Science,English,and math 6th

【A tree made up with a firefly】

《A mysterious habits of living thing on firefly which shine in group at the same time》

When a dawn started around 5：20 in the next morning, the number of shining firefly decreased around 5：40, and the radiation of light by the firefly was over after five minutes.

The phenomenon on the radiation of light was observed in both clear sky and rainy weather. It continued at the whole night from the sunset to the dawn.

In the beginning, the fireflies shone separately. The period on the radiation of light often synchronized from the midnight to before the dawn…

【A tree made up with a firefly】

《A mysterious habits of living things on firefly which shines in group at the same time》

…especially it frequently synchronized at dawn. This flicker in group at the same time happens in the same tree in a whole year, so the fireflies didn’t move in group from the tree.

Some people who were attracted by the mysterious phenomenon made progress varied study, but it has never been clear how the flicker was maintained at the same time.

We can’t understand the mystery on the phenomenon of the radiation of the light enough at present.

The author videotaped the…

【A tree made up with a firefly】

《A mysterious habits of living things on fireflies which shine in group at the same time》

The author videotaped the radiation of light and analyzed its image, studied the activity on the radiation of light by the fireflies.

As a result, it doesn’t always mean that the whole fireflies radiated the light at the same time but it was clear that about half of the fireflies radiated the light by turns.

The phenomenon of synchronization by the light was shown among the fireflies in chain reaction, for when the firefly which shone changed, there was difference of …

【A tree made up with a firefly】

《A mysterious habits of living things on firefly which shines in group at the same time》

…for when the fireflies shone, it changed their turns of shining, then there is difference on their time. There is a time lag among the fireflies.

The author said he couldn’t make sure a pacemaker which led the synchronization on radiation of light.

It seems that the firefly looked at others next to which shining, and synchronized the period of radiation of light.

《Why is the tree of firefly made?》

In general, one of reason why the firefly makes a group is it has a…

【A tree made up with a firefly】

《Why is the tree of firefly made?》

…is the firefly has a nature of being attracted by light. When some of fireflies gathered and shone at the same time, its effect as signal by light is bigger than little signal by a single firefly, so the effect of attracting firefly becomes high.

Once that effect was born, the bigger group made up with the fireflies may have been in chain reaction.

A condition where the tree of firefly stands is important so as to work out the effect. Its habitat and the shape on the tree control whether or not the group is formed.

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Why is the tree of firefly made?》

For example, the tree of fireflies is in a place where commands a fine view from a distant place, so the fireflies scattering in a wide area can gather easily. The condition like that is necessary.

When other conditions of the shape on tree or leaves which the signal of light reached others easily is arranged, a large scale of graduation of light in group is made. The author thought like that.

Once the tree of fireflies is made, it’s maintained through a year. Why? Its reason seem to be like the next.

The firefly which …

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》

The fireflies which inhabit the tropical zone emerge in a whole year, but its life span is short, but new images 成虫 always have to join the group so as to maintain its scale.

It eats lots of spiral shells on land when being larval 幼虫, so without scattering in a wide area, it is short of its feed. As the larvae scattered, its new imagoes emerge in a wide area.

In this condition, its habitat density is low, a chance of coming across between a male and female become few. To make matters worse, it is hard to communicate by…

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》

To make matters worse, it is hard to communicate by radiation of light because a tree obstructs it.

As imagoes gather a tree at least a few thousand, a large number of larvae must have inhabited the area around the tree.

Let’s suppose that four thousand of imagoes emerge in a place of which radius is 100 meters. When calculating simply, the imago on the firefly inhabits a place of 8 square meters, but the life span on the imago is short.

Let’s suppose that its life span was seven days. The group of fireflies need a …

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》

The group of fireflies need dozens of thousand of imago so as to maintain the group, so the number on the larva is dozens times as many as the imago.

As a result, there must have been plenty of spiral shells which are the feed for the fireflies in neighbor in order to form the tree of fireflies.

Considering, the tree of fireflies makes the fireflies which scattered gather and increases a chance of meeting the male and female. The tree functions like that.

Radiation of light in group is a signal by light which makes…

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》

Radiation of light in group is a signal by light and makes the new imagoes gather, so even if they change their turns on shining, they have to continue to radiate light all night.

《A male and female talk with the signal by light》

When radiating light, each of light is difference between the male and female. The firefly which forms the tree has a feature like that, but other fireflies don’t.

A male gives off strong yellow light, a female does faint yellow-green light in succession, so even if we look at them with naked…

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《A male and a female talk with the signal by light》

…so even if we look at them with naked eyes from a distant place, we can distinguish the distinction of sex on both of them.

