Let’s enjoy English 16th

【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》

The Communist Party was just newly born then, and the headquarters in Comintern of Moscow didn’t know the actual condition on China at all, but directed China and China was forced to obey it, for Comintern was the organization directed by the communist party in the Soviet Union which was the home country for the revolution. It was the absolute existence for China then.

Comintern thought the model on the Russian revolution was only, absolute, for it had succeeded in the Russian revolution led by Lenin. Lenin led…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》

Lenin led the peasants of labor in the city and caused the arms uprising and succeeded in the revolution, so the Comintern thought the way of uprising in arms would work everywhere in the world. As to the condition of the country, China was different from Soviet Union altogether, but Soviet imposed its value to China. There were lots of people who used to study abroad in Soviet in the leadership of China, and they received the direction from the Comintern as golden rule.

Though there was never extensive influence …

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Arm uprising on the Communist Party》

Though there was never extensive influence supporting the Communist Party in China then, China obeyed the policy on the Comintern of uprising in arms and made a miserable mistake.

『Column, Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石』

He was born in modern Zehjiang Province 浙江省 in 1887. Since becoming an age, he studied abroad at the military academy in Japan after that returned to China and joined in the Xinhai Revolution 辛亥革命, then Sen Yat-sen 孫文 acknowledged him and he became an executive in the national party and became the head of…

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… he became the head of the Republic of China in 1948, but was beaten on the civil war between the communist and national party and fled to Taiwan and named the place where he reached the Republic of China.

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

While uprising in arms at the city by the Communist Party failed completely, there was the one who gave up the uprising in arms and withdrew to the mountainous area with a small amount of military unit. It was Mao Zedong.

Without Mao Zedong, we can’t talk about the modern history in China, but how should we talk about it? Because his…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

Because his existence is so big that his historic evaluation is filled with violent praise and censure, he was exactly a monster, a ringleader.

In 1960s when the author was a student, Mao Zedong was the star on the revolution in China and was the giant who shone brilliantly in the present history, but as the actual condition on the Cultural Revolution was revealed and the individual character on Moa Zedong became clear, the evaluation on him of the dictator who caused thousands of people death is becoming solid.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

But his evaluation that though there was mistakes, he was a great leader on the revolution in China. How should we locate his existence in the present history? It’s very difficult to do, but the author said he was going to look at the growth on the Communist Party after that, regarding Mao Zedong as pivot.

He was born at a farm village in the Hunan Province 湖南省 in 1893 as the son in wealthy farmer. After graduating from an elementary school, he got married to a woman who his father recommended at the age of 13.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

The woman was dead after three years. Mao Zedong didn’t talk on the woman, so it’ not clear in detail. He loved to reading book from childhood, after graduating from the elementary school, he helped his farm house once, but had a strong interest in learning, and went to a normal school at Changsha 長沙 in the Hunan Province.

Even if graduating from the even elementary school, it was a favorable environment in China then, and Mao Zedong went to the next stage of education on account of sending money as allowance…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

…and Mao Zedong went to the next stage of education due to by being sent to money as allowance from his wealthy father.

He was graduated from the normal school at the age of twenty four, he went to Beijing, counting on his mentor who was a supervisor at the time of the normal school and got a job at library in Beijing university. He got to know contributors to 新青年 which is a magazine in China. Then he became aware of the concept of Marxism.

The magazine played a role which was the center of the movement on new…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

The magazine played a role which was the center of the movement on new culture in the Republic of China and led the world of thought in China in 1910s.

Mao Zedong got married to the daughter of his mentor and returned to Hunan Province which was his homeland and became a headmaster in elementary school there and at the same time kept a bookstore and succeeded in the bookstore greatly. He seemed to have a talent for management.

When the first National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held, he attended…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

…he attended it as representative for Hunan province.

《Founding the base at 井岡山》

As to 井岡山, I want to express it in English, but when searching it in the internet, the internet shows Iokayama、so I’m forced to give up expressing. I’m sorry for it.

As receiving the instruction from Comintern and the Communist Party rose in arms but the Communist Party fell into destruction each place, then Mao Zedong withdrew to the mountainous area with his subordinates in 1928. It was 井崗山 where he aimed at. It’s a mountainous area between Hunan and Jiangix Province。

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

The geographic feature on the 井岡山 was hard to attack but easy to protect, and Mao Zedong found the base on the revolution.

