Science,English,and math 6th
I will start from now on
(兄の英語スレ、パート③です。ヨロシクお願いします‼🎵)
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
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- ハンドル名必須
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The sun which becomes red and a huge star will melt the earth after five billion years》
As the center on the sun is such high temperature and such high pressure that atomic nucleus on hydrogen fuses and changes into nucleus of helium. Reaction on atomic nucleus happens there.
Then a large amount of energy is radiated in the outer space and the sun shines.
The atomic nucleus on the hydrogen is equivalent to fuel, and helium is a thing like cinder.
As the sun continues to burn for no less than some four billion six hundred million years, its fuel…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years》
After dozens of hundred thousand years, we the humankind may have been worried about the same problem.
By the way, the author expressed the present situation and other situation in the future on technology. To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on science, so I’m not sure which is the present situation or the situation in the future.
I’m sorry for it.
《The sun which becomes red and huge star will melt…》
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years》
They are forced to receive aging and natural death in order to solve the problem on the population with limited food and space for living.
While dozens of hundred thousand years are mild-boggling time for us the humankind, watching from the time on the life evolved for three billion and five hundred million years, it’s just an instant.
After dozens of hundred thousand years, we the humankind may have…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years》
Both animals and plants can inhabit the revived forest and grassy plain alone at will.
It seems to be a well-balanced society at a first sight, but the problem is increasing the population explosively.
The people who make use of technology on the eternal youth are forced to decrease the number of birth so as to prevent the population from increasing. They are forced to receive aging and natural death…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》
…there will be the people who lead their life being based on being harmony with nature. They will be old and be dead like the way of living at present. They always exist even if science makes progress so much.
The people who insist on being harmony with nature or coexisting with nature will make destroyed forest or grassy plain, and fields revive in the city. They’ll make nature revive.
Both animals…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》
We can make use of the internal organ and exchange the old gene and each part on the body one after another.
Besides, as a study on the brain has made progress and material which rules over the memory has been discovered, but it doesn’t always mean that all the humankind is dependent the technology.
Even if the technology has made progress so much, there will be the people who lead their life being…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》
…its age is 150 at most, but it has been thought a technology on eternal youth will have come true after dozens of hundred thousand years.
Gene for aging and for cancer have already been solved, and we’ve developed a new technology. As taking advantage of our own gene and making internal organ in the body of other mammal so as to transplant internal organ.
We can make use of…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》
…and biotechnology including gene manipulation will develop still more in the 21st century. As being based on the background, I’m going to guess the society after dozens of hundred thousand years, the author said like that.
Eternal life has been the desire for us the humankind since our ancestors were born on the earth. The human life span has expanded lately, but even if it has been long, its age is…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》
…and they repeated a large amount of extinction over and over again and have formed the world for various creature at present.
《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of thousand hundred years?》
The biggest discovery in the 20th century is discovering matter on gene for creatures is DNA. The study on medical science and genetic engineering will make progress more and more, and…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》
A life was born in the sea some three billion five hundred million years ago. It was a slow evolution in the beginning, but the life accomplish explosive evolution in the Cambrian period some five hundred fifty million years ago.
Though almost all of them became extinct, when oxygen was formed in the atmosphere, creatures which survived began to advance into the land, and they repeated a large amount of extinction over and over again, and have formed…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》
Though there are lots of unknown parts in the brain, even if the brain of a person who is called a genius, its capacity is the same as an ordinary person, so it has been thought there is more possibility of being able to take advantage of the brain more than at present.
Without breaking out an extraordinary natural occurrence in the scale of the earth or artificial remodeling body in a large scale, it seems that we the humankind remain its body in the future.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》
A biologist said a shape which doesn’t become specials is a starting point for the evolution. Once being special, the change makes the creature drive a dead end, and when its surroundings changes rapidly, there is a possibility that the creature is driven to the extinction.
Science fiction often describes what the humankind will be like in the future. Its head is big because its brain has developed, but there is little possibility that its head becomes big.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way on evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》
A large amount of extinction has been repeated several times until the present time. Its cause was various like collision by a meteorite, or change on climate, but almost all of creatures of which body became special extremely like a huge dragonfly which inhabited the earth became extinct.
On the other hand, quiet and small creatures like cockroach and mouse have escaped from the extinction.
A biologist said a shape which doesn’t become special is a …
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way on evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》
Two of them are different altogether in regard to appearance, size, and intelligence though basic structure of having backbone, head and limbs is the same.
Even if in the future after seventy million years when the mammal evolved explosively,without trying to remodeling on the body of which the latest technology has been made full use, its basic structure won’t change then.
Let’s think on extinction in the next.
A large amount of extinction….
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way on evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》
Considering all the creatures originated from a unicellular creature some three billion five hundred million years ago, evolution and extinction are a key, aren’t they?
Let’s think of the future on mammal through evolution as hint.
Mammal evolved from the one like a mouse in varied way explosively from some eighty million to seventy million years ago.
The first mammal in the beginning and the humankind which is the most advanced mammal are different.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《If following the way of evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》
What kind of shape on creature is in the future ? Or what sort of form on creature is in unusual space?
We the humankind has thought on various way from long ago and expressed a science fiction like Time machine or created imaginary creatures like a unicorn or a mermaid, but the imaginary ones are just fictitious.
Is there any way of thinking scientifically what creature will be like in the future?
Considering all the creatures originated from an…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》
…so if we the humankind don’t emit carbon dioxide any more, the carbon dioxide will continue to decrease from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide will be one tenth of the present one in the atmosphere after some five hundred million years.
Then as plants can’t do photosynthesis varied creatures like at present disappears from the earth.
《If following the way of evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》
What kind of…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》
…so when the temperature on the surface of the ground tries to rise, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, therefore greenhouse effect also decreases. It is adjusted in order not to rise the temperature on the surface of the ground.
Even if the sun becomes bright, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases. As a result, the temperature on the surface of the ground doesn’t change so much.
The sun will be brighter from now on, so if we …
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》
For example, please think of it like the next.
Let’s suppose that the sun became bright and the temperature on the surface of the ground rose. Then it learns to rain a lot. As the carbon dioxide melts in the rain, so lots of carbon dioxide will be excluded from the atmosphere.
On the other hand, carbon dioxide is supplied for the atmosphere through volcanic activity. As it has nothing to do with the temperature on the surface on the ground, so…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere decreases from the earth after some five hundred million years》
…so it means that the sea would freeze more than two billion years ago, but there is no geological evidence that the sea froze in the past.
In short when the way of shining the sun changes, the earth also changes the composition in the atmosphere and its amount. As the sun became bright, the greenhouse effect decreases in the atmosphere, the temperature has been adjusted so as not to change the temperature on the surface on the ground so much.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some hundred million years》
…then the surrounding on the earth doesn’t change in the least, but it is well known that the way of shining the sun changes through its evolution.
Immediately after being born, the sun is dark and its brightness increases gradually as the time passes. If the condition on the atmosphere doesn’t change, the temperature could have changed with the brightness on the sun.
For example, the more dating back to the past, the lower the temperature was, so…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some hundred million years》
Fundamentally, surrounding on the earth has been decided by incident energy from the sun and greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.
Under the present atmosphere, average temperature on the whole earth for a year is around 15 degrees centigrade, it’s stable because of a balance between the incident sunlight and greenhouse effective in the atmosphere.
Without changing the amount of the atmosphere and its composition, nor a way of shining on the sun…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Unusual volcanic activity will cause a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》
After a large amount of extinction happens after volcanic activity after two hundred million years, new kind of creatures may have evolved explosively.
《Carbon dioxide decreases, and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》
As carbon dioxide decreases and plants can’t do photosynthesis, biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years.
Fundamentally, surrounding on the earth…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Unusual volcanic activity will cause a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》
…but the glacier was melted by the heat on high temperature of mantle with the rising stream.
Sea water went into the divided super continent and a shallow sea was formed then. The sea water was rich in nutriment and a warm surrounding.
An explosive evolution on creatures happened in the place like that. It is called an explosion in Cambrian period.
After a large amount of extinction on creatures happens after by volcanic activity …
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Unusual volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction after two hundred fifty million years》
I’ve expressed myself in English at present here, being based on scientific magazine, Newton. Some experts wrote sentences on their own field, so it doesn’t always mean that each of their opinion are the same, I’m sure.
I’m going to return to my main topic.
But when the cloud of the dust was cleared up, other paradise for new creatures appeared there.
The glacier was the most tremendous on the earth and spread over near the equator then, but it…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》
It has been thought the phenomenon like that was caused in Pangaea two hundred and fifty million years ago or in the one from seven hundred to six hundred million years ago.
For example, creatures called Ediacara fauna became extinction around five hundred fifty million years ago. The extinction may have been caused by unusual volcanic activity when the super continent divided, though other reason for the extinction was expressed before.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》
Magma originated from the mantle which is full of some ingredients becomes dust and is emitted in the atmosphere. Some ingredients are easily evaporated.
As a result, there are lots of rising thick smoke in the volcanic activity, and gas emitted from the volcanic activity include plenty of poisonous ingredients.
It has been thought the phenomenon like that caused in the super continent of Pangaea from seven hundred to six hundred million years ago or…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》
Other continents will gather and form a super continent as if they are dragged by the cold plume. In response to the cold plume, a huge rising stream comes to a boil from the bottom of the mantle, and unusual volcanic activity will be caused on the ground then, and the super continent will start to divide again there. We call the huge rising stream super plume.
Material in very deep part of the mantle will be carried to the ground by the super plume.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》
The volcanic activity will continue intermittently for ten million years and a large amount of dust will be emitted in the atmosphere. The dust prevents earth from receiving the sunlight from the sun, and photosynthesis on plant is restricted, so a large amount of extinction on creatures will break out then.
A plate sunk under Asia fell into at the bottom of the mantle by falling stream. We call the falling stream cold plume.
Other continent will…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》
Contrary to it, there is possibility of next step on evolution for creatures. Some creatures become extinct and others are prosperous.
《Unusual volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred fifty million years》
An explosive volcanic activity which we the humankind have never seen until now will be caused on the earth after two hundred and fifty million years.
The volcanic activity will continue intermittently for…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》
If the explosion breaks out within a hundred light year, the supernova shines brighter than the sun when looking at it from the earth.
The one which is more dangerous to creatures than the light and heat is the cosmic rays. Gene on a life could have been damaged seriously by the cosmic rays, but the explosion like the same one broke out in the past several times, so it is hard to think that all the creatures will be annihilated.
Contrary to it, there is…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》
The solar system will pass through the swirl arm again after some fifty million years or after some hundred million years, and then stars near the solar system cause the explosion on supernova.
The energy which is given off from the explosion on supernova is tremendous. It’s hundred times as strong as the energy from the sun which emits for ten billion years.
The energy will come to the earth as cosmic rays of high energy like light, heat and so on.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some million hundred years》
The solar system circles around the Galaxy with some two hundred million years.
The place where the stars crowd together is called a swirl arm. Its shape is swirling. There are several swirl arms in the Galaxy, and they rotate in the Galaxy. Their speed is slower than the solar system.
As a result, the solar system passes the swirl arm in every hundred million years. It has been thought that the solar system is the place where it went out of the swirl arm.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》
It means that energy which is ten thousand times as strong as the sun will pour to the earth within a year from the great explosion.
The explosion on the supernova is the one on a star of which mass is some eight times as heavy as the sun in its last time.
In the part of disc on the Galaxy, there is high possibility that the explosion on supernova will be caused in a place where stars crowd together.
The solar system circles around the Galaxy with some…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Explosion on a supernova will cause near the solar system after some hundred million years》
Great explosion on a star will cause in the Orion Nebula which is away thousand and five hundred of light year from the solar system after dozens of million of years. We call it the explosion on the supernova.
Or the explosion on the supernova may have caused within the area hundred of light year from the solar system after fifty million years or after hundred million years.
It means that energy which is ten thousand times as strong as the sun will…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》
It is hard to put up with a violent change on the surrounding. Even if the haze made up with sulfuric acid becomes thin, as to density on carbon dioxide, it is expected it is ten times as dense as present time.
As a result, the carbon dioxide causes a greenhouse effect, so the surrounding would be changed violently. The humankind won’t endure the change like dinosaurs sixty five million years ago.
《An explosion on supernova causes near…》
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》
…and a large amount of dust and soot generate. They becomes a core and a large amount of droplets on sulfuric acid 硫酸 coheres in the stratosphere 成層圏. As a result, a haze made up with sulfuric acid appears.
The haze prevents the earth from receiving sunlight, and existence on creatures which do photosynthesis is threatened. The phenomenon is called a winter by collision. Moreover a large amount of acid rain pours to the earth.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》
It has been thought it was a trace of collision when the small heavenly body of which diameter was 10 kilometers collided sixty five million years ago. It’s famous for the possibility that it made dinosaurs which were prosperous extremely become extinct.
Then the Yucatán peninsula didn't exits and the place where there is the peninsula was shallow sea.
When the small heavenly body collided, sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide evaporate and…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》
It is said the small heavenly body collided on the Tunguska in Russia in 1908. It is estimated its diameter was some 100 meters. In the place where it was exploded trees were burned down in an instant, and other trees were blew down around area of dozens of million square kilometers.
There is a gigantic crater of which diameter is bigger than 200 kilometers at Yucatán peninsula in Mexico. It has been thought it was a trace on the collision…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely in the scale of the earth》
As for the bigger one of which diameter is 10 kilometers, it will collide with the earth once for dozens of millions of years, according to the data.
When colliding its speed will reach dozens of kilometers a second. As to the energy when the small heavenly body of which diameter is 10 kilometers, it reaches more than a hundred thousand times as serious as explosion when all the nuclear warheads which exist on the earth at present explode.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely in the scale of the earth》
As a plan for space watch of observing small heavenly bodies approaching the earth has been promoted, data on frequency of collision have been improved remarkably lately.
According to the data, a large scale of the heavenly body will collide on the earth once for a long time.
As to the small heavenly body of which diameter is 100 meters, it will collide with the earth once for several millions of years. As for the bigger one of which …
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely in the scale of the earth》
Innumerable small heavenly body have poured into the earth from the time when it was born four hundred billion and six hundred million years ago to the present time.
As to the frequency on the collision, we can calculate from data. For example, the time when lunar craters were formed, a change on density of the number of collision, and the distribution on the small heavenly body which come across the orbit of the earth by each size.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》
When paying attention to the movement on the continent after five hundred million years ago, it has been thought it is the process that the super continent which formed five hundred thirty million years ago divided and dragged by the cold plume under Asia and the continent gather after two hundred fifty million years.
The super continent called Pangaea two hundred million years ago was a pseudo new continent in the process.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred million years》
The plate on which there was a continent gathered as if it had been dragged by the cold plume and the super continent formed.
A gigantic cold plume has been discovered under Asia at present. All the continent will gather Asia again being dragged by the cold plume in the future after two hundred fifty million years and the super continent will be formed then.
When paying attention to the movement on the continent after five hundred...
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》
It has been thought that those super continent was born because of a tremendous falling stream of mantle. We call it a cold plume.
When the plate sank under other plate in the trench, it was stored at the bottom of the upper mantle and sank into the outer crust all at once at a point. The falling stream is the cold plume.
The plume has nature of uniting. As being united and bigger, so the cold plume became the one. Then a plate…
＞＞454
To the person who responded to no. 454
454にレスされた方へ
Thank you for your message and I haven’t seen you for a for a while.
メッセージ有難う、久しぶりぶりだね😊
Please don’t mind. I’m not worried about it.
気にしないでね、俺は大丈夫だよ🙆♂️
I am sorry that I haven't contacted you for a long time．
For GINZOSAN．
(^人^)💦
長い事ご無沙汰してごめんなさいね。銀三さんへ。🙏
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》
It was two billion and eight hundred million years ago.
First super continent, Laurentia was formed a billion and nine hundred million years ago. After that, the continent met and parted over and over again, and the super continent had been formed several times, one billion and five hundred million years ago, a billion years ago, from seven hundred million years to five hundred million years ago, and two hundred fifty million years…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》
The size on the plate until then has been thought to be the one on the convection of the upper mantle, some 670 kilometers.
There were small plates of on the surface of the ground. Its number was some thousand, but when the convection on the mantle started they became large rapidly and the number decreased.
The land grew up more and more and collided an united over and over again, after that some of small continent appeared. It was…
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》
The magma rose and a land was formed and grew up.
In the beginning at the inside of the earth, there were upper mantle and lower mantle and they were convective. The border between the upper mantle and lower mantle was depth some 670 kilometers from the surface on the ground.
The plate sank and dropped to the outer crust, and the whole convection on the mantle started intermittently two billion and seven hundred million years ago.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》
We call the surface on the solid earth a plate.
The plate was born in a mountain range called a submarine range in the seabed, and the mountain range moved and sank at the trench. Plate tectonics started then.
In a place where the plate sank inside the mantle, oceanic crust which was the highest on the mantle melted partially, magma made up with grating 花崗岩 was formed. It becomes the crust on the continent.
The magma rose and…
【The future on the earth and the humankind】
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》
Lots of planetesimals collided and united over and over again some four billion and six hundred million years ago, then a primitive earth was born then.
After that, as the collision on the planetesimals decreased the earth started to become cool. Vapor in the atmosphere on the primitive earth changed into rain and it poured on the surface of the earth, a primitive ocean formed then.
The surface on the earth became cool and solid.
【The future on the earth and the humankind】
《A drama on the future which developed by the earth and universe》
The earth which has floated in the outer space. The radius on the equator of the earth is 6378 kilometers. It circles on the orbit which is about one hundred million fifty thousand kilometers away from the sun.
The size on the earth, and the distance from the sun and various conditions have made lives be born and evolve. How long will the earth continue to be the star for lives?
《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one in the future two hundred fifty…》
【The future on the earth and the humankind】
《A story on the future expressed with an illustration》
The earth which brought up lives from some three billion and several hundred million years ago as the third planet on the solar system. Where is it going to move forward from now on?
Geological activity has gone on and an asteroid often invaded on the earth. Will our earth be exposed on the threat by two of them? What kind of the thing is the future on the humankind?
I’m going to develop a scenario with a magnificent scale, taking into consideration on the future of the Galaxy. The author…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》
Speaking of animal, it reminds us of mammal, but needless to say, the mammal didn’t appeared then. The author adopted word of 動物, so I also use the animal, but to be exact, it means a thing which could move. On the other hand, the ediacara fauna couldn’t move.
I should have been more careful.
【The future on the earth and humankind】
《A story on the future expressed with an illustration》
The earth which was born four billion and six hundred million years ago. The earth which brought up lives…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》
With the arrival on the Cambrian period, multicellular creatures which had hard weapons like scissors and claws and strategy on predation and which link to present time appeared.
Residents in the paradise for ediacara which had soft body alone and couldn’t move were exposed on the threat by natural enemies and became preys.
Thus creatures in the ediacara became extinct and their paradise collapsed. It has been thought like that.
By the way, I sometimes adopted the world of animal.
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》
It means that a kind of animals existed then. Probably lots of ancestors on the multicellular creatures which caused explosive evolution in the Cambrian period would wait for their time to reach in the hole where they lived, wouldn’t they?
After that most of the ediacara fauna disappeared from the record on the fossil immediate before the Cambrian period, for animals which meandered in the sediment increased and the seabed was disturbed, so the dead body on the creatures didn’t left as fossil.
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》
…where were the creatures which linked to the one which evolved explosively in the Cambrian time then? Or didn’t they evolve at all then?
To tell the truth, traces of the fossils on varied creatures where they lived are discovering more than we’ve expected. The true character of the creature on the trace where they lived is unclear at present, its width on every trace is within several millimeters.
It showed us that creatures which meandered so as to catch a feed in the sediment when living.
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》
…it has been thought there were no predatory animals which ate the ediacara fauna then. Actually thousands of fossils on the ediacara fauna have been discovered, we’ve never known they had wound when they lived.
Without being worried about being preyed by others, they lay on the seabed or they were shaken by the wave in the sea peacefully.
An American scholar compared the time with the Garden of Eden, and called it the paradise for the ediacara fauna.
On the other hand, were there the…
【The true character on ediacara fauna】
《The paradise for the ediacara fauna and its collapse》
It seemed that the creatures in the time of the ediacara didn’t link to the ones which we’ve known at present time. Lots of them had no ability on movement and had neither mouth, anus nor other organs.
Probably they took organic matter or oxygen from the sea water, using their skin and underwent metabolism.
It is said their bodies were flat extremely because they increased the surface area on the skin which played an important part for their survival.
None of them had a hard tissue, it has been…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》
Its body was divided with the walls on account of maintaining the shape of the body. 粘菌 or large 有孔虫 often adopt the way, so the other scholar thought the ediacara fauna were unicellular creatures.
He often adopted a radical interpretation but even he thought Nemiana belonged to sea anemone or coral. Nemiana was the one which resembled a self-righting dharma doll 起き上がり小法師. It absorbed the sand into its body and made use of the sand so as to be stable its body.
《A paradise for the…》
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》
The other scholar thought narrow and long patterns were repeated on the surface of the flat body because its body was made up with lots of walls, which were divided with the films as if it had been the air mat.
If there was difference on the partition, arrangement or the way of growing, each of the appearance was forced to be varied. He thought the ediacara fauna were unknown creatures which were neither animals nor plants.
Its body was divided with the walls owing to maintain the shape …
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》
…and there isn’t any space nor any cut in the place where the polyp should be lined.
Dickinsonia which is estimated as 環形動物 is different from the earthworm which is narrow and long.
Then what kind of creature was the ediacara fauna?
Other scholar found a common point that they were thin even if some of them were large. Moreover though each of appearance was different like the concentric circle, radial structure, and others had segments, slender patterns are repeated very closely.
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》
There was the structure on the concentric circle on the central part, and the radial structure was near the circumference. It’s opposite to the fossils on jellyfish.
In addition, the coral of protozoan has a hard axis and lots of clusters of polyp branch off from the axis. When eating feed, polyp purifies water by filtering it, so there is space between branches so as that water runs to the polyp.
On the other hand, the fossils on the ediacara fauna doesn’t have any axis, and there…
【True character on the ediacara fauna】
《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》
…and he’s insisted that it was a new creature which didn’t belong to any kind at preset.
For example, as to the fossil on a jellyfish, there was a structure of concentric circle near its circumference which was formed because of contraction on the muscle, and traces of digestive organ was arranged in radial shape in the central part.
On the other hand, as to the fossils which were thought as things like the jellyfish, they are different altogether when watching carefully.
There is the…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》
…for he’s thought the flat and symmetric creatures evolved from the round and symmetric creatures .
As to the fossil of which shape was a leave, he’s thought it was an extinct species, and it’s not clear the kind in which the creature belonged to.
《Creatures which had a strange structure like an air mat》
There is a German paleontologist 古生物学者 whose observation is famous for its sharpness. He’s thought the resemblance between the ediacara fauna and protozoan is deceptive, and insisted that it’s a new…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》
The other had symmetric body and segments. The one which has the symmetric body and segments is 腔腸動物 and 環形動物. As to the segments on the ediacara fauna, they were simpler than the ones on the 節足動物 or 環形動物, so it has been estimated they were extinct species which were on the middle stage where they were growing to the 節足動物 or 環形動物.
A way of thinking on the ediacara fauna by the Russian researcher is unique, for he’s thought the flat and symmetric creatures evolved from the one of which body was round…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》
…scholars thought they had discovered ancestors of fossils on multicellular creatures which they sought for a long time at last. Then at first the ediacara fauna was classified as the multicellular creatures.
On the other hand, other Russian scholar paid attention that lots of the fossils belonged to either of the next types.
The one had a symmetric body of which shape was round. It’s 腔腸動物, so he classifies it as 腔腸動物, but it’s an extinct species which doesn’t belong to any kind at present.
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Is this creatures which links to protozoan?》
They are called polyp. The shape on the polyp is like a cylinder. It increases by division.
The ones of which shape was oval and had segments on the body are classified as 環形動物. Its body is narrow and long. Slender. It had segments as if it were rubble ring, but Tribrachidium which had three sets of spiral on the surface of the body isn’t classified in any creature at present.
When the fossils on ediacara were discovered scholars thought they discovered ancestors of the fossils on multicellular…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Is this creature which links to protozoan?》
…and had a structure of concentric circle or radial on the surface of the body. The researchers think of them as 腔腸動物. The ones who had a mouth bud had no anus. It ate food from the mouth and also discharged the bodily waste from the mouth.
Its whole body was a digestive organ like a bag. Jellyfish and sea anemone belong to the 腔腸動物.
The ones which had the body like leave are classified as 腔腸動物 like a coral which forms colony by polyp.
When growing, some of the 腔腸動物 changes its shape. They are...
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Is this creature which links to a protozoan?》
Some of their shapes were circle. There are some structures on the surface like a concentric circle 同心円, a pattern like a lattice, or radial.
Others resembled plants.
Roughly speaking, another’s body was symmetric, and had segments in the body. Its size was varied. The one was very minute, and the other was no more than three segments like the head, breast, and tail.
Australian researchers classify them as protozoan. The one of which shape was circle and had structure of concentric circle and…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》
What kind of creature were the ediacara fauna? When trying to classify or to restore them, it is so hard that its interpretation causes big difference among the researchers, especially there are each of the three interpretation among the researchers in Australia, Germany and Russia.
《is this a creature which links to protozoan 原生動物 ?》
The author said he expressed on the ediacara fauna, and he said its summary . They are roughly divided like the next.
Some of their shape was…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》
…so good conditions of preserving fossils on the soft body was formed, as a result we can know on the fossils on creatures which lived in the seabed.
But the one which are remainder on the sand wasn’t the soft body itself but just an impression on the creatures. There isn’t on the creature in detail at all, so we can’t know its minute structure.
Not only the bad situation of preserving condition, the ones which were discovered were fossils on strange creatures alone.
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》
…for it was buried in the sand of the seabed in an instant in a storm.
Moreover the density on oxygen was lower than present time. It was one-tenth as dense as the present time, so it seemed that their dead bodies were broken down slowly.
Furthermore as few creatures which buried in the seabed when living then the layer including the dead bodies weren’t damaged by activity on other creatures.
Those things came in succession, so good condition of preserving fossils on soft body…
【The true character on ediacara fauna】
《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》
None of the ediacara fauna had function of purifying food by filtering it, so the seawater may have been more muddy. As to the position on every creature, the author said he obeyed the latest results on the research as faithful as possible.
Needless to say, no one saw they stood on the seabed.
After that fossils which had soft body were scarcely preserved in the layer of rock, but the ediacara fauna which had soft body were preserved as fossil, for it was buried in the sea in an…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》
In addition, it’s estimated they lived in the layer of rock when it was formed in a storm because it lived in the seabed of a shoal. Its ground is expressed later.
On the other hand, they were discovered from the layer at deep sea in England or in Canasa, so they also lived in the place like that.
I’ve expressed on some of ediacara fauna according to illustrations on the book. The illustrations were drawn, being kept those things in mind.
None of the ediacara fauna had…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Fossils on creatures were discovered in the hill called Ediacara》
Thus the fossil on strange creatures were discovered.
Except for Antarctic, the fossils on ediacara were discovered from more than twenty places all the continents, so it turned out the creatures used to live in the sea on the earth generally.
It wasn’t limited in special area, especially in Russia where the layer of Precambrian spread over, abundant fossils were discovered there.
Judging from those places, it proved that the ediacara fauna lived in the subtropical zone then.
