Science,English,and math 6th

【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on the global warming and brought us petroleum》

…without being dissolved, the organic matter was accumulated as sludge. In addition, this time was warm and shallow sea spread over and coral reef formed there, and coral reef became limestone later.

The Cretaceous is well known as the time when a large amount of limestone was accumulated.

Coral reef absorbs the carbon dioxide froms the seawater and forms calcium carbonate which is a framework for the colony of coral reef, but it wasn’t coral…

【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on global warming and brought us petroleum》

…but it wasn’t coral but a special bivalve 二枚貝 which played an active part in the coral reef then to be exact. It formed calcium carbonate as shell and removed the carbon dioxide from the ocean, so the earth escaped from the crisis on the global warming then.

After that the earth became chill gradually and the ice age came to the earth. How did the warmed earth change into the one of ice age? It has been under investigation.

We’re blessed with…

【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on the global warming and brought us petroleum》

We’re blessed with sledge and limestone formed in the Cretaceous at present. It’s the petroleum as resource.

The organic matter which accumulated on sludge became mature and changed into petroleum. Moreover as the limestone forms layer which has a lot of opening, it pumped the petroleum from the black mudstone formation as if it had been a sponge, concentrated the petroleum, so the limestone changed into the layer which stored the petroleum.

【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on global warming and brought us petroleum》

The greater part of petroleum resources in the world including in the Middle East was accumulated in the Cretaceous. We’ve made use of it and built modern civilization and are about to bring crisis to the earth again.

《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn from the history in Cretaceous which protected the surrounding》

I’m not sure of the life span on the human race, but when coexisting with the earth becomes …

【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn from history in the Cretaceous which protected surrounding》

But when coexisting with the earth becomes impossible, it is sure we don’t have any way of existing.

Dinosaurs inhabited the earth for more than a hundred million years. As to a step on surrounding on the earth, we’ve talked about the time after dozens of years ahead of us.

On the other hand, the phenomenon which broke out a hundred million years ago has been adopted as the one which isn’t related to us.

【What I’ve thought】

There is a person who always pushes the button of sympathy for me. I’m grateful to you for doing it. I’m encouraged with it.

To my sorrow, it seems that my English doesn’t make sense often. When coming across a difficult technical term, I find it hard to express, I’m at a loss how to express it.

Then as trying to express a thing which I can’t understand enough, needless to say readers can’t understand it. I have to reflect on it.

Thank you very much for supporting me.

【Great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn from history in the Cretaceous which protected the surrounding》

With the way of grappling with the problem on the surrounding, can we find an appropriate way of solving the problem?

Without being able to solve the most basic and important thing on the earth with a variety scale like time and space, we can’t accomplish coexistence between the humankind and the earth.

The earth and creatures became a one body and protected the earth. Working out the meaning of its…

【Great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn history from the Cretaceous which protected surrounding》

Working out the meaning of the mechanism and the history on the earth would give us the humankind the principle that how we should live from now on.

The world where dinosaurs lived not only has brought us the blessing of fossil fuel but tried to teach us how we should use it.

On the other hand,we try to guide the earth to the crisis on the global warming by fossil fuel which is the blessing from the Cretaceous.

【Great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】

《The earth and creatures should be one as body and we should learn history from the Cretaceous which protected environment》

Coral reef which may have rescued us from the crisis becomes extinct one after another by destruction on environment.

No less than 90% of coral reel perished in Japan. A beautiful place where there is the coral reef is a few at present.

【A paradise for ediacara】

《Strange creatures which was prosperous some six hundred million year ago》

Strange creatures which were extremely flat and didn’t have any skeleton…

【A paradise for ediacara】

《Strange creatures which were prosperous some six hundred million years ago》

…the big one was 1 meter.

The sea was a paradise for creatures called ediacara fauna some six hundred million years ago. It was neither animal nor plant. It seemed to be quite different from contemporary any species.

They were prosperous before multicellular organisms appeared and became extinct. I’m going to move toward its true shape, the author said like that.

【Strange ediacara fauna which was neither animal nor plant】

《Nemiana》

Its diameter is 0.5 centimeters. Its appearance was…

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】

《Nemiana》

Its appearance was like a sea anemone. It was 腔腸動物 which stored sand inside the body as if it had been roly-poly toy 起き上がり小法師 which is a Japanese traditional doll that always comes back to an upright position each time you push it over.

