventh are members in the Communist Party. Panchen Lama eleventh isn’t admitted to live in Tibet like the predecessor, and stays in Beijing and receives the education from the Communist Party.
If Dalai Lama 14th is dead in the future, Panchen Lama eleventh has the authority to certify Dalai Lama 15th. Then the government in China would certify.
【Invasion on Tibet】
The Communist Party will make the obedient Panchen Lama certify Dalai Lama 15th and the government in China will accomplish complete control on Tibet then.
《Immigration on the large amount of the Han people and destruction on nature has gone ahead》
Strengthening the control on Tibet by the government in China continues after that. While the population on Tibet has decreased, the large amount of immigration on Han people has gone ahead, for if the Han people moves to Tibet, a preferential treatment will be adopted like receiving high income, and the large amount of the…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Immigration on the large amount of the Han people…》
…and the large amount of the People’s Liberation Army stays. When visiting Tibet in 2006, the author looked at with his eyes the base on the People’s Liberation Army exists each key post. Lots of vehicles belong to the People’s Liberation Army go and return in main roads.
While the population on the Tibetan people is six million, the one on the Han people is seven million and a half. The Tibetan people become minority. Even if the self government by the Tibetan people is admitted, there is high possibility control by…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Immigration on the large amount of the Han people…》
…there is high possibility that control by the Han people goes on actually.
Destruction on nature has also made progress by the Great Leap Forward ignoring natural environment and rapid economic growth. Deforestation leads to erosion on the plentiful woods and the area on forest has decreased sharply.
The area on the forest used to be some twenty five million hectare in 1950, some thirty million hectare in 1985.
As grazing on yak has made progress disorderly, grassy plain has decreased. Forests and grassy area…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Immigration on the large amount of Han people…》
Forest and grassy area storing rain decreases and the source of water begins to dry up.
After Jiang Zemin 江沢民 government, the government in China has made progress the great development in the west area, trying to develop Tibet which is less develops economically. If the economy develops, and the Tibetan people are rich, the dissatisfaction against the government in China would be got rid of from the Tibetan people, the government China seems to calculate like that.
Provinces of each place in China has supported Tibet…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Immigration on the large amount of the Han people…》
Provinces of each place in China has supported Tibet economically so as to develop the west area greatly. Government officials have visited Tibet one after another on the pretense of inspection. When interviewing, the author happened to look at government officials accompanied their family members from China entertained bureaucrats by bureaucrats using public funds at a restaurant of Tibetan dish in Lhasa. Needless to say the officials in the autonomous region in Tibet who entertained the ones from China were all the…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Immigration on the large amount of the Han people…》
…the officials in the autonomous region of Tibet who entertained the ones from China were all the Han people. The eyes of the Tibetan people who looked at the entertain was cold.
Tibet undoubtedly has developed sharply because of the great development in the west area, but has it made the Tibetan people happy?
《Dalai Lama has changed into the pragmatic line》
Immediate after going into exile, Dalai Lama appealed Tibet should be independent, but Tibet has been the autonomous region belonged to China and control by…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama has changed into the pragmatic line》
…and control by China has made progress steadily, Dalai Lama has changed into the pragmatic line. He learns to request high autonomous on Tibet in China. He has stuck to the policy of non violence on the movement and it was rated, he won Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Tibet Buddhism has spread over Europe and America as well lately. The people who want to listen to a tale from Dalai Lama has increased and Dalai Lama has gone around the world. Richard Gere who is a movie actor from America is a believer on the Tibet Buddhism.
【invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama has changed into the pragmatic line》
He’s used his own fortune on the government in exile.
A through train from Beijing to Lhasa which is the center of Tibet has been open in 2006. It’s the highest railway running through the mountainous area at the elevation of 5,000 meters. After that lots of tourists have learned to visit Tibet from China. Lots of people have thought it as cultural invasion or economic invasion by China, and if a revolt by the Tibetan people breaks out, the large amount of military force and military goods can be sent to Tibet all at once.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Dalai Lama has changed into the pragmatic line》
How does Dalai Lama think of the railway? The author asked him and he answered in smile like the next.
In general, opening railway leads to economic prosperity and good thing, but if the railway is made use of the military purpose, it will be dangerous. In short, it depends on the way of taking advantage of. The value on the railway changes by the thought of the people who make use of it.