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
《Fossils on creatures was discovered in the hill called Ediacara 》
The one who did geological survey belonged to the state of South Australia government was engaged in his work at the hill of Ediacara in 1946.
He had been interested in collecting fossils since a student. Even if being in severe survey in dried area, he continued to watch the surface on the geological features.
One day he discovered fossils of shape on lots of jellyfish on the surface of rock made up with quarts. They were called ediacara after the place where it was discovered.
【The true character on ediacara fauna】
After creatures of multicellular won a shell in the Cambrian period five hundred fifty million years ago, they evolved explosively, and reached varied creatures like the present age.
The ediacara fauna were creatures immediately before the explosive evolution on the creatures of multicellular.
The ediacara fauna account for significant place so as to know what happened before the creatures appeared in the Cambrian period.
《Fossils on creature were discovered at a hill called Ediacara》
The one who did geological survey belonged to the government of…
【The true character on the ediacara fauna】
The ediacara fauna were creatures which lived at the end of Precambrian period from six hundred ten million from five hundred fifty million years ago.
They were different from other creatures altogether which appeared in the next time of the Cambrian period. They had neither skeleton, shell. All of them had soft body. Lots of them were flat extremely, and some of them reached no less than 1 meter.
Why have the strange creatures been paid attention? When thinking of evolution on creatures of multicellular, it is significant extremely.
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】
《Vendia》
It had a body like a shield and a swelling in the head. The swelling was like a crescent. It had segments of five pairs. Its shape was like the v in alphabet.
It seemed to be close to a trilobite 三葉虫 or a horseshoe crab カブトガニ, but the fossil of legs belonged to the Vendia have never been discovered.
It means that the trilobite and the horseshoe crab have legs, does it.?
To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on it, for the trilobite was an ancient creature, and I have never seen the horseshoe crab with my own eyes.
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】
《Dichisonia》
It was like an air mat made up with two sheets, dividing with lots of partitions minutely.
The partitions looked like segments, but they weren’t also symmetric.
《Protechiurus》
Its body was eight centimeter long. It was short and fat. It had a mouth like a tube. Its large part of the body was buried in the seabed, and the part of the mouth like a tube was out of the seabed, according to the illustration on the book.
It belongs to イムシ like the earthworm.
《Vendia》
It was 15 millimeters long. It had the body…
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】
《Spriggina》
On the other hand, Spriggina has a dividing line in the central part of the body. There are lots of segments on the both sides from the dividing line, but the segments weren’t symmetric. They were lined alternately.
Its thing like a head was buried in the seabed as weight and the thing like a body was in the sea. The body looked like a leaf. It also stood on the seabed.
《Dickisonia》
The biggest one was 1 meter. It seemed to be 環形動物 or 節足動物. It’s flat. Its thickness is no more than 3 millimeters. It’s like an…
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plant】
《Spriggina》
What is the 節足動物？
It’s the 節足動物 which accounts for a large part of the natural world including insects. Its kinds so varied that it is said its thee-fourths make up with the natural world.
It has characteristic like the next.
It’s covered with exoskeleton 外骨格, and has legs which possess joints. Its body is made up with three parts of head, breast, body, or is made up with two parts of 頭胸部, and body. The 頭胸部 means the head and breast are connected.
The section of the body is clear. We can see it at once.
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animals nor plants】
《Spriggina》
The biggest one is no more than 4.6 centimeters. It’s said 環形動物 or 節足動物.
What is the 環形動物?
Its body is symmetric and narrow and long. It’s made up with lots of soft segments. It seems to be called segmented worms.
To be concrete, worms are the typical ones. It’s segments are repeated from the head to the tail. The typical one is an earthworm.
When looking at the earthworm, except for its head and tail, there are lots of section as if rubber rings were connected. The rubber ring is called a thing like the section.
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】
《Ernietta》
When looking up the bag in English English dictionary, it says it usually opens at the top, so erniettta opens at the top, therefore its shape may have belonged to the bag.
Its shape reminds me of a character in video game. It’s PAC-MAN.
There is a circle and a sector of which angle is 60 degrees is cut out of the circle. The part where is cut out of is directed upward, and other part where isn’t cut out of becomes the one like a bag. It looks like Ernietta.
It stood on the seabed, for its lowest part became weight.
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】
《Tribrachidium》
It had a structure of air mat at its edge.
As to the shape on Charniodiscus, it looked like a leave, and the leave looked as if it had stood at the seabed because of the weight which was equivalent to a root.
I should have expressed it when describing Charniodiscus, but I forgot it. I’m sorry for it.
《Ernietta》
It was four centimeter long. Two sheets each of which had some stripe were united and its shape was formed. It looked like a bag, the author said like that. It also stood on the seabed like Charniodiscus
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animas nor plant】
《Charniodiscus》
It had structures like a root, stem and leaf. It seemed the thing like the root functioned as weight and the creature stood on the seabed, then the thing like the leaf shook in the water.
The thing like leaf had a structure of air mat. The air mat had lots of tubes, but there is nothing in the tubes except for water.
《Tribrachidium》
Its diameter was 2.5 centimeters. Its shape was a disc. It had three swelling like arm of which shape was a spiral. Some people say it was closely related to a starfish. It had a…
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】
《Nemiana》
…it eats the food from the mouth and discharges the bodily wastes from the mouth. We call a thing like a digestive organ as if it were a dead end 腔腸, and the creatures had the 腔腸, so we call it 腔腸動物.
It has been thought the 腔腸動物 which didn't have skeleton made up with calcium at the end of the Precambrian period made use of the sand as substitute for the skeleton.
It existed until the beginning of the Cambrian period and became extinct.
《Charniodiscus》
It had a structure…
【Strange ediacara fauna which were neither animal nor plant】
《Nemiana》
Its appearance was like a sea anemone. It was 腔腸動物 which stored sand inside the body as if it had been roly-poly toy 起き上がり小法師 which is a Japanese traditional doll that always comes back to an upright position each time you push it over.
What is the 腔腸動物？
Most of creatures have mouth and anus, and eat food from the mouth and discharge bodily wastes from anus, but as to the 腔腸動物, while it has a mouth, it doesn’t have a anus because it belongs to inferior quality.
As a result, it eats the food from the mouth and …
【A paradise for ediacara】
《Strange creatures which were prosperous some six hundred million years ago》
…the big one was 1 meter.
The sea was a paradise for creatures called ediacara fauna some six hundred million years ago. It was neither animal nor plant. It seemed to be quite different from contemporary any species.
They were prosperous before multicellular organisms appeared and became extinct. I’m going to move toward its true shape, the author said like that.
【Strange ediacara fauna which was neither animal nor plant】
《Nemiana》
Its diameter is 0.5 centimeters. Its appearance was…
【Great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth and creatures should be one as body and we should learn history from the Cretaceous which protected environment》
Coral reef which may have rescued us from the crisis becomes extinct one after another by destruction on environment.
No less than 90% of coral reel perished in Japan. A beautiful place where there is the coral reef is a few at present.
【A paradise for ediacara】
《Strange creatures which was prosperous some six hundred million year ago》
Strange creatures which were extremely flat and didn’t have any skeleton…
【Great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn history from the Cretaceous which protected surrounding》
Working out the meaning of the mechanism and the history on the earth would give us the humankind the principle that how we should live from now on.
The world where dinosaurs lived not only has brought us the blessing of fossil fuel but tried to teach us how we should use it.
On the other hand,we try to guide the earth to the crisis on the global warming by fossil fuel which is the blessing from the Cretaceous.
【Great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn from history in the Cretaceous which protected the surrounding》
With the way of grappling with the problem on the surrounding, can we find an appropriate way of solving the problem?
Without being able to solve the most basic and important thing on the earth with a variety scale like time and space, we can’t accomplish coexistence between the humankind and the earth.
The earth and creatures became a one body and protected the earth. Working out the meaning of its…
【What I’ve thought】
There is a person who always pushes the button of sympathy for me. I’m grateful to you for doing it. I’m encouraged with it.
To my sorrow, it seems that my English doesn’t make sense often. When coming across a difficult technical term, I find it hard to express, I’m at a loss how to express it.
Then as trying to express a thing which I can’t understand enough, needless to say readers can’t understand it. I have to reflect on it.
Thank you very much for supporting me.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn from history in the Cretaceous which protected surrounding》
But when coexisting with the earth becomes impossible, it is sure we don’t have any way of existing.
Dinosaurs inhabited the earth for more than a hundred million years. As to a step on surrounding on the earth, we’ve talked about the time after dozens of years ahead of us.
On the other hand, the phenomenon which broke out a hundred million years ago has been adopted as the one which isn’t related to us.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on global warming and brought us petroleum》
The greater part of petroleum resources in the world including in the Middle East was accumulated in the Cretaceous. We’ve made use of it and built modern civilization and are about to bring crisis to the earth again.
《The earth and creatures should be as one body and we should learn from the history in Cretaceous which protected the surrounding》
I’m not sure of the life span on the human race, but when coexisting with the earth becomes …
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on the global warming and brought us petroleum》
We’re blessed with sledge and limestone formed in the Cretaceous at present. It’s the petroleum as resource.
The organic matter which accumulated on sludge became mature and changed into petroleum. Moreover as the limestone forms layer which has a lot of opening, it pumped the petroleum from the black mudstone formation as if it had been a sponge, concentrated the petroleum, so the limestone changed into the layer which stored the petroleum.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on global warming and brought us petroleum》
…but it wasn’t coral but a special bivalve 二枚貝 which played an active part in the coral reef then to be exact. It formed calcium carbonate as shell and removed the carbon dioxide from the ocean, so the earth escaped from the crisis on the global warming then.
After that the earth became chill gradually and the ice age came to the earth. How did the warmed earth change into the one of ice age? It has been under investigation.
We’re blessed with…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on the global warming and brought us petroleum》
…without being dissolved, the organic matter was accumulated as sludge. In addition, this time was warm and shallow sea spread over and coral reef formed there, and coral reef became limestone later.
The Cretaceous is well known as the time when a large amount of limestone was accumulated.
Coral reef absorbs the carbon dioxide froms the seawater and forms calcium carbonate which is a framework for the colony of coral reef, but it wasn’t coral…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on global warming and brought us petroleum》
…but as temperature on the seawater rose the ability on absorbing the carbon dioxide became low, and decreasing the land, it made the forest decrease, so there was almost no effect on decreasing the carbon dioxide.
Then instead, the one who played a part of absorbing the carbon dioxide was coral reef and sludge.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or in the sea became organic matter through photosynthesis, without dissolving, the organic matter was…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Coral reef and sludge saved the crisis on global warming and brought us petroleum》
If the carbon dioxide continued to release as it was, the earth may have fallen into crisis which brought extinction on creatures by global warming in the Cretaceous, but the earth and creatures got over the crisis in collaboration.
The carbon dioxide has to be got rid of from the atmosphere so as to prevent the greenhouse effect. Seawater and forest absorb the carbon dioxide at present, but as temperature on the…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth became warm owing to greenhouse effect by the carbon dioxide in the Cretaceous》
The surface on the sea was high and about two thirds of the surface on the ground was submerged. Sludge accumulated at the seabed, and there was no oxygen.
The surrounding which was warmer and higher surface on the sea than present time caused by raising seabed because of lots of volcanic activity and greenhouse effect by releasing carbon dioxide.
《Coral reef and sludge saved the earth the crisis on the global warming and brought petroleum》
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth became warm thanks to greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide in the Cretaceous》
The mystery on the mudstone formation in the Cretaceous is solved like that.
The author said he was going to express the gist on the surrounding on the earth in the Cretaceous.
Then the earth was warm and the ice sheet didn’t develop in both polar region, so the temperature on the water was also warm., especially there was lukewarm seawater of high salty density in deep layer.
The surface on the sea was high, and about two thirds on the…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth became warm on account of greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide in the Cretaceous》
Evaporation was active in the shallow sea, and was warm and had a high salty density. The density on the water was so big that it sank into the deep sea and formed the deep sea.
The situation resembles the Black Sea so much.
Layers of seawater develops by difference between salty density, and mixture between the upper place and lower place became inactive, as a result the sludge accumulated. The mystery on the black mudstone formation in…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth became warm owing to greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide in the Cretaceous》
How was the deep water formed?
Circulation on the seawater is basically caused difference density on the seawater. The difference between the seawater is caused by difference on salty density and temperature.on the seawater.
In the time when the sea invaded into the land greatly, the place from subtropical zone to low latitude was covered with shallow sea. The area on the sea was four times as big as present time.
Evaporation from the…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth became warm because of greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide in the Cretaceous》
The temperature on the deep water is around two degrees centigrade, and from low latitude to middle latitude, the difference on temperature of water between deep water and surface water is some 20 degrees centigrade.
It proved that the temperature on deep water from low to middle latitude in Cretaceous was higher than present time by 15 ℃, Lukewarm water is a great characteristic in the surrounding on ocean in Cretaceous.
How was the deep…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The earth became warm on account of greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide in Cretaceous》
…there was no difference on temperature between the north and south. It was estimated from characteristic on fossil pf plants. How about the temperature on the seawater?
Roughly speaking,the seawater has been divided into surface water and deep water at present. Lots of deep water sank into deep layer from North Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic Ocean and it circulates until North Pacific Ocean. The circulation takes time from 1500 years to 1000 years
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Unusual volcanic activity on the seabed shook the earth greatly a hundred million years ago》
…a large amount of carbon dioxide could have been released in the atmosphere then, and the carbon dioxide must have had influenced on the climate greatly by greenhouse effect.
《The earth became warm thanks to greenhouse effect by carbon dioxide in the Cretaceous》
It was warm clearly in Cretaceous. It has been estimated that there was no ice sheet on both polar region, and there was no difference…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Unusual volcanic activity in the seabed shook the earth greatly a hundred million years ago》
The amount of gushed out of the volcanic rock reached twice as much as average during ten million years in the past.
It means two significant fact.
The active forming earth’s crust and volcanic activity on the seabed made the seabed rise, and seawater overflowed and the seawater invaded into the land. It was a cause that the sea invaded into the land greatly in the Cretaceous.
In the next, the violent volcanic activity could have…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Unusual volcanic activity on the seabed shook the earth greatly a hundred million years ago》
Considering the unusual volcanic activity on the inside oceanic plate, the speed of forming the earth’s crust on the seabed reached twice as quick at present time at least. Why was there active volcanic activity on the seabed? It has been unclear.
A way of thinking that an enormous convection boiled up from inside the earth is likely.
Not only the earth’s crust on the sea but volcanic activity on the land and arc island were active then.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Unusual volcanic activity on the seabed shook the earth greatly a hundred million years ago》
Lots of higher places like a seamount and plateau in the sea are made up with lava of basalt gushed out in the Cretaceous.
Ontong Java plateau was the biggest plateau among them. It was one fourth times as big as the U.S.A. Other seamount and plateau in the sea was gushed out a hundred million years ago. It took a million years. It was a quite short term with a geological point of view.
Considering the unusual volcanic activity on the…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Unusual volcanic activity on the seabed shook the earth greatly a hundred million years ago》
The process continues immediate after the earth was born, and rules over on circulation on matters on the earth.
The speed of expansion on the seabed isn’t always regular. The speed on forming the earth’s crust in the sea was 1 and half as quick as the present time in the Cretaceous, from a hundred and twenty million to a hundred million years ago.
Besides it turned out the next thing. Lots of higher places like a seamount and plateaus…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Unusual volcanic activity on the seabed shook the earth greatly a hundred million years ago》
It’s the sea floor spreading theory and develops into plate tectonics.
Matter is melted and gushed out from the mantle and became magma, and the magma became cool and hard and formed the plate in the seabed. It leads to expansion on the seabed.
With the activity, the matter moved from the mantle to the earth’s crust, to the seawater, to the atmosphere, and it is carried to the mantle again by sinking the plate in the trench of the sea.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The surface on the sea was higher than present time by 300 meters in the Cretaceous》
Moreover there is no evidence that the amount of the seawater itself changed. What did happen then?
《Unusual volcanic activity in the seabed shook the earth greatly a hundred million years ago》
Matters of high temperature gushed out from the submarine ridge owing to convection of mantle, and it spread over both side of the submarine ridge as new seabed, and old seabed sank into the trench in the sea. It’s the sea floor spreading theory and…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The surface on the sea was higher by 300 meters in the Cretaceous》
It was so warm that there weren’t any ice sheet then.
Considering distribution on layers inside land created by the sea, it has been estimated that the surface on the sea used to be higher by 300 meters than present time. Even if the ice in the pole melted, it has been thought it would rise dozens of meters at most.
The surface on the sea couldn’t have risen so high like 300 meters because the ice melted in the polar region.
Moreover there is no evidence that….
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The surface on the sea was higher by 300 meters in the Cretaceous》
When the sea invaded, shells of creatures made up with calcium carbonate were accumulated. It’s the chalk layer.
As to the situation on the continent, it was different from at present. Panguage which was a supercontinent and existed two hundred million years ago divided, and the Atlantic Ocean started to expand.
A super ocean extended as if it had surrounded the Panguage. In the both place where Arctic and Antarctic are, there was continent, and it was warm then.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《What’s happened then?》
Why did it happen? What kind of world was the earth a hundred million years ago?
《The surface on the sea was higher by 300 meters in the Cretaceous》
The Cretaceous is famous for the time when the sea advanced into the land in geology, especially the sea invaded into inside stable continent deep like in the middle west of North America, North Africa, and the Middle East.
There is a steep cliff made with chalk layer in the Strait of Dover. The chalk layer is origin on the name of Cretaceous.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《What’s happened then?》
…as a result, the organic matters are left in the seabed as they were. The surrounding like that at present is the Black Sea. The organic matters are accumulated at the seabed in the Black Sea as sludge.
As there is such the little oxygen that it becomes a Dead Sea where none of creatures can live, except for specific creatures.
The black mudstone formation tells us that the Cretaceous 白亜紀 when the dinosaurs lived, the sea bed was the world of death where the sludge was accumulated in wide area. Why did…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《What’s happened then?》
As to the circumstance in which organic matter accumulates, it often appears when there is big difference on density of the water between the outer layer and deep layer owing to difference on salty density.
Then circulation on the water stops, and mixture between the upper place and lower place is inactive. Then oxygen is dissolved and necessary for organic matter to be dissolved until then, but the dissolution uses up the oxygen, then the activity on the bacteria stops, as a result, the organic matters are…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《What’s happened then?》
The black mudstone formation is rich in organic matter, and it has been thought it was sludge when accumulating. Except for special circumstance, the mud like that doesn’t accumulated.
Organic matter in the ocean originates from phytoplankton 植物プランクトン existing on the outer layer.
As the dead body on the plankton was dissolved by bacteria in the seawater at once, the organic matter doesn’t usually lay thick on the deep sea bed.
As to the environment in which the organic matter accumulates, it often…
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《The coral reef saved the earth from the crisis on global warming》
But not only the earth and the creatures got over the situation with a marvelous team work but brought back petroleum to us the humankind as resource.
The author said he was going to create the drama on the Cretaceous 白亜紀 here, being based on the latest data.
A strange black mudstone formation was discovered in the layers of some hundred million years ago each seabed in the world one after another from 1972, with the result of Ocean Drilling Program.
【The great accident on the earth in the time of dinosaurs】
《Coral reef saved the earth from the crisis on global warming》
It was a hundred million years ago.
A tremendous volcano of which area was one fourth times as big as the U. S. A. appeared on a seabed then. The surface on the sea rose and no less than 60% of the land was submerged.
Volcanic activity which twice as violent as at present released a large amount of carbon dioxide, and greenhouse effect made the earth approach the crisis which would invite extinction on creatures.
But not only the earth and creatures got over the…
【A new life was born】
《Neo man who was born in Africa. Before long the humankind spread over the earth》
After that the people who spread over the whole America rapidly became the ancestor on aborigines in America. They reached Fuego island which is the southernmost tip of America no more than in thousand years. At last the humankind spread over the whole earth.
【The great accident on the earth in the time on dinosaurs】
《Coral reef saved the earth from the crisis on global warming》
The earth was in uproar owing to unusual movement of the earth’s crust in the early part of Cretaceous.
【A life was born】
《Neo man who was born in Africa. Before long the humankind spread over the earth》
They were ancestors of aborigines in Australia.
In a newer time there were others who sailed out on the Pacific Ocean.
Mongoloid in East Asia continued to move for new lands still more. Then as the surface on the sea became lower because of the ice age, the straits of Bering became an overhead bridge.
It has been thought Mongoloid who went up north Siberia crossed the overhead bridge and reached American continent around thirteen thousand years ago.
After that the people who spread over…
【A life was born】
《Neo man who was born in Africa. Before long the humankind spread over the earth》
Cro-magnon came across Neanderthal who were aboriginal people. Its unclear what’s happened between them then.
When Cro-magnon appeared, at the same time, Neanderthal disappeared.
On the other hand, the ones who went to south of Mt. Himalaya became an ancestor of Indian people. The ones who went to north of Mt. Himalaya adapted themselves to cold and cool climate in the ice age, and became Mongoloid.
Others who advanced into Southeast Asia went over the sea and reached Australia. They were…
【A life was born】
《Neo man who was born in Africa. Before long the humankind spread over the earth》
Neo men including our direct ancestor were born in Africa some two hundred million years ago. It’s Homo sapiens.
It has been thought they formed racial characteristic, and spread all over the world in the next process.
After Neo men departed from Africa, they reached the Middle East a hundred thousand years ago and branched from Negroid to Caucasus.
The ones who advanced into Europe some thirty five thousand years ago were Cro-magnon.
They were ancestors of European people.
【A life was born】
《Making a tool and using fire…the future on people was open widely》
There is high possibility that body hair disappeared and adjustment on body temperature was done efficiently by perspiration then.
Those various change was enable the primitive men to escape from Africa for the first time in the history of humankind. They spread over the Eurasia continent and became Javanese primitive men and Beijing primitive men until a million years ago.
《Neo man who was born in Africa, Before long the humankind spread over the earth》
Neo man including our direct ancestor was born in…
【A life was born】
《Making a tool and using a fire…the future on people was open widely》
Moreover they succeeded in getting fire. Making a fire was after that so much. When a field burned off, they probably happened to get the fire. Using the fire decided the evolution as person.
Homo erectus in the beginning was tall. As to an adult male, it was from 180 to 185 centimeters. The proportion on the body was slim, and both of hands and legs were long. It seems that they were slender like the people at arid area in tropical zone.
Their muscle developed so extremely that we can’t think it of.
【A life was born】
《Making a tool and using a fire…the future on people was open widely》
Though it was awkwardly done, they made a stone implement. The modern high technology started from the plain stone implement.
A primitive man appeared some one million seven hundred thousand years ago. If comparing with Australopithecus and Homo Habilis, the primitive man had a modern characteristics.
Capacity on brain was twice as big as Australopithecus and was two thirds as big as a man of today. Bipedal walking by them was perfect. Their stone implement was formed excellently.
Moreover they….
【A life was born】
《The humankind branched from the ape and headed miraculous way five million years ago》
It has been thought then the humankind was away from the forest and started to live on the grassy plain. The bipedal walking which is one of characteristic on the humankind was got then, it seemed that it couldn’t use a complicated tool like stone implement.
《Making a tool and using a fire…the future on people was open widely》
First Homo which is our direct ancestor appeared some two million four hundred million years ago. It’s Homo habilis. Though it was awkwardly done, they made...
【A life was born】
《The humankind branched from the ape and headed miraculous way five million years ago》
Whether or not it did bipedal walking is under investigation.
In 1995, other one was discovered and announced it also did the bipedal walking then.
When the excavation and investigation makes progress and the whole picture on the ancient humankind is clear, moreover other fossils before it is discovered, the moment when the humankind was born becomes clear.
The ancient humankind made a group made up with several people and lived there. Its food was a stem and fruits. It has been…
【A life was born】
《The humankind branched from the ape and headed miraculous way five million years ago》
But the oldest fossil on the Australopithecus is four billion years ago. It passed a million years from the time it branched from the ape, according to the analysis on DNA.
We’ve desired ardently a discovery on the fossil which filled with the time of blank, and it was found out in 1992.
The fossil was the one belonged to four million four hundred thousand years ago. The unearthed teeth shows us it branched from the ape and it didn't pass time so much.
Whether or not it did…
【A life was born】
《The humankind branched from ape and headed miraculous way five million years ago》
When was the humankind born?
We can investigate when the ones which were closely related to us branched from the ape owing to analysis on DNA. It was five million years ago, according to the analysis.
On the other hand, how much is the origin on the humankind clear from an investigation of excavation on fossils?
It was Australopithecus which was called the ancient humankind until lately. It’s clear it did a bipedal walking from the shape on pelvis 骨盤 and remainder footprints.
【A life was born】
《After dinosaurs became extinct, mammal achieved propagation》
But the animals then had strange appearance we’ve never seen.
The ones which belonged to elephants had a tusk like a shovel or which turned downward. Those animals which had strange tusks swaggered on the land.
Those mammal advanced into the sky, sea, and land and flourished as if they had filled with the space caused by extinction by dinosaurs.
Then the ones which advanced into on the trees among a forest was the primates 霊長類 including a humankind.
《The humankind branched from ape and headed miraculous…》
【A life was born】
《After dinosaurs became extinct, mammal achieved propagation》
The ancient horse ate leaves on trees.
The biggest mammal on land in the history appeared. The height on its shoulder was 4.5 meters.
But the climate became cold and cool in the whole earth, and dried climate spread, and grassy plain developed gradually, then primitive mammal became extinct, instead true herbivore 草食動物 which ate grass, or new type of mammal which was suitable for running around the grassy plain appeared.
Twenty million years ago, all the mammal were all present like at present.
【A life was born】
《After dinosaurs became extinct, mammals accomplished propagation》
Dinosaurs became extinct and a new era started. Mammal which continued to earn a bare living at the inner part in a forest divided into varied forms as if they had waited for the chance.
Then the climate was warm and wet, and forest developed over the large area on the ground. Animals who ate leaves flourished then. There were ones of which appearance resembles rhino, but they belonged to a group which was different from rhino.
There was an ancient horse of which size was a dog of middle size.
【A life was born】
《The stage on evolution of life moved from the sea to the land》
But around sixty five million years ago, lots of creatures which inhabited the earth including dinosaurs then disappeared suddenly.
It is said it was caused by collision on a meteorite, or climate change by volcanic activity, but it has been unclear.
There was other creature which lived there quietly as if they had hidden behind the dinosaurs during the Mesozoic era 中生代. They got over the big accident and accomplish the propagation. It’s mamal.
《After dinosaurs became extinct, mammal achieved propagation》
【A life was born】
《The stage on evolution of life moved from the sea to the land》
After Icthyostega which belonged to the first amphibian went on shore, the stage on evolution moved from the sea to the land all at once. Reptiles, mammals, and birds were born one after another.
The Mesozoic era 中生代 was the time for dinosaurs which was big reptiles. The one of which length of the body reached no less than 50 meters, the other of which body was covered with armor-clad, and another which had a big horn or ornament around the neck. Dinosaurs evolved in a way of great variety.
【A life was born】
《The stage on evolution of life moved from the sea to the land》
Typical creatures in Devonian period is Dunkleosteus which was a tremendous fish, it was eight meters, and Hemicyclaspis of which skin were as if it had been an armor.
When fish increased in the sea greatly, other creatures advanced into the land. At first vegetation, in the next insects spread over the new world of the land.
Plants released a large amount of oxygen and ozone layer was formed, so the surrounding where a life was maintained was ready.