There was the better mass base comparatively. The description is in the social studies book for the fifth grade at the elementary school in China, but there were bandits there. Mao Zedong negotiated with leaders in the mountain and made his military unit stay there. Soon the unit on the bandits was incorporated into the member on the military unit on the Communist Party. Then Mao Zedong…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

Mao Zedong devised the original strategy on the guerrilla war there. It’s like the next.

If the enemy goes ahead, we go back. When the enemy stops, we disturb it. If the enemy is tired, we attack it, and when the enemy withdraws, we pursue it. Arranging the essence on the guerrilla war into four sets made of four characters, sixteen characters in total, and Mao Zedong made illiterate peasants recite and trained them as soldier, and summarized contents which the peasants should obey as soldier as three rules.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation is divided》

The contents which the peasants should obey as soldier as three rules are like the next.

When taking into action, obeying the command.

Don’t take away anything by force from labors nor from peasants.

The thing taken away from the enemy belongs to everyone.

Mao Zedong changed these things into songs and made the soldiers coming from peasants sing, and six warning were added to it like folding up bedding, don’t do their business in the place as they like.

The warnings were organized and they became eight.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong whose evaluation was divided》

The eight warnings are like the next.

When talking, do it calmly.

When selling and buying, it should be done fairly.

If borrowing, return it absolutely.

If destroying something, reimburse it.

Don’t punch nor execrate anyone.

Don’t cause problem on agricultural products.

Don’t tease women.

Don’t abuse a captive.

Thus three rules made of eight warnings were summarized, and they were the one which the Communist Party should obey. Those things were done thoroughly, so we can guess the actual situation then.

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Obeying those rules, the military unit on the Communist Party maintained an edge against the one in the National Party of which discipline was corrupted, so the supporting the communist party spread over the people in China.

《The way that farm villages surround the city has been established》

Moreover Mao Zedong started a plan of confiscating the land from a big landowner and distributing the land to the peasants. Possessing its own land means being the main character in labor for the peasants who were forced to work intensively for land owners, so the peasants supported the plan on…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》

…so the peasants supported the plan on the revolution of the land enthusiastically. In addition, Comintern used to direct the Communist Party to rise in arms in the city, but as the way of adopting by Comintern failed one after another, Comintern changed its plan, adopting a new one of putting effort into the revolution on the land and organization on the military unit for the Communist Party in the farm land in 1928. As a result, the original plan of Mao Zedong was confirmed

Capitalism was….

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《The way that farm villages surround the city established》

The capitalism was undeveloped and there wasn’t enough number on the labor at the city in China then, without being supported by peasants who occupied the large amount of population overwhelmingly, the revolution wasn’t realistic.

Mao Zedong who was a realist founded the base on farm villages and distributed the land to peasants, and peasants were delighted at it, and making the happy peasants organize the military unit on the Communist Party which was named Red Army, and founded the base on…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》

…and the base on the revolution was founded in the farm villages. It led to establishment on the revolutionary course to the original plan that the farm villages surrounded the city by Mao Zedong. Except for 井崗山, other members in the Communist Party began to build the base on the farm villages in other places.

《The purge was done on the base of farm villages》

The base on farm village was built every place and the area controlled by the Communist Party spread over China, the movement of…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《The way that farm villages surround the city established》

…the movement of executing officers in the Red Army was born because a spy from the National Party sneaked into the Communist Party. Officers in the Red Army were also executed in 井岡山. As the executives in the Red Army who stayed at the place which away from 井岡山 was executed. The ones who were executed belonged to the twentieth military unit, and the twentieth military unit committed mutiny then, so the Communist Party oppressed the twentieth military unit under the command by Mao Zedong.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》

As a result, soldiers more than two thousand were executed.

When living together a group which had the same ideology in a closed place which was away from human habitation, a trivial confrontation on opinions develops a decisive showdown. It frequently breaks out, and a large amount of execution occurs from there.

When the united red army lived at the mountain in Gunma prefecture of Japan and built the base there, the execution was done under the name of summary. The same thing happened in …

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《The way that farm villages surrounded the city established》

The same thing in a large scale broke out in China. It is said thousands of soldiers in the Red Army were executed in the base of farm village. Murdering each other was done before fighting against the enemy.