What is the 腔腸動物？

Most of creatures have mouth and anus, and eat food from the mouth and discharge bodily wastes from anus, but as to the 腔腸動物, while it has a mouth, it doesn’t have a anus because it belongs to inferior quality.

As a result, it eats the food from the mouth and …

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】

《Nemiana》

…it eats the food from the mouth and discharges the bodily wastes from the mouth. We call a thing like a digestive organ as if it were a dead end 腔腸, and the creatures had the 腔腸, so we call it 腔腸動物.

It has been thought the 腔腸動物 which didn't have skeleton made up with calcium at the end of the Precambrian period made use of the sand as substitute for the skeleton.

It existed until the beginning of the Cambrian period and became extinct.

《Charniodiscus》

It had a structure…

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animas nor plant】

《Charniodiscus》

It had structures like a root, stem and leaf. It seemed the thing like the root functioned as weight and the creature stood on the seabed, then the thing like the leaf shook in the water.

The thing like leaf had a structure of air mat. The air mat had lots of tubes, but there is nothing in the tubes except for water.

《Tribrachidium》

Its diameter was 2.5 centimeters. Its shape was a disc. It had three swelling like arm of which shape was a spiral. Some people say it was closely related to a starfish. It had a…

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】

《Tribrachidium》

It had a structure of air mat at its edge.

As to the shape on Charniodiscus, it looked like a leave, and the leave looked as if it had stood at the seabed because of the weight which was equivalent to a root.

I should have expressed it when describing Charniodiscus, but I forgot it. I’m sorry for it.

《Ernietta》

It was four centimeter long. Two sheets each of which had some stripe were united and its shape was formed. It looked like a bag, the author said like that. It also stood on the seabed like Charniodiscus

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】

《Ernietta》

When looking up the bag in English English dictionary, it says it usually opens at the top, so erniettta opens at the top, therefore its shape may have belonged to the bag.

Its shape reminds me of a character in video game. It’s PAC-MAN.

There is a circle and a sector of which angle is 60 degrees is cut out of the circle. The part where is cut out of is directed upward, and other part where isn’t cut out of becomes the one like a bag. It looks like Ernietta.

It stood on the seabed, for its lowest part became weight.

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】

《Spriggina》

The biggest one is no more than 4.6 centimeters. It’s said 環形動物 or 節足動物.

What is the 環形動物?

Its body is symmetric and narrow and long. It’s made up with lots of soft segments. It seems to be called segmented worms.

To be concrete, worms are the typical ones. It’s segments are repeated from the head to the tail. The typical one is an earthworm.

When looking at the earthworm, except for its head and tail, there are lots of section as if rubber rings were connected. The rubber ring is called a thing like the section.

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plant】

《Spriggina》

What is the 節足動物？

It’s the 節足動物 which accounts for a large part of the natural world including insects. Its kinds so varied that it is said its thee-fourths make up with the natural world.

It has characteristic like the next.

It’s covered with exoskeleton 外骨格, and has legs which possess joints. Its body is made up with three parts of head, breast, body, or is made up with two parts of 頭胸部, and body. The 頭胸部 means the head and breast are connected.

The section of the body is clear. We can see it at once.

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】

《Spriggina》

On the other hand, Spriggina has a dividing line in the central part of the body. There are lots of segments on the both sides from the dividing line, but the segments weren’t symmetric. They were lined alternately.

Its thing like a head was buried in the seabed as weight and the thing like a body was in the sea. The body looked like a leaf. It also stood on the seabed.

《Dickisonia》

The biggest one was 1 meter. It seemed to be 環形動物 or 節足動物. It’s flat. Its thickness is no more than 3 millimeters. It’s like an…

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】

《Dichisonia》

It was like an air mat made up with two sheets, dividing with lots of partitions minutely.

The partitions looked like segments, but they weren’t also symmetric.

《Protechiurus》

Its body was eight centimeter long. It was short and fat. It had a mouth like a tube. Its large part of the body was buried in the seabed, and the part of the mouth like a tube was out of the seabed, according to the illustration on the book.

It belongs to イムシ like the earthworm.