After Icythyostega which belonged to amphibian 両生類 in…
【A life was born】
《The stage on evolution of life moved from the sea to the land》
Creatures accomplished explosive a great evolution in Cambrian period five hundred seventy five million years ago
A number of kinds on creatures used to be no more than a few dozens until then, but it increased suddenly to some ten thousand kind all at once.
It is characteristic on the Cambrian period that there were lots of creatures of unheard of shape like the ones which were discovered at Burgess Shale バージェス頁岩 in Canada.
Devonian period four hundred million years ago is called the era of fish.
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
《The Mars is small and becomes a cold and dry world》
Those elements are important not only for existence on the sea but the birth and evolution on the life in the earth
【A life was born】
《The long drama to the humankind》
It was some four billion years ago when a life was born on the earth. It happened at the bottom of a dark sea. The life evolved slowly in a way of great variety for a long long time. After that, the humankind was born, and evolved miraculously.
《The stage on evolution of life moved from the sea to the land》
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
《The Mars is small and becomes a dry and cold world》
When colliding, the atmosphere was stolen from the Mars.
As the Mars has small gravitation, when the asteroid collided with it in high speed, a phenomenon that a part of the atmosphere is expelled to the outer space.
As a result, the atmosphere becomes thinner, so the surface on the ground may have been cold.
Anyway, the Mars is cold at present because it is small.
In other words, not only having appropriate distance from the sun, but having a proper size is important.
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
《The Mars is small and becomes a cold and dry world》
One of reasons is the Mars is so small that its inside becomes cold quickly.
As a volcanic activity wasn’t so active as the earth, the gas of greenhouse effective wasn’t supplied in the atmosphere, but as the ingredient in the atmosphere continued to be fixed on the surface of the ground, the temperature went down. It has been thought like that.
There is one more reason.
There is a possibility in the next. When a comet or an asteroid collide with the Mars, the atmosphere…
【How does the earth becomes the planet in which a life can exist?】
《The Mars is small and becomes a cold and dry world》
Carbon dioxide which is a main ingredient in the atmosphere freezes at Antarctic and Arctic as dry ice in such the low temperature.
But the Mars used to be pretty warm in the beginning, and it has been thought the water was running on the surface of the ground in the Mars then.
When comparing it with the earth, it’s farther from the sun, but a mechanism of being stable on the weather functioned like the earth, the Mars must have been warm at present, but it isn’t. Why?
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
《Coexistence between the ocean and the continent prevents the greenhouse effects on the earth from working out》
When the temperature goes up, the earth had a lot of rain, so the carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, so it stops the temperature from going up.
《The Mars is small and becomes a cold and dry world》
The Mars has a cold and dry surrounding at present. The temperature on the surface of the ground is minus 60 degrees centigrade at present. Carbon dioxide which is a main ingredient in the atmosphere at Arctic…
【How does the earth become the planet in which a life can exist?】
《Coexistence between the ocean and the continent prevents the greenhouse effects on the earth from working out》
…controlling the amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents the temperature from going up.
Carbon dioxide is supplied in the atmosphere as volcanic gas, on the other hand, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is melted into rain water. When it rained, the land is eroded, the carbon dioxide connected with matter in the continent, and it was carried to the sea, after it was fixed to the rock in the seabed
【How does the earth become the planet in which a life can exist?】
《Coexistence between the ocean and the continent prevents the greenhouse effects on the earth from working out》
Even if there was under the dark sun, the sea didn't froze on account of the greenhouse effects.
If the composition in the air didn’t change, with the rise of the luminous intensity on the sun, the temperature went up higher and higher, but carbon circulated around the continent, atmosphere, in the sea.
As a result, the amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was controlled, and it prevented the….
【How does the earth become the planet in which a life can exist?】
《Coexistence between the ocean and continent prevents the greenhouse effect on the earth from working out》
Luminous intensity on the sun must have had influenced over the earth as well, but it has been known that the temperature on the earth doesn’t change so much from the past to the present time.
The temperature on the earth is stable because the continent and the sea exist at the same time.
The atmosphere on the earth in the beginning used to include carbon dioxide which is equal to the amount in the Venus at present.
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
《The Venus becomes a burning world because of the greenhouse effect》
As a result, amount of the steam evaporated from the sea increased in the atmosphere, so a strong greenhouse effect worked out by the steam, and the temperature rose again, to make matters worse, nothing could stop the circulation, at last the all the water evaporated from the sea.
Steam was broken down by the ultraviolet rays form the sun, and hydrogen was left, but it was lost in the outer space.
The Venus is near to the sun so much that the sea evaporated
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
《The Venus becomes a burning world because of the greenhouse effect》
But the atmosphere used to include lots of water in the beginning. It is estimated that the sun used to be darker by 30% in the past. Therefore there is possibility that the temperature on the surface of the ground was lower than at present, and there was sea, all the water in the atmosphere existed as liquid.
The higher luminous intensity 光度 on the sun became, the higher the temperature on the surface of the ground in Venus became. As a result, amount of…
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
《The Venus becomes a burning world owing to the greenhouse effect》
…but the water doesn’t exist on the surface of the Venus as liquid at present. Main ingredient in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide, and atmospheric pressure is 90. The temperature on the surface of the ground reaches no less than 450 degree centigrade.
As a result, there is little steam in the atmosphere. Even if changing all the steam into liquid, it’s just that the surface of the ground is covered with water with a few centimeters.
But the atmosphere used…
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
It is the earth alone in the solar system which the sea made up with water of liquid on the surface of the ground.
Why is there the sea in the earth alone? Comparing the earth with other planets next to the earth like the Mars and the Venus is important so as to answer the question.
《The Venus becomes a burning world on account of the greenhouse effect》
As to size and density, it has been thought that the earth and the Venus were born in the same materials and in the same process when forming, but water doesn’t exist in the…
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】
…and the creatures evolved in the sea at first, after that they advanced into the land, we can see it from the fossils, for chemical elements made up with the life are close to the sea water.
This has shown us that the creatures were born in the sea first of all and evolved. There is other example which shows us that the water is important for creatures.
As the sea has existed stably through the history on the earth, it has been thought that it’s the most important reason why the life was born and evolved on the earth.
【Two hundred and fifty million years ago】
《Division on Pangaea of supercontinent caused an extinction to a large amount of creatures》
Other creatures which inhabited the coral reef made up with a pyramid of food chain, being based on photosynthesis.
As the coral became extinct, lots of other creatures which depended on the photosynthesis by the coral were dead, so the large amount of extinction on creatures made progress then
【How does the earth become a planet in which a life can exist?】.
It is said a life on the earth was born in the sea. Fossils have been discovered each place, and…
【Two hundred and fifty million years ago】
《Division on Pangaea caused an extinction to a large amount of creatures》
Dust gushed out thanks to volcanic activity, and it prevented creatures from receiving light from the sun, and photosynthesis was restricted, so the ocean lacked oxygen.
It has been thought like that.
As photosynthesis wasn’t able to be done on the surface of the ocean, the plankton and coral reef which supplies other creatures oxygen were dead. Coral lives in symbiosis 共生 with lots of algaes 藻 inside the body.
Other creatures which inhabited coral reef made up with a …
【Two hundred and fifty million years ago】
《Division on Pangaea of supercontinent caused an extinction to a large amount of creatures》
Materials in very deep part of mantle rose near the surface on the ground by the super plume then,
In the place where the Pangaea divided, volcanic activity broke out explosively, and magma originated from mantle became dust and scattered around the atmosphere, for the magma originated from mantle was filled with ingredients which were easily evaporated.
The ocean lacked oxygen then, so a large amount of plankton and coral reef became extinct.
【Two hundred and fifty million years ago】
《Division on Pangaea of supercontinent caused an extinction to a large amount of creatures》
Laurasia continent and Gondwana of supercontinent became the situation as if they had clung to each other near the Mediterranean Sea. This was Pangaea of supercontinent.
Cold plume which was a stream falling down generated in Asia, and super plume which was rising stream corresponded with the cold stream and generated under present Africa. As a result, Pangaea started to divide.
Then materials in very deep part of the mantle rose near the surface on the…
【Two hundred and fifty million years ago】
《Division on Pangaea of supercontinent caused an extinction to a large amount of creatures》
A big cold plume extremely which went down under the mantle of the present Asia some three hundred million years ago.
Eight continents gathered rapidly, and their center was Asia as if they had been attracted there, then Laurasia continent was formed in the north semi sphere some three hundred million years ago.
Then Gondwana of supercontinent continued to divide in the south semi sphere.
Then Laurasia continent and Gondwana of supercontinent became the…
【Six hundred million years ago】
《Division on Gondwana of supercontinent and an explosive evolution on creatures》
…and ultraviolet rays which are harmful for creatures haven’t reached on the surface of the ground, so the activity on creatures on land becomes possible. Then at last plants started to advance into the land.
【Two hundred and fifty million years ago】
《Division on Pangaea of supercontinent caused an extinction to the large amount of creatures》
After division on Gondwana of supercontinent, the continent divided into nine and scattered on the earth four hundred million years ago.
【Six hundred million years ago】
《Division on Gondwana of the supercontinent and an explosive evolution》
The place where the fossils were discovered corresponds to the one where North America, Australia, and Antarctic divided.
The density on oxygen in the atmosphere became higher as if it had kept up with the appearance on those creatures, and it approached the present value rapidly. Oxygen accounts for some 20 % in the atmosphere at present.
The ozone layer has formed four four hundred and forty million years ago and ultra violet rays which are harmful for creatures haven’t reach on...
【Six hundred million years ago】
《Division on Gondwana of the supercontinent and an explosive evolution on creatures》
When dividing, the sea water came into along trenches among each of continents, and a shallow sea was formed then, and the shallow sea was a warm surrounding which was filled with nutritional salt.
Big multicellular mollusks evolved explosively then, and it was called explosion in Cambrian period. Strange shaped fossils were discovered at the Mt.Rocky in Canada. The fossils were the typical ones of the big multicellular mollusks.
The place corresponds to the one where…
【Six hundred million years ago】
《Division on Gondwana which was the supercontinent and an explosive evolution on creatures》
It was a mantle of high temperature called super plume which saved the crisis on the creatures. The supe plume boiled up from under the present Pacific Ocean.
The Gondwana of the supercontinent was the one in which each of present continents like North America, Antarctic, Australia, and Siberia gathered in a single form.
Rising plume made the supercontinent divide and the Pacific Ocean was born. When dividing, sea water came into along trenches among each of…
【Six hundred million years ago】
《Division on Gondwana which was the supercontinent and explosive evolution on creatures》
After Laurentia which was the supercontinent was formed one billion and nine hundred million years ago, division and union on continents were repeated on the earth.
It was Gondwana of supercontinent which formed some six hundred million years ago.
The biggest glacier in the history developed then, and the ice extended to a seaside near the equator. It was the biggest ordeal for creatures of which main ingredient was water.
It was a mantle of high temperature which…
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《Laurentia which was the first supercontinent appeared on the earth》
The cold plume reached the surface on the outer core with very fast speed and caused a convection in the outer core, and the convection in the outer core reached the inner core.
Except for the outer core, a rising convection broke out, thus the rising stream generated in the lower mantle. It has been thought like that. The rising stream is called a super stream.
【Six hundred million years ago】
《Division on Gondwana, the supercontinent and explosive evolution on creatures》
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《Laurentia which was the first supercontinent appeared on the earth》
…as a result, all the continents concentrated on one place alone, and the supercontinent was formed.
A trench absorbed the plate, and the plate stayed at the border between upper mantle and lower mantle. After that a chemical reaction occurred, viscosity 粘性 and density on the plate became bigger a little, so the plate changed into the cold plume, the stream falling down, and the cold plumed fell down through the lower mantle.
It reached the surface on the outer core with…
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《Laurentia which was the first supercontinent appeared on the earth》
The plate on ocean changed into the stream falling down, and dropped into the mantle. We call the stream falling down Cold plume.
The plume has nature of attracting each other and are united. The cold plume were united and changed into a big stream falling down, and its number decreased, so became bigger cold plume.
All the plates under the continent continued to move to the cold plume until the plates sank, but as the part where there was the continent didn’t sink…
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《Laurentia which wa the first supercontinent appeared on the earth》
When the convection on the whole mantle started two billion and seven hundred million years ago, the plate suddenly became big, and its number decreased, so the Laurentia which is the first supercontinent appeared. It took eight hundred million years, and appeared one billion and nine hundred million years ago.
Why did the continent concentrate in one place?
When the plate of ocean sank under other plate in a trench, the plate on ocean changed into a stream falling downward.
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《What is the Arc Archipelago?》
The islands are along the border which becomes narrow in a line. We call the line on the islands Arc Archipelago.
《Laurentia which appeared the first supercontinent on the earth》
Arc Archipelagos collided and were united over and over again, and some of small continents appeared two billion and eight hundred million years ago, but when there were so many plates, collecting each of them as single supercontinent is hard.
When the convection on the whole mantle started two billion and seven hundred million…
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《What is the Arc Archipelago?》
As a result, a deep trench is formed at the place where the plate of ocean sank.
The trench on land is formed at a place where the border expands. On the other hand, the trench on ocean is at a place where the border becomes narrow.
There is a deep trench in the Pacific Ocean near Japan. We call it Japan trench. Lots of volcanoes arose along the border which becomes narrow, for plates rose higher than the sea. They are islands.
The island isn’t alone simply. The islands are along the border which becomes...
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《What is the Arc Archipelago?》
When plates of continent collide each other, a mountain range is formed there, for the mountain range is pressed from both sides, and the rose. Typical huge mountain range is Himalayas. Almost all of the tremendous mountain range are on the border of plates.
When the plate of continent and the one of ocean collide, it’s different. As the density on the plate of ocean is higher than the one on the plate of continent, the plate of ocean sank under the plate of continent.
As a result, a trench is formed at the…
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《Laurentia which is the first supercontinent appeared on the earth》
…and it has been thought that the size on the convection of the mantle and the plate on the mantle was the same.
Considering the size on the earth, and if calculating simply, the number of plate is a thousand.
The land appeared on the earth for the first time four billion years ago, and it existed on the small plate on ocean as Arc Archipelago 弧状列島.
What is the Arc Archipelago?
When plates collide each other, there is a big change on the geographical features.
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《Laurentia which was the first supercontinent appeared on the earth》
The bigger the convection on the mantle is, the bigger the plates on the mantle becomes. The convection on mantle changed into the one on the whole mantle two billion and seven hundred million years ago, and it was enable to the supercontinent to appear.
There used to be two other convection of upper mantle and lower mantle until then.
Depth on the upper mantle was some 670 kilometers, and it has been thought the size on the convection of the mantle and the plate on the...
【Two billion and seven hundred million years ago】
《A strong magnetic field was born on the earth and creatures advanced into a shallow sea》
The mantle was divided into the convection of two layers between upper mantle and lower one, but as the plates fell into the outer core, the convection changed into the one which was through the whole convection.
【One billion and nine hundred million years ago】
《Laurentia which was the first supercontinent appeared on the earth》
Laurentia which was the first supercontinent appeared on the earth a billion and nine hundred million years ago.
【Two billion and seven hundred million years ago】
《A strong magnetic field was born on the earth and creatures advanced into a shallow sea》
As to the temperature, the sunk plates were lower than the outer core. As the cold material fell into the part on the surface of the hot outer core, the outer core made up with liquid of melting metal started a convection regularly and violently.
As the metallic liquid flew, electricity was caused, so the strong magnetic field was formed on the earth. What the plate fell into the outer core had influenced over the convection on the mantle greatly.
【Two billion and seven hundred million years ago】
《A strong magnetic field was born on the earth and creatures advanced into a shallow sea》
The plates sunk into inside the earth from the trench were accumulated at the surface on the outer core. Its depth was 670 kilometers from the surface on the ground.
The place is a border between upper mantle and lower mantle. It’s divided like that owing to different kinds of minerals and firmness on the mantle.
Accumulated plates began to sink to the outer core which were liquid made with metal and of which main ingredient was iron. As to the…
【Two billion and seven hundred million years ago】
《A strong magnetic field on the earth was born and creatures advanced into a shallow sea》
Creatures could advance into a shallow sea for the first time, and colonies on orchid algae ラン藻類 called stromatolite was born and released oxygen into the atmosphere by photosynthesis.
The sunk plate fell to the outer core some two billion and seven hundred million years ago and a strong field was born on the earth.
The plates sunk into inside the earth from the trench were accumulated at the surface on …
【Two billion and seven hundred million years ago】
《A strong magnetic field on the earth was born and creatures advanced into a shallow sea》
It was two billion and seven hundred million years ago.
As The particles of the high energy destroyed DNA on the creatures, the creatures were forced to exist in the deep sea where the particles of high energy didn’t reach.
But a strong magnetic field was formed on the earth two billion and seven hundred million years ago. As a result, the particles of high energy from the sun and the outer space were obstructed by the magnetic field on the earth.
【Four billion years ago】
《Plate tectonics has started and the life was born》
The hot water melted lots of metallic ingredients around and sprouted out. Some kinds of organic matters made use of nutritional salt melted in the sea water in that place, and evolved into the first life. It has been thought like that at present.
【Two billion and seven hundred million years ago】
《A strong magnetic field on the earth was born and the life advanced into a shallow sea》
The surface on the earth had been exposed by particles of high energy shining from the sun and the outer space. It was two…
【Four billion years ago】
《Plate tectonics has started and the life was born》
A place where the earth’s core on ocean sank inside the mantle, and a part of the sunk earth’s core on ocean melt and changed into magma of granite 花崗岩, and the magma of granite made up with the core on continent. The magma of granite rose and land began to be formed.
In the central submarine ridge, a place where hot water with high temperature was sprouted out was formed. A crack on the earth’s core absorbed the seawater and was heated by magma, so it changed into the hot water.
Lots of metallic ingredient…
【Four billion years ago】
《Plate tectonics has begun and the life was born》
The collision by the planetesimal decreased gradually then, and the earth became cold. The surface on the earth was enough cold and hard and the plates for oceans were made.
In a place where the mantle rose, the plate for ocean broke and a central submarine ridge was formed.
In the central submarine ridge where the mantle rose, a new earth’s core on ocean mad up with basalt 玄武岩 was formed. Plates were born there, moved and sank under other ones in the trench. Plate tectonics started like that.
A place where the…
【Four billion and six hundred million years ago】
《The earth and life were closely related and evolved each other》
A large amount of hydrogen gas was included in the atmosphere, but it was released into the space area gradually, and the atmosphere evolved into the other one and the ocean of which main ingredients were water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen was made.
【Four billion years ago】
《Plate tectonics has begun and the life was born》
It has been thought it was some four billion years ago when the first life was born on the earth. Then the collision by the planetesimal decreased…
【History on the earth for four billion and six hundred million years】
《Planetesimals collided and were united, then the primitive earth was born》
At the end of the formation on the earth, it has been thought an ocean was also born.
The primitive earth included lots of steam which were given from the planetesimals.
When the collision by the planetesimals decreased, temperature on the primitive earth went down, and the steam changed into the water and poured into the surface on the earth. Then the ocean started.
Organization and size on the atmosphere and the ocean changed gradually.
【History on the earth for four billion and six hundred million years】
《The earth and life were closely related and evolved each other》
The planetesimal collided with the primitive earth at the speed per second 10 kilometers. Its energy changed into heat, so the part of planetesimal and the earth were melt or evaporated.
Melting material made the ingredient of metallic iron of which density is high sink into the central part on the primitive earth, so the core was made there.
On the other hand other materials which were easily evaporated changed into gas, it’s the primitive atmosphere.
【History on the earth for four billion and six hundred million years】
《The earth and life were closely related and evolved each other》
…and the planetesimal becomes the size of the present earth. It has been thought it took dozens of million years.
At the end of growth, a planet of which size was the one like the Mars may have collided with the earth, for lots of scientists have thought the fragments were sent flying through in the atmosphere by the tremendous impact and were united into the moon.
The core and atmosphere on the earth were made at the same time when the earth grew.
【History on the earth for four billion and six million hundred years】
《The earth and life were closely related and evolved each other》
Collecting data is researched, and an epoch-making image on the earth is about to be completed.
【Four billion and six hundred million years ago】
《Planetesimal collided and was united, after that the the primitive earth was born》
Plenty of planetesimals collided and were united over and over again and the earth was born four billion and six hundred million years ago.
As to the size on the planetesimal, it was no more than several kilometers at first…
【The history on the earth for four billion and six hundred million years】
《The earth and life were closely related and evolved each other》
We call the tremendous falling stream the cold plume.
On the other hand, a trial of collecting ancient stratum and fossil remained on the surface of the ground and giving a clear explanation on the history of the earth which reached four billion and six million hundred years is advanced.
Those investigation on inside and surface on the earth make us know clearly gradually that the earth and the life were closely related and evolved each other.
【The history on the earth for four billion and six hundred million years 】
《The earth and life were closely related and evolved each other》
The situation on mantle has been caught with three dimensional way from the end of 1980s, after that, a marvelous shape on the inside the earth began to be clear.
Super Plume which is a huge rising stream was discovered under African area and the Pacific Ocean. It boiled up from the bottom of the mantle.
Cold plume of falling stream was discovered under area of Asia. Sinking plate fell at the bottom of the mantle by the tremendous falling stream.
【The history on the earth for four billion and six million years】
《The earth and the life was closely related and evolved each other》
Those plates moved and sank under other plates in the sea trench. The continent moves, according to the movement of the plates. The way of thinking is called plate tectonics, and appeared in the latter of 1960s.
When expressing various geological phenomenon like the history on the earth, seismological activity, the theory was epoch-making.
A trial of digging the inside the earth deeper is done at present. The situation on the mantle has been caught with…
There were big events of evolution on life like that the life was born, its explosive evolution, making a landing by the life, and extinction on a large amount of them. There was a back ground in the big events on evolution of the earth .
I’m going to express the latest scenario on the history of the earth and life, being the latest investigative data, the author said like that.
《The earth and the life was closely related and evolved each other》
The surface on the present earth is covered with plates which are a dozen of solid rock. Those plates were born at mountain range in the seabed.
【Six big events which caused the miracle planet. The history on earth for four billion and six million years】
《Running after the latest scenario on the planet of life from its birth to present time》
Planetesimal collapsed and was united over and over again around primitive solar system and the earth was born some four billion and six million years ago.
It has been thought it was four billion years ago when the first life was born on the primitive earth. The latest science on the earth is about to be clear that the life and the earth was related closely and the life evolved.
【History on the earth fro four billion and six hundred million years and its future】
After that, varied diastrophism and repetition of evolution and extinction on life was done, we’ve been at present.
We’re going to look back the history on the earth and life, being based on the latest data, and to foresee our situation in the future, the author said like that.
【Six big events which caused the miracle planet. The history on four billion and six million years】
《Running after the latest scenario on the planet of life from its birth to present time》
Planetesimal 微惑星 collapsed and was…
【Deep sea investigation in the future】
《Having wanted to reach Moho in the 21st century》
…especially in areas where there are lots of earthquakes like Japan, we’ll be able to get an important result.
By the way, it’s in the 21st century at present. Can we reach?
This was expressed in 1995. Science has made progress more than then, so we may possible discover it.
【History on the earth for four billion and six hundred million years and its future】
The earth was born some four billion and six million years ago. After that, varied diastrophism 地殻変動 and a repetition on evolution and…
【Deep sea investigation in the future】
《Having wanted to reach Moho in the 21st century》
…and we’ve wanted to make it come true in the 21st century, the author said like that.
The digging was done in the past, but its holes frequently collapsed, so we couldn’t investigate in a way of a large scale by making use of the holes. Lots of researchers have thought like the next.
If a new digging ship is completed, they would take advantage of digging holes for a long period, and learn to measure in varied way, especially in areas where there are lots of earthquakes like Japan, we can get…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《Having wanted to reach Moho in the 21st century》
…but they failed on account of technical skill on digging and cost.
Deep Sea Drilling Project which started from 1968 was the one in which a league of laboratories on ocean in America did so as to verify the opinion that the seabed expanded.
It’s changed into an international one after that.
The deepest hole dug into the seabed was some 2100 meters, and it doesn’t reach the mantle, the border between the earth’s core and mantle. Reaching there is a dream of us the human kind, and we’ve wanted to make…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《Wanting to reach Moho in the twenty first century》
The study offers us valuable data on outbreak of earthquake or eruption on volcano.
Digging the seabed started from the Mohole project.by America in 1961.
There is a border the earth’s core and mantle. The border isn’t consecutive with a seismological view of point. We call the place Mohorovicis. Judging from measuring on earthquake then the Mohorovicis in the sea was shallower place than the one on ground,
As a result they thought they could reach the mantle easily in the sea, but they failed…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《Wanting to reach Moho in the twenty first century》
On the other hand, we often know the cause of them as long as we observe and measure for a long period.
The system on observation for a long period has been established at the south seabed in Sagami gulf, and the data on its image, temperature, and earthquake has been forwarded.
Moreover a thermometer and a seismometer 地震計 were set up in TAG where the mound which hot water gushes out in the Atlantic Ocean, and a large scale of experiment was done in the seabed then. The study offers valuable data…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《Wanting to reach Moho in the twenty first century》
We couldn’t observe a place where an ordinary plate sank until lately, but it becomes possible. A combination of かいこう and しんかい 6500 is enable to get the whole cross section.
Investigating the seabed with the submarine probe means having a glimpse of the seabed. Progress of the phenomenon on the earth’s science has taken a longer time than the human life span.
Therefore when looking at the seabed for a while, we’re not sure whether it’s a start or an end.
On the other hand, when observing and…
【Deep sea investigation in the future】
《Wanting to reach Moho in the twenty first century》
Though しんかい 6500 could cover the trench on almost all of the areas, しんかい 6500 wasn’t always attentive to the needs of researchers then.
For example, in Mariana Trench there is the deepest area in in the world called Challenger deep.
There is a possibility that there are consecutive sections on the earth’s core made up with island arc 島弧 like Japan islands all over form Mariana Trench to Challenger deep, and we’ve Learned to be able to investigate those places with the かいこう minutely.
We couldn’t…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《A drilling ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》
…the autonomous robot researches the depth where there is no influence over waves as if an artificial satellite took a photo on the earth, and does its image processing.
The author said he was going to express the present situation and future in relation to the observation on the great depth, the observation for a long period and digging the seabed from now on.
《Wanting to reach Moho》
Introduction of かいこう is enable to study all the area of sea on the earth. Though しんかい6500 can cover almost all…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《A digging ship or an autonomous robot will be necessary in the future》
As being able to reach the deepest part in the world, the unprecedented area in the both pole is a frontier in a sense.
As to breaking ice, an observation ship, 白瀬 is engaged in the study at the Antarctic at present, but it is done at the study on the Antarctic itself, so the study around the seabed has never been always done enough.
When The autonomous robot goes to the seabed in order to supply battery for the station for a long period there, and researches the depth where…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《A drill ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》
If digging in the seabed, the seabed which existed in the past always appears in front of us automatically . Digging out is a kind of time tunnel.
As time is added to three dimensional observation on geographical features and things in the past, we can grasp the scientific phenomenon on the earth as four dimension.
A digging ship in the seabed belonged to America called JOIDES Resolution alone is related to the four dimensional observation at present.
As being able to reach the deepest part in the …
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《A drill ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》
So we need to measure on the great depth, and an unprecedented place where there is ice and snow. Observing and measuring scientific phenomenon on the earth continuously for a long period and moving to four dimensional probe including geological time.