It’s useful when studying the activity on the fireflies and trying to clarify the structure and function on the flicker in group at the same time.

The author said he made a film the fireflies in group with a high speed film and analyzed it and discovered the next thing.

Both of male and female changed the signal by radiation of light and it was more complicated than he expected.

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《A male and female talk with the signal by light》

The male can change the pattern on the signal of radiation of light quickly, according to its own activity, so the signal by radiation of light seems to include important information for them.

Both of the male and female recognize the pattern on radiation of light and its color each other, and take into action with a fixed style.

After the sunset, the male emitted a flash with a slow interval and stopped in the air for a while, after that it moved to the top of the tree. Then the period on the radiation of …

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《A male and female talk with the signal of light》

Then the period on the light of the radiation was irregular. It became short little by little, and the male synchronized its period with other ones around it. It started to give off the light regularly.

Then the radiation of light by flicker at the same time was done with an interval of a second, it was an instant light. It was the signal which tempted lots of the females from a wide area.

After the heyday on the flicker in group at the same time by the male, females which gave off faint yellow green light…

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《A male and female talk with the signal of light》

…the females which gave off faint yellow-green light in succession and flies became remarkable.

When the male discovered the female, the male changed the pattern on radiation of light dramatically, switching to the one which appealed to the female for its love.

The male continued to radiate the light by quick flicker for a few seconds, and started to fly for chasing the female. When accepting the request from the male by the female, both of them copulated 交尾.

The female doesn’t synchronized with the …

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《A male and female talked with the signal of light》

The female doesn’t synchronized with the radiation of the light by the male, but its radiation of light is faint and isn’t conspicuous, so when looking at it from a distant place, it looked the radiation of light on the whole tree of the fireflies synchronized.

The female which finished the copulation went down on the ground and started to look for a place for laying eggs. It emitted faint slow light in succession and flew above the ground with the height from 20 to 30 centimeters in zigzag way.

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《A male and female talk with the signal of light》

After laying eggs, the life on the female was over there.

On the other hand, the male returned to the group again and radiated the light by flicker at the same time until it was dead. What it can copulate again doesn’t matter, but strengthening the signal by light in group is useful for the group of fireflies.

As a result, the male is more than the female in the group. When gathering some of them at random, the female accounted for no more than 30 % in the group, the author said like that.

《Insects which…》

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Insects which mimic the fireflies》

Though there are some insects which resembled the fireflies made up with the tree on color or shape, but they belonged to other family. Lots of them were discovered in the tree made up with fireflies.

The ration on the insects which mimicked the fireflies was from 10 to 30 percent. Some of them were in the middle of copulation, so the tree of fireflies is the place of mating behavior for those insects. Even a little moth was included then.

Why other insects mimic the firefly? Because the firefly must have had nature which…

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Insects which mimic the fireflies》

Because the fireflies must have had a nature which a foreign enemy hates and it is hard to be preyed on.

As to lots of imagoes on fireflies, if being done something unpleasant or something risky, they give off unpleasant smell or liquid from the secretory gland, and defending themselves from predators like a bird.

It has a high possibility that the light generated by the large scale of group of fireflies plays a role as warning signal against the predators which has an ability of learning.

The fireflies gathered a…

【A tree made up with fireflies】

《Insects which mimic the fireflies》

The fireflies gathered a specific tree and don’t move through a year, it’s one of reason why the insects which mimic the fireflies gather easily there.

《There are four kinds in relation to the big group on firefly in the world》

The fireflies formed a big group and flickered at the same time. There are other three kinds in the world. It’s Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan.

I’ve expressed on the fireflies called Cliverata mainly until now, but the ones which inhabit the three other places are different from Cliverata.

【The tree made up with fireflies】

《There are four kinds in relation to a big group on fireflies in the world》

The firefly in Indonesia is different from Cliverata in some points. As to the one in Indonesia, the male and female has the same color on the radiation of light, and changing the tree which they gathered suddenly.

The ones in Indonesia often inhabit a little island where there are few feed for larvae around the tree, so they couldn’t settle down in any one place. They continued to wander about seeking after the place of feed for the larvae

The author said he couldn’t find any…

【The tree made up with fireflies】

《There are four kinds in relation to a big group on fireflies in the world》

The author said he couldn’t find any insect which mimicked firefly among the ones in Indonesia, and it has been thought the firefly changed the place to gather.

The ones in Malaysia gathered at the both sides of a river. It reaches some 2 kilometers. Mangrove grew thick there, and the fireflies were on the leaves of the mangrove, and flickered at the same time. The cycle on radiation of light was arranged. Larvae also emitted light on the ground of the both riverside.