《Escaping under the name of long march》

Mao Zedong’s living in the 井岡山 didn’t continue for a long time. He went down the mountain so as to expand the line of battle, and aimed at building new base. He built the base called Soviet in Jiangxi 江西 between Jiangxi and Fujian province 福建省

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Escaping under the name of long march》

Mao Zedong declared the establishment on the temporary central government of the republic China and Soviet Union there, and Mao Zedong was elected the President. The military unit of the Communist Party in other area joined in it, and its influence increased.

Though Mao Zedong became the President, the headquarter on the Communist Party in China moved from Shanghai, the real power on Mao Zedong was taken away to executives in the party who studied abroad in Soviet.

Soviet means a council in the Russian, and…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Escaping under the name of long march》

…the revolution in Russia didn’t come to power by congressional election but was done by the group of labor made up with peasants directed by the Communist Party. The name on the new republic changed into Soviet federation of socialism republics. It was the declaration of trying to establish the nation of the style on the revolution in Russia.

But the place was flatter than 井岡山, and was received the attack from the National Party repeatedly and the Red Army couldn’t maintain the base. The Red Army gave up the…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Escaping under the name of long march》

The Red Army gave up the central base in the Jiangxi Province 江西省 autumn in 1934 and escaped to west. It was a large scale of the military unit made up with eighty six thousand of soldiers. The long march started like that.

The military unit including the family of soldier made up with eighty six thousand moved not only with weapon but with the complete sets of household goods. They were attacked by the National Party each place and there were the dead and injured people every time. They suffered from hunger and…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Escaping under the name of long march》

They suffered from hunger and coldness. They moved to west and went north in the next. As they were chased by the National Party so their course was strayed off. The long march continued some thirteen months and they moved no less than twelve thousand kilometers then. When reached the mountainous area in Chenxi 陳西Province the number of the military unit decreased to no more than eight thousand, though it was no less than eighty six thousand when the long march started.

The long march was called the one of hardship

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Escaping under the name of long march》

When founding the new China and every time facing difficulty, the long march was cited, don’t forget the long march of hardship. If comparing it with the difficulty in which we went through during the long march, it’s no problem. The Communist Party has achieved the long march, so there is no phrase of impossibility in the Communist Party. The author said like the next.

To be honest, when learning the present history in China when being a student, he was moved by the long march, but now that he thinks about it…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Escaping under the name of long march》

…the long march was just an escaping without having any strategy. As making a mistake on the strategy and in the stage where there wasn’t enough power on the Communist Party, declaring the establishment of the temporary central government on the Republic of Soviet and China, and received attack from the National Party, gave up the base and ran away around China.

If the leader made a mistake to judge, how many victims were caused. It’s shown obviously there.

《Mao Zedong grasped the power at last》

As to starting…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong grasped the power at last》

As to starting the long march, Mao Zedong had no responsibility on it. When he proposed the plan of building base on the farm village the executives in the Communist Party in China were negative then and Mao Zedong couldn’t hold a leadership position then.

But as the miserable march started, the liability issue on the executives in the Communist Party then was lifted. It was Zunyi 遵義 council in the middle of the long march. Then Mao Zedong criticized the leadership in the Communist Party. Though the Communist …

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Mao Zedong grasped the power at last》

Though the Communist Party didn’t have enough power, it adopted the wrong policy of rising in arms, so the Communist Party suffered the large amount of damage. Mao Zedong criticized like that.

As Zhou Enlai 周恩来 who was loyal to the Communist Party at the meeting until then criticized himself and accepted the criticism from Mao Zedong, the whole situation on the meeting was decided. Mao Zedong became the Politburo standing committee member and established the leadership both on the political and military aspect.

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At the same time, the relation between two of them in which Zhou Enlai pledged allegiance to Mao Zedong was decided as well.

『Column, Zhou Enlai』

He was born into the land owner’s family at Jiangsu 江蘇 Province in 1898 and studied abroad in Japan from 1917 to 1919, learning in university which was the predecessor of Meiji and Hose university. He returned to China in 1919 and joined in 5.4 movement and was arrested then. After released from the prison, he studied abroad in Paris and founded the branch of the Communist Party in France there. After returning to China, he joined in the…

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After returning to China, he participated in the Soviet in Jiangxi 江西 and took into action with Mao Zedong.

《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an 延安》

The military unit on the Communist Party reached the Chenxi 陳西 Province October in 1935 and the long march came to an end then. Founding the revolutionary base in Yanan which was the same province and the headquarters on the Communist Party was established there as well.

