Science,English,and math 6th

【Seabed exploration】

《A large number of blind prawns and a black smoke》

After the period of suspension, the present chimney begins to form. As the hot water boils from almost of the one place, so the chimney grows upward more and more, and the Laputa is formed.

There is an illustration on the scene of the foot from the tremendous black smoke in the center of mound on the hot water of TAG.

A large number of blind prawns swarm there, and sea anemones live in swarms in places where there is low temperature.

We can see the dead chimney which stops its action stand unearthly.

There is a…

【Seabed exploration】

《A large number of blind prawns and a black smoker》

I made a mistake in the sub head line. I expressed black smoke, but it was a black smoker. To be exact, it isn’t the black smoke but it means the Laputa. I’m sorry for it.

There is a scale so as to research on the stream of flow of the hot water. It stands on one of the side of Laputa.

【Laputa has been still more covered with mysterious】

If following the submarine voyage of fifteenth times one by one in details, we can understand the whole image on the Laputa.

If looking at the Laputa from far away, there is a lava…

【Seabed exploration】

《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》

…there is the lava as if it were squeezed from a tooth paste in the seabed where there is no fire. It looks like a pillow. There are flat places covered with a pile.

There are two photos on them.

The one is the surface on the seabed covered with the pile. It doesn’t have any influence over the pile of hot water so much. The place is comparatively flat, and is covered with pile including white calcic dead body.

The other is the lava away from the TAG, and covered the seabed. Its shape looks like the pillow. The lava…

【Seabed exploration】

《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》

The lava comes out slowly owing to the water pressure as if it were squeezed from the tooth paste. There are some streaks on the surface because of the water pressure.

The whole mound is made up with sand or a block of sulfide. It looks its distribution has a regularity. The sulfide clung to or broke on the terrace, so the terrace is uneven. Some places bristles with dead chimney and there are new chimneys in other places.

The Laputa towers in the center of the mound, to be exact, it’s in northwest. It looks like a …

【Seabed exploration】

《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》

The Laputa looks like a huge tree of its diameter is some 5 meters, and its lower place is thick, and if going upward more and more, it branches off.

No one has seen its whole image, but its height is 18 meters at least. Why has no one seen it? It’s always covered with the black smoke, moreover there is such a strong stream that it is hard to research on submarine voyage in one place alone.

To make matters worse, a tremendous crowd of prawns clung to the Laputa as if it were tree made up with the prawns, so we can’t…

【Seabed exploration】

《Laputa has been still more covered with mystery》

The prawns prevent us from seeing the whole image. They have a sensor on temperature its back, and making use of the sensor and gather around the Laputa as if they were moths at might in the middle of summer, so we can’t see any surface of the Laputa.

《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》

A central submarine ridge expands 3 centimeters a year, and other 16 centimeters. The former is the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean, and the latter is a sea swell at the East Pacific…

【Seabed exploration】

《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》

…and the latter is a sea swell 海膨 at the East Pacific Ocean in the southern semi sphere.

With the expansion on the seabed, various active scientific phenomena have broken out on the earth at present.

The goal on research for the submarine ridge is to estimate how much heat or material are released in the seabed and is added to the seawater.

If it is clear, we understand how they influence over on organization of the sea water or of the atmosphere, so we need to establish a system which…

【Seabed exploration】

《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》

…so we need to establish an observation system which measures the temperature the earth’s core in the seabed for a long period.

There is the Laputa of TAG which is the mound billowing the hot water at the central submarine ridge in the Atlantic Ocean.

The author said he and the staff have to dive under the water in the East Pacific Ocean in order to compare it with the one in the East Pacific Ocean.

There is an illustration on the creatures which inhabit the East Pacific Ocean.

Plentiful biota…

【Seabed exploration】

《The submarine ridge which expands no less than 16 centimeters a year》

Plentiful biota 生物相 expands at the hot water are of sea swell in the East Atlantic Ocean as if it weren’t in the deep sea.