In this situation, there are ships and investigative apparatus which are indispensable for the investigation on the seabed in Japan at present. For example, a drilling ship, an investigative ship which has ability for breaking ice and autonomous vehicle.
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《A drill ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》
,,, and the plume makes the plates move. It’s the theory on the plume tectonics, but the theory is necessary to verify from now on, and it is a big theme in the twenty first century.
The investigation on the place where the plates sank or other place where the seabed expanded was done, except for them, it has to develop into other one in which the drill ship is adopted and the one on earthquake and volcanoes are connected.
So we need to measure on a great depth, an unprecedented place where there...
【Seabed investigation in the future】
《Drillship or autonomous robot will be necessary》
The way of thinking on the plume tectonics began from the probe on earthquake in the whole earth.
As to the speed on the wave of earthquake, there is quick part and slow one inside the earth, and its speed depends on the temperature.
There is border between the mantle and the core, and there is more shallow place than the mantle and core and deeper place. The temperature between more shallow place and deeper place is varied.
A large amount of material called plume which is melted circulates and…
【Seabed investigation in the future】
In short, the seabed isn’t a frontier any more for us the humankind.
《A weather ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》
The investigation on the seabed with a scientific on the earth view from the point has developed after a theory of plate tectonics appeared at the end of 1960s. The theory is the next one.
The surface on the earth is covered with some plates made up with several rocks, and the plates move by convection of mantle, but lately a plume tectonics has been advocated as driving force which makes the plates move. It began from a probe…
【Investigation in the seabed in the future】
After that, Multi-narrow beam is done and the geographic features in the seabed learned to be investigate altogether as face. The Multi-narrow beam is apparatus for measure geographic features in the seabed precisely.
In short, the investigation developed from a point, a line to a face. Three dimensional measurement and treatment on digital data have developed greatly lately, for かいこう which is the crewless probe has been completed.
It can investigate the seabed of which depth is eleven thousand meters, and reach every part in the seabed on earth.
【Seabed】
A ship tows for other ship so as to investigate.
The investigation in the seabed is done minutely as if a geologist did on the ground, moreover a submersible research ship and a crewless probe have been introduced.
As a result, a researcher has learned to be able to observe the seabed and adopt the sample and set up a thing which is useful for the investigation in the seabed and collect if for itself.
As to the measurement on the seabed, it was done by dropping a rope every point before. On the other hand, sound wave has been adopted consecutively and it is measured as line.
【Seabed exploration in the future】
An observation in great depth, the observation for a long period, and excavation in the deep sea will be connected, and a four dimensional observation will learn to be done in the future.
Investigation at the deep sea has made a progress with a pace on development of apparatus for observation.
Wire dropped from the ship into the sea and dredge was done in the past. Cleaning out at the seabed and investigating there then.
Taking advantage of a camera for the seabed and being able to make a film on the situation in the seabed at present. A ship tows…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》
…so the earthquake swarm 群発地震 and action on volcano in the seabed have been active in the Sagami Gulf.
When a change broke out in the crowd of シロウリガイ, it may have made us foresee an earthquake or an eruption.
It turned out gradually that it has a possibility that the シロウリガイ was moved by the change on the route of boiling water or it spawns or ejaculates owing to a change on temperature in the water.
【The seabed exploration in the future】
Observation in great depth, observation…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》
The station has been set up in an area of crowd of シロウリガイ which is a kind of bivalve 二枚貝.
The bivalve has made use of methane boiling from a fault 断層 in the seabed indirect and inhabited there. Therefore its mode of life has a possibility to be related with a volcano or action on the earthquake in the seabed.
Both of plate in the Sea of Philippine and the one of North America collide each other in the Sagami Gulf, so the earthquake swarm 群発地震 and action on volcano in the seabed…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》
Therefore a station for total observation at the deep seabed which has a video camera, gauge for an earthquake, a microphone in the water, a thermometer underground was set up at the seabed of which depth was 1174 meters off Hatsumi in Sagami gulf September in 1993.
The station continues to send an image or data in the seabed to the base for observation on the ground every day through a cable of optical fiber for almost two years.
The station has been set up in an area of crowd…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《Continuation from the last response》
…so even if it’s very deep sea, Japan can go down there and gather various data.
《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》
Even if we can navigate underwater to very deep place by しんかい 6500 or かいこう, the time when the submersible ship or the probe can stay there is limited.
As to a geological change or a mode of life on a creature, without going on observing for a long period, we can’t get enough knowledge. It frequently happens.
Therefore a station for total observation was set up in…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《かいこう which is a crewless probe reached the deepest part in the world》
When the vehicle reached the seabed, the ones which belonged to a sea cucumber were surprised and jumped there.
American manned probe reached the Challenger deep in 1960. The depth which the American manned probe reached has been the same with かいこう, but it is reported it failed to take a photo and to take samples.
After that there has been no report to navigate underwater at the Challenger deep.
かいこう succeeded in navigating underwater there, so even if it’s very deep sea, Japan can go…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《かいこう, which is a crewless probe reached the deepest part in the world, exactly 10.911,4 meters》
A promoting apparatus, manipulator, sonar for watching for a distant place, a TV camera for observation are loaded in the robot which sails in the sea called vehicle.
It was challenger deep in the Mariana Trench where かいこう reached. Its depth of water is ten thousand nine hundred eleven point four meters.
Search light flashed over the dark seabed where there is a strong pressure which is no less than 1 ton to an area of no more than 1 square centimeters.
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《かいこう, a crewless probe reached the deepest part in the world, to be exact, 10.911,4 meters》
かいこう which was a Japanese crewless probe reached the deepest part at the ocean in the world March in 1995.
かいこう is made up with a stand for departure and arrival called launcher and a robot which sails in the sea called vehicle.
Electric power is supplied from the mother ship through a cable in the water, and transmitting information and its control has been done through an optical fiber in the same cable.
An promoting apparatus, manipulator, sonar for watching…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《The seabed around Japan and activities on research》
Then Japan has won a technical skill of being able to navigate underwater wherever it can investigate the seabed in the world.
Though being on the ground, the system which can observe the deep sea for a long period has operated for almost two years, and interesting data are accumulated.
Investigating the deep sea which excites our adventurous feeling will be active more and more from now on with development on the space world.
《かいこう, a crewless probe which reached the deepest part in the world, about…》
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《The seabed around Japan and activities on research》
We can’t communicate with anyone with even electric wave there, but a research ship by navigated underwater or a crewless probe which challenged there dauntlessly has made a progress so much for ten year in the past.
From しんかい 2000, the submersible ship which can goes down to the depth of 2000 meters, to しんかい 6500 which can do the depth of 6500 meters, besides かいこう which can navigate underwater to the depth of 1.1000 meters have been completed.
Then Japan has won a technical skill of being able to navigate…
【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】
《The seabed around Japan and activity on the research》
…for example, the movement on the earth’s core, volcanic activity, or mechanism on earthquake.
The varied geographic features have made varied surroundings, so the variation on the creatures becomes plentiful.
It turned out that there are creatures in the dark and cold seabed and they live hardy enough there.
Where are those creatures from? How have they spread over there? We’re forced to be interested in it.
The deep sea is more severe than the space world thanks to the high water pressure in a sense.
【Seabed exploration. Research on the deep seabed in Japan showed us a new development】
《The seabed around Japan and activity on the research》
There is a submarine trench of which depth is over 6000 meters, and a mountain in the sea which was dragged in the trench, moreover a volcano and a jetting hole form which the hot water gushes out by active diastrophism 地殻変動.
A full of variety of geographic features like that spread around the Japanese Islands.
The research on the area of sea around Japan would contribute greatly to the solution on various things, for example the movement on…
【Seabed exploration】
《A point and a line between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean》
The author said he named them like that after a novel, 点と線 written by Seityo Matusmoto.
As to the speed of expansion, the Pacific Ocean is five times as quick as the Atlantic Ocean. Why is there difference between them? What causes them? It depends on the research from now on. It will be clear little by little.
【Part Ⅱ on the seabed exploration. Research on the deep seabed in Japan shows us a new development】
《The seabed around Japan and the activity on the research》
There is a submarine trench…
【Seabed exploration】
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
It took three and a half hour to navigate underwater as planned, the author returned to the mother ship with lots of samples, then he quenches his throat with something cold, so he found it the best.
《A point and a line between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean》
The author said he navigated underwater in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean seven times. Then he thought the hot water of TAG in the Atlantic Ocean was a point, and the other in the Pacific Ocean was a line.
He said he named it…
【Seabed exploration】
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
There were three and a half hour to spend at the seabed, but without having a plan ahead and taking into an action, the crews would lose their valuable time.
The author spoke on the thing which he observed at the seabed more and more, looking out the scene outside the window.
As there was a camera which the researchers could operate at will, the author made the camera zoom in everything, or change its direction. He made an effort to try to left a good image as much as possible.
It took three and a half…
【Seabed】
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
…for the image by video installed to the submersible ship was able to send to the mother ship as if it had been a photo telegram from an artificial satellite. A technical skill which is enable to do it has been developed,
The time when the submersible ship approached the seabed came closer, the people gathered in the control room one after another.
It took about an hour and forty five minutes to reach the seabed of which depth was 3650 meters from starting the submarine voyage.
There were three and a half of hour...
【Seabed】
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
At first the crews had to abandoned the ballast for going down and adjust the water in the tank in order to keep the submersible ship horizontal, taking into the sea water or releasing it.
Adjusting the gauge near the seabed, it’s the final check, the submersible ship reached the seabed. Then it made a contact with the mother ship.
To tell the truth, even if being in the mother ship, we can understand the situation at the seabed, for the image by video which was installed to the …
【Seabed exploration】
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
The crews could see things like little noctilucae 夜光虫 shake slowly from the window.
The submersible ship made a contact with the mother ship every 200 meters. It adjusts with a ballast which is a kind of weight in order to be the same density with the sea water. When going down, it does with extra ballast.
On the other hand, when going up, it abandoned the extra ballast, so its density became lighter than the sea water then.
The author said when approaching the seabed, he felt the strain.
At first the…
【Seabed exploration】
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
…the deeper the submersible ship went down, the darker it became gradually. The scene around the submersible ship changed like from an evening in the summer into a dark night.
The submersible ship went down to the seabed, rotating. The temperature on the water became low, and there was a drop of water on the window.
As the temperature went down inside the submersible ship, the author had to wear thick clothes then.
The place where the depth was over 200 meters, it became dark completely. The crews could…
【Seabed exploration】
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
When the submersible ship reached the surface of the water, beautiful splash raised.
Two swimmers were called there and the rope was removed from the submersible ship, and the final check was over, the submarine voyage started at last.
The members on しんかい 6500 was used to the work so much that they usually start the submarine voyage before 10；00.
The submersible ship sank down. When looking at the outside the window, the author can see the screw on よこすか.
As the sunbeams reached the depth of 200 meters…
【Seabed exploration】
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
When those checks were over, at last the hatch was shut down and artificial oxygen was poured into the submersible ship.
《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》
The submersible ship was on a cart, and it was carried under a crane with the cart, and was lifted. The crews were already in it, and they saw the faces of other researchers or the captain of the mother ship who saw the crews off from the mother ship. The crews saw them through the window of the submersible ship.
【Seabed exploration】
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
The submersible ship is a shape of sphere made up with titan. The thickness on the shell against water pressure was 2 meters. Its inside was small.
The pilot and co-pilot turned on power. They read and collated items they should check elaborately. At first, they used the power source outside, after that, they changed into the power source inside, and making a radio contact with the mother ship, and checking the sonar. The sonar is an abbreviation of sound navigation and ranging.
When those check were over…
【Seabed exploration】
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
The submarine voyage started after 9：00 in the morning every day. Immediately before the night on the submarine voyage, he had to abstain from drinking water and to have enough sleep.
On the day of submarine voyage, the author made sure whether or not it’s all right on every part of the submersible ship. It was the final check, or installing various equipment on the basket for the sample.
Around 9：30, after watching the map and researchers were got into the submersible ship with a memo. The submersible ship…
【Seabed exploration】
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
Needless to say, the staff of the ship of よこすか made its original map for themselves by running around at night or the day for the maintenance on the ship.
After departing the port, the researchers held a meeting and decided an order on submerging voyage, apparatus which they should use, and a sample which they should adopt in detail.
After that crews in the ship and members on investigation by submarine voyage held a meeting.
It was the fourth day August when the author started his first submarine voyage.
【Seabed exploration】
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
…but the observation ship was made in Japan, so the author was under the illusion that he investigated around Japan.
A map for geographical features on the seabed in detail is necessary so as to investigate by the submarine voyage. When a mountaineer walks in the mountain, it’s entirely on a map on the mountain. The investigation by submarine voyage is the same.
A ship called Noah belonged to the laboratory of the oceanic science made a map, and the author and staff made a plan, being based on the map.
【Seabed exploration】
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
On the other hand, the crack in the Pacific Ocean was a slow expansion, so the author thought he tried to learn essential difference between them from both of the geographical and geological features
よこすか which was a mother ship for しんかい6500 departed from Woods Hole which was a laboratory for oceanic science and continued a pleasant voyage.
There was not a speck of cloud over the sky in the area of TAG and the wave was calmed down. The author was on board in the Atlantic Ocean, but the observation ship was...
【Seabed exploration】
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
Lots of researches had been done of which center was America, and the author was worried about his research. He thought he should do something new, but how should he do?
He thought of understanding the exact position on the TAG mound, and grasping the whole image on the TAG mound, so he made a map on which there was the TAG mound.
It was decided that he navigated underwater of the sea swell in the East Pacific Ocean after the one in the East Atlantic Ocean.
The crack in the Atlantic Ocean was a quick expansion
【Seabed exploration】
《A record of being submerge by Mode 94》
A plate formed at the sea swell in the East Atlantic Ocean would sink under Japanese trench after a hundred million years.
The author is few researcher in the world who navigated underwater where the both place which expands and other place which sinks.
《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》
Navigating underwater of TAG mound means for the author that a study on hot water area which he had never experienced, in addition, the TAG mound was the biggest hot water area in the world.
Lots of research had been…
【Seabed exploration】
《A record of being submerge by Mode 94》
The author was on board しんかい 6500 more than any other crews as researcher, but almost all of the submarine voyage was the area of sea around Japan, the area where there wasn’t active volcanoes mainly. The submarine voyage was done in quiet submarine trenches until then.
But this time he navigated underwater of hot water area and could observe the chimney with his own eyes. It was significant for his study, he said like that.
A plate formed at the sea swell in the East Atlantic Ocean would sink under the Japanese trench after a…
【Seabed exploration】
《There is a scene which is different from TAG》
There were sea anemones or bivalves 二枚貝 in the area where there were holes which gushes out in low temperature, and there is warm tubes where there were holes in high temperature.
There were few prawns there, instead there were a large number of crabs and of fishes there. We can see a world which is different from TAG altogether.
《A record of being submerge by Mode 94》
The author said he navigated underwater with しんかい 6500 nineteenth times in total before doing by Mode 94.
He was on board in しんかい 6500 than any other…
【Seabed exploration】
《There is a different scene from TAG》
The lava of which shape is like a board is called the seat floor, and there is the seat floor which becomes the one like a post. We call it a pillar, and the overflowed lava formed the one like the pillow on its slope.
Holes which the hot water gush out were at the end of a rift valley 地溝 and they are lined up which are almost like a line. There were varied types of holes which hot water gushes out, and all of them were named.
The hole which gushes out the highest temperature was white birch chimney. It was 374 degree.
【Seabed exploration】
《There is a different scene from the TAG》
The layer of lava is faded and dead bodies of creatures clung to it.
The lava was accumulated to many times like a step, so we can understand that there were several activities on it.
There was a structure of cave-in inside the crack because volatility ingredient fell off.
With the expansion, the crack was formed, and the crack becomes bigger and bigger. There is a pit of which width is 100 meters, and of which depth is 10 meters.
There is a lava of which shape is a board and has low viscosity 粘性 among those lava like glass.
【Seabed exploration】
《Carbon fixation》
It means that the carbon which is included in the atmosphere or in exhaust fumes is fixed in some ways. In short, the carbon dioxide is kept as carbon compounds, reducing the amount of exhausted carbon dioxide in the air, so it seems to have been paid attention so as to prevent the global warming from breaking out.
《There is a different scene from the TAG》
TAG means the mound which gushes out the hot water.
Lava like a glass which shines black is exposed from the crack which expands 16 centimeters a year. There is other layer of the lava under it.
【Seabed exploration】
《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》
Plentiful biota 生物相 expands at the hot water are of sea swell in the East Atlantic Ocean as if it weren’t in the deep sea.
Those crowd of creatures don’t depend on photosynthesis by solar energy. Instead of photosynthesis, bacteria by chemical composition makes hydrogen sulfide and methane oxidize. The bacteria by chemical composition functions like the photosynthesis. It’s called carbon fixation. It has been done in photosynthesis as well. What is the carbon fixation?
It means that the carbon…
【Seabed exploration】
《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》
…so we need to establish an observation system which measures the temperature the earth’s core in the seabed for a long period.
There is the Laputa of TAG which is the mound billowing the hot water at the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean.
The author said he and the staff have to dive under the water in the East Pacific Ocean in order to compare it with the one in the East Pacific Ocean.
There is an illustration on the creatures which inhabit the East Pacific Ocean.
Plentiful biota…
【Seabed exploration】
《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》
…and the latter is a sea swell 海膨 at the East Pacific Ocean in the southern semi sphere.
With the expansion on the seabed, various active scientific phenomena have broken out on the earth at present.
The goal on research for the submarine ridge is to estimate how much heat or material are released in the seabed and is added to the seawater.
If it is clear, we understand how they influence over on organization of the sea water or of the atmosphere, so we need to establish a system which…
【Seabed exploration】
《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》
The prawns prevent us from seeing the whole image. They have a sensor on temperature its back, and making use of the sensor and gather around the Laputa as if they were moths at might in the middle of summer, so we can’t see any surface of the Laputa.
《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》
A central submarine ridge expands 3 centimeters a year, and other 16 centimeters. The former is the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean, and the latter is a sea swell at the East Pacific…
【Seabed exploration】
《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》
The Laputa looks like a huge tree of its diameter is some 5 meters, and its lower place is thick, and if going upward more and more, it branches off.
No one has seen its whole image, but its height is 18 meters at least. Why has no one seen it? It’s always covered with the black smoke, moreover there is such a strong stream that it is hard to research on submarine voyage in one place alone.
To make matters worse, a tremendous crowd of prawns clung to the Laputa as if it were tree made up with the prawns, so we can’t…
【Seabed exploration】
《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》
The lava comes out slowly owing to the water pressure as if it were squeezed from the tooth paste. There are some streaks on the surface because of the water pressure.
The whole mound is made up with sand or a block of sulfide. It looks its distribution has a regularity. The sulfide clung to or broke on the terrace, so the terrace is uneven. Some places bristles with dead chimney and there are new chimneys in other places.
The Laputa towers in the center of the mound, to be exact, it’s in northwest. It looks like a …
【Seabed exploration】
《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》
…there is the lava as if it were squeezed from a tooth paste in the seabed where there is no fire. It looks like a pillow. There are flat places covered with a pile.
There are two photos on them.
The one is the surface on the seabed covered with the pile. It doesn’t have any influence over the pile of hot water so much. The place is comparatively flat, and is covered with pile including white calcic dead body.
The other is the lava away from the TAG, and covered the seabed. Its shape looks like the pillow. The lava…
【Seabed exploration】
《A large number of blind prawns and a black smoker》
I made a mistake in the sub head line. I expressed black smoke, but it was a black smoker. To be exact, it isn’t the black smoke but it means the Laputa. I’m sorry for it.
There is a scale so as to research on the stream of flow of the hot water. It stands on one of the side of Laputa.
【Laputa has been still more covered with mysterious】
If following the submarine voyage of fifteenth times one by one in details, we can understand the whole image on the Laputa.
If looking at the Laputa from far away, there is a lava…
【Seabed exploration】
《A large number of blind prawns and a black smoke》
After the period of suspension, the present chimney begins to form. As the hot water boils from almost of the one place, so the chimney grows upward more and more, and the Laputa is formed.
There is an illustration on the scene of the foot from the tremendous black smoke in the center of mound on the hot water of TAG.
A large number of blind prawns swarm there, and sea anemones live in swarms in places where there is low temperature.
We can see the dead chimney which stops its action stand unearthly.
There is a…
【Seabed exploration】
《A large number of blind prawns and a black smoke》
Weathering or dissolution happened in the seabed at the suspension on the activity of hot water, and receiving erosion by the stream on the seabed, at last a flat place which was the terrace was formed.
A new chimneys would be formed next time again, and the hot water would come through the same place again. The chimney grew with the same way like the first time, but the new route became narrow considerably.
As to its scale, the upper mound is smaller than the one in the lowest one. After the period of suspension…
【Seabed exploration】
《A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》
…and a new chimneys were formed on the accumulated ones.
Scattered chimneys covered the lava of which shape was the pillow as if it had been futon, and the temperature was higher than the surface on the sea inside the lava, and the broken chimneys were accumulated there.
Activity on the hot water stopped when a mound of which height was 10 meter was formed for a while, for the magma in the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean was too small.
Weathering or dissolution happened in the seabed at the suspension…
【Seabed exploration】
《A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》
The first hot water came out of the crack and spread all over the seabed, then a route where the hot water went through easily was used before long, for if the crack was too small, it would be filled with the sediment 沈殿物 of the hot water.
Some of little chimneys were formed on the lava of which shape was a pillow, and the sediments made up with the hot water were accumulated around the little chimneys.
Lots of the chimneys were snapped and broken, so they lay in the seabed, and a new chimneys were formed on the...
【Seabed exploration】
《A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》
There is a scenario like the next from lots of investigation and fifteen results on record of submarine voyage in the past.
When the central submarine ridge started to expand, magma was supplied from the underground, and lava was formed there. As the lava became cool, there was a crack on the lava, then the crack absorbed the sea waster around it, and came from the crack again after heated by the magma, so the circulation on the hot water started.
The first hot water…
【Seabed exploration】
《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water gushes out and towers in the deep sea of which depth is 3600 meters》
It means that when the big mound was formed, there were three big period of activity and a suspension two times.
しんかい 6500 went down in the deep sea so as to investigate the TAG mound. The one which towered in the highest upper section and black smoke billowed from there on the TAG mound. It’s the Laputa which is tremendous chimneys in group.
《 A large number of blind prawns and black smoke》
How has the Laputa been formed?
There is a scenario…
【Seabed exploration】
《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water gushes out and towers in deep seabed of which depth is 3600 meters》
The mound of TGA grows on the lava made up with basalt 玄武岩 of which shape a pillow. It appears as a remarkable geographical features when reaching from the flat part on the seabed to the mound.
To tell the truth, the mound is made up with a terrace of two steps of which height is 10 meters and Laputa on the center.
There is a steep cliff between the terraces, sulfide is exposed at some place, and the slope of the terrace collapsed at other place.
【Seabed exploration】
《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water is gushed out and towers in the deep seabed of which depth is 3600 meters》
When looking at the illustration, we’re aware at first sight that there is a tremendous black smoke from a huge chimney at the center of the mound. The chimney is so gigantic that as if it were a huge wood covered with always black smoke. It was named Laputa which is familiar with us the Japanese in an animated film, though I’ve never watched the animated film, so I don’t know why it was named like that.
The mound of TAG grows on the lava…
【Seabed exploration】
《To TAG which is the biggest mound of hot water in the world》
…and explored the big mound where hot water gushed out and came close to the mechanism on its formation.
《Laputa which is chimneys in group where the hot water is gushed out and towers in the deep seabed of which depth is 3600 meters》
There is an illustration on the whole TAG mound by the submarine voyage of fifteenth times by しんかい6500.
When being on the ground, a thing like that is called a bird’s-eye view, but at the bottom of the sea it is called a view of the eye of a whale.
When looking at the…
【Seabed exploration】
《To TAG which is the biggest mound of hot water in the world》
There is the biggest mound of hot water in the world. We call it TAG. It’s at the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean on the north latitude 26 degree.
The diameter of the mound where the hot water gushed out is 250 meters and its height is 70 meters. Roughly speaking, its size is equal to the Tokyo dome for baseball.
We the Japanese carried into the しんかい6500 which is an investigation submarine all the way from Japan to the Atlantic Ocean and explored the tremendous mound where the hot water…
【Seabed exploration】
《To TAG which is the big mound of hot water in the world》
The seabed is torn in the central submarine ridge, and its crack has expanded to both sides a few centimeters a year. The sea water penetrates from the crack on the surface of the earth’s core to the deep part underground.
The seawater is heated by magma and gushed out in the seabed again, and a chimney which emitted black smoke in high temperature and of which is a chimney formed there.
A rare ecological system indeed has been formed around the chimney. It’s a scene as if a life were born there.
【A continuation from the last response】
Part 2 is the reach to the deepest part in the world, and the establishment on the station for observation for a long time.
It was expressed on a new development of the exploration on the seabed in Japan.
《To TAG which is the biggest mound of hot water in the world》
A central submarine ridge 海嶺 which were huge mountains surrounding the seabed is a place where a plate is formed newly. Magma which was melt from the deepest part from the earth and gushed out in the seabed, and lava was formed there.
The seabed is torn in the central submarine ridge…
【Sea exploration】
《Challenge Laputa which is a giant group of hot water chimney in group, or to the deepest part in the world which is in Mariana Trench》
「よこすか」the mother ship which loaded 「しんかい6500」left quietly the cliff where there was the center of ocean technical skill, for it started an investigation far away deep seabed over the Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Pacific Ocean. It was called Mode 94, for it was done May in 1994, two decades ago. To my sorrow,It was on old record.
The record was divided into part 1 and part 2. The part 1 is all the records on the investigation.
【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】
《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》
…it’ll be paralyzed with a strong poison and is caught by the jelly fish.
If it touches the skin of a person, the person will have a pain as if it received electric shock and leave a red welt on the skin. Sometimes it suffers form labored breathing and has a convulsive fit , if the worst comes to worst, it’ll be dead, so we'll have to be more careful of it.
【Seabed exploration】
《Challenge to the mysterious group of gigantic hot water chimney, Laputa, or the deepest part in the world of Mariana》
【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】
《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》
The Jelly fish has a strong impression of stinging, but mots of it don’t hurt people, but カツオのエボシ has a neurotoxin like a cobra. It is often called Portuguese man of war.電気クラゲ
It drifts ashore with a tidal current and south wind along the Japan from April to September.
It uses a bag which has air as if it were a sail and floats in the sea. It has elastic tentacles under the water, and its length sometimes reaches no less than 30 meters. If a little fish is touched with the tentacles, it’ll be…
【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】
《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》
It appears as if it were a bud in trees and plants, and it becomes a young jelly fish and swims around the sea.
If comparing it with a pot jelly fish 鉢クラゲ, lots of them are small. There is a film hanging over from the pot. It’s the characteristic.
An edible one is ビゼンクラゲ, エチゼンクラゲ, and スナイロクラゲ. There is a hard and thick layer of jelly on the central of its pot. It is preserved in liquid with salt and alum ミョウバン. It’s crispy and chewy, so lots of people love it.
The jelly fish has a strong…
【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】
《A moon jelly which is called ミズクラゲ repeats its generation》
…and passes its period as メテイフィラ which is still a larva but resembles the jelly fish more than any other larva and becomes adult jelly fish which has a round umbrella finally.