《He spoke of the hope on returning to Tibet》
Does the day when Dalai Lama comes back to Tibet come true? He answered the question…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Speaking of the hope to return to Tibet》
He answered the question from the author like the next.
We’ve started the direct dialogue with the government in China since 2002. Five of people from the government in exile visited China as envoy. The most important thing is building a trusted base relationship between the government in exile and the side of China.
There has been a democratic movement in China little by little lately, and the people who take interest in the Tibet Buddhism and the culture in Tibet have increased. The change has happened gradually slowly.
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Speaking of hope to return to Tibet》
I’ve believed that it would move on a good direction. The Tibetan people can do autonomy on the constitution in China. I find it important to do the autonomy actually. If being able to do the autonomy completely, it will be all right, so it doesn’t always mean we want to independent from China. I’ve thought I hope lots of people will make friend each other in China more.
Dalai Lama spoke like that and implied the talk with China has developed gradually. Tibetan activists have been oppressed in Tibet and the government and mass…
【invasion on Tibet】
《Speaking of hope on return to Tibet》
…and government and mass media in Europe and America are critical to the oppression on the Tibetan people by China. The riot broke out in Tibet Immediate before in Beijing Olympic in 2008, but the Hu Jintao 胡錦濤 government suppressed it by the military force.
《Can the mercy reach?》
The people who went into exile from Tibet to Dharamusara don’t stop. The people over a thousand go over the border a year. The border guard belonged to China fired at the people who tried to go into exile at the border between China and Nepal in 2006.
【invasion on Tibet】
《Can the mercy reach?》
A nun whose age was twenty five and a priest whose age was fifteen were shot to death then. A Romanian mountaineer nearby happened to see the scene and to take the photograph it. Its shocking image was shown to the world. The people in the world knew newly that the government in China has taken the hard line against the Tibetan people.
In the interview with Dalai Lama, the author asked him on the way of thinking with regard to the peace and he answered like the next.
When visiting Hiroshima prefecture, I sent a message, unable to put out…
【invasion on Tibet】
《Can the mercy reach?》
…being unable to put out the fire by the fire. When the fire bursts into the flame with a rage, it’s not the rage but the mercy and affection which distinguishes the fire. There is the mercy in the root on the peace. Considering the feelings of others is important on the political world. The way of thinking is spreading over the world lately. It isn’t limited to the war. Solving the problem by the dialogue which is the peaceful way has spread over the world. Dalai Lama said like that. The way of coping with the Tibetan people by China isn’t easy…
【Invasion on Tibet】
《Can the mercy reach? 》
The way of coping with the Tibetan people by the government in China is never easy nor simple at all, but Dalai Lama has stuck to the way of dealing with it by the mercy, but does the mercy reach to the government in China?
When answering questions from the author, Dalai Lama was always smile on his face, so the author said he wanted to believe the power of mercy.
【The National fled to Taiwan】
《Ma Yang-Jeou 馬英九 was inaugurated the president on the National Party》
Ma Yang-Jeou who was the top on politics in Taiwan was inaugurated to the head…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Ma Yang-Jeou was inaugurated the president on the National Party》
Ma Yang Jeou who was the top on the politics in Taiwan was inaugurated to the head of the National Party October in 2009. He is from the National Party, and used to be the head of the National Party in the past, and he had been away from the position so as to be separated between the national politics and the politics by the political party.
But the National Party of which constitution was out of fashion dropped its approval rate because its accusation of fraud was brought to light one…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Ma Yang Jeou 馬英九 inaugurated the president on the National Party》
…because of the accusation of fraud came to light one after another, so the political party tried to turn around its constitution for itself so as to aim at the presidential election in 2012.
Taiwan has named itself Republic of China. It used to be the ruling party in the Chinese continent in the past, but was defeated by the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong in the civil war and fled to Taiwan.
The National Party which fled to Taiwan continued the one-party dictatorship, but approved…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Ma Yang Jeou 馬英九 inaugurated the president on the National Party》
…but approved the existence of the opposition party silently for the first time in 1986, and then the Democratic Progressive Party has started and soon gained the power and the National Party became the opposition party then.