After the new China was born, the Communist Party has learned to handle Yan’an as holy place on the revolution.

A cave dwelling is dug on the middle of the hill …

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》

A cave dwelling is dug in the middle of the hill in Yan’an and Mao Zedong had learned to live there. He escaped from the attack by the National Party for a while there and started to study on Marxism and to found original theory.

He summarized books of which title was 実践論 and 矛盾論 then and gave a lecture on the content of the book at Party School in Yan’an in 1937, instructed the true knowledge was able to acquire through the practice alone. He criticized intellectuals then.

In short, he pulled the buds off…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》

In short, he pulled the buds off the people who seemed to be his rival by criticizing intellectuals who were except for himself, and he described like the next.

There was hostile contradiction and the contradiction which wasn’t hostile, the wrong thought inside the Communist Party is the contradiction which isn’t hostile, but if the one who made a mistake sticks to the mistake and expands the mistake, there is the possibility of developing into the hostile one.

He asked the purity on the thought in the…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》

He asked the purity on the thought in the Communist Party and it led to Rectification Movement 整風運動 from February in 1942. It was the movement of disclosing a spy and purifying the thought in the Communist Party. In a word, eradicating the faction of anti Mao Zedong in the Communist Party. Thousands of members in the Communist Party were falsely accused there and were executed.

Thus Mao Zedong grasped the real power in the Communist Party. He became the head on the central committee of the Communist Party in…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Founding the revolutionary base in Yan’an》

He became the head on the central committee of the Comunist Party in China May in 1943, reaching to the top on the Communist Party and the Communist Party belonged to Mao Zedong was completed then. It was fixed that the Communist Party treated the thought on Mao Zedong as guideline for all the activities. The cult of personality on Mao Zedong began to see then.

『The red star in China』

Mao Zedong at the time of Yan’an became the person who was known in the world. When being interviewed by an American reporter…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Column, the red star in China》

…he’s started to be known in the world. The reporter visited Yan’an and stayed three months, interviewing Mao Zedong for a long time and putting the content of the interview into one book of which title was the red star in China.

The book was published in America in 1938 and Mao Zedong was represented as excellent person who was the leader at the revolution in China. The book made the public opinion on the west side biased toward Mao Zedong, toward the Communist Party in China and was translated into the Chinese. Lots of…

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Lots of young people in China read the book and joined in the Communist Party.

『Column, Mao Zedong got married fourth times』

The marital relationship between Mao Zedong and the third wife went bad at the time of Yan’an in 1937. She was sent to Soviet under the pretext of treatment. After that, Mao Zedong got married to Jiang Qing 江青 who was actress.

The third wife was worshipped by executives in the Communist Party, so it is said lots of them were got angry with that Mao Zedong parted from the third wife and got married to Jiang Qing. Moreover she has a career of getting married…

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Furthermore, she had a career of getting married to other person or living together other man four times in the past, so lots of people raised eyebrows, but no one can remonstrate Mao Zedong who had the dictatorial authority that no one was against it.

《The second united front 国共合作》

Immediate after the long march on the military unit of the Communist Party was over unexpected thing happened. It’s Xi’an incident. Jang Shiueliang 張学良 in the National Party shut up Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 at Xi’an. He hated that the National Party fought against the Communist Party, and pressed Chiang Kai….

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《The second united front》

…and pressed Chiang Kai-shek that the National Party and the Communist Party should join force and fought against Japan together. Zhou Enlai 周恩来 rushed to Xi’an from the Communist Party and persuade Chiang Kai-shek, so Chiang Kai-shek was forced reluctantly to accept the cooperation.

Thus the National Party and the Communist Party joined force and fought against Japan together. The second united force formed then.

When the military force belonged to Japan did night exercise at Marco Polo Bridge 盧溝橋, a shooting was done against…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

…a shooting was done against the military force belonged to Japan, so the military force belonged to Japan started to attack the one in China. The war between Japan and China broke out. The National Party and the Communist Party fought against the invasion by Japan.

《Who fought the War of resistance against Japan?》

The military force on the National Party and the Red Army in the Communist Party were unified so as to fight against Japan in the second united front. Two of the military force have been organized into the People’s Liberation Army in 1947.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Who fought the war resistance against Japan?》

The Communist Party fought against Japan violently in the united front on the official history in China, but it was the military force in the National Party which fought against Japan squarely. Unexpectedly, China recognizes it in a textbook for elementary school like the next.