《A beautiful jelly fish sometimes kills people》
The shape on the jelly fish is very varied like a bowl, plate, disc, mushroom, or formal headwear for court nobles 烏帽子. It’s a masterpiece in the natural world.
A jellyfish on polyp appears from its colony which clings to the rock or to the seaweed along the sea.
【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】
《A moon jelly what is called ミズクラゲ repeats its generation》
The one which has eight things like the petal is polyp, and it’s one of generation on the jelly fish, so it clings on the rock or the sea weed, I’m wondering, but I’m not sure how it did, for there was no expression on it concretely.
The thing which has the eight petals has tentacles again and continues asexual reproduction.
The ephyra which is one of the eight things like the petal and was separated floated in the sea, and passes its period as メテフィラ which resembles the jelly fish than
【A jelly fish which is an alien in the sea】
《A moon jelly what is called a ミズクラゲ repeats its two generations》
…and its body changes into the one as if a plate is accumulated to it. It is called a strobila, but it was a first stage.
After that its tentacles shrink and disappear, eight things as if it were a petal appear. It’s a second stage.
In the third stage, the thing like a petal increases, and it separates one by one and swims in the water. We call it an ephyra. It’s a larva on the generation of the jelly fish, so it changes the one which resembles the jelly fish before long.
【A jelly fish which is alien in the sea】
《A moon jelly what is called ミズクラゲ repeats two generations》
The shape of the planula is different from the jellyfish which is familiar with us.
It swims in the water and clings to a rock or a seaweed and becomes a polyp of which shape resembles a sea anemone イソギンチャク. It has sixteen tentacles.
The polyp doesn’t have any difference between a male and a female. It increases with asexual reproduction like splitting into two and becomes a cluster.
A くびれ is formed in the body of the polyp as if it were constricted, and its body changes into the one as…
【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】
《A moon jelly what is 水クラゲ repeats two generations》
Speaking of the moon jelly, it’s a jellyfish which is familiar with us, for it has distributed all over the world. 95% of its body is mad up with water.
There is a fish what is called 出世魚 in Japanese. It’s a fish that is called by different name at different stages of growth, and the jellyfish resembles it.
When the jellyfish have hatched from the fertilized egg, it appears as planula. Its shape is oval and the whole body is covered with cilia 繊毛. The shape is different from the jelly which …
【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】
《A moon jelly, what is called ミズクラゲ repeats two generations》
…and its excrement also comes out of the mouth.
There are poison needles on the surface of the body. We call the poison needle 刺胞. Its size is minimum extremely.
The poison needle is in a capsule of which size from one hundredth to tenth of 1 gram. When being stimulated unpleasantly, the poison needle jumps out of the capsule and stabs the one which touches the 腔腸動物. The jellyfish belongs to the 腔腸動物.
The moon jelly is the shape as if a half moon floated in the sea. Speaking of the…
【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】
《A moon jelly, what is called ミズクラゲ repeats two generations》
Lots of jellyfishes and a part of coelenterates 腔腸動物 repeats generation of floating and other generation of clinging something. We call the former one the generation of jellyfish and the latter the generation of polyp.
By the way, what’s the coelenterates 腔腸動物?
While it has a mouth, it doesn’t have an anus, so its structure on the body is like a bag. It catches the food with the tentacle and puts it into the mouth then the food goes to the stomach, and its excrement also comes out of...
【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】
《All the jellyfishes don’t sting》
The cnidocytes 刺胞 is filled with poisonous liquid.
The one which doesn’t sting belongs to comb jelly. It’s expressed 有櫛動物 in Japanese.
Cilia 繊毛 are lined on the surface of the body as if they were the teeth of a comb there. We call it a comb board, and the jellyfish which doesn’t sting has the comb board and swims in the sea, shining the comb board in the sea.
To my sorrow, I don’t have any special knowledge on the jellyfish. If it is hard to understand, I’m sorry for it. I’m sure I have to study harder.
【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】
《All the jellyfishes don’t sting》
The jellyfish is by far older than fish and appeared on the sea of the earth around a billion years ago. It inhabit a wide area from the tropical zone to a shoal in the Frigid Zone. It is said its kinds are some three hundred in Japan alone, and three thousand in the world. Except for a craspedacusta 真水くらげ which inhabits river, pond or lake, all the jellyfishes do in the sea.
Roughly speaking, the jellyfish is divided into two group. The one is stinging, and the other isn’t. The one which sting has cnidocytes 刺胞.
【A jellyfish which is an alien in the sea】
《The creature which is extremely beautiful and has existed on the earth from the ancient time a billion years ago》
The creature of which almost body is made up with water. It’s a jellyfish. Its transparent body floated with its delicate tentacles shining in the sea as if it were an alien in the space.
Its history on life is repeats a generation of sexual reproduction and other generation of asexual reproduction. The jellyfish which is the most mysterious creature. I’m going to express on it.
《All the jellyfishes don’t sting》
The jellyfish is…
【The tree made up with fireflies】
《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》
As to the color or wave of shape when flying, the male and female are the same, but the one which flies is the male alone, so the male can find the female easily.
When the male approached the female, the female radiated the light strongly, and the male was attracted by the female, then they copulated.
As to the Genji firefly, the communication between the male and female is complicated. The male approached the female, after that the male radiated varied light as if it had tried to pleased the female.
【The tree made up with fireflies】
《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》
Kyokushi village in Kumamoto prefecture is one of its habitats,
Thousands of fireflies gathered in the place of which height was 10 meters and of which length was 1 kilometers, and repeated flicker all together there in the past.
The Genji firefly radiates light slowly as if it breathed. When stopping somewhere and radiating light, it was done irregularly, but after sunset, when the male flew all together so as to look for the female, the light of radiation synchronized.
As to its color or shape of…
【The tree made up with fireflies】
《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》
The third ones are Genji firefly which we can observe in Japan,
We are familiar with the Genji firefly which inhabits a clean river than any other ones in Japan. They used to appear in literature or poetry in Japan frequently from long ago. Its ten habitats have been specified as natural monument 天然記念物.
The Genji fireflies gather in a big river and flicker all together. Some of them fly over the river and others are on a tree. Their light make us feel as if we felt the Milky Way arrived on the ground.
【The tree made up with fireflies】
《There are four kinds in relation to a big group on fireflies in the world》
If there was an obstacle, the way of seeing the light was varied, but if being able to see very far ahead along the river, all the fireflies on both sides flickered all together.
There was a shining belt made up with swarm of the fireflies on the both sides of the river. It looked magnificent. They radiated light in group at the same place through a year, so lots of insects which mimicked the fireflies have been discovered.
《The river of fireflies which we can observe in Japan》
【The tree made up with fireflies】
《There are four kinds in relation to a big group on fireflies in the world》
The author said he couldn’t find any insect which mimicked firefly among the ones in Indonesia, and it has been thought the firefly changed the place to gather.
The ones in Malaysia gathered at the both sides of a river. It reaches some 2 kilometers. Mangrove grew thick there, and the fireflies were on the leaves of the mangrove, and flickered at the same time. The cycle on radiation of light was arranged. Larvae also emitted light on the ground of the both riverside.
【The tree made up with fireflies】
《There are four kinds in relation to a big group on fireflies in the world》
The firefly in Indonesia is different from Cliverata in some points. As to the one in Indonesia, the male and female has the same color on the radiation of light, and changing the tree which they gathered suddenly.
The ones in Indonesia often inhabit a little island where there are few feed for larvae around the tree, so they couldn’t settle down in any one place. They continued to wander about seeking after the place of feed for the larvae
The author said he couldn’t find any…
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Insects which mimic the fireflies》
The fireflies gathered a specific tree and don’t move through a year, it’s one of reason why the insects which mimic the fireflies gather easily there.
《There are four kinds in relation to the big group on firefly in the world》
The fireflies formed a big group and flickered at the same time. There are other three kinds in the world. It’s Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan.
I’ve expressed on the fireflies called Cliverata mainly until now, but the ones which inhabit the three other places are different from Cliverata.
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Insects which mimic the fireflies》
Because the fireflies must have had a nature which a foreign enemy hates and it is hard to be preyed on.
As to lots of imagoes on fireflies, if being done something unpleasant or something risky, they give off unpleasant smell or liquid from the secretory gland, and defending themselves from predators like a bird.
It has a high possibility that the light generated by the large scale of group of fireflies plays a role as warning signal against the predators which has an ability of learning.
The fireflies gathered a…
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Insects which mimic the fireflies》
Though there are some insects which resembled the fireflies made up with the tree on color or shape, but they belonged to other family. Lots of them were discovered in the tree made up with fireflies.
The ration on the insects which mimicked the fireflies was from 10 to 30 percent. Some of them were in the middle of copulation, so the tree of fireflies is the place of mating behavior for those insects. Even a little moth was included then.
Why other insects mimic the firefly? Because the firefly must have had nature which…
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《A male and female talk with the signal of light》
After laying eggs, the life on the female was over there.
On the other hand, the male returned to the group again and radiated the light by flicker at the same time until it was dead. What it can copulate again doesn’t matter, but strengthening the signal by light in group is useful for the group of fireflies.
As a result, the male is more than the female in the group. When gathering some of them at random, the female accounted for no more than 30 % in the group, the author said like that.
《Insects which…》
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《A male and female talked with the signal of light》
The female doesn’t synchronized with the radiation of the light by the male, but its radiation of light is faint and isn’t conspicuous, so when looking at it from a distant place, it looked the radiation of light on the whole tree of the fireflies synchronized.
The female which finished the copulation went down on the ground and started to look for a place for laying eggs. It emitted faint slow light in succession and flew above the ground with the height from 20 to 30 centimeters in zigzag way.
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《A male and female talk with the signal of light》
…the females which gave off faint yellow-green light in succession and flies became remarkable.
When the male discovered the female, the male changed the pattern on radiation of light dramatically, switching to the one which appealed to the female for its love.
The male continued to radiate the light by quick flicker for a few seconds, and started to fly for chasing the female. When accepting the request from the male by the female, both of them copulated 交尾.
The female doesn’t synchronized with the …
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《A male and female talk with the signal of light》
Then the period on the light of the radiation was irregular. It became short little by little, and the male synchronized its period with other ones around it. It started to give off the light regularly.
Then the radiation of light by flicker at the same time was done with an interval of a second, it was an instant light. It was the signal which tempted lots of the females from a wide area.
After the heyday on the flicker in group at the same time by the male, females which gave off faint yellow green light…
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《A male and female talk with the signal by light》
The male can change the pattern on the signal of radiation of light quickly, according to its own activity, so the signal by radiation of light seems to include important information for them.
Both of the male and female recognize the pattern on radiation of light and its color each other, and take into action with a fixed style.
After the sunset, the male emitted a flash with a slow interval and stopped in the air for a while, after that it moved to the top of the tree. Then the period on the radiation of …
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《A male and a female talk with the signal by light》
…so even if we look at them with naked eyes from a distant place, we can distinguish the distinction of sex on both of them.
It’s useful when studying the activity on the fireflies and trying to clarify the structure and function on the flicker in group at the same time.
The author said he made a film the fireflies in group with a high speed film and analyzed it and discovered the next thing.
Both of male and female changed the signal by radiation of light and it was more complicated than he expected.
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》
Radiation of light in group is a signal by light and makes the new imagoes gather, so even if they change their turns on shining, they have to continue to radiate light all night.
《A male and female talk with the signal by light》
When radiating light, each of light is difference between the male and female. The firefly which forms the tree has a feature like that, but other fireflies don’t.
A male gives off strong yellow light, a female does faint yellow-green light in succession, so even if we look at them with naked…
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》
The group of fireflies need dozens of thousand of imago so as to maintain the group, so the number on the larva is dozens times as many as the imago.
As a result, there must have been plenty of spiral shells which are the feed for the fireflies in neighbor in order to form the tree of fireflies.
Considering, the tree of fireflies makes the fireflies which scattered gather and increases a chance of meeting the male and female. The tree functions like that.
Radiation of light in group is a signal by light which makes…
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》
To make matters worse, it is hard to communicate by radiation of light because a tree obstructs it.
As imagoes gather a tree at least a few thousand, a large number of larvae must have inhabited the area around the tree.
Let’s suppose that four thousand of imagoes emerge in a place of which radius is 100 meters. When calculating simply, the imago on the firefly inhabits a place of 8 square meters, but the life span on the imago is short.
Let’s suppose that its life span was seven days. The group of fireflies need a …
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Why is the tree of fireflies made?》
The fireflies which inhabit the tropical zone emerge in a whole year, but its life span is short, but new images 成虫 always have to join the group so as to maintain its scale.
It eats lots of spiral shells on land when being larval 幼虫, so without scattering in a wide area, it is short of its feed. As the larvae scattered, its new imagoes emerge in a wide area.
In this condition, its habitat density is low, a chance of coming across between a male and female become few. To make matters worse, it is hard to communicate by…
【A tree made up with fireflies】
《Why is the tree of firefly made?》
For example, the tree of fireflies is in a place where commands a fine view from a distant place, so the fireflies scattering in a wide area can gather easily. The condition like that is necessary.
When other conditions of the shape on tree or leaves which the signal of light reached others easily is arranged, a large scale of graduation of light in group is made. The author thought like that.
Once the tree of fireflies is made, it’s maintained through a year. Why? Its reason seem to be like the next.
The firefly which …
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《Why is the tree of firefly made?》
…is the firefly has a nature of being attracted by light. When some of fireflies gathered and shone at the same time, its effect as signal by light is bigger than little signal by a single firefly, so the effect of attracting firefly becomes high.
Once that effect was born, the bigger group made up with the fireflies may have been in chain reaction.
A condition where the tree of firefly stands is important so as to work out the effect. Its habitat and the shape on the tree control whether or not the group is formed.
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living things on firefly which shines in group at the same time》
…for when the fireflies shone, it changed their turns of shining, then there is difference on their time. There is a time lag among the fireflies.
The author said he couldn’t make sure a pacemaker which led the synchronization on radiation of light.
It seems that the firefly looked at others next to which shining, and synchronized the period of radiation of light.
《Why is the tree of firefly made?》
In general, one of reason why the firefly makes a group is it has a…
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living things on fireflies which shine in group at the same time》
The author videotaped the radiation of light and analyzed its image, studied the activity on the radiation of light by the fireflies.
As a result, it doesn’t always mean that the whole fireflies radiated the light at the same time but it was clear that about half of the fireflies radiated the light by turns.
The phenomenon of synchronization by the light was shown among the fireflies in chain reaction, for when the firefly which shone changed, there was difference of …
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living things on firefly which shines in group at the same time》
…especially it frequently synchronized at dawn. This flicker in group at the same time happens in the same tree in a whole year, so the fireflies didn’t move in group from the tree.
Some people who were attracted by the mysterious phenomenon made progress varied study, but it has never been clear how the flicker was maintained at the same time.
We can’t understand the mystery on the phenomenon of the radiation of the light enough at present.
The author videotaped the…
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living thing on firefly which shine in group at the same time》
When a dawn started around 5：20 in the next morning, the number of shining firefly decreased around 5：40, and the radiation of light by the firefly was over after five minutes.
The phenomenon on the radiation of light was observed in both clear sky and rainy weather. It continued at the whole night from the sunset to the dawn.
In the beginning, the fireflies shone separately. The period on the radiation of light often synchronized from the midnight to before the dawn…
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living things on firefly which shine in group at the same time》
…and flied in straight or in zigzag way.
Around nine at night, the firefly on the whole tree started to flicker all together in the same period.
The whole tree made up with the firefly sometimes flickered at the same time, and the part which shone showed us its shape in chain.
Its light changed delicately from right to left, from the upper part to lower part or from the lower part to the upper part in other time. It seemed as if the wave of light had spread there.
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living things on firefly which shine in group at the same time》
The place where there is the tree in which fireflies gathered was being able to see very far ahead along the path when comparing it with other trees around it, and both of its branches and leaves are horizontal and simple. They aren’t so complicated.
After the sun went down and it became dark, the fireflies began to shine, flying slowly. After that, the darker it became, the more shining fireflies increased suddenly.
They stayed around the tree in the air, shining, and…
【A tree of firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living things on firefly which shine in group at the same time》
A potato field spread over in front of the tree, and the jungle was at the back of the tree. There is a tree of which height was over 30 meters in a place some three meters away from the path through the forest in the jungle.
Dozens of thousand of Kuriberatas gathered and shone in the tree which was more remarkable than other trees there.
The place where there is the tree in which the firefly gather is being able to see ahead…
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living thing on firefly which shine in group at the same time》
Some people say it’s a wedding ceremony in group where a male and female on the firefly meet there each other. The firefly is called pteroptics kuriberata, it’s so long that I make it a rule to call it Kuriberata.
The author visited Rabaul in Papua New Guinea August in 1991 and observed action on Kuriberata which is a kind of firefly then.
It took a half hour on the path through the forest in jungle by car and there was the largest scale on the tree of the firefly there.
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living thing on firefly which shine in group at the same time》
Let’s look at the mode of life on the firefly hiding in the tree of firefly.
There is a firefly which is well known in the whole Southeast Asia. Thousands of them gather at a specific tree shines and stops shining all together. Their number is from a few thousand to dozens of thousand.
As the fireflies which were on the tree repeats flicker regularly in fixed period, the whole tree changes into a thing like a Christmas tree. The mysterious scene is developed there.
【Baobab which is a gigantic tree like a mother】
《The future on baobab》
There isn’t the next generation for the baobab, so it may be a pitiful declining group.
【A tree made up with a firefly】
《A mysterious habits of living thing on firefly which shine in group at the same time》
There is a phenomenon that thousands of fireflies gather on a single tree and shine and stop shining all together like a Christmas tree.
Some people say it’s a wedding ceremony in group where both of male and female on the firefly meet each other.
Let’s look at the mysterious mode of life on the firefly hiding…
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《The future on the baobab》
The bud was nipped when coming out of the ground as daily work so as to prevent it from spreading in The little prince.
On the other hand, we’ve never seen the bud of the baobab on the actual earth like Africa, Australia, and Madagascar. There are few young trees, for burning off the field has been done in order to make domestic animal feed the soft bud, or an ignition breaks out automatically and developed into the burning off the land.
Even if it’s a tremendous tree, it has enough water, so it can escape the fire.
【Baobab which is a gigantic tree like a mother】
《The future on the baobab》
Oil was squeezed from a dried seed and a soap was made in Madagascar.
The leave has a slime, and it has been put in a soup as vegetable and is eaten in Africa.
The big tree has been worshipped as holy wood each place where there is the baobab. There is a magician exclusively in some place, and the magician prays other people’s wish for the tree.
The baobab is useful plant in many ways, so neither it’s a bad seed nor a terrible tree. It’s different from the one which appears in a book of The little prince.
【Baobab which is a tremendous tree like a mother】
《The future on the baobab》
As to the baobab, not only its bark but its fruit and leave has been taken advantage of.
Its fruit is covered with a hard hull, so the hull is able to be used as a vessel. Its seed is covered with aril 種衣, and the aril is like a pulp, and includes tartaric acid 酒石酸 and sugar content, so it has a sweet and sour taste. We can eat it with raw as it was, and if dissolving in the water, it becomes a soft drink.
Its seed has enough oil, and a young embryo is crushed as it was and is used for cooking oil.
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Its trunk is a tank for saving water》
…so it doesn’t always seem that an efficiency on formation of carbohydrate 炭水化物 by the photosynthesis is good. In spite of it, it can form its gigantic body because the assistance by the photosynthesis beneath the bark has been done enough.
Its drying season continues for a half year under the high temperature. While falling leaves, it can endure severe environment, for it has been thought the photosynthesis by chlorophyll beneath the bark makes up for losing energy by respiration.
《The future on the baobab》
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Its trunk is a tank for saving water》
An epidermis 表皮 on the baobab is different delicately when its kinds are different. Its color is usually brown, but a thing immediately beneath the epidermis is green, and there is chlorophyll 葉緑素 and photosynthesis is done there.
If the bark is tore up, the place where the photosynthesis disappears as well, but the chlorophyll survives with the bark.
The baobab is different from an ordinary tree, so its branch doesn’t spread so much. It means that there are little leaves, so the efficiency on formation…
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Its trunk is a tank for saving water》
As to a tree of which diameter is more than two meters, we can cut off the bark of which thickness is from 7 to 8 centimeters, and after barking, about a half dozen of other bark appears like a paper-thin sheet of wood.
The other bark has been used for material on wood or roof of a house, and were torn up minutely and intertwined with an oil from cattle, and were changed into a rope. The rope is so strong that even if pulling the cattle, the rope doesn’t snap.
Even if the bark was torn up, it survives.
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Its trunk is a tank for saving water》
The soft wooden material has plenty of water. There are data that the wood of which 210 cubic meter includes water of about ten hundred and thirty thousand liters. It means that water makes up for 64% in the tree.
Therefore when a drought continued for years, excepting for cutting down and making use of it as feed for cattle, it isn’t taken advantage of as material then.
On the other hand, the bark covering the tree is so thick and strong that it has been made use of as important material.
【Baobab which is a tremendous tree like a mother】
《Its trunk is a tank for saving water》
Balsa which is the lightest wood in the world belongs to the baobab. Its specific gravity 比重 is from 0.1 to 0.2.
When drying up, the baobab becomes light, and its specific gravity is 0.15. Then it becomes softer, and even if the baobab of which diameter is over 2 meters, when falling down on the ground, it will be broken down within three years, and disappears into the air..
When crunching on the baobab, the author said he felt as if he had bitten a hard sugar cane.
The soft wood material has a...
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Its big trunk is a tank for saving water》
The baobab of which diameter is 4.6 meters seems to live for 1010 years, according to measurement of isocarbon 同位炭素.
Its speed on growing is fast. When surveying several trees on baobab for five years, it grows by 2 centimeters a year. It used to be said it take a longer time to grow, but it seems to grow more quickly.
Coming into flower is early unexpectedly, the seed germinates 発芽, and it starts to come into flower after 15 years.
Balsa which is one of the lightest wood in the…
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Its big trunk is a tank for saving water》
If wanting to know the age of a tree, counting an annual ring is an exact way, but the baobab doesn’t have any annual ring.
As there seemed to be the annual ring on the stump, so when trying to count its number, but it wasn’t done. The author said he couldn’t because 何枚にも分かれたから. I can’t understand its situation, so I can’t express it in English.
When looking it up in the internet, its inside is the one like a cotton, so no one can count its annual ring, I’m wondering.
The baobab of which diameter is…
【Baobab which is a tremendous tree like a mother】
《Is its origin the Gondwana continent?》
But except for ディギタータ which is the tree of baobab in Madagascar, each of baobab is endemic species 固有種.
The species have accomplished a clear differentiation in the isolated place, so accepting the simple theory that the seed floated from the ocean is hard.
《Its big trunk is a tank for saving water》
It is said that the baobab lives for thousands of years, it is possible to think like that if its the huge tree of which diameter is over 10 meters, but how long is its life span on the gigantic tree?
【Baobab which is a gigantic tree like a mother】
《Is its origin the Gondwana continent?》
As a result, it has been thought its origin dates back to the Gondwana continent, and the distribution on the one which belongs to baobab is overlapped there, but we can’t find any proof which is related to a fossil.
Does the baobab have a long history before the Gondwana continent divided? It has been unclear. The fruit of the baobab is hard and has a hollow inside the fruit, so it can float on the water, so it is possible it drifted to the island by the ocean current.
But except for ディギタータ which…
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Is its origin the Gondwana continent?》
If the theory is extended, an area where various kinds exist is the central area where the kinds become differentiation.
If applying it for the baobab, we can presume Madagascar where kinds of baobab are many overwhelmingly is the place where the baobab was born for the first time.
Baobab belongs to Bombacaceae パンヤ科, and it doesn’t grow in Africa, but the one which belongs to Bombacaceae like baobab are lot there. Bombacaceae is distributed in India.
As a result it has been thought the origin on the…
【Baobab which is a tremendous tree like a mother】
《Is its origin the Gondwana continent?》
…if thinking over the background on the geographic features, it’s easy to solve.
In the Paleozoic era 古生代 from five hundred and seventy five million years ago to two hundred forty seven million years ago, there used to be the gigantic Gondwana continent made up with present South America, Africa, Australia and India, then the Madagascar island used to be the center of the Gondwana continent.
A Russian scholar advocated the central area on a mutant is the origin on the mutant. If the theory is …
【Baobab which is a gigantic tree like a mother】
《Is its origin the Gondwana continent?》
Its petal is wide and has a sweet fragrance.
On the other hand, the Madagascar island at eastern Africa in the Indian Ocean is by far smaller one than the African continent, but there are eight kinds of baobab there.
Adansonia which is ディギタータ is one of the eight kinds, but other seven kinds are endemic species 固有種 in Madagascar. There is a mention of two kinds of endemic species in Australia.
As to the strange distribution on baobab, if thinking over its background on the geographic features, it’s…
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《Is its origin the Gondwana continent?》
Some ten kinds of baobab have been known to the world. Their homeland is Africa, Madagascar, and Australia, mainly lots of them are in the Southern Hemisphere.
The one which distributes at Sahara in Africa is Adansonia alone. There is a picture on Adansonia of the flower in the book. Adansonia is a technical term, so it is usually called ディギタータ. It’s a white flower and is in bloom at night. It’s open downward, and when it’s in full bloom, its diameter reaches 20 centimeters. The petal is wide and has a...
【Baobab which is a tremendous tree like a mother】
《A real face on the tree which hides a mystery for two hundred million years》
When falling leaves in the dry season, the tree changes into a strange one as if the God pulled the tree out of the ground and put it upside down, for the branches gather upper part alone, so the branches look like roots, I’m wondering.
But needless to say when in the rainy season, about a half dozen of small leaves are open in the branches as if they were hands and grow green and lush, so its impression changes. Its shape reminds us of a green hill.
《Is its…》
【Baobab which is a huge tree like a mother】
《A real face on the tree which hides a mystery for two hundred million years》
The author said he came across the biggest one which he had ever seen to the route of Mt.Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It was by far bigger than a house nearby, he said like that. The biggest one he actually measure is its diameter is 7.4 meters, and its girth is 23 meters.
The baobab has few of lower branches, and its branches concentrate on the upper part of the tree. While its trunk is very thick, its height is very low, so it looks short and fat. When falling leaves…
【Baobab which is a gigantic tree like a mother】
《A real face on the plant which hides a mystery for two hundred million years》
Baobab has a deep connection with the life of people and is called a mother in the forest in the west of Madagascar.
It appears in the illustration on the little prince written by Saint-Exupery, and only three of it covered the whole little star. To tell the truth, the real baobab is actually thick. The biggest one on its girth is no less than 54.5 meters, according to the Guinness Book of Records.
The author said he came across a tremendous one to the route of…
【Baobab which is a gigantic tree like a mother】
《The plant on real face which hides a mystery for two hundred million years》
After April from the rainy season is over, the leaves on baobab is in heydays 最盛期 then, and the power on the baobab heightens more than any other season. Its differentiation on sprouts starts for the bloom.
The author said as its height was over 20 meters, it’s the big tree, but to tell the truth, as to the height on 20 meters, it doesn’t ring a bell for me.
The huge tree, baobab, its massive shape is which no one can ignore. How long has it existed on the ground?
【Baobab which is a tremendous tree like a mother】
《The plant on real face which hides a mystery for two hundred million years》
The baobab is also in one corner of Australia, and it may have existed for a long time through the Gondwana continent. Its kinds are varied, and it is about to take off its veil.