《Vendia》

It was 15 millimeters long. It had the body…

【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】

《Vendia》

It had a body like a shield and a swelling in the head. The swelling was like a crescent. It had segments of five pairs. Its shape was like the v in alphabet.

It seemed to be close to a trilobite 三葉虫 or a horseshoe crab カブトガニ, but the fossil of legs belonged to the Vendia have never been discovered.

It means that the trilobite and the horseshoe crab have legs, does it.?

To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on it, for the trilobite was an ancient creature, and I have never seen the horseshoe crab with my own eyes.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

The ediacara fauna were creatures which lived at the end of Precambrian period from six hundred ten million from five hundred fifty million years ago.

They were different from other creatures altogether which appeared in the next time of the Cambrian period. They had neither skeleton, shell. All of them had soft body. Lots of them were flat extremely, and some of them reached no less than 1 meter.

Why have the strange creatures been paid attention? When thinking of evolution on creatures of multicellular, it is significant extremely.

【The true character on ediacara fauna】

After creatures of multicellular won a shell in the Cambrian period five hundred fifty million years ago, they evolved explosively, and reached varied creatures like the present age.

The ediacara fauna were creatures immediately before the explosive evolution on the creatures of multicellular.

The ediacara fauna account for significant place so as to know what happened before the creatures appeared in the Cambrian period.

《Fossils on creature were discovered at a hill called Ediacara》

The one who did geological survey belonged to the government of…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Fossils on creatures was discovered in the hill called Ediacara 》

The one who did geological survey belonged to the state of South Australia government was engaged in his work at the hill of Ediacara in 1946.

He had been interested in collecting fossils since a student. Even if being in severe survey in dried area, he continued to watch the surface on the geological features.

One day he discovered fossils of shape on lots of jellyfish on the surface of rock made up with quarts. They were called ediacara after the place where it was discovered.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》

Thus the fossil on strange creatures were discovered.

Except for Antarctic, the fossils on ediacara were discovered from more than twenty places all the continents, so it turned out the creatures used to live in the sea on the earth generally.
It wasn’t limited in special area, especially in Russia where the layer of Precambrian spread over, abundant fossils were discovered there.

Judging from those places, it proved that the ediacara fauna lived in the subtropical zone then.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》

In addition, it’s estimated they lived in the layer of rock when it was formed in a storm because it lived in the seabed of a shoal. Its ground is expressed later.

On the other hand, they were discovered from the layer at deep sea in England or in Canasa, so they also lived in the place like that.

I’ve expressed on some of ediacara fauna according to illustrations on the book. The illustrations were drawn, being kept those things in mind.

None of the ediacara fauna had…

【The true character on ediacara fauna】

《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》

None of the ediacara fauna had function of purifying food by filtering it, so the seawater may have been more muddy. As to the position on every creature, the author said he obeyed the latest results on the research as faithful as possible.

Needless to say, no one saw they stood on the seabed.

After that fossils which had soft body were scarcely preserved in the layer of rock, but the ediacara fauna which had soft body were preserved as fossil, for it was buried in the sea in an…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》

…for it was buried in the sand of the seabed in an instant in a storm.

Moreover the density on oxygen was lower than present time. It was one-tenth as dense as the present time, so it seemed that their dead bodies were broken down slowly.

Furthermore as few creatures which buried in the seabed when living then the layer including the dead bodies weren’t damaged by activity on other creatures.

Those things came in succession, so good condition of preserving fossils on soft body…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》

…so good conditions of preserving fossils on the soft body was formed, as a result we can know on the fossils on creatures which lived in the seabed.

But the one which are remainder on the sand wasn’t the soft body itself but just an impression on the creatures. There isn’t on the creature in detail at all, so we can’t know its minute structure.

Not only the bad situation of preserving condition, the ones which were discovered were fossils on strange creatures alone.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》

What kind of creature were the ediacara fauna? When trying to classify or to restore them, it is so hard that its interpretation causes big difference among the researchers, especially there are each of the three interpretation among the researchers in Australia, Germany and Russia.

《is this a creature which links to protozoan 原生動物 ?》

The author said he expressed on the ediacara fauna, and he said its summary . They are roughly divided like the next.

Some of their shape was…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Is this creature which links to a protozoan?》

Some of their shapes were circle. There are some structures on the surface like a concentric circle 同心円, a pattern like a lattice, or radial.