Those crowd of creatures don’t depend on photosynthesis by solar energy. Instead of photosynthesis, bacteria by chemical composition makes hydrogen sulfide and methane oxidize. The bacteria by chemical composition functions like the photosynthesis. It’s called carbon fixation. It has been done in photosynthesis as well. What is the carbon fixation?

It means that the carbon…

【Seabed exploration】

《Carbon fixation》

It means that the carbon which is included in the atmosphere or in exhaust fumes is fixed in some ways. In short, the carbon dioxide is kept as carbon compounds, reducing the amount of exhausted carbon dioxide in the air, so it seems to have been paid attention so as to prevent the global warming from breaking out.

《There is a different scene from the TAG》

TAG means the mound which gushes out the hot water.

Lava like a glass which shines black is exposed from the crack which expands 16 centimeters a year. There is other layer of the lava under it.

【Seabed exploration】

《There is a different scene from the TAG》

The layer of lava is faded and dead bodies of creatures clung to it.

The lava was accumulated to many times like a step, so we can understand that there were several activities on it.

There was a structure of cave-in inside the crack because volatility ingredient fell off.

With the expansion, the crack was formed, and the crack becomes bigger and bigger. There is a pit of which width is 100 meters, and of which depth is 10 meters.

There is a lava of which shape is a board and has low viscosity 粘性 among those lava like glass.

【Seabed exploration】

《There is a different scene from TAG》

The lava of which shape is like a board is called the seat floor, and there is the seat floor which becomes the one like a post. We call it a pillar, and the overflowed lava formed the one like the pillow on its slope.

Holes which the hot water gush out were at the end of a rift valley 地溝 and they are lined up which are almost like a line. There were varied types of holes which hot water gushes out, and all of them were named.

The hole which gushes out the highest temperature was white birch chimney. It was 374 degree.

【Seabed exploration】

《There is a scene which is different from TAG》

There were sea anemones or bivalves 二枚貝 in the area where there were holes which gushes out in low temperature, and there is warm tubes where there were holes in high temperature.

There were few prawns there, instead there were a large number of crabs and of fishes there. We can see a world which is different from TAG altogether.

《A record of being submerge by Mode 94》

The author said he navigated underwater with しんかい 6500 nineteenth times in total before doing by Mode 94.

He was on board in しんかい 6500 than any other…

【Seabed exploration】

《A record of being submerge by Mode 94》

The author was on board しんかい 6500 more than any other crews as researcher, but almost all of the submarine voyage was the area of sea around Japan, the area where there wasn’t active volcanoes mainly. The submarine voyage was done in quiet submarine trenches until then.

But this time he navigated underwater of hot water area and could observe the chimney with his own eyes. It was significant for his study, he said like that.

A plate formed at the sea swell in the East Atlantic Ocean would sink under the Japanese trench after a…

【Seabed exploration】

《A record of being submerge by Mode 94》

A plate formed at the sea swell in the East Atlantic Ocean would sink under Japanese trench after a hundred million years.

The author is few researcher in the world who navigated underwater where the both place which expands and other place which sinks.

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

Navigating underwater of TAG mound means for the author that a study on hot water area which he had never experienced, in addition, the TAG mound was the biggest hot water area in the world.

Lots of research had been…

【Seabed exploration】

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

Lots of researches had been done of which center was America, and the author was worried about his research. He thought he should do something new, but how should he do?

He thought of understanding the exact position on the TAG mound, and grasping the whole image on the TAG mound, so he made a map on which there was the TAG mound.

It was decided that he navigated underwater of the sea swell in the East Pacific Ocean after the one in the East Atlantic Ocean.

The crack in the Atlantic Ocean was a quick expansion

【Seabed exploration】

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

On the other hand, the crack in the Pacific Ocean was a slow expansion, so the author thought he tried to learn essential difference between them from both of the geographical and geological features

よこすか which was a mother ship for しんかい6500 departed from Woods Hole which was a laboratory for oceanic science and continued a pleasant voyage.