Ma Yang Jeou from the National Party won at the presidential election March in 2008 and the National Party returned to the government after eight years.
Taiwan at the time of the Democratic Progressive party decreased the name of Republic of China gradually, and….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Ma Yang Jeou inaugurated the president on the National Party》
…and emphasized the name of Taiwan, trying to be independent from China.
On the other hand, the National Party has stoped calling itself Taiwan and is reviving the name of Republic of China.
While the Democratic Progressive Party tries to keep a proper distance from China, the National Party has taken into action, making much of cooperative relation with China. As to the economic situation, it’s has been the form that Taiwan is taken in China completely.
Why has it happened? What kind of…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
What kind of relation was between Taiwan and China in the past?
《The National Party defeated by the Communist Party and escaped to Taiwan》
In the middle of the World War Ⅱ, the National Party and the Communist Party cooperated each other and fought against the military force in Japan. Japan surrendered August in 1945, after that the two of the political parties plunged into the civil war in the next year.
Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 who led the National Party in the civil war enforced the constitution in the Republic of China, and the national convention was…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The National Party was defeated by the Communist Party and escaped to Taiwan》
…and the national convention got called so as to elect the president, for the presidential election wasn’t a direct election by the nation but an indirect one by the representatives from the nation.
Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 on the president of the National Party was elected to the first President under the new constitution. It’s Nanjing which was the capital of the Republic of China, and Chiang Kai-shek inaugurated to the President at the capital.
On the other hand, I’m meditate….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The National Party was defeated by the Communist Party and escaped to Taiwan》
…immediate before the Presidential election, considering the nation was under the civil war, the constitution which was enforced then was deep frozen and the powerful authority was given to the President and the one which gave the priority to everything wasn’t the constitution or laws but the order from the President.
Taking the form of being elected from the nation, Chiang Kai-sheik became an autocrat actually, but the civil war was disadvantageous to the National Party.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The National Party was defeated by the Communist Party and escaped to Taiwan》
In 1946 when the civil war broke out, the battle strength on the National Party was four million thirty hundred thousand, and the one on the Communist Party was a million and two hundred thousand, so the National Party was advantageous overwhelmingly then, but the Communist Party was supported from Soviet Union by receiving weapons and strengthened its influence little by little.
On the other hand, the military force in the National Party which became corrupt wasn’t supported….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The National Party was defeated by the Communist Party and fled to Taiwan》
…the military force in the National Party which became corrupt wasn’t supported by the nation the progress of the battle was became advantageous to the Communist Party.
The Communist Party took away the land from a landlord and distributed the land to peasants and was supported from peasants overwhelmingly. The People’s Liberation Army belonged to the Communist Party went into Beijing April in 1949 at last and Nanjing was also fallen April. Mao Zedong proclaimed the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The National Party was defeated by the Communist Party and fled to Taiwan》
Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment on the People’s Republic of China in Beijing October in 1949. Then the government of the Republic of China existed and escaped from Beijing and Chongqing 重慶 was its temporary capital, but it lost even Chongqing and its temporary capital was at Chengdu 成都 in Sichuan Province 四川省, but there was no place to stay for the National Party already, and decided Taipei in Taiwan as its capital and started to withdraw to Taiwan entirely.
《Taiwan was …》
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, a large amount of objects of art were also carried out』
The National Palace Museum is a tourist spot in Taiwan. Seven hundred thousand of the objects of art which pride themselves in China have been stored there. The National Palace Museum in Taiwan exceeds the one in China with regard to its quality and its amount.
When visiting there for the first time, the author was suspicious how hey carried out the large amount of the objects of art in the middle of the confusion by escaping from the continent to Taiwan.
Chiang Kai-shek prepared for …
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The large amount of objects of art were also carried out》
Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 prepared for running away to Taiwan from December in 1948 before moving the government to Taiwan, and carried out the treasure from the successive emperors at Nanjing and carried them out to Taiwan.
《Taiwan was controlled by Japan》
Taiwan used to be the territory for Japan. Japan won the war against 清 in 1894 and took away Taiwan from 清 on the Shimonoseki treaty. There was none of attractive industry and was not many population in the Taiwan Island then for the government in 清
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan was controlled by Japan》
Even if being taken away by Japan, 清 didn’t matter at all
On the other hand, the Taiwan island was the first territory overseas which Japan won for the first time. The imperial Japan which burned with the ambitious of advancing overseas applied its energy to the island and established the Government of General there. The governor was sent to Taiwan from Japan and held the reins of power in Taiwan.