Others resembled plants.

Roughly speaking, another’s body was symmetric, and had segments in the body. Its size was varied. The one was very minute, and the other was no more than three segments like the head, breast, and tail.

Australian researchers classify them as protozoan. The one of which shape was circle and had structure of concentric circle and…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》

…and had a structure of concentric circle or radial on the surface of the body. The researchers think of them as 腔腸動物. The ones who had a mouth bud had no anus. It ate food from the mouth and also discharged the bodily waste from the mouth.

Its whole body was a digestive organ like a bag. Jellyfish and sea anemone belong to the 腔腸動物.

The ones which had the body like leave are classified as 腔腸動物 like a coral which forms colony by polyp.

When growing, some of the 腔腸動物 changes its shape. They are...

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Is this creatures which links to protozoan?》

They are called polyp. The shape on the polyp is like a cylinder. It increases by division.

The ones of which shape was oval and had segments on the body are classified as 環形動物. Its body is narrow and long. Slender. It had segments as if it were rubble ring, but Tribrachidium which had three sets of spiral on the surface of the body isn’t classified in any creature at present.

When the fossils on ediacara were discovered scholars thought they discovered ancestors of the fossils on multicellular…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》

…scholars thought they had discovered ancestors of fossils on multicellular creatures which they sought for a long time at last. Then at first the ediacara fauna was classified as the multicellular creatures.

On the other hand, other Russian scholar paid attention that lots of the fossils belonged to either of the next types.

The one had a symmetric body of which shape was round. It’s 腔腸動物, so he classifies it as 腔腸動物, but it’s an extinct species which doesn’t belong to any kind at present.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》

The other had symmetric body and segments. The one which has the symmetric body and segments is 腔腸動物 and 環形動物. As to the segments on the ediacara fauna, they were simpler than the ones on the 節足動物 or 環形動物, so it has been estimated they were extinct species which were on the middle stage where they were growing to the 節足動物 or 環形動物.

A way of thinking on the ediacara fauna by the Russian researcher is unique, for he’s thought the flat and symmetric creatures evolved from the one of which body was round…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》

…for he’s thought the flat and symmetric creatures evolved from the round and symmetric creatures .

As to the fossil of which shape was a leave, he’s thought it was an extinct species, and it’s not clear the kind in which the creature belonged to.

《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》

There is a German paleontologist 古生物学者 whose observation is famous for its sharpness. He’s thought the resemblance between the ediacara fauna and protozoan is deceptive, and insisted that it’s a new…

【True character on the ediacara fauna】

《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》

…and he’s insisted that it was a new creature which didn’t belong to any kind at preset.

For example, as to the fossil on a jellyfish, there was a structure of concentric circle near its circumference which was formed because of contraction on the muscle, and traces of digestive organ was arranged in radial shape in the central part.

On the other hand, as to the fossils which were thought as things like the jellyfish, they are different altogether when watching carefully.

There is the…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》

There was the structure on the concentric circle on the central part, and the radial structure was near the circumference. It’s opposite to the fossils on jellyfish.

In addition, the coral of protozoan has a hard axis and lots of clusters of polyp branch off from the axis. When eating feed, polyp purifies water by filtering it, so there is space between branches so as that water runs to the polyp.

On the other hand, the fossils on the ediacara fauna doesn’t have any axis, and there…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》

…and there isn’t any space nor any cut in the place where the polyp should be lined.

Dickinsonia which is estimated as 環形動物 is different from the earthworm which is narrow and long.

Then what kind of creature was the ediacara fauna?

Other scholar found a common point that they were thin even if some of them were large. Moreover though each of appearance was different like the concentric circle, radial structure, and others had segments, slender patterns are repeated very closely.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》

The other scholar thought narrow and long patterns were repeated on the surface of the flat body because its body was made up with lots of walls, which were divided with the films as if it had been the air mat.

If there was difference on the partition, arrangement or the way of growing, each of the appearance was forced to be varied. He thought the ediacara fauna were unknown creatures which were neither animals nor plants.

Its body was divided with the walls owing to maintain the shape …

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》

Its body was divided with the walls on account of maintaining the shape of the body. 粘菌 or large 有孔虫 often adopt the way, so the other scholar thought the ediacara fauna were unicellular creatures.