As receiving ruddy afterglow from the sun which is about to going down at Mozambique strait in the west of Madagascar, the bark of the grandidieri baobab shines ruddy.
The gigantic tree which bristling with others of which height is over 20 meters.
Rainy season is over April, after that…
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
《A laboratory for a magnificent evolution》
Moreover, in the table mountain which is isolated from others, differentiation on species is remarkable in the each of table mountains.
The Galápagos Islands are famous for a laboratory on evolution, but the table mountains are by far larger scale on the scene of evolution.
【Baobab which is a gigantic tree like a mother】
A real plant which hides a mystery for two hundred million of years.
There is the baobab which is a huge tree at a savanna in Africa. Its unknown kingdom is in Madagascar.
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
《A laboratory for a magnificent evolution》
After that the Gondwana continent divided and each of continent has formed like South America, Africa, India, Australia, and the Antarctic Pole at present.
It is said that there are plenty of plants which are related to other area like Africa in the ancient time geologically.
Moreover we can’t find any annual herbaceous plant 一年生草本植物 which evolved in new generation fourth term from one million and seven hundred thousand years ago to present time. It’s after the Mesozoic era. 中生代.
Furthermore…
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
《A laboratory for the magnificent evolution》
…and it is said that three-fourths of them are endemic species 固有種.
It has been thought that there are descendants from the plants and animals on the top of the table mountain in the time when Gondwana continent existed, according to a Japanese professor who visited and investigated the high land in Guiana.
Gondwana continent is a supercontinent which used to exist from in the Southern Hemisphere in the latter period of the Paleozoic era 古生代 to the Mesozoic era 中生代.
After that it divided…
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
《It has a history of billions of years》
It’s possible that ancient creatures like a dinosaurs live quietly.
Conan Doyle who is famous for the author on the series of Sherlock Holmes thought like that and wrote his work, the lost world. Mt.Roraima is famous for the scene on the lost world.
《A laboratory for a magnificent evolution》
Though a dinosaurs doesn’t exist on the top of the Mt.Roraima, original plants and animals live there.
There are some four thousand kinds of plants in the high land of Guiana, and three fourths are endemic…
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
《It has a history of billions of years》
In addition, the rock formation in the Precambrian has been left in the high land in Guiana at present, but how did the tableland in the Precambrian made? We have little information on it.
Holes were made by the water and valley spread and each of the table mountain has been independent like Sarisarinama?
The table mountains is the table lands which have been from the Precambrian in well balanced way, and is the precipice which is isolated from the ground.
It’s possible that ancient creatures…
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
…and analysis on the geographic features and the nature of the soil has been done a satellite image recently.
《It has a history of billions of years》
The history on Southern American continent reaches 3. 5 billion years. One of them which were made in the most ancient time is the high land in Guiana. Mt. Andes which lies to the west in the continent continues active orogeny 造山運動 from the end of Precambrian about a half billion years ago until now.
On the other hand, the high land in Guiana has existed with a well-balanced way until now.
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
Even if being able to reach there, the precipices of which a thousand meters above sea level prevent us from going ahead, to make matters worse, the high land in Guiana is always covered with cloud and mist and its climate is easy to change, so approaching from the sky is also hard.
The mountains which refuse to approach almost all of people have been mysterious even at present, but investigation on plants and animals on the top of the mountain has started lately, and analysis on the geographic features or the natures on the soil has…
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
Almost of the table mountains are in west of the high land in Guiana, in Venezuela, and a group of isolated mountains of which height is below 1000 meters is in east.
The expression here the author did was the high land in Guiana, in Venezuela. It isn’t easy to approach those table mountains, for needless to say, there aren’t any routes there, and the foot of the table mountains are covered with tropical rain forests of which amount of rainfall a year is over 3000 milliliter.
Even if reaching the foot, the precipices of which a…
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
The high land in Guiana lies at northern area of jungle in Amazon, and mountains which have strange scene are dotted there. It’s a table mountain of which circumference are steep precipices, and the top of the mountain is flat as if it were a table.
Strictly speaking, the high land in Guiana is a land like a shield which stretches over Columbia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Guiana belongs to France, and Brazil. It reaches no less than one million and two hundred thousand meter square.
There are some hundred of table mountains there.
【A tremendous hole of which diameter is some 300 meters】
A macaw コンゴウインコ or an oilbird アブラヨタカ of which nest are in the precipice shriek like that. As beasts like a jaguar can’t climb up the precipice, the place is a safe nest for the birds.
The hole is covered with green forest, and the forest is strange as well, for trees belong to chrysanthemum 菊 or hypericum オトギリソウ which are familiar to us as grass form the forest.
It’s not a flower of chrysanthemum but a tree of chrysanthemum. I can’t imagine it.
【The form on the ancient earth has been shown to us】
The high land in Guiana lies in…
【A tremendous hole of which diameter is 300 meters】
There is a huge hole of which diameter and depth is 300 meters at Sarisarinama high land.
There is other hole at the right side of the big hole. The other hole is also the other precipice of which height is almost a thousand meter, and the water is running at the bottom of the hole and flowing down in a waterfall.
The strange hole is natural geographic features made by erosion, but the hole will collapse and change into a valley in the future.
Native Indians call the place tablelands where devils live, for eerie shriek echoes from there.
【Thunderstorm rages and the earth is being shaven】
…after that the river has changed into waterfall and is falling down on the steep precipice.
There is a photo on Churun waterfall at Mt.Auyantepui which is the biggest area in the table mountain. A beautiful rainbow is made around the waterfall.
The large amount of water ran down from the table mountain and changed into the flow in Orinoco River, so the river poured into the Atlantic Ocean.
【A tremendous hole of which diameter is 300 meters】
There is a big hole of which diameter and depth is no less than 300 meters in Sarisarinama high…
【A mysterious earth covered with cloud and fog】
Water is evaporated and rises from the tropical rain forest and bumped against the steep perspire, so the cloud is made.
As a result, the Guiana high land has been covered with cloud and fog for the whole year, so the whole picture on the high land is rarely exposed.
Conan Doyle adopted the Mt. Romania as scene in his work, in the lost world.
【Thunderstorm raged and the earth is shaven】
In rainy season, thunderstorm rages everyday at the high land in Guiana. Rain fell down on the solid bedrock and the river was made there, after that the…
【The last unexplored region on the earth is the high land in Guiana】
It’s an expression on the photo of the high land in Guiana.
There is a tropical rain forest as if the earth was covered with a green carpet. Some of the table mountains are towering among the scene.
A river is flowing before the table mountain. It's the Cawra River which is one of branches of Orinoco river.
【A mysterious earth covered with cloud and fog】
Mt. Roraima which lies in the border among Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil. Bare rock peeks out between the steep perspires in the cloud.
Water is evaporated and ...
【The last unexplored region on the earth which is the high land in Guiana】
The lost world faces us as the form in the ancient time.
Mountains of which view is strange are dotted at northern area in South America. They have been covered with cloud and mist for the whole year.
A precipice of which sea level is above a thousand meter, a waterfall which flowing down in a deep valley with strong splash. The earth covered with dark green.
The high land in Guiana where overwhelming energy throbbed from the earth. It has been taken from the sky with a photograph.
It’s an expression on a photo…
【Biota 生物相 in the Guiana high land which reminds us of the era of Gondwana continent】
…to my sorrow, I have little knowledge on the era of the Gondwana continent, so it doesn’t ring a bell.
There have been none of big climate change, other creature which evolved in original way in plains seldom came in, so the Guiana high land succeeded in keeping original biota, besides each of the table mountains is isolated, so different kinds of creatures have been distributed each of the table mountains.
A key which solves the mystery on evolution must have been hidden in the high land.
【Biota 生物相 which reminds us of the era of Gondwana continent】
Considering, the situation is as if the time stopped from million years ago at least.
Except for plants, almost all of the creatures in the Guiana high land is insects, amphibians 両生類 or reptiles. There are few mammal, a few kinds of mouses, and a small anteaters have been discovered until at present. Moreover opossum belongs to marsupials 有袋類 has bee made sure as well. Those creatures remind us of the era of Gondwana continent.
The author said like that, but to my sorrow, I have little knowledge on the era…
【Biota in Guiana high land which reminds us of the era of Gondwana continent】
It has been thought that the creatures on the top of the Guiana high land are descendants from plants and animals which used to be distributed widely in the Gondwana continent.
As to a kind of grass on rice plant, bean, and chrysanthemum 菊, they are more than other any kind of grass in the world, but there are few kind of those grass in the Guiana high land.
The grass belongs to chrysanthemum exists there but most of them are trees. Plants evolves from the tree to grass. Considering, the situation is as if its…
【Biota 生物相 in Guiana high land which remind us of the era of Gondwana continent】
South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctic used to be the part of Gondwana continent some billions years ago, but as the continent drifted the continent has changed into each shape sixty five million years ago.
After that a series of the movement of the earth’s crust made other area erode by the sea water, but the Guiana high land alone was left on the sea, and was saved from the erosion.
It has been thought the creatures on the top of the Guiana high land are descendants from plants and animals which…
【Guiana high land is the lost world which shows us who live in modern era the ancient earth】
The table mountain is isolated form other places as if it was an island in the ocean. Creatures have evolved in original way on the top of the table mountain.
Some four thousand of kinds of plants have been discovered there at present, and about its three fourths are indigenous there which we can’t see anywhere else.
【Biota 生物相 in Guiana high land which remind us of the era in the Gondwana continent】
South America, Africa, Australia and the Antarctic used to be the part of the Gondwana continent…
【Guiana high land is the lost world which shows us who live in modern era the ancient earth】
Soft part alone on the earth has been eroded for hundreds of million years and a solid bedrock alone has been left and the landform is made like that.
The top of the mountains of which height is from hundreds to a thousand is different from a jungle in the tropical zone in the world here below.
Its temperature is low and the area has been covered with cloud and mist in the great part of a year. It’s an unique surrounding.
The table mountain is isolated…
【Guiana high land is the lost world which shows us who live in modern era the ancient earth】
Conan Doyle wrote other work of which title is the Lost world, and an unexplored region where even a dinosaur lived there in northern area of South America was expressed in the work. Its model is the Guiana high land in Venezuela.
Though the dinosaur doesn’t exist, there are various creatures as if they had been left alone from evolution in the high land.
There are lots of mountains which are surrounded by steep precipices 絶壁 vertically. We call the mountain a table mountain.
Soft part alone on…
【Death Sea】
…as a result, the salinity becomes high extremely.
We can seldom see any creatures in the Death Sea. It has been made sure a kind of bacterium alone exists there. Moreover there are few plants in plains around the Death Sea.
Crystal on the salt has accumulated so much it becomes a thing like a post everywhere in the Death Sea. The scene is suitable for the name on the Death Sea. It’s a desolate view.
【Guiana high land is the lost world which shows us who live in modern era the ancient earth】
The master detective Sherlock Holmes is a famous character who was created by Doyle.
【Death Sea】
…and its salinity is five times as much as the sea water. Its salinity is so high that a human body can float there.
The water to the Death Sea flows in from the Jordan River mainly, but the water doesn’t come out from the death sea, but the river is in an arid region, so almost the same amount of water which flowed in is evaporated.
The water in the Jordan River includes a larger amount of sodium chloride 塩化ナトリウム and magnesium chloride 塩化マグネシウム, so even if the water in the lake was evaporated, the salt remains, as a result, the salinity becomes high..
【Death sea】
The first is it’s in the lowest place in the world. It is minus 395 meters above sea level. It’s in the northern end of the Great Rift Valley which runs through Eastern Africa, and the valley has been opening gradually even at present.
The Death Sea is the one which was caused at the crack in the earth’s core.
The second feature is its salinity 塩分濃度.
As to the seawater, there is salt of 50 gram in the water of I liter, and its salinity is from 4 to 6 %.
On the other hand, as tot the Death Sea, salt of some 300 gram in the water of I liter, and its salinity is 31.5%, it’s…
【Lop-Nor, a wandering lake which caused a big dispute】
…so its mystery seems to be solved in the near future.
When looking at the image on Lop-Nor from the artificial satellite, its pattern is a kind of stripe, for it dried up gradually.
【A lake of which salt is five times as much as the sea is called the Death Sea, and its name is suitable】
The title is too long, so I make it rule to express as the death sea form the next time.
Death Sea of which area is about a thousand kilometers is a border between Israel and Jordan. It has two of big features.
The first one is it’s in the lowest…
【The truth on Lop-Nor, a wandering lake which caused a big dispute】
But the water has been taken by the people at present, so both of Lop-Nor and other river which poured into Lop-Nor vanished, so confirming the theory on the wandering lake becomes impossible.
But after 1980, an archeological researching group and other group were formed and surveyed around the lake in a large scale, so its photograph collection has been published. In addition there is a report thought from each side on natural science.
Local research, sharing study and synthesis have adjusted the problem on Lop-Nor…
【The truth on Lop-Nor, a wandering lake which caused a big dispute】
It was said it caused because Lop-Nor moved, but the water which Lou-lan made use of wasn't the salt water in Lop-Nor but other river before Lop-Nor.
If the change on the stream of river was the cause on extinction, as a result, Lop-Nor moved, it is possible.
The problem on location or movement of Lop-Nor caused a dispute among scholars in Russia, Germany, and Sweden. One of them called Lop-Nor a wandering lake by its own research, and insisted that the lake moved.
Its theory is the lake moves in a period of 1600 years.
【The truth on Lop Nor, the wandering lake which caused a big dispute】
…and it was said that the River flowed to east and poured into Shiozawa, and the Shiozawa which lay at the east in Taklimakan is Lop Nor.
It has been completely dried up at present, and its site where the lake used to be is called a big ear, and it looks like that on the image from the artificial satellite.
A city called Lou-lan used to be prosperous to west from Lop Nor from B.C to A.D the fourth century, but the Lou-lan disappeared from the history abruptly.
【The truth on Lop Nor, the wandering lake which caused a big dispute】
An artificial satellite took a picture of Takla Makan Desert in China. There is a mysterious shape on the picture. The shape resembles a ear. What’s it?
The Takla Makan Desert is in Uighur self-governing dominion. It’s in the hinterland in western China. Cities were prosperous around the area and the hinterland was called 西域 in Japanese.
There was big mountain in both south and north side in the place. The south one is Kunlun, 崑崙 the north is TIanshan 天山. There is the Tarim River in the central area, and the River flows…
【The biggest rock has been left alone in a vast desert. Why?】
The several ditch on the Ayers Rock was done by erosion. The whole color on the Ayers Rock is red, but the color changes delicately, according to the way of shining by the sunlight or weather. Its mysterious shape caused traditions and belief among aborigines.
There are lots of caves at the foot of the Ayers Rock which seemed that the aborigines used to live there. Paints and pictographs were painted or drawn inside the caves, and it shows us how the aborigines lived there then.
【The truth on Lop Nor, the wander lake which…】
【The biggest rock has been left alone in a a desert. Why?】
The thickness on the layer made up with the earth and sand became 600 meters at least, and the layer was compressed, so became sandstone in which there were lots of feldspar 長石. It is called arkose 花崗質砂岩.
The sand and rock rose on a seashore by diastrophism 地殻変動 some five hundred million years ago, and the horizontal layer tilted in 85 degrees. It received erosion for a long time and soft part was shaven, so the tilted layer changed into the present one.
There are several vertical ditch on the Ayers Rock, and they were done by the…
【The biggest rock has been left alone in a vast desert. Why?】
A tremendous rock suddenly appears and towers in a plain made up with sand in the central part of Australia. It’s Ayers Rock which is a sightseeing spot.
Its periphery is 8.8 kilometers and the height from the ground is 348 meters, and the biggest one in the world as monolith. Why has that gigantic rock been left in the place where there is the desert when looking around?
Its origin dates back to six hundred million years ago. Then earth and sand were flowing from the continent to the seabed and were accumulated in horizontal way
【Blue holes which is mysterious cave. It opens its mouth in seabed】
…and it becomes a holy place where the Mayan offered a sacrifice to the gods.
When looking at the picture on the blue hole, the word on hole is suitable, I’m sure, for the sea around the hole is blue. I’ve never seen such the blue sea actually, unless being on TV.
On the other hand, the hole is black, but as it’s a cave, it’s natural. Seeing is believing. If you are interested in it, please research it.
【The biggest rock has been left alone in a vast desert, why?】
A tremendous rock suddenly appears in a plain made up…
【Blue hole which is mysterious cave. It opens its mouth in seabed】
…and the coral reef was eroded and a network made up with underground cave was formed.
When the climate was warm, the surface of the sea rose again, so all the caves sank down in the seabed. A stalactite 鍾乳石 is left in some of the blue holes. It shows us the blue holes used to be on the ground.
There is a tremendous cave created by erosion and network on underground watercourse at Yucatán peninsula in Mexico, and they sank down with the blue holes. There is a pond in the blue hole, and it became a holy place where the Maya…
【Blue hole which is a mysterious cave. It opens its mouth in seabed】
…it looks like a tremendous black disc surrounded by white sand and a ring of coral. It’s a natural hole of the huge cave in seabed. Its diameter is 318 meters, and depth is 125 meters.
This cave used to be in higher place than the surface of the sea. A climate change occurred for some two million years in the past, and the blue hole was made, according to a geologist in Milano University.
In the ice age the surface of the sea was lower by 100 meters than at present. Geographic features on coral reef developed and…
【A big explosion breaking out in the central Siberia. Mystery on Tunguska】
It has been thought the thing like that breaks out once in hundreds of years, so we have to make progress on study of small heavenly body in the solar system, the author said like that.
【Blue hole which is a mysterious cave. It opened its mouth in seabed】
The sea spread from the Bahamas to Yucatán peninsula is dotted with hundreds of caves in seabed. We call them blue holes, especially we’re surprised at the one in Lighthouse Reef, near the shore in Belize.
When looking it at down form the sky, it looks like a…
【A big explosion breaking out in the central Siberia. Mystery on Tunguska 】
Cold climate in Siberia prevents the burned wood and the wood falling down from being decayed.
There is a photograph on the place where the big explosion broke out. Though the place is covered with green, the trees are sparse and by far younger than others which didn’t suffer from the damage on explosion.
What was the heavenly body which exploded about a century ago? Where did it come from? The mystery remains.
When will the heavenly body come to the earth in the next time? We have none of information. It has…
【A big explosion breaking out in the central Siberia. Mystery on Tunguska】
If converting the shock on explosion into the one on TNT, it’s equal to 20 megaton. The TNT is gun powder, and megaton is a million ton. The energy is equal to a thousand of atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima prefecture.
A century has passed from the big explosion beyond far exceeds our imagination, and new lives inhabit the place which used to be the burned field, but we can see lots of burned or fallen down trees around the place where the big explosion broke out as if it had shown us how terrible the explosion was
【A big explosion breaking out in the central Siberia. Mystery on Tunguska】
…but it’d learned to be thought a small heavenly body collided with the earth, but any crater peculiar to collision by heavenly body has never been discovered.
A fragment of comet of which diameter was some 60 meters or huge meteorite exploded at the height of about 8 kilometers from the ground. It has been estimated like that at present.
The heavenly body which exploded was very small in a astronomical view of point, but when exploding, its energy was very large. If converting the explosion into the one on TNT …
【A big explosion breaking out in the central Siberia. Mystery on Tunguska】
…and sound by the explosion reached the place far away 700 kilometers.
Its shock wave brought change on barometers in England and a seismic wave was also recorded at several place in the world. Moreover forest was blown down over hundreds square kilometers, and there were burned field all around, so lots of animals were dead.
It’s the great disaster which is reported in future generations as big explosion in Tunguska.
The cause on the big explosion was unclear then, but it was thought that a small heavenly body…
【Preface】
…for instance, Guiana highland, it’s what is called the lost world, Lob-Nor which is covered with mystery as wandering lake, the Caribbean Sea is dotted with caves in seabed, it’s blue hole.
We’re going to go on a trip touring mysterious geographical features.
【A big explosion breaking out in the central Siberia. Mystery on Tunguska】
7：40 in the morning, 30th day June in 1908. The biggest explosion in the history on human being broke out over the Tunguska River in the central Siberia. The explosion was witnessed as tremendous fire ball, and sound by the explosion reached the…
【Preface】
…or scenario in the future in which we’re going to move ahead on the earth. Those are reported. There are lots of beautiful illustration in this chapter, and plenty of expressions which are related to the illustrations, so readers can enjoy it, the author said like that.
In the third chapter, it is reported on present situation of surrounding of the earth. Mamoru Mori who is an astronaut talked on the earth which he looked at from the universe is very impressive.
There are several strange geographic features each place in the world, for example, Guiana high land, what is called…
【Preface】
…but an environmental problem on activity by human being has been brought into the public eye recently. The book planned to look at the earth carefully again and was edited.
In the first chapter, there are photographs on various geographical features, various creatures which remind us of magnificent history on the earth. There are topics on Guiana high land or probe in the deep sea where we can’t usually see the world.
In the second chapter, strange creatures which appeared in the process on evolution of life on the earth or a scenario in the future in which we move ahead on…
【What I’ve thought】
I’ve tried to express a book of which title is 身の回りの凄い技術大百科 in English, but it’s too hard for me to continue any more, in addition, I don’t think I find it interesting, so I’m going to give it up.
There is other book published by Newton press which is a graphic science magazine. Its title is 地球ミステリアス紀行 奇跡の惑星の素顔, it seems to be interesting, so I’m going to express it in English.
【Preface】
The earth is only a planet in which creatures exist in the solar system. Various lives are brought up through a grand preparation for more than four billion years, but…
【FM broadcast and AM broadcast】
What’s difference between FM and AM? Big difference is the next three.
The one which we should mention at first is a way of modulating.
Voice is a wave by sound physically, but we can’t change it into electric wave for broadcasting as it is, for frequency on sound wave is by far smaller than electric wave, so the sound wave isn’t changed into the electric wave.
Instead, the sound wave is put on the electric wave as if the sound wave surfed on the electric wave. We call it a modulation. The electric wave which is put on the other one is called carrier. FM…
【A dehumidifier and a humidifier】
…and the water is vaporized. Its illustration is drying a T shirt with strong wind.
【FM broadcast and AM broadcast】
As to broadcast on radio, there is FM and AM. As to the quality of sound, FM is better than AM. Why?
Digital is the best part in the world on broadcast, but there is the one which struggles among analog. It’s broadcast on radio. Even if a disaster breaks out, the broadcast on radio is all right, and it is popular among the youth who tend to be active late at night.
As to the broadcast on radio, there is FM and AM. What’s difference…
【A dehumidifier and humidifier】
What is the piezoelectric oscillator?
It means that voltage is changed into power, then the water changes into a minute drop of water?
There is an illustration which shows an image on the way of supersonic. Water is sprayed from a sprayer.
As to the way of steam is the next. Water is heated by a heater and is changed into steam, then the steam is released. Boiling hot water and it causes the steam.
Its illustration is boiling hot water with a kettle. Steam is rising from the kettle.
As to the way of vaporization, making the air hit a wet filter and the…
【A dehumidifier and humidifier】
As to dehumidification in summer, air conditioner is the most appropriate.
On the other hand, a humidifier works opposite movement against the dehumidifier.
When making the air warm by the air conditioner in winter, the room becomes dry so much that if preparing for the humidifier it prevents us from having a cold effectively.
The structure on the humidifier has three ways. Supersonic waves, steam, and vaporization.
As to the supersonic waves, water changes into minute mist by piezoelectric oscillator 圧電振動子, and is released. What is the piezoelectric..
【A dehumidifier and a humidifier】
The compressor type has a high ability on dehumidification and is able to use for a big room, but its basic principle is for cooling, so when the temperature is low, its ability isn’t displayed enough.
The desiccant type has such a simple structure that its weight is light and its sound is quiet, and as the desiccant is used it’s all right even in winter.
As you can understand from those structures, when taking advantage of both of the structures, the temperature in the room rises. Winter is all right, but summer isn’t
As to dehumidification in summer…
【A dehumidifier and humidifier】
Actually when making the air cool by air conditioner, dehumidification is done enough as everyone knows.
As to the type on desiccant, the desiccant which is several combined medicine so as to dry is used actually.
The water absorbed from the air by the desiccant is heated by the heater, and left from the desiccant, but it’s heated by the heat exchanger, and its temperature becomes the same in the room, after that the water becomes the dew condensation and is released.
Both of the compressor type and desiccant type have good points and bad points.
【A dehumidifier and a humidifier】
…and there is another in which the compressor and desiccant is combined.
The desiccant means the one which several medicine is combined so as to dry.
The dehumidifier on the compressor type is the same mechanism with the air-conditioning on the cooling system. Its structure is the one in which outside apparatus and inside apparatus on the air-condition are combined in compact way.
When making the air cool, it causes the dew condensation, but taking out of the dew condensation and releasing, so it is dehumidified. Actually when making the air cool…
【An electric heater】
…for the heater radiates the far infrared rays more or less.
【A dehumidifier and a humidifier】
A dehumidifier is useful when hanging out laundry in a room or being against condensation 結露. A humidifier works an opposite movement against the dehumidifier.
The dehumidifier plays an active role in a living environment which is closed tightly at present. When using it, water is accumulated actually. How does it take water from the air?
The dehumidifier which is on sale for a household is two kinds. A type of compressor and the other of デシカント,and there is another which…
【An electric heater】
…and as a carbon heater appeared, the popularity on halogen heater went down.
The carbon heater is the one in which filament was sealed into the quartz glass 石英 with inert 不活性 gas. The inert gas is inactive chemically and doesn’t tend to combine with other chemical elements.
It warms quickly and radiates lots of far infrared rays which make us feel warm. A graphite heater also belongs to the carbon heater.
Some makers advertises that both the carbon heater and graphite heater are the one which radiate the far infrared rays, but it isn’t definite, for the heater…
【An electric heater】
…and becomes durable.
The quartz tube is used for an electric kettle and we can use it more than ten years. Its demerit is expensive.
Quartz tube has a shortcoming of being unable to warm at once. A halogen heater which overcomes the shortcoming. Halogen gas is sealed into the apparatus and a metal of tungsten is a filament. The improved quartz tube is like that, and its filament is the heat source.
When its switch was on, the metal of tungsten started to shine red, and warming started, but fire accidents broke out owing to crude goods, and a carbon heater appeared…
【An electric heater】
Moreover it doesn’t pollute the air, so we can warm ourselves even in a small place. As a result, it has been supported by lots of people as heating system at home.
Its heat source is a quarts 石英 tube. It’s the one of which in Nichrome wire is covered with the quarts tube. It has been taken advantage of for a toaster often.
As to the classic heater, it takes a lot of time to warm the place and isn’t durable so much, so other various electric heaters which improved its shortcomings have been developed.
Sheathed heater of which shortcoming on electric heater is improved…
【An electric heater】
When going to a home electrics mass retailer in cold season, various electric heaters are lined up there. We are at a loss which one we should buy.
In general, a heating system is classified in three types like conduction, convection, and radiation.
Air conditioner or fan heater which are standard articles at home recently is the type on convection, but we’ve bought the electric heater so much which isn’t so outstanding because air conditioner and the fan heater are so popular.
It’s portable and can warm a place where we want to at once. In addition, it doesn’t …
【A washing machine】
Its balance is kept by liquid balancer. It is in upper part on the fully automatic washing machine. There is heavy liquid like calcium chloride in the liquid balancer.
Inside the liquid balancer is vacant originally, but when washing clothes, the heavy material keeps the balance inside the washing tub.
When keeping balance, the liquid in the liquid balancer is kept pushing the wall equally by centrifugal force.