But the residents in Taiwan resisted against it. The part of residents knew 清 would cede Taiwan to Japan and announced the….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan was controlled by Japan》
…and announced the establishment on the democratic country in China and resisted, but when the military force belonged to Japan got on shore of Taiwan and the resistance force suffered total defeat, but after that sporadic break out continued each place in China, but the military force in Japan suppressed it with its military power. No less than fourteen thousand of the residents were slaughtered.
The governor in Taiwan gained three powers then. Not only advancing administration but the order from the governor was absolute
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan was controlled by Japan》
It was the governor who controlled courts, and was the chief executive on the military force belonged to Japan in Taiwan.
The feature on controlling Taiwan by Japan was thoroughly making them become the Japanese. Building shrines each place of Taiwan and obliged them to speak the Japanese and educated them they were the babies from the emperor in Japan, so senior citizens in Taiwan can speak English very well. Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 who used to be the governor was one of them. He said when talking with others in Chinese, he…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…he thought of it with the Japanese language and translating it into the Chinese, and it is said he orders Japanese books from Japan and read them like 文藝春秋 or 中央公論.
《Taiwan developed greatly at the time of colony》
Japan went ahead with oppressive politics by using the power of police so as to strengthen the control on Taiwan by Japan, but the residents resisted against it and after the rule by Japan spread over the whole Taiwan, the battles broke out each place of Taiwan. Ten thousand of residents were dead at the battle against the military force in …
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へんな目でみられること1レス 95HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 ♂)
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動物のトサツ現場について2レス 145HIT 通りすがりさん
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しにたい17レス 269HIT Xたか (40代 ♂)
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妻30歳、子供3人5レス 120HIT 匿名さん
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何が気に障ったのか？2レス 115HIT 社会人さん
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へんな目でみられること
男だって変な目で見られたら嫌じゃないの？ 主だって通りすがりの人間か…(恋愛好きさん1)
1レス 95HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 ♂) -
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動物のトサツ現場について
なんとなく予想はしてたけど諭すようなレスは不要です。 馬が怪我したら…(通りすがりさん0)
2レス 145HIT 通りすがりさん -
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歯が生える薬
永久歯抜けて一年半経って、また自然に歯が生えてきてるで。 また生える…(匿名さん9)
9レス 202HIT おしゃべり好きさん -
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しにたい
はい そうします できれば、生きててほしいなぁ こんなに…(通りすがりさん1)
17レス 269HIT Xたか (40代 ♂) -
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何が気に障ったのか？
レスありがとうございます。 年齢も性別も住んでる場所もバラバラで…(社会人さん0)
2レス 115HIT 社会人さん
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サブ掲示板
注目の話題
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【愚痴】スーパーで起きた理不尽な出来事【聞いて欲しい】
スーパーで商品棚上部にある品物に手を伸ばしながら『手が届かなくて〜💦』と見知らぬおばさまに声をかけら…
20レス 601HIT 聞いてほしいさん -
美容院での会話が苦手
美容師と会話するのすごく苦手なんですけど、事前に会話なしでってお願いするの大丈夫だと思いますか？そう…
9レス 258HIT おしゃべり好きさん (20代 女性 ) -
声を掛けられなくなった
膝下ワンピースって人気ないんですか？ ショートパンツやミニスカートにヒールをはいていた時代は声…
9レス 334HIT おしゃべり好きさん -
皆さんならどう思いますか？
彼氏とのラインのやり取りなのですが 今日彼氏の仕事が終わったら電話をするって話でしたが 彼か…
10レス 330HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 女性 ) -
これからの時代子ども作っても大丈夫？
まだ子どもいない新婚ですがこれからの時代子ども作っても損しそうで心配 昔は子育てにお金かけず子…
15レス 659HIT 育児の話題好きさん (30代 女性 ) -
同居が受け入れられない嫁… 冷たいですか？
婚約者の彼がいます。 彼のことは愛していますが彼の親と同居前提でなんでも話してきてそれだけがひっか…
12レス 460HIT 相談したいさん - もっと見る