There was not a speck of cloud over the sky in the area of TAG and the wave was calmed down. The author was on board in the Atlantic Ocean, but the observation ship was...

【Seabed exploration】

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

…but the observation ship was made in Japan, so the author was under the illusion that he investigated around Japan.

A map for geographical features on the seabed in detail is necessary so as to investigate by the submarine voyage. When a mountaineer walks in the mountain, it’s entirely on a map on the mountain. The investigation by submarine voyage is the same.

A ship called Noah belonged to the laboratory of the oceanic science made a map, and the author and staff made a plan, being based on the map.

【Seabed exploration】

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

Needless to say, the staff of the ship of よこすか made its original map for themselves by running around at night or the day for the maintenance on the ship.

After departing the port, the researchers held a meeting and decided an order on submerging voyage, apparatus which they should use, and a sample which they should adopt in detail.

After that crews in the ship and members on investigation by submarine voyage held a meeting.

It was the fourth day August when the author started his first submarine voyage.

【Seabed exploration】

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

The submarine voyage started after 9：00 in the morning every day. Immediately before the night on the submarine voyage, he had to abstain from drinking water and to have enough sleep.

On the day of submarine voyage, the author made sure whether or not it’s all right on every part of the submersible ship. It was the final check, or installing various equipment on the basket for the sample.

Around 9：30, after watching the map and researchers were got into the submersible ship with a memo. The submersible ship…

【Seabed exploration】

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

The submersible ship is a shape of sphere made up with titan. The thickness on the shell against water pressure was 2 meters. Its inside was small.

The pilot and co-pilot turned on power. They read and collated items they should check elaborately. At first, they used the power source outside, after that, they changed into the power source inside, and making a radio contact with the mother ship, and checking the sonar. The sonar is an abbreviation of sound navigation and ranging.

When those check were over…

【Seabed exploration】

《At first making a map before submerging himself in water》

When those checks were over, at last the hatch was shut down and artificial oxygen was poured into the submersible ship.

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

The submersible ship was on a cart, and it was carried under a crane with the cart, and was lifted. The crews were already in it, and they saw the faces of other researchers or the captain of the mother ship who saw the crews off from the mother ship. The crews saw them through the window of the submersible ship.

【Seabed exploration】

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

When the submersible ship reached the surface of the water, beautiful splash raised.

Two swimmers were called there and the rope was removed from the submersible ship, and the final check was over, the submarine voyage started at last.

The members on しんかい 6500 was used to the work so much that they usually start the submarine voyage before 10；00.

The submersible ship sank down. When looking at the outside the window, the author can see the screw on よこすか.

As the sunbeams reached the depth of 200 meters…

【Seabed exploration】

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

…the deeper the submersible ship went down, the darker it became gradually. The scene around the submersible ship changed like from an evening in the summer into a dark night.

The submersible ship went down to the seabed, rotating. The temperature on the water became low, and there was a drop of water on the window.

As the temperature went down inside the submersible ship, the author had to wear thick clothes then.

The place where the depth was over 200 meters, it became dark completely. The crews could…

【Seabed exploration】

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

The crews could see things like little noctilucae 夜光虫 shake slowly from the window.

The submersible ship made a contact with the mother ship every 200 meters. It adjusts with a ballast which is a kind of weight in order to be the same density with the sea water. When going down, it does with extra ballast.

On the other hand, when going up, it abandoned the extra ballast, so its density became lighter than the sea water then.

The author said when approaching the seabed, he felt the strain.

At first the…

【Seabed】

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

At first the crews had to abandoned the ballast for going down and adjust the water in the tank in order to keep the submersible ship horizontal, taking into the sea water or releasing it.

Adjusting the gauge near the seabed, it’s the final check, the submersible ship reached the seabed. Then it made a contact with the mother ship.