【The tree made up with fireflies】

《There are four kinds in relation to a big group on fireflies in the world》

If there was an obstacle, the way of seeing the light was varied, but if being able to see very far ahead along the river, all the fireflies on both sides flickered all together.

There was a shining belt made up with swarm of the fireflies on the both sides of the river. It looked magnificent. They radiated light in group at the same place through a year, so lots of insects which mimicked the fireflies have been discovered.

《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》

【The tree made up with fireflies】

《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》

The third ones are Genji firefly which we can observe in Japan,

We are familiar with the Genji firefly which inhabits a clean river than any other ones in Japan. They used to appear in literature or poetry in Japan frequently from long ago. Its ten habitats have been specified as natural monument 天然記念物.

The Genji fireflies gather in a big river and flicker all together. Some of them fly over the river and others are on a tree. Their light make us feel as if we felt the Milky Way arrived on the ground.

【The tree made up with fireflies】

《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》

Kyokushi village in Kumamoto prefecture is one of its habitats,

Thousands of fireflies gathered in the place of which height was 10 meters and of which length was 1 kilometers, and repeated flicker all together there in the past.

The Genji firefly radiates light slowly as if it breathed. When stopping somewhere and radiating light, it was done irregularly, but after sunset, when the male flew all together so as to look for the female, the light of radiation synchronized.

As to its color or shape of…

【The tree made up with fireflies】

《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》

As to the color or wave of shape when flying, the male and female are the same, but the one which flies is the male alone, so the male can find the female easily.

When the male approached the female, the female radiated the light strongly, and the male was attracted by the female, then they copulated.

As to the Genji firefly, the communication between the male and female is complicated. The male approached the female, after that the male radiated varied light as if it had tried to pleased the female.

【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】

《The creature which is extremely beautiful and has existed on the earth from the ancient time a billion years ago》

The creature of which almost body is made up with water. It’s a jellyfish. Its transparent body floated with its delicate tentacles shining in the sea as if it were an alien in the space.

Its history on life is repeats a generation of sexual reproduction and other generation of asexual reproduction. The jellyfish which is the most mysterious creature. I’m going to express on it.

《All the jellyfishes don’t sting》

The jellyfish is…

【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】

《All the jellyfishes don’t sting》

The jellyfish is by far older than fish and appeared on the sea of the earth around a billion years ago. It inhabit a wide area from the tropical zone to a shoal in the Frigid Zone. It is said its kinds are some three hundred in Japan alone, and three thousand in the world. Except for a craspedacusta 真水くらげ which inhabits river, pond or lake, all the jellyfishes do in the sea.

Roughly speaking, the jellyfish is divided into two group. The one is stinging, and the other isn’t. The one which sting has cnidocytes 刺胞.

【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】

《All the jellyfishes don’t sting》

The cnidocytes 刺胞 is filled with poisonous liquid.

The one which doesn’t sting belongs to comb jelly. It’s expressed 有櫛動物 in Japanese.

Cilia 繊毛 are lined on the surface of the body as if they were the teeth of a comb there. We call it a comb board, and the jellyfish which doesn’t sting has the comb board and swims in the sea, shining the comb board in the sea.

To my sorrow, I don’t have any special knowledge on the jellyfish. If it is hard to understand, I’m sorry for it. I’m sure I have to study harder.

【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】

《A moon jelly, what is called ミズクラゲ repeats two generations》

Lots of jellyfishes and a part of coelenterates 腔腸動物 repeats generation of floating and other generation of clinging something. We call the former one the generation of jellyfish and the latter the generation of polyp.

By the way, what’s the coelenterates 腔腸動物?

While it has a mouth, it doesn’t have an anus, so its structure on the body is like a bag. It catches the food with the tentacle and puts it into the mouth then the food goes to the stomach, and its excrement also comes out of...

【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】

《A moon jelly, what is called ミズクラゲ repeats two generations》

…and its excrement also comes out of the mouth.

There are poison needles on the surface of the body. We call the poison needle 刺胞. Its size is minimum extremely.

The poison needle is in a capsule of which size from one hundredth to tenth of 1 gram. When being stimulated unpleasantly, the poison needle jumps out of the capsule and stabs the one which touches the 腔腸動物. The jellyfish belongs to the 腔腸動物.

The moon jelly is the shape as if a half moon floated in the sea. Speaking of the…

【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】

《A moon jelly what is 水クラゲ repeats two generations》

Speaking of the moon jelly, it’s a jellyfish which is familiar with us, for it has distributed all over the world. 95% of its body is mad up with water.