He often adopted a radical interpretation but even he thought Nemiana belonged to sea anemone or coral. Nemiana was the one which resembled a self-righting dharma doll 起き上がり小法師. It absorbed the sand into its body and made use of the sand so as to be stable its body.

《A paradise for the…》　

【The true character on ediacara fauna】

《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》

It seemed that the creatures in the time of the ediacara didn’t link to the ones which we’ve known at present time. Lots of them had no ability on movement and had neither mouth, anus nor other organs.

Probably they took organic matter or oxygen from the sea water, using their skin and underwent metabolism.

It is said their bodies were flat extremely because they increased the surface area on the skin which played an important part for their survival.

None of them had a hard tissue, it has been…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》

…it has been thought there were no predatory animals which ate the ediacara fauna then. Actually thousands of fossils on the ediacara fauna have been discovered, we’ve never known they had wound when they lived.

Without being worried about being preyed by others, they lay on the seabed or they were shaken by the wave in the sea peacefully.

An American scholar compared the time with the Garden of Eden, and called it the paradise for the ediacara fauna.

On the other hand, were there the…

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》

…where were the creatures which linked to the one which evolved explosively in the Cambrian time then? Or didn’t they evolve at all then?

To tell the truth, traces of the fossils on varied creatures where they lived are discovering more than we’ve expected. The true character of the creature on the trace where they lived is unclear at present, its width on every trace is within several millimeters.

It showed us that creatures which meandered so as to catch a feed in the sediment when living.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》

It means that a kind of animals existed then. Probably lots of ancestors on the multicellular creatures which caused explosive evolution in the Cambrian period would wait for their time to reach in the hole where they lived, wouldn’t they?

After that most of the ediacara fauna disappeared from the record on the fossil immediate before the Cambrian period, for animals which meandered in the sediment increased and the seabed was disturbed, so the dead body on the creatures didn’t left as fossil.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》

With the arrival on the Cambrian period, multicellular creatures which had hard weapons like scissors and claws and strategy on predation and which link to present time appeared.

Residents in the paradise for ediacara which had soft body alone and couldn’t move were exposed on the threat by natural enemies and became preys.

Thus creatures in the ediacara became extinct and their paradise collapsed. It has been thought like that.

By the way, I sometimes adopted the world of animal.

【The true character on the ediacara fauna】

《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》

Speaking of animal, it reminds us of mammal, but needless to say, the mammal didn’t appeared then. The author adopted word of 動物, so I also use the animal, but to be exact, it means a thing which could move. On the other hand, the ediacara fauna couldn’t move.

I should have been more careful.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A story on the future expressed with an illustration》

The earth which was born four billion and six hundred million years ago. The earth which brought up lives…

【The future on the earth and the humankind】

《A story on the future expressed with an illustration》

The earth which brought up lives from some three billion and several hundred million years ago as the third planet on the solar system. Where is it going to move forward from now on?

Geological activity has gone on and an asteroid often invaded on the earth. Will our earth be exposed on the threat by two of them? What kind of the thing is the future on the humankind?

I’m going to develop a scenario with a magnificent scale, taking into consideration on the future of the Galaxy. The author…

【The future on the earth and the humankind】

《A drama on the future which developed by the earth and universe》

The earth which has floated in the outer space. The radius on the equator of the earth is 6378 kilometers. It circles on the orbit which is about one hundred million fifty thousand kilometers away from the sun.

The size on the earth, and the distance from the sun and various conditions have made lives be born and evolve. How long will the earth continue to be the star for lives?

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one in the future two hundred fifty…》

【The future on the earth and the humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》

Lots of planetesimals collided and united over and over again some four billion and six hundred million years ago, then a primitive earth was born then.

After that, as the collision on the planetesimals decreased the earth started to become cool. Vapor in the atmosphere on the primitive earth changed into rain and it poured on the surface of the earth, a primitive ocean formed then.

The surface on the earth became cool and solid.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》

We call the surface on the solid earth a plate.

The plate was born in a mountain range called a submarine range in the seabed, and the mountain range moved and sank at the trench. Plate tectonics started then.

In a place where the plate sank inside the mantle, oceanic crust which was the highest on the mantle melted partially, magma made up with grating 花崗岩 was formed. It becomes the crust on the continent.

The magma rose and…