To tell the truth, even if being in the mother ship, we can understand the situation at the seabed, for the image by video which was installed to the …

【Seabed】

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

…for the image by video installed to the submersible ship was able to send to the mother ship as if it had been a photo telegram from an artificial satellite. A technical skill which is enable to do it has been developed,

The time when the submersible ship approached the seabed came closer, the people gathered in the control room one after another.

It took about an hour and forty five minutes to reach the seabed of which depth was 3650 meters from starting the submarine voyage.

There were three and a half of hour...

【Seabed exploration】

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

There were three and a half hour to spend at the seabed, but without having a plan ahead and taking into an action, the crews would lose their valuable time.

The author spoke on the thing which he observed at the seabed more and more, looking out the scene outside the window.

As there was a camera which the researchers could operate at will, the author made the camera zoom in everything, or change its direction. He made an effort to try to left a good image as much as possible.

It took three and a half…

【Seabed exploration】

《A tour to the deep seabed for an hour and forty five minutes》

It took three and a half hour to navigate underwater as planned, the author returned to the mother ship with lots of samples, then he quenches his throat with something cold, so he found it the best.

《A point and a line between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean》

The author said he navigated underwater in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean seven times. Then he thought the hot water of TAG in the Atlantic Ocean was a point, and the other in the Pacific Ocean was a line.

He said he named it…

【Seabed exploration】

《A point and a line between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean》

The author said he named them like that after a novel, 点と線 written by Seityo Matusmoto.

As to the speed of expansion, the Pacific Ocean is five times as quick as the Atlantic Ocean. Why is there difference between them? What causes them? It depends on the research from now on. It will be clear little by little.

【Part Ⅱ on the seabed exploration. Research on the deep seabed in Japan shows us a new development】

《The seabed around Japan and the activity on the research》

There is a submarine trench…

【Seabed exploration. Research on the deep seabed in Japan showed us a new development】

《The seabed around Japan and activity on the research》

There is a submarine trench of which depth is over 6000 meters, and a mountain in the sea which was dragged in the trench, moreover a volcano and a jetting hole form which the hot water gushes out by active diastrophism 地殻変動.

A full of variety of geographic features like that spread around the Japanese Islands.

The research on the area of sea around Japan would contribute greatly to the solution on various things, for example the movement on…

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《The seabed around Japan and activity on the research》

…for example, the movement on the earth’s core, volcanic activity, or mechanism on earthquake.

The varied geographic features have made varied surroundings, so the variation on the creatures becomes plentiful.

It turned out that there are creatures in the dark and cold seabed and they live hardy enough there.

Where are those creatures from? How have they spread over there? We’re forced to be interested in it.

The deep sea is more severe than the space world thanks to the high water pressure in a sense.

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《The seabed around Japan and activities on research》

We can’t communicate with anyone with even electric wave there, but a research ship by navigated underwater or a crewless probe which challenged there dauntlessly has made a progress so much for ten year in the past.

From しんかい 2000, the submersible ship which can goes down to the depth of 2000 meters, to しんかい 6500 which can do the depth of 6500 meters, besides かいこう which can navigate underwater to the depth of 1.1000 meters have been completed.

Then Japan has won a technical skill of being able to navigate…

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《The seabed around Japan and activities on research》

Then Japan has won a technical skill of being able to navigate underwater wherever it can investigate the seabed in the world.

Though being on the ground, the system which can observe the deep sea for a long period has operated for almost two years, and interesting data are accumulated.

Investigating the deep sea which excites our adventurous feeling will be active more and more from now on with development on the space world.

《かいこう, a crewless probe which reached the deepest part in the world, about…》

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《かいこう, a crewless probe reached the deepest part in the world, to be exact, 10.911,4 meters》

かいこう which was a Japanese crewless probe reached the deepest part at the ocean in the world March in 1995.

かいこう is made up with a stand for departure and arrival called launcher and a robot which sails in the sea called vehicle.