When the laundry clustered on one side alone, the heavy liquid moved the opposite position and keeps its balance.
【An electric heater】
When going to a…
【A washing machine】
The drum type of washing machine has been popular among the Japanese lately, for the washing machine with a dryer as a body has been sold in Japan.
Makers have made progress on improvement for the washing machine, so the shortcoming on each of washing machine is overcoming.
There is an expression on a fully automatic washing machine which is the main stream in Japan like the next.
There is inside tub and outside tub in the washing machine, so the tub is double structure. It looks as if there were a cylinder, and other small cylinder were in the big one.
Its balance…
【A washing machine】
The type of a drum is the one which spread over Europe. The drum which fell sideways rotates and washing clothes. It adopts a way of washing, what is called 叩き洗い. Making the drum rotate, lifting the clothes, dropping the clothes hard as if the clothes were beaten hard, though I don’t think it’s so hard, but the expression on 叩き洗い in the internet made me express like that.
It has a strong point that the fabric isn’t damaged and lots of water isn’t necessary, but it takes a lot of time to wash. Moreover it’s heavy so as to be steadied lying sideways.
The drum type of…
【A washing machine】
A way of washing with current of water is used. It resembles a way of washing by hand, rubbing clothes in the water.
The type of jet stream is so light and so compact that it’s suitable for installing in a lavatory, but the current of water is so strong that the laundry is easily entangled and damaged.
The type of stirring is the one which spread over in North America.
We make the board what we call a stirring blade move back and forth and washing clothes. The way of washing resembles stirring with a pole. Lots of laundries are able to be washed, but it’s big and heavy.
【A washing machine】
…and the one which doesn’t adjust to the water hydrophobic group.
In the washing tub, hydrophobic group is put into the oil satin which isn’t dissolved into the water and hydrophilic part is in the water.
If being covered with the surfactant, the oil satin which isn’t dissolved into the water changes into a ball which is dissolved water, so the dirt is able to be washed away.
Roughly speaking, the washing machine has been classified into three types at present.
The type on jet stream is the one which spread over Japan where there is plentiful water. A way of…
【A washing machine】
It is done by collaboration between a laundry detergent and the washing machine.
The washing machine gets rid of something dirty from clothes by movement of water, so the dirt is solved into the water, the dirt is removed by the washing machine alone. The problem is oil stain which isn’t solved into the water, so we need the ability on the laundry detergent.
The laundry detergent is made up with surfactant 界面活性剤, and the surfactant is made up with slender molecules which adjusts to the water and which doesn’t. We call the one which adjust the water hydrophobic group…
【A washing machine】
A washing machine used to be admired by all the Japanese in the middle of Showa era with a refrigerator and a black and white TV as three sacred treasures. Moreover it continues to make new progress at present.
It was in 1953 when the first national washing machine of jet stream was sold. It was priced at almost thirty thousand yen then. Starting salary for college graduate used to be some eight thousand yen, but the washing machine was popular among the Japanese, for washing was a very hard work for housewives.
By the way how does the washing machine make clothes clean?
【A freezer refrigerator】
We call the structure a cooling type 間冷式. Cooling air created in the refrigerator circulated by cooling fan.
On the other hand, there is the one of direct cooling type. An implement for cooling is installed the highest place in the refrigerator, and the refrigerator is cooled by natural convection.
When wanting to use the refrigerator outdoors, the one which has pettier system is handy.
If making electric current flow between different conductors or semiconductor, heat generates or the heat is absorbed. We call it pettier effect, and the effect is made use of.
【A freezer refrigerator】
Freshness on food tends to drop, but being unable to be frozen is suitable for the chilled room.
There is nature that cold air goes downward. As making use of the nature, the freezing compartment used to be the highest place in the refrigerator, and the space for vegetable used to be the lowest place.
But as the space for vegetable of which frequency to use is high is in the lowest place, it’s hard to use, so lots of the freezing compartment is in the lowest place at present.
Cooling air is forced to circulate by force and each of place is cooled most appropriately
【A freezer refrigerator】
A child case and a freezing compartment seem to be different, but I can’t understand the difference between them.
Oh! I made a mistake. There is a cold case between the chilled case and the space for vegetable in my expression.
As to the child case, its temperature is lower than the cold room but higher than the freezing compartment, or the partial case. Its temperature is from minus 2 to 0, which is the temperature the food is about to be frozen immediate before.
Therefore the food is preserved for a longer time than the cold case. Freshness on the food tends to…
【A freezer refrigerator】
The gaseous body which becomes the liquid is carried to the implement of radiant heat, and deprived heat in refrigerator is released. It’s repeated. It’s the mechanism on cooling.
Inside the refrigerator at home is divided into some parts like a freezing compartment, partial case, child case, the space for vegetable. Each of temperature is from minus 15 to minus 20 degrees, from minus 1 to minus 3, from 0 to 2, from 2 to 5, from 3 to 8 in order.
Each of temperature has been adjusted according to character on food which is put in the refrigerator.
Child case and…
【A freezer refrigerator】
It’s the same principle. When water changes into vapor, the heat of vaporization is deprived and temperature around us drops. The nature is taken advantage of in the fridge.
The thing which works out like the water in the fridge is called refrigerant.
The structure on the freezer refrigerator is a compressor and two heat exchangers which means a cooling implement and radiant heat one.
The refrigerant evaporates and the heat of vaporization is deprived, so inside the fridge becomes cool. The refrigerant which became the gaseous body becomes liquid by compressor.
【A freezer refrigerator】
A fridge which used to be made much of as three sacred treasures. It’s played an important role in white electric appliance at present.
The first fridge was sold in Japan in 1930. Its standard price is 720 yen. It’s so high price that being able to construct a small house with the price, so it was sold for business use or for the rich alone.
On the other hand, the percentage on fridge is almost 100% at present. It seems to belong to a different age.
Cooling principle on fridge is extremely simple. Spraying water on the skin and breathing it. Then we feel it cool.
『Column, three electric wires is one set』
It means that a route where the electricity goes back doesn’t need. It’s very useful, for in an ordinary single-phase alternating exchange, the electricity goes up down three times, so six electric wires need.
On the other hand, in the three phase exchange, it’s all right with three electric wires in one way. The cost on installing for power transmission is reduced sharply.
A new chapter starts, marvelous technical skill on electrical appliance close to us. The technical skill on the electric appliance at home like a fridge or a washing machine.
『Three electric wires is one set』
Its reason is why we’ve adopted a way on power transmission is three phase exchange 三相交流.
The timing on alternating current on the three phase exchange is different, so the electricity flows in different time on the three phase exchange.
When adding the voltage on the three electric wires, they offset each other and the voltage is zero because of difference on timing for power transmission.
If tying three of electric wires at the end of electric wires, the voltage on the knot is zero, so the electric current doesn’t flow. It means that a route where…
【A solar battery】
The solar battery on the roof is an important item in the society for self-sufficiency.
In the daytime when thee is the sun on the sky, the amount of power generation is by far more than the amount of spending the power generation. We can sell the surplus electricity to power companies.
『Column, three of electric wires is one set』
When looking up an utility pole 電柱, we’re aware that three of electric wires is one set. The code on electric appliance for home is two of electric wire, but the power line is three electric wire. Why?
Its reason is why we adopt a way of…
【A solar battery】
As long as the light is on, both of the photosynthesis and dye sensitized solar system continue to function, so two of them resembles.
Almost all of the solar battery which are made use of generation power is the silicon based. Lots of others don’t reach the percentage on changing into electricity within 10%. Though we find it promising in the future, it doesn’t spread over.
An equipment on the solar battery has a subsidy, and there is a system of buying electric power by power generation.
A solar battery is installed on the roof of a house, and it’s an important item…
【Photosynthesis】
The photosynthesis is done in chlorophyll which is a cell in the plant, and when the light is on the chlorophyll, the photosynthesis is done. What is material for the photosynthesis? It’s water and carbon dioxide.
The water is absorbed from the root through a conduit 導管, and carbon dioxide is absorbed from a pore 気孔 which is in the back side on leave. It’s like a mouth.
Nourishment which means starch and oxygen are created by the photosynthesis. Two of them are carried away into the whole plant through a phloem 師管.
Oxygen is exhausted from the pore like carbon dioxide.
【A solar battery】
The ion of diode receives the electrons and returns the electrons to the original pigment. It is repeated and electricity is done.
As to the dye sensitized solar battery, though I expressed it in English, I can’t understand it very much. It’s just a repeat the same process in mechanical way. Moreover I have little knowledge on photosynthesis.
I’m not sure whether or not it resembles the photosynthesis, so I’m going to express on the photosynthesis from now on. I hope I succeed in it.
Photosynthesis is function of creating nourishment by plant so as to survive for itself.
【A solar battery】
The principle on its movement resembles photosynthesis on a plant so much.
The dye sensitized solar battery is made up with an electrode covered with carbon dioxide titanium, and the carbon dioxide titanium was stuck fast by special elements. Electrolyte in which iodine is solved is also one of elements on the dye sensitized.
Light bumps against pigment, and it causes electrons to fly, and carbon dioxide titanium receives it. The received electrons changed into electricity and flows into the opposite pole, and is sent to ion of diode solved into the liquid of electrolyte.
【A solar battery】
We call the solar battery like that silicon based solar battery, for its main material is silicon. The one on silicon based is good on efficiency of changing into energy, the one which is 25% is also developed, but the cost on production is so high that other various ones which are substitute for the solar batteries have been developed. They are compound solar cell and organic one.
They are classified more minutely, except for one, their mechanism is almost same with the silicon based solar battery.
The one which is except for is dye-sensitized solar battery.
【A solar battery】
P type semiconductor is crystal on silicon adding to boron.
If shining light on the combined semiconductor, electrons and holes are caused on its border by the energy of light. The electrons move to the n type semiconductor, and the hole does to the p type semiconductor, and a voltage is caused.
In short, separated electrons and holes try to cling each other by energy of sunshine, and the electricity is generated. We can construe as opposite phenomenon a light-emitted diode which shines when light is on it.
We call the solar battery like that Silicon based solar…
【A solar battery】
For example, exhausted resource by power generation as usual, global warming, and danger on a nuclear power plant disaster. The typical one of which we make use is power generation by solar battery, the power generation by sunshine.
The solar battery has been familiar one to us as built-in battery for a pocket calculator.
It’s made up with a combination of n type semiconductor and p type semiconductor. The N type semiconductor is made up with crystal on silicon is adding to a small amount of phosphorus 燐. P type semiconductor is done the crystal on silicon adding to a…
【Golf ball】
…but it doesn’t always mean that it’s all right as long as there are dimples. The dimple which isn’t so deep, nor do shallow, the one of which size is appropriate causes the biggest flying distance.
【A solar battery】
A solar battery which is a hope from natural power generation. Various kinds have been developed, but what’s difference between them?
It is said that energy on sunshine which shines on the earth is equal to using energy on the whole earth for a year. If taking advantage of the energy efficiently, we can solve various problems on energy. For example, the …
【Golf ball】
The author expressed an effect on reduction of the resistance in the air.
When a thing moves in the air, it receives a resistance, and its biggest cause is Carman vortex, and the vortex draws the ball back and tries to stop the ball, but the dimple prevents the vortex from causing, so the ball flies forward.
Thus size or depth on the dimple controls a way of flying the ball, so the ball on makers have asked its shape and pattern from various researches.
Without having any dimples, the ball doesn’t fly high up nor flies far away, but it doesn’t mean that it’s all right as…
The description on the internet doesn’t show on the shape of the wing in detail. Why does it caused the lift?
【Golf ball】
In short, the lift is caused by the shape in relation to the airplane, and is caused by the shape on dimple with regard to the golf ball.
The lift is caused by the shape and depth on dimple in regard to the golf ball. The author said like that.
An orbit on the golf ball is decided by initial velocity, an launch angle and a spin, we call them three elements on the ball which flies, and the dimple is in relation to the third one.
The author expressed on the reduction…
【Lift】
The air tries to move from the place where the pressure is high to the place where the pressure is low.
The pressure on the lower part is higher than the upper part on the wing, so the air tries to move from lower place to upper place, it goes upper ward. It’s the lift, the power of raising.
The lift is vertical against the direction on the flow, and the power on the lift makes the airplane fly in the air.
I’m afraid my expression isn’t so good, so it’s hard to understand The flow on the air is caused by the shape on the wing, but why?
The description in the internet doesn’t…
【Lift】
The flow on the air from left passes over the wing, and the wing is upper left diagonal, according to the illustration.
The lower part on the flow is equal the inside of curve, a place where the pressure goes down. It’s the upper part on the wing of the airplane.
On the other hand, in the lower part on the wing, upper part on the flow is equal to the outside of the curve, the place where the pressure goes up.
In short, the pressure on the upper part of the wing is low, but on the lower part is high. The air tries to move from the place where the pressure is high to the place…
【lift】
…its inside of the river on the pressure is low. It fits not only the curved river but other fluid like air or oil. When the flow is changed on the way, the pressure on outside is high and inside is low at the place where the direction on the flow is changed. Why? The fluid which tries to go straight gathers outside.
There is an illustration on the flow of air against a wing of airplane. Above the wing and under the wing.
The airplane flies to the left on the illustration, so the air comes from the left. The expression started above the wing. The flow on the air comes from left in…
【lift】
When the fluid like air or water is in the middle of flowing and reaches a place where its course is curved, what happens?
A flowing river is adopted as an example when its direction changes
Let’s suppose all the flow in the straight line distance were the same. Even if approaching the curve, the water in the river tries to go ahead. Then the water tries to go outside in the flow when its direction changes. I’m wondering if it’s a centrifugal force 遠心力.
While lots of water tries to gather outside of the river so much that its pressure is high, its inside of the river on the…
【Lift】
I’ve researched on the lift in the internet, and I’m going to express it as it was. I hope it’s helpful.
The lift is a power of raising something. There is an expression that it works out in a vertical direction against the flow on a fluid.
When looking at it in the example on airplane, while the fluid flows front and back, the lift works out up and down. In short, it’s against the flow on the air.
The flow on the air changes and the lift appears. Changing the direction on the flow is deeply related with the generation on the lift.
When the fluid like air or water is in the…
【A golf ball】
…the resistance on the air around the ball increases, at the same time the effect on spin also increases.
Let’s think of the mechanism on lift by the spin.
When a back spin is done, the current of air on the upper part on the ball is swift, but the lower part is slow. When the current of air is quick, its atmospheric pressure is low, and when it’s slow, its atmospheric pressure is high. We call it a law on Bernoulli, so the lift works out on the ball.
Can you understand? To tell the truth, I can’t at all. Why is it like that?
I’m going to express on the lift. I’ve…
【A golf ball】
…we’re aware that its pattern and depth is different if its maker is different. We shouldn’t make light of the dimple, for the difference on dimple has a big signification.
As an effect on the dimple, we can mention two things. Increasing lift and decreasing resistance on air. At first, increasing lift.
It is usual in ball game in general, when hitting a ball, the hitter tries to make the ball spin. When wanting the ball to curve, or to hit it far away, the ball is spun conveniently.
Then if the surface on the ball is uneven, the resistance on the air around the ball…
【A vending machine】
…and detects disorder on magnetism caused by difference on coins. Coins are distinguished in the vending machine like that.
【A golf ball】
When looking at the surface on a golf ball, the shape on dimple is different delicately when its maker is different. In fact it is said that there the shape is gathering on special licenses.
Regardless of age, golf has an attractive aura in sports. An activity on young golfers has been all over the papers in sports recently.
When looking at dimples on a golf ball, we’re aware that its pattern and depth is different if its maker is...
【A vending machine】
Furthermore, when the disaster breaks out, some of the vending machine has a function of offering its good free from charge, so the vending machine functions as infrastructure.
As to the vending machine which sells hot drink and cold drink at the same time, it has a structure in which an air conditioner is combined. The drink is cooled by indoor equipment and is warmed by outdoor one. We call the system a heat and pump.
When a coin is distinguished by the vending machine, not only its weight, shape is recognized at once but a pattern on the coin is read and detects…
【A vending machine】
Taking advantage of a small space efficiently and there is characteristic on the Japanese of trying to avoid of wasting heat, もったいない, we shouldn’t waste anything. We the Japanese tend to think like that, and the characteristic appears on the vending machine.
There is a sticker on the front of the vending machine, and the place where the vending machine itself has been installed is shown in the sticker. Do you know it? It’s started since 2005. When a disaster breaks out, we can recognize its place at once. It is helpful.
Moreover when the disaster breaks out, some of the…
【A vending machine】
Around place alone where consumers take goods is warmed or cooled. The ones which are sold at once alone are warmed and cooled.
We often see a vending machine what we call eco vender. Cooling function is stopped afternoon in summertime when electricity is used the most. It has a function making food and drink cool before afternoon. The function is called peak shift. The function decreases burden on power plant.
To my surprise, a single vending machine which has a function of making goods warm and cool at the same time is in Japan alone. Making use of a small space…
【A vending machine】
Exposure on vending machines is so less that the vending machine isn’t noticeable overseas. Lots of the vending machines have been installed in a place where a step on prevention of crime was done like inside building, so they aren’t so noticeable.
Vending machines spread over Japan like that but various efforts support it. For example, a device on saving energy.
Amount of consumption on electric power reduced more than 70% in the last quarter of a century. Illumination is changed into LED, and a sensor is installed and its lux is adjusted. Around place where…
【A vending machine】
The one in which putting into coin, some water was out. It is said the oldest one was at a temple in Egypt.
I’m wondering if there was coin as money such a long ago. Is it possible?
There is a convenience store where vending machines alone are installed, so we’re forced to open our eyes open wide. Not only beverage, food but flower, underwear, various things are sold in vending machines.
Though the vending machine isn’t so noticeable in overseas, as to the number on the vending machine which spread over there, Japan is less than America and Europe. Why?
Exposure…
【Dam】
…for example, watching the amount of water flowing into the river, or before expecting to have a heavy rain, some amount of water flows out of the dam into the lower reach.
Defending national land is done by controlling dam secretly.
【A vending machine】
It is said that there is a convenience store where vending machines alone are installed, so we’ve been familiar with the vending machine like that, and the vending machine has made progress on and on.
A vending machine has old history. It is said the oldest vending machine dates back to some two thousand years ago. It’s the one…
【Dam】
Accumulating and decreasing a part of water flowing into the lower reach for a while and trying to prevent damage on flood in the lower reach from breaking out. The dam which control flood has played a part like that.
The function which control flood is called arrangement on flood.
In short, when a large amount of water is flowing into the river by a heavy rain, the dam receives it for a while, and flowing a safe amount of water into the river.
The ones who manage the dam have to be careful of surrounding on the dam so as to make the function work out, for example, watching the…
【Dam】
…and its surface is covered with concrete and water shield is done. It is able to build on the ground which isn’t so hard.
Building dam has three aims. Irrigation, flood control, and power generation. There is a dam for single aim alone, but the one which has some aims, which is the one with many uses. I’m going to focus on a dam which controls flood alone here, the author said like that.
Rivers are steep in Japan, and when we have a lot of rain in the upper reach in river, a large amount of water flows into the lower reach in river all at once and there is a danger of flood then.
【Dam】
...and we can see it more often than any other dams in Japan.
A dam made of concrete of which shape is bow-shaped against the upper reach. The shape supports the power which the water pushes the dam from both on the riverbank.
The bedrock on both sides need to be hard, but the amount of concrete is equal to some 30% on the dam made of concrete by weight, so it’s economical.
The one which soil and lump of rock are accumulated is a fill dam. Rock fill dam is famous.
A watertight impervious wall made of soil is built in the center of the river, and its surface is covered with ...
【Dam】
What is a role which is entrusted in the dam?
We are fascinated by a tremendous building, and a dam isn’t an exception. A lake surrounded by green and artificial thing made of gigantic concrete. A view woven by the contrast has a condition of being a sightseeing spot.
The dam has various kinds. For example, its shape is an arch, or the one which rock is accumulated simply. I’m going to express the typical ones.
A dam made of concrete on weight is build so as to resist the power which water pushes the dam by the weight on concrete itself. It’s build on a hard bedrock, and we can...
【Electric energy meter】
The permanent magnet prevents the disc from failing to rotate. Its shape is コ in the angular Japanese phonetic syllabary, katakana, and the permanent magnet sandwiches the coil.
The permanent magnet works as brake because of the law on Arago.
By the way, even if the law on Arago or electromagnet is, aluminum isn’t iron, so I can’t understand why the disc made of aluminum rotates clearly.
Furthermore, I have little knowledge on electricity. It’s hard to understand.
【Dam】
A huge dam has a magical power which attracts the people like Kurobe dam in Toyama prefecture.
【Electric energy meter】
Moreover, the coil turns on interior wiring.
The more we spent the electricity, the more the electric current flows in the coil increases, so a strong electromagnet is caused, then the disc rotates quickly. When counting the number on rotation, the electricity which we use is calculated.
The phenomenon on disc on Arago has been taken advantage for one more aim in the electric energy meter.
There is a permanent magnet named braking magnet in the electric magnet meter, and it has nothing to do with the electromagnet on coil. The permanent magnet prevents the disc...
【Electric energy meter】
...but electric current of which shape is a whirlpool appears in the disc. The electric current causes electromagnet, and the electromagnet reacts with the rotating magnet, so the phenomenon makes the disc rotate.
But there is no rotating magnet in the electric energy meter, instead a coil which acts like the rotating magnet is both above and under the disc made of aluminum.
A timing when the electric current flows is different between above the disc and under the disc, and magnetic power which is equal to the rotating magnet is caused by electromagnet.
Moreover...
【Electric energy meter】
...but the disc made of aluminum has nothing to do with magnet, but magnet has influence on the disc.
The metallic disc which rotates in the electric energy meter is a board made of aluminum.
The phenomenon on the disc of Arago is expressed with a law on electromagnetic induction. 電磁誘導. The law which often appears in other page expresses that electric phenomenon happens in a direction where a change is decreased.
In this case, at a place ahead of the magnet moves, magnetic power increases on the disc, but electric current of which shape is whirlpool appears in...
【Electric energy meter】
Electric power which we spend at home is measured by electric energy meter. It’s installed on the outer wall of house, and we see its disk rotate.
How is the electric power we spend measured precisely? What part does the disc play in the phenomenon?
The phenomenon what we call the disc on Arago has been made use of which is well known in physics in the electric meter.
There is a disc made of aluminum which is perfectly ordinary. It’s hung by string. If rotating magnet under the disc, the disc also starts to rotate.
If the disc is made of iron, it’s natural, but...
【A fire extinguisher】
...then high pressure gas like carbon dioxide and nitrogen gushed out with chemical. It’s the fire extinguisher on pressurization type.
The other is the powder and high pressure gas are included in the fire extinguisher. It’s the one of pressure accumulator type.
The former is the container is used, and the latter isn’t.
【Electric energy meter】
An electric energy meter measures the amount of electricity which we spend. We can measure the amount of invisible electricity, for we make use of a phenomenon, and we call the phenomenon the disk of Arago.
Electric power...
【A fire extinguisher】
Then taking advantage of the fire extinguisher in which appropriate chemical is in is important, but asking for the judge at ordinary home is impossible, so the fire extinguisher in which effective chemical is in is asked for every fire. It’s the ABC fire extinguisher.
As to almost all of the fire extinguisher at home or in workplace, the fire extinguisher on powder is adopted. Chemical of powder gushes out of the fire extinguisher.
How does the powder gush out? Its way is two.
When grasping its lever, inside container for on gas pressurization broke, then high...
【A fire extinguisher】
Chemical element which puts out the fire, both carbon dioxide, and nitrogen which push out the chemical element causes an oxygen shortage.
By the way, what does it mean the ABC on ABC fire extinguisher? It’s a classification on material when burning the fire.
A is an ordinary fire which burning paper or wood.
B is burn on oil like petroleum or oils and fats.
C is burn by electricity like the fire on electric equipment.
When the fire breaks out, making sure of its cause on fire, which is A, B, or C? Then making use of the fire extinguisher which is in appropriate...
【A fire extinguisher】
When extinguish the fire, we have only to get rid one of them, and there are two ways.
Cooling way of cooling a combustible thing and put out fire or a way of cutting off stopping supply on air is adopted at home or in workplace when putting out the fire.
Typical one on cooling way is spraying water. Dropping temperature by spraying water.
The way of cutting off the fire is adopted for the fire extinguisher of ABC which has always on hand at home or in workplace. Chemical element which put out the fire, carbon dioxide and nitrogen which pushes out the chemical ...
【A fire extinguisher】
A fire extinguisher which we see at home or in workplace has a carved seal of alphabet like ABC if looking at it carefully. What does it mean?
We’re required to set up a fire alarm even in a private house at present, but a miserable accident by fire goes on and on. We usually have to be careful of fire, but even if being careful of the fire, a disaster happens.
When a fire breaks out, the fire extinguisher is helpful. By the way why can we put out a fire with it?
When something burns, an inflammable, air, high temperature, a chain on chemical reaction is necessary.
【Automated ticket gate】
The dependable ability on certifying by Ferica has been adopted for not only electric money like Edy, Nanaco, and WAON, an identification card on company or on university but an electric key when going into an apartment flat and into its room.
Apple company in the U.S.A.made Ferica load on iPhone in 2016. It may have been chance on business in Japan which heralded the service on electric money in the world.
I’ve never made use of the electric money as well. I’m behind the times, I’m wondering.
【A fire extinguisher】
A fire extinguisher which we see at home or in...
【Automated ticket gate】
If being slow at the automated ticket gate, it’s not practical, but without being able to recognize, to detect, and to record exactly, it’s meaningless as ticket gate, and Suica satisfies with both demands.
Contents on the IC card is made up with antenna and IC tip. An electric wave generates from the automated ticket gate, and the antenna changes the electric wave into electricity, then the electricity makes the IC tip operate. It’s characteristic on the IC card without touching.
Ferica is proud of carrying out the series of complicated operation with high speed.
【Automated ticket gate】
I’m going to express on the mechanism of the system, adopting an example when passing through the ticket gate on JR East Japan with Suica.
We have to hold up the IC card to the automated ticket gate in order to go into a station. Then the automated ticket gate recognizes whether or not the card is a right one, and detects spent money, moreover recording its date, time and the station in which the card was used.
A marvelous thing on Suica is doing the series of operation at once. It’s done in no more than 0.1 second. If being slow at the automated ticket gate, its...
【Automated ticket gate】
We can make use of the vehicle as if it were an extension from a public road as long as we have an IC card like what is called Suica and PASMO. If holding up the IC card, we can pass through the ticket gate.
To tell the truth, whenever getting on train, I usually buy the ticket, so I seldom use both of them. When going somewhere I usually ride on scooter.
The convenient system has been materialized by FeriCa which is technical skill on IC card without touching. It has been developed by SONY. It’s a system by the IC card and apparatus which detects the IC card.
【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and being isolated from earthquake】
...and softening shake and shock from the earthquake.
As to the lower part on the Sky Tree, the center pillar and the Sky Tree made with steel frame is fixed with steel material.
【Automated ticket gate】
We’ve learned to be able to take advantage of transportation facilities smoothly on account of automated ticket gate and IC card. I’m going to express its mechanism.
When getting on train, we used to pass through a ticket gate after standing in line in front of a ticket machine and buying a ticket.
【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and being isolated from earthquake】
Adding it to the flexible structure, the shake by earthquake decreases so much.
Which is better, earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, or being isolated from earthquake. It depends on. A technical skill on architecture which is applied for aim on the building is adopted.