When the war resistance against Japan started, the Communist Party commanded both of the military force belonged to the National and the Communist Party and made them move forward to the occupied area by the military force in Japan.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong 】

《Who fought the war resistance against Japan?》

Then the Communist Party made the mass stand up extensively and developed guerrilla battle at the end of the enemy and founded the base on the resistance against Japan.

It said at the back of the enemy. In other words, the one which was in front of the enemy was the military force in the National Army.

Though it was united front, Mao Zedong aimed at expanding influence on the Communist Party severely. He directed like that. 70% of the power is expanding influence, 20% is compromising, and 10% is fighting…

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Who fought the war ressitance aganst Japan?》

...and 10% is fighting against Japan.

The military force of Mao Zedong avoided fighting against the one in Japan,trying to expand its influence, making the military force in the National Party fight against the one in Japan and consume its military strength.

The Communist Party played a central role in the war resistance against Japan and won.It's publicized as ground on the political basic legitimacy, but it wasn't actually.

『Column, Hu Jintao 胡錦涛 has acknowledged the role on the Natioal Party for the ...』

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

『Column, Hu Jintao has acknowledged the role on the National Party for the first time』

The commemorative meeting of ten years anniversary winning the war resistance against Japan was held in Beijin September in 2005. Then Hu Jintao described the military force on the Natioanl Party took charge in the front battlefield and in the beginning of the war delivered a blow to the military force in Japan at Shanghai. He acknowledged the part on the Natioanl Party for the first time as the top of the Communist Party. Though his speech was a conciliatory measure...

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

『Colun, Hu Jintao has acknowledged the part on the National Party for the first time』

...it's just a conciliatory measure against Taiwan, the Communist Party has appreciated the history of the war resistance against Japan again, so it has been paid attention.

《Japan was defeated and the civil war between the National and Communist Party》

Japan was beaten autumn in 1945 and the second united front collapesed in 1946, and both of the National and Communist party went into the civil war again then, but the Soviet Union supported the Communist Party.

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Japan was defeated and the civil war between the National and the Communist Party》

The military force in Soviet invaded then the Manchuria and made the military force in Japan disarm and handed over the land which Japan occupied until then to the Communist Party in China. In addition, it supplied a large amount of weapon to the military force of the Communist Party.

While the military force in the National Party consumed its military force due to the battle against Japan, the one in the Communist Party increased its influence. Moreover, the large …

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【The Communist Party and Mao Zedong】

《Japan was defeated and the civil war between the National and Communist Party》

Moreover the large amount of weapons reached from Soviet, so the civil war was advantageous for the Communist Party.

The Communist Party took away the land from land owners and distribute the land to peasants and received the support from the peasants overwhelmingly. The People’s Liberation Army on the Communist Party went to Beijing, and the National Party went away to Taiwan. Thus the civil war between the National and Communist Party was over.

【China belonged to China..】

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【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】

《Mao Zedong declared founding on the new China》

Mao Zedong stood up on Tinananmen of Beijing and declared founding of People’s Republic of China October in 1949. Three hundred thousand of crowd gathered in the square of Tiananmen and responded to it with cheers. Tiananmen leads to the main gate of a Chinese castle which used to be the residence for the empire, what is called Shikinjo. It was a direction as if a new emperor had appeared in China.

The square in Tiananmen made for the ceremony can accommodate no less than some half a million of people.

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【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】

《Mao Zedong declared foundation of new China》

After that, the square in Tiananmen has often been the stage on the present history in China. A tremendous portrait on Mao Zedong has been put up in Tiananmen, and there are slogans both sides of the portrait.

Hooray! People’s Republic of China is in the left side. Hooray! The great unity of the people in the world is in the right. The people unite in the world, in short, a goal for doing their best so as to increase the nations of socialism in the world is shown there.

As to the name on new China…

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【China belonged to Mao Zedong was born】

《Mao Zedong declared the foundation of new China》

…there were three ideas. It was considered before founding the nation. The first Is the People’s democratic republic of China, the second is the People’s republic democratic of China, and the third is people’s republic of China.

How should three word of people, democratic, and republic include the name of the country? It was the problem. The first one was too long, so it was rejected.

In the next which should they adopt, republic or democratic? Republic means the political system on democracy.

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