There is a fish what is called 出世魚 in Japanese. It’s a fish that is called by different name at different stages of growth, and the jellyfish resembles it.

When the jellyfish have hatched from the fertilized egg, it appears as planula. Its shape is oval and the whole body is covered with cilia 繊毛. The shape is different from the jelly which …

【A jelly fish which is alien in the sea】

《A moon jelly what is called ミズクラゲ repeats two generations》

The shape of the planula is different from the jellyfish which is familiar with us.

It swims in the water and clings to a rock or a seaweed and becomes a polyp of which shape resembles a sea anemone イソギンチャク. It has sixteen tentacles.

The polyp doesn’t have any difference between a male and a female. It increases with asexual reproduction like splitting into two and becomes a cluster.

A くびれ is formed in the body of the polyp as if it were constricted, and its body changes into the one as…

【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】

《A moon jelly what is called a ミズクラゲ repeats its two generations》

…and its body changes into the one as if a plate is accumulated to it. It is called a strobila, but it was a first stage.

After that its tentacles shrink and disappear, eight things as if it were a petal appear. It’s a second stage.

In the third stage, the thing like a petal increases, and it separates one by one and swims in the water. We call it an ephyra. It’s a larva on the generation of the jelly fish, so it changes the one which resembles the jelly fish before long.

【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】

《A moon jelly what is called ミズクラゲ repeats its generation》

The one which has eight things like the petal is polyp, and it’s one of generation on the jelly fish, so it clings on the rock or the sea weed, I’m wondering, but I’m not sure how it did, for there was no expression on it concretely.

The thing which has the eight petals has tentacles again and continues asexual reproduction.

The ephyra which is one of the eight things like the petal and was separated floated in the sea, and passes its period as メテフィラ which resembles the jelly fish than

【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】

《A moon jelly which is called ミズクラゲ repeats its generation》

…and passes its period as メテイフィラ which is still a larva but resembles the jelly fish more than any other larva and becomes adult jelly fish which has a round umbrella finally.

《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》

The shape on the jelly fish is very varied like a bowl, plate, disc, mushroom, or formal headwear for court nobles 烏帽子. It’s a masterpiece in the natural world.

A jellyfish on polyp appears from its colony which clings to the rock or to the seaweed along the sea.

【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】

《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》

It appears as if it were a bud in trees and plants, and it becomes a young jelly fish and swims around the sea.

If comparing it with a pot jelly fish 鉢クラゲ, lots of them are small. There is a film hanging over from the pot. It’s the characteristic.

An edible one is ビゼンクラゲ, エチゼンクラゲ, and スナイロクラゲ. There is a hard and thick layer of jelly on the central of its pot. It is preserved in liquid with salt and alum ミョウバン. It’s crispy and chewy, so lots of people love it.

The jelly fish has a strong…

【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】

《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》

The Jelly fish has a strong impression of stinging, but mots of it don’t hurt people, but カツオのエボシ has a neurotoxin like a cobra. It is often called Portuguese man of war.電気クラゲ

It drifts ashore with a tidal current and south wind along the Japan from April to September.

It uses a bag which has air as if it were a sail and floats in the sea. It has elastic tentacles under the water, and its length sometimes reaches no less than 30 meters. If a little fish is touched with the tentacles, it’ll be…

【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】

《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》

…it’ll be paralyzed with a strong poison and is caught by the jelly fish.

If it touches the skin of a person, the person will have a pain as if it received electric shock and leave a red welt on the skin. Sometimes it suffers form labored breathing and has a convulsive fit , if the worst comes to worst, it’ll be dead, so we'll have to be more careful of it.

【Seabed exploration】

《Challenge to the mysterious group of gigantic hot water chimney, Laputa, or the deepest part in the world of Mariana》

【Sea exploration】

《Challenge Laputa which is a giant group of hot water chimney in group, or to the deepest part in the world which is in Mariana Trench》

「よこすか」the mother ship which loaded 「しんかい6500」left quietly the cliff where there was the center of ocean technical skill, for it started an investigation far away deep seabed over the Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Pacific Ocean. It was called Mode 94, for it was done May in 1994, two decades ago. To my sorrow,It was on old record.

The record was divided into part 1 and part 2. The part 1 is all the records on the investigation.

【A continuation from the last response】

Part 2 is the reach to the deepest part in the world, and the establishment on the station for observation for a long time.

It was expressed on a new development of the exploration on the seabed in Japan.

《To TAG which is the biggest mound of hot water in the world》

A central submarine ridge 海嶺 which were huge mountains surrounding the seabed is a place where a plate is formed newly. Magma which was melt from the deepest part from the earth and gushed out in the seabed, and lava was formed there.