As to the middle part on the space between the Sky Tree made with steel frame itself and its center pillar, it’s connected wit oil damper. What is the oil damper?
It’s an equipment in which making use of viscosity 粘性 in oil and...
【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and being isolated from earthquake】
It’s demerit on the flexible structure. Though it doesn’t collapse, it shakes so much when a big earthquake broke out.
A technical skill which tries to suppress the shake has developed at present, and it’s a structure of being isolated from earthquake.
As to the structure of being isolated from earthquake, the building is on an equipment which is transformed easily like gum, so the energy from the earthquake is hard to reach the building.
Adding it to the flexible structure, the shake by earthquake decreases...
【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from earthquake】
...and the structure on Shinbashira vibration control has been adopted for Tokyo Sky Tree which completed in 2012.
Shinbashira is expressed 心柱 in Japanese. It’s the center pillar of pagoda, and has been put on the base on the ground. There is space between the center pillar and the five-storied pagoda itself on the upper part.
But high rise buildings shook so much because of long period motion in the Great Earthquake Disaster in East Japan and there were lots of the injured then. It was demerit on the...
【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from the earthquake】
We call it a flexible structure. As to an idea on theory of the flexible structure, a technical skill in which adopted in five-storied pagoda in old temple is used in the structure.
While lots of buildings collapsed in the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the five storied pagoda maintained its shape as it was at Kanei Temple in Ueno, so architects studied its technical skill and applied for other buildings at present.
We call the structure on shinbashira vibration control, and it has been adopted...
【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from earthquake】
Reinforcing wall and post with reinforced concrete, and resisting a shake by earthquake. It’s rigid structure.
But if applying for a super high rise building of which height is more than 100 meter, we couldn’t put it into practical use owing to the weight of amount of iron and concrete, so a structure on controlling earthquake has been adopted.
The structure makes the building shake appropriately in harmony with the shake by the earthquake, and absorbing and dispersing energy from the earthquake.
【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from earthquake】
Constructing a high rise building of which height is more than 31 meter was forbidden in law in Japan before 1963, but with the progress on technical skill against earthquake, the law has been revised, and it has been possible to construct a building of which height is more than 100 meter. Its first one is the building in Kasumigaseki. It’s started to construct high rise building in Japan.
When constructing building before the one in Kasumigaseki, it was adopted the structure which was proof earthquake.
【Earthquake proof】
In Japan which is an island chain with frequent earthquake, earthquake proof is more important than any other thing. It’s made progress to control or trying to be isolated from earthquake.
To tell the truth, when expressing, I’m forced to think, is it possible?
Super high rise buildings have bristled in the center of Tokyo. We’re forced to be worried about that its all right in Japan where earthquake frequently breaks out, it’s prepared well, for It’s technical skill what we called earthquake resistant, seismic control, and being isolated seismically.
Constructing...
【Elevator】
...and the controlling computer has come it true.
In addition, the elevator has had influenced on structure of buildings. For example, it’s a sky lobby. What’s the sky lobby?
It is said a building which has 100 stories needs elevators, at least seventy. Those elevators are divided into two kinds. The one is stopping to each of story, and the other is through to the highest story, though it stops on the way several times so as to change the elevator.
The stair where changing the elevator is called the sky lobby. It resembles train service.
【Structure in case of an earthquake】
【Elevator】
When the sensor detects the shake, the computer adjusts the relation on power between the wheels and rail. The computer is always maintained in order to suppress the shake on the cage.
The controlling computer also offers help with reduction of time when waiting for the elevator.
Even if some of elevators were in line, being forced to wait for a long time. Lots of people may have experienced like that, but in a new building it won’t happen like that.
It is said that without feeling irritated, the time when we can wait for is within a minute, and the controlling computer has..
【Elevator】
An image that the elevator rises and falls resembles the one in which a cable car runs vertically. Set up rollers which mean wheels guide the cage, the cage is drawn vertically by the wire rope and moves along the rail.
As to the elevator recently, it’s quiet and doesn’t shake. When rising and falling, its speed is over 70 kilometers per hour, but a coin of 10yen is erect on the floor of the cage remains its position then, for it has been controlled by computer.
A sensor for acceleration is set up on the cage. When the sensor detects a shake, the computer adjusts relation on...
【Elevator】
The cage where we get on on the elevator is connected with a weight by wire rope so as to be well-balanced. The cage on elevator is connected with the weight by the wire rope as if it were the well-bucket.
The character on the way is decreasing burden on motor in order to be well-balanced, so we can decrease the capacity on the motor.
As to other way of driving elevator is oil pressure, and winding. The way is changed according to its height and space.
An image that the cage rises and falls resembles the one in which a cable car moves...
【Elevator】
When looking at its inside, we are surprised at various devices there.
Tenth day November is the day for elevator. Ryounkaku was open at Asakusa in Tokyo prefecture on the day in 1890. An elevator running on electricity was provided in Ryounkaku then. The elevator was the for the first time in Japan. The day is commemorated on it.
There is a record that the elevator was used in Ancient Rome. Needless to say, it didn’t move by electricity. The history on the elevator is old unexpectedly.
The elevator running on electricity at present is adopted a way of a well bucket つるべ.
【Escalator】
But the author expressed like that and better expression doesn’t occur to me. It can’t be helped. I’m sorry for it.
Returning to the main topic.
As a result, the speed on moving at the slope becomes faster than when getting on and off the escalator. It’s by1.5 times.
The longest escalator is at an amusement park in Kagawa prefecture. It is no less than 96 meters. Is the mechanism on changing gear adopted on the one in the amusement park?
I’m not sure of it, for the author doesn’t said it clearly.
【Elevator】
An elevator is indispensable in a high rise building.
【Escalator】
But as to the escalator on changing gear, the part where the stairs are connect can be bent.
When moving forward, and going up or down the part where the stairs are connected change.
When moving forward its shape is Y on alphabet, but going up or down it changes into a shape of イ on angular Japanese phonetic syllabary, katakana.
Then the speed on stairs decreases at exit or entrance with a principle that a paper has a wrinkle, so we can get on and off the elevator.
The principle that the paper has a wrinkle. I wish there could be other expression to understand more easily.
【Escalator】
Speed on lots of escalators is 30 meters per minutes, 1.8 kilometers per an hour, so impatient people tend to run up or down its stairs. It’s dangerous.
Needless to say, we can make it move much faster, but it’s dangerous when getting on and off the escalator, but a new escalator which solves the two problem at the same time.
Mitsubishi electronics company has put it into practice. It’s called the escalator on changing gears or the one which moves fast on slope. Its secret is in structure on stairs.
Two stairs are connected with a chain in a straight line on ordinary escalatar.
【Escalator】
When comparing it with elevator, its by far more efficient.
Each stair on the escalator is connected with chain of which whole shape is a loop, and it’s driven by a motor.
Ordinary escalator which we usually see in town is the one which goes up straight and it has slope of some 30 degrees, but other unique ones appear. For example, its degree on slope is bigger, or there is a landing on the way to the next floor.
Moreover a walking sidewalk which doesn’t have any slope has the same structure with the escalator.
Speed on lots of escalator is 30 meters per minutes, 1.8...
【Escalator】
Escalator is indispensable for a building, but we seldom have a chance for looking at its structure. What kind of mechanism does it have?
Escalator is a word of combination of scala which means a stair in Latin and elevator. The one who contrived named it.
As its name shows, it’s a apparatus which conveys people like an elevator, but it’s different from the elevator. The elevator is a kind of room. It resembles a box and moves vertically.
On the other hand the escalator has stairs, and the stairs move automatically.
Its strong point is high ability of conveying people.
【Tower crane】
In the floor climbing, the tower crane is also reinforced. It was through the building inside, so it was done from both side.
On the other hand, in the mast climbing, it’s next to the building, so it’s reinforced by one side alone.
Mast climbing is used for mansion on super high rise, and floor climbing is done for a building in a city of super high rising.
When a skeleton steel tower for electric wire is built, the way of tower building is used, so a higher tower stands in the heart of mountain.
I’m not good at expressing, so I’m afraid you are confused. I’m sorry for it.
【Tower crane】
When looking at the illustration, the mast is through in the building under construction, and after the base on the mast was raised, the floor is constructed just under the base.
The building is constructed and the crane is raised to the highest place on the mast again. It’s repeated.
As to the mast climbing, the long pole is set up outside the building, next to the building. When the building is constructed, the long pole becomes higher, and material for reinforcing the long pole is set up between the long pole and the building more and more.
In the floor climbing, the...
【Tower crane】
...the crane is supported by a long pole. We call it the mast.
As to the floor crane, at first its foothold is secured, and the crane is assembled on the mast, so the mast supports the crane from just under the crane. When the building is constructed, the crane is raised to the highest floor by the mast at the same time.
How does the mast raise? I’m wondering, but it isn’t expressed. Oil pressure? I’m not sure of it.
The upper mast is fixed up on the highest floor then. After that, the base on the mast is raised, and the base is also fixed at the floor.
When looking at...
【Tower crane】
After finishing dismantling, the smaller crane sets up other crane which is smaller than itself a little in the next place. Then the second smaller crane dismantles the first small crane.
It is repeated and the crane which accomplished its aim is carried away from there to the ground.
The crane dismantling other one is left to the end, and it is disbanded by people and is carried away by elevator to the ground.
As to the way of climbing tower crane as if it were an inch worm, it's raised by mast or by floor.
According to the illustration, in both of the ways, the crane is...
【Tower crane】
The tower crane moves up in the place higher and higher according to the growth on the high-rise building.
In a series of building the crane is done on an order with construction, climbing, and dismantling.
As to the construction, setting foothold for the tower crane.
When climbing, the tower crane rises up according to the growth on the building as if it were an inch warm 尺取り虫.
When dismantling, it's done from the roof.
In short, a crane which is smaller than the main crane a little was set up in the next place, and the smaller crane dismantles the main crane.
【Tower crane】
When building, it’s so outstanding that it is popular among onlookers who watch a construction site. When building a high rise building, the tower crane is indispensable.
When trying to build a low rise building, a crane truck can carry up the building material to the highest roof, but as to the high rise building, it can’t. Then when trying to carry up the building material, the tower crane is necessary in any case.
When looking at the tower crane, something strange happens. The higher the building is, the higher tower crane moves. The tower crane moves up in the place...
【Preface】
The author said like that, but when looking at one of illustrations at a glance, I can’t understand very well. Does it mean that I’m stupid?
To my sorrow I can’t deny it. It’s just that I’m going to do my best.
Marvelous technical skill which we look at outdoors.
【Tower crane】
A tower crane which plays an active part in the highest place of a high-rise building under construction. Who and how carried up the crane in the roof?
The one which plays active part diligently in the highest place of a high rise building under construction. It’s a tower crane.
When building, its the...
【Preface】
...for device was done for illustrations so as to make readers understand on principles or mechanism.
When thinking on questions of energy, surrounding, information in the twenty first century, understanding mechanism on those marvelous things created by the human being is indispensable,
As to intellectual interest, we are satisfied with understanding it, and the author said he is happy if this book is helpful so as to be useful for solving mystery for readers.
The problem is my English ability. When looking at it, the illustration makes readers understand on mechanism at once...
【Preface】
...especially the latest thing classified in electronics, or new material lately is a compilation on study for the century in the past, so it is hard of course.
This book expresses on doubts with illustration. It was done so as to make readers understand easily. The book is the one which solves the mystery.
It adopted the latest scientific technical skill which we’ve often seen and heard in a news program on TV, for example, bitcoin, drone, VR, or AR.
When looking at the illustration, questions which readers tend to have will be done away with, for a device is done for the...
【Preface】
...we usually have no doubt on it.
Building material is carried up to the roof by the crane, so when starting to think, who carried up the crane itself?
Without knowing we stopped to walk and being worried about it sometimes.
Or when making a plastic model, needless to say we always use an instant glue. When starting to think, why does it stick to instantly?
Then instead of making the plastic model, our interest tends to turn the question, for lots of things around us are a fruit by scientific technical skill in the 20 century, especially the latest thing classified in...
【Preface】
We’ve led everyday life surrounded by a great variety of products and building at present when scientific civilization has developed.
I’m sure no one would have never thought of the great variety of products and building a century ago, the author said like that.
As almost all of them have been familiar to us, so we don’t think it’s so strange, but if thinking of each of mechanism, and a way of producing, we’ll be at a loss probably.
For example, a high-rise building. We are used to seeing it, so when looking at a crane moving on the roof of a building under construction, we...
【What I’ve thought】
As to the differential and integral calculus, I can’t express any more, for it’s too hard to do. In addition as to a way of expressing its equation here, I’m at a loss.
I’m interested in physics, so I’m sure I have to learn the differential and integral calculus harder.
Without understanding math, I’m afraid I can’t understand physics as well, but I can do nothing any more with my own ability on mat at present.
I’m going to try to challenge again in near future, so I’m going to look for other book which expresses on the differential and integral calculus more easily.
【Dividing minutely as much as possible】
《We can resemble the value on area closely》
...we can find actual value on area closely.
Though there is a special figure which we can’t overlook a margin of error and mathematicians love the special example like that, the smaller its basic unit becomes, the more a margin of error approaches zero.
Being based on the way, I’m going to express a cubic volume on a huge statue of Buddha, the author said like that.
【Cubic volume on the huge statue of Buddha in Nara】
The curly hair is a key for everything
《Expressing the cubic volume on the huge...》
【Dividing minutely as much as possible】
《Extremity appears》
It’s a way of thinking on extremity.
Even if it’s a curve, when closing up more and more, we can’t distinguish between a curve and a straight line.
If thinking the value on area this time, when making the size on the square approach zero, its value approaches actual value on the area.
《We can resemble the value on area closely》
In short, making the size on the square smaller as much as possible, we can find the value on a complicated area.
Setting up a single basic unit, this time the square, and applying for the figure...
【Dividing minutely as much as possible】
《Extremity appears》
It proved that it’s all right if making the size on square small. I’m going to develop the way of thinking, the author said like that.
There is an illustration on a complicated figure in the book, and the complicated figure includes elven squares.
There is other illustration on the same complicated figure, but the complicated figure includes smaller squares of which number is 34.
It turned out that the smaller the square is, the more precise the value on area is. I’m sure we have seen the way of thinking before. It’s a way of...
【A way of taking all the things by dividing minutely】
《A way of finding area》
An original problem was which one applies well, a proposal has been asked. The proposal is hard to do. For example, when asking to write interesting sentence, it’s hard, but when asking to write a hundred of Chinese characters, it’s easy, for the latter is a simple task.
A way of solving a hard problem is explaining hard work in plain words so as to handle the hard problem as simple work.
【Dividing minutely as much as possible】
A way of taking all the things reach an extreme way of thinking
《Extremity appears》
【A way of taking all the things by dividing minutely】
《Taking all the things by square》
Then we try to make the square small more and more, so we can find the value on area more closely. For example, there is the square of basic size which we adopt, so we make it half size. Then the value on area which we calculate approaches actual figure closely.
《A way of finding area》
Even if adopting the way, it doesn’t reach an accurate value but it seems that we can find direction which we should moved ahead. What we have to do is how much we can make square small.
Original problem was which...
【A way of taking all the things by dividing minutely】
《Taking all the things by square》
It’s natural but how about it?
It seems that the author suggest we adopt better way.
If a complicated figure is a group which we can calculate easily, we can find the value on area without a margin of error when we can find its good combination.
Let’s take an illogical jump of overlooking a margin of error a little boldly.
As to a figure, when thinking which shape we should adopt, triangle or circle, it’s tiresome, so we decide to taking all square from the figure. Then we make the square small...
【A way of taking all the things】
《A concrete way of finding value》
Moreover the value on area must have been fixed the single one, for it’s natural. When measuring the same area, there couldn’t have been two values on single area. The author emphasized it.
【A way of taking all the things by dividing minutely】
If shape is fixed single way and its size becomes smaller, we can resemble an area closely.
《Taking all the things by square》
I’ve expressed a basic way of thinking of taking all the things. Combining figures which we can find its value easily and finding value on area. It’s...
【A way of taking all the things】
《A concrete way of finding value》
At first, filling the area which we want to find with square which is appropriate size, then uneven area is left, so applying for figures which is appropriate size. It doesn’t have to be square. The one which we can find its value easily like triangle, circle, or rectangle.
The more the uneven area is filled with, the more, it is possible for us to find accurate value on area.
How should we decrease a margin of error? We do it later.
Whether or not we can find its value, the important thing is the value on area exists.
【A way of taking all the things】
《Finding value on area of shores along river》
...but almost all of the things aren’t so simple in the world, especially the land changed by flood was such a complicated shape that finding value on land is very hard.
How did they find value on land long ago? Needles to say, finding exact value was hard, but they had to find as exact as possible, so they thought of the next way.
《A concrete way of finding value》
They applied for a figure which they could find its value on are easily so as to resemble value on area closely.
At first, filling the area...
【Why is the integral calculus necessary?】
《At first calculating value on area》
The integral calculus is a technical skill of dividing minutely and adding together. The author said he was going to show its power, but the problem is whether or not I can express it in English, but I’m going to do my best.
【A way of taking all the things】
Applying as much as possible
《Finding value on area of shore along river》
Speaking a way of finding value on area until now, it seems that we’ve learned simple shapes like triangle or square in elementary school, but almost all of the things aren’t so ...
【Why is the integral calculus necessary?】
《Wanting to divide land fairly》
A desire of wanting to find a precise land as much as possible led to development on the integral calculus.
《At first calculating the value on area》
From now on, I’m going to express on a value on area for a while, the author said, but it doesn’t always mean that the integral calculus is adopted for calculation on land alone.
Though it was able to be use for calculation on land as well, it’s useful in many ways. We can do various things with the integral calculus.
The integral calculus is a technical skill that...
【Why is the integral calculus necessary?】
《Wanting to divide land fairly》
Fertile soil was carried away from upstream, so the flood was helpful, but once inundation broke out, the stream on the river changed and the shape on shore along the river which was used as arable land 耕地 changed mercilessly.
But they had to divide the land fairly though its shape changed, so a technical skill of dividing the land fairly was necessary. It was a way of using a rope, and resembling the land closely.
If adopting the way, the land was able to be divided fairly, but exact value on the land wasn’t found.
A thing which we can understand by integral calculus. Gathering things which were divided minutely and a relation with the differential calculus.
【Why is the integral calculus necessary?】
A way of thinking on the integral calculus has existed from ancient time.
《Wanting to divide land fairly》
The background that the integral calculus was born is related to the ancient Egyptian civilization.
Egyptian civilization was prosperous along the Nile River, but the River flooded every rainy season, and Egyptian people suffered from an inundation. Fertile soil was carried away from the upstream...
【There is a rule on the differential calculus】
《An explanation on its rule》
If thinking concretely, it’s easy to understand, so let’s thinking of ∫（x）＝ x to the fourth power.
By the way, though reading and trying to understand the contents of the book on the differential calculus, I can’t understand very much.
I hate to express something as if I understood when being unable to grasp. I hate to give it up, but I can do nothing any more as to the differential calculus, so I’m going to express integral calculus.
But when a complicated equation coming across, I’m forced to give it up.
【There is a rule on the differential calculus】
Without knowing the rule, we can’t play
《Basic rule》
Making a function showing an inclination which means a derived function 導関数, from other function. We call it the differential calculus.
The derived function was made in the part which I omitted, but it was too complicated to be practical, so expressing it in formula, saving us from doing the trouble, the author said like that.
Lots of pages would be spent on it in textbook, but the author said he was going to express on its conclusion alone here.
《Explanation on its rule》
If thinking...
【What I've thought】
I’ve expressed myself in English, being based on a book,眠れなくなるほど面白い微分積分, published by 日本文芸社, written by 大上武彦, and a part where I’m forced to give up is from the middle part on page 52 to page 55.
As I find it complicate, so I don’t think I feel like expressing, but if you are interesting in it, please read it for yourself.
Without having fun, I can’t express any more, but I’m sure accumulating is important for learning math. I’m going to try to neglect it, so expressing on the differential calculus may be hard, especially on its essence. I’m sorry for it.
【Asking for inclination】
《Fraction of fraction》
There are two other points, A（a half, one third）and B（two thirds, one）. I’m going to try to find the value on inclination between the two point.
As to the y-axis, distracting one from one third. Its value is minus two thirds.
As for the x-axis, distracting two thirds from the half. It’s minus one sixth.
I have to divide the value on x-axis by the value on y-axis, when calculating, its value is four.
By the way, I’ve tried to express the theoretical background on the differential calculus in English, but I find it complicated. I give it up.
【Asking for inclination】
《It’s all right both distracting point B from point A and distracting point A from point B》
But without thinking anything, distracting the value A from B on y-axis, and distracting on x-axis. We divide the value on y-axis by the value on x-axis, then we can find its inclination.
Even if two points line in any order, if putting them into the equation and calculating, a value on minus is nullified well, and we can find an accurate value on inclination.
《Fraction of fraction》
There are other two points, A（a half, one third）and B（two thirds, one）. Can we find the...
【Asking for the value on clination
【Calculating coordinates each other, we can recognize the angle on slide】
《it’s all right either distracting point A from point B or distracting point B from point A》
As to its inclination, we can find if dividing moving distance on inclination by other moving distance on inclination.
There is two point on a coordinate, A （3.8）B （2.4）. Going forward by one from left point B, and going up by 4 from there, there is point A.
We happened to think which is left side, A or B? But without thinking anything, distracting A from B on y-axis, and doing the same...
【From a limit to a derived function】
《Dividing minutely more and more》
When cutting the curve, there is inclination and direction in which jumping out of the curve. How should we find them?
In conclusion, we adopt a way of thinking on dividing minutely. If closing up a single point in curve, even if it curved so much, it becomes almost a straight line. If it’s the straight line, its inclination is expressed with the next equation.
As to the equation, it’s the one which I neglected to express, so I have to return once again.
It is no use crying over spilt milk. I have to repeat once more.
【The differential calculus in narrow sense】
《A way of making ∫´（x）from ∫（x）》
If you don’t think it has meaningful, please omit it and go forward, the author said like that.
What should I do? If omitting it, I shouldn’t have expressed on curry, so I’m going to do my best as much as possible.
【From a limit to a derived function 導関数】
Theoretical background is like the next
《Minutely more and more》
We need to express ∫´（x）with an equation so as to make ∫´（x）from ∫ （x）. ∫´（x）is an inclination on the place of x in curve.
When cutting the curve, its inclination and direction in which...
【The differential calculus in narrow sense】
《A way of making ∫´（x）from ∫（x）》
When having wanted to eat a curry and rice, we have only to buy roux on curry on the market. Even if the one on the market, some of them are good, but how about the one who tried to open a curry shop which is particular about the curry and rice?
The roux laid from a wholesale store may have used in the curry shop, but the owner of the curry shop which is particular about the curry and rice, it needs an experience from cooking curry and rice from roux at least once, doesn’t it?
It’s a thing on a sense of values.
【The differential calculus in narrow sense】
《Real intention and principle which shows others officially on the differential calculus》
As to real intention, in narrow sense, making ∫´（x）from ∫（x）is the differential calculus.
《A way of making ∫´（x）from ∫（x）》
I’m going to do an operation on the differential calculus in narrow sense from now on, the author said and continued.
The operation has almost nothing to do with the differential calculus when doing it actually. Then why am I going to do it?
For example, when having wanted to eat curry and rice...
【The differential calculus in narrow sense】
《Real intention and principle which shows others officially on the differential calculus》
It’s a principle which shows others officially.
On the other hand, putting additional value to the cost prime and making a profit by selling goods. It’s the real intention.
Meaning on the differential calculus is dividing minutely and thinking. It’s the principle which shows others officially.
When using the differential calculus, we intend to accumulate changes on instant and thinking of its whole image.
Then an important thing is making ∫´（x）from ∫（x）.
【Differential calculus in a narrow sense】
Accumulating changes on instant and thinking of the whole image.
《Real intention and a principle which shows others on the differential calculus》
We call a way of making ∫´（x）from ∫（x）the differential calculus. Though it’s important, it doesn’t always mean on the differential calculus.
We should know when to use its real intention and its principle which shows others officially on the differential calculus, the author said like that.
When serving food for customers, it is done so as that customers have a good meal. It’s a principle which shows...
Continuation from the last response on the fifth one.
【Function which shows its function】
《Making function which shows its inclination》
We call a way of making ∫´（x）from ∫（x）the differential calculus. The author said it’s important, but I don’t know why it is.
We can derive ∫´（x）from ∫（x）, and if ∫（x）is made up with a polynomial expression 多項式 of an equation composed with addition and multiplication alone, we should be able to do it absolutely, the author said like that.
The differential calculus on the polynomial expression is a basis to everything.
【The differential calculus...】
>> 1
どういたしまして。
It's my pleasure.
😉
マユミちゃん、有難う😊
Thank you for Mayumichan, I’m grateful for you to this thread. To my joy, I can start to establish a new thread again with her help, though the 5th has never finished yet.
I can’t establish my thread for myself here, so instead of me,I’ve asked her to establish. Without her help, I can’t express myself in English here like this.
The harder math becomes, the harder its equation I express, so I’m afraid I can’t express here in the near future. Even if just now, I can’t express the one of a mark = and ＜ or = and ＞ united.
I can express it in English, but its mark is more useful.
- << 2 どういたしまして。 It's my pleasure. 😉
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
前スレ・次スレ
ふとした疑問掲示板のスレ一覧
ふとした疑問、普段気になっていたことなどをみんなで話そう❗
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いつからミクルを見てますか？19レス 756HIT 主婦さん (30代 ♀)
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友達にしつこくし嫌われちゃう女子0レス 201HIT しりとり好きさん
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つらたん0レス 92HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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ぶっちゃけ令和の女は5レス 230HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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学習障害 Ld.1レス 105HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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高齢ドライバー年間3000件以下とはいえ膨大な数の死亡事故、さらにそれより遥かに多い…(匿名さん4)
12レス 921HIT おしゃべり好きさん -
レスについて6レス 457HIT 匿名さん (♀)
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いつからミクルを見てますか？
私も10年以上だと思います。ガラケー時代？ 離婚前に悩んだ末に辿…(匿名)
19レス 756HIT 主婦さん (30代 ♀) -
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Let’s enjoy English 22nd【What are the security bills?】 《…(燻し銀三)
300レス 1995HIT 燻し銀三 (60代 ♂) 名必 -
ぶっちゃけ令和の女は
ちょっと何言ってるか分からない。 弱者男性も女と同じ心を持つ人間で尊…(匿名さん5)
5レス 230HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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女の身長157センチと161センチ10レス 233HIT 匿名 (40代 ♀)
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嘘ついてると思う？6レス 188HIT 匿名さん
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教師の仕事ってどこまでですか？3レス 153HIT 社会人さん
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ジョジョは9部若しくは12部で完結する説2レス 213HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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女の身長157センチと161センチ
ご回答ありがとうございます。 が、下の1行は余計です。ここへ投稿…(匿名)
10レス 233HIT 匿名 (40代 ♀) -
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男性セラピストのオイルマッサージ屋
たまに？ 滅多と無いですよ。どういうことですか？(空飛ぶモンティパイソン)
3レス 187HIT OLさん (♀) -
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お悩み解決掲示板
犬というより、その職員の身体の一部のように存在していましたよ。 お互…(マザー)
20レス 799HIT マザー -
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嘘ついてると思う？
そうですね、今回の事でとても勉強になりました。 オープンにしている以…(匿名さん0)
6レス 188HIT 匿名さん
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