The seabed is torn in the central submarine ridge…

【Seabed exploration】

《To TAG which is the big mound of hot water in the world》

The seabed is torn in the central submarine ridge, and its crack has expanded to both sides a few centimeters a year. The sea water penetrates from the crack on the surface of the earth’s core to the deep part underground.

The seawater is heated by magma and gushed out in the seabed again, and a chimney which emitted black smoke in high temperature and of which is a chimney formed there.

A rare ecological system indeed has been formed around the chimney. It’s a scene as if a life were born there.

【Seabed exploration】

《To TAG which is the biggest mound of hot water in the world》

There is the biggest mound of hot water in the world. We call it TAG. It’s at the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean on the north latitude 26 degree.

The diameter of the mound where the hot water gushed out is 250 meters and its height is 70 meters. Roughly speaking, its size is equal to the Tokyo dome for baseball.

We the Japanese carried into the しんかい6500 which is an investigation submarine all the way from Japan to the Atlantic Ocean and explored the tremendous mound where the hot water…

【Seabed exploration】

《To TAG which is the biggest mound of hot water in the world》

…and explored the big mound where hot water gushed out and came close to the mechanism on its formation.

《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water is gushed out and towers in the deep seabed of which depth is 3600 meters》

There is an illustration on the whole TAG mound by the submarine voyage of fifteenth times by しんかい6500.

When being on the ground, a thing like that is called a bird’s-eye view, but at the bottom of the sea it is called a view of the eye of a whale.

When looking at the…

【Seabed exploration】

《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water is gushed out and towers in the deep seabed of which depth is 3600 meters》

When looking at the illustration, we’re aware at first sight that there is a tremendous black smoke from a huge chimney at the center of the mound. The chimney is so gigantic that as if it were a huge wood covered with always black smoke. It was named Laputa which is familiar with us the Japanese in an animated film, though I’ve never watched the animated film, so I don’t know why it was named like that.

The mound of TAG grows on the lava…

【Seabed exploration】

《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water gushes out and towers in deep seabed of which depth is 3600 meters》

The mound of TGA grows on the lava made up with basalt 玄武岩 of which shape a pillow. It appears as a remarkable geographical features when reaching from the flat part on the seabed to the mound.

To tell the truth, the mound is made up with a terrace of two steps of which height is 10 meters and Laputa on the center.

There is a steep cliff between the terraces, sulfide is exposed at some place, and the slope of the terrace collapsed at other place.

【Seabed exploration】

《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water gushes out and towers in the deep sea of which depth is 3600 meters》

It means that when the big mound was formed, there were three big period of activity and a suspension two times.

しんかい 6500 went down in the deep sea so as to investigate the TAG mound. The one which towered in the highest upper section and black smoke billowed from there on the TAG mound. It’s the Laputa which is tremendous chimneys in group.

《 A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》

How has the Laputa been formed?

There is a scenario…

【Seabed exploration】

《A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》

There is a scenario like the next from lots of investigation and fifteen results on record of submarine voyage in the past.

When the central submarine ridge started to expand, magma was supplied from the underground, and lava was formed there. As the lava became cool, there was a crack on the lava, then the crack absorbed the sea waster around it, and came from the crack again after heated by the magma, so the circulation on the hot water started.

The first hot water…

【Seabed exploration】

《A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》

The first hot water came out of the crack and spread all over the seabed, then a route where the hot water went through easily was used before long, for if the crack was too small, it would be filled with the sediment 沈殿物 of the hot water.

Some of little chimneys were formed on the lava of which shape was a pillow, and the sediments made up with the hot water were accumulated around the little chimneys.

Lots of the chimneys were snapped and broken, so they lay in the seabed, and a new chimneys were formed on the...

【Seabed exploration】

《A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》

…and a new chimneys were formed on the accumulated ones.

Scattered chimneys covered the lava of which shape was the pillow as if it had been futon, and the temperature was higher than the surface on the sea inside the lava, and the broken chimneys were accumulated there.

Activity on the hot water stopped when a mound of which height was 10 meter was formed for a while, for the magma in the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean was too small.

Weathering or dissolution happened in the seabed at the suspension…

【Seabed exploration】

《A large number of blind prawns and a black smoke》

Weathering or dissolution happened in the seabed at the suspension on the activity of hot water, and receiving erosion by the stream on the seabed, at last a flat place which was the terrace was formed.

A new chimneys would be formed next time again, and the hot water would come through the same place again. The chimney grew with the same way like the first time, but the new route became narrow considerably.

As to its scale, the upper mound is smaller than the one in the lowest one. After the period of suspension…