Electric power is supplied from the mother ship through a cable in the water, and transmitting information and its control has been done through an optical fiber in the same cable.

An promoting apparatus, manipulator, sonar for watching…

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《かいこう, which is a crewless probe reached the deepest part in the world, exactly 10.911,4 meters》

A promoting apparatus, manipulator, sonar for watching for a distant place, a TV camera for observation are loaded in the robot which sails in the sea called vehicle.

It was challenger deep in the Mariana Trench where かいこう reached. Its depth of water is ten thousand nine hundred eleven point four meters.

Search light flashed over the dark seabed where there is a strong pressure which is no less than 1 ton to an area of no more than 1 square centimeters.

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《かいこう which is a crewless probe reached the deepest part in the world》

When the vehicle reached the seabed, the ones which belonged to a sea cucumber were surprised and jumped there.

American manned probe reached the Challenger deep in 1960. The depth which the American manned probe reached has been the same with かいこう, but it is reported it failed to take a photo and to take samples.

After that there has been no report to navigate underwater at the Challenger deep.

かいこう succeeded in navigating underwater there, so even if it’s very deep sea, Japan can go…

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《Continuation from the last response》

…so even if it’s very deep sea, Japan can go down there and gather various data.

《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》

Even if we can navigate underwater to very deep place by しんかい 6500 or かいこう, the time when the submersible ship or the probe can stay there is limited.

As to a geological change or a mode of life on a creature, without going on observing for a long period, we can’t get enough knowledge. It frequently happens.

Therefore a station for total observation was set up in…

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》

Therefore a station for total observation at the deep seabed which has a video camera, gauge for an earthquake, a microphone in the water, a thermometer underground was set up at the seabed of which depth was 1174 meters off Hatsumi in Sagami gulf September in 1993.

The station continues to send an image or data in the seabed to the base for observation on the ground every day through a cable of optical fiber for almost two years.

The station has been set up in an area of crowd…

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》

The station has been set up in an area of crowd of シロウリガイ which is a kind of bivalve 二枚貝.

The bivalve has made use of methane boiling from a fault 断層 in the seabed indirect and inhabited there. Therefore its mode of life has a possibility to be related with a volcano or action on the earthquake in the seabed.

Both of plate in the Sea of Philippine and the one of North America collide each other in the Sagami Gulf, so the earthquake swarm 群発地震 and action on volcano in the seabed…

【Seabed exploration part Ⅱ】

《We’ve learned to be able to observe the deep seabed from the ground every day》

…so the earthquake swarm 群発地震 and action on volcano in the seabed have been active in the Sagami Gulf.

When a change broke out in the crowd of シロウリガイ, it may have made us foresee an earthquake or an eruption.

It turned out gradually that it has a possibility that the シロウリガイ was moved by the change on the route of boiling water or it spawns or ejaculates owing to a change on temperature in the water.

【The seabed exploration in the future】

Observation in great depth, observation…

【Seabed exploration in the future】

An observation in great depth, the observation for a long period, and excavation in the deep sea will be connected, and a four dimensional observation will learn to be done in the future.

Investigation at the deep sea has made a progress with a pace on development of apparatus for observation.

Wire dropped from the ship into the sea and dredge was done in the past. Cleaning out at the seabed and investigating there then.

Taking advantage of a camera for the seabed and being able to make a film on the situation in the seabed at present. A ship tows…

【Seabed】

A ship tows for other ship so as to investigate.

The investigation in the seabed is done minutely as if a geologist did on the ground, moreover a submersible research ship and a crewless probe have been introduced.

As a result, a researcher has learned to be able to observe the seabed and adopt the sample and set up a thing which is useful for the investigation in the seabed and collect if for itself.

As to the measurement on the seabed, it was done by dropping a rope every point before. On the other hand, sound wave has been adopted consecutively and it is measured as line.

【Investigation in the seabed in the future】

After that, Multi-narrow beam is done and the geographic features in the seabed learned to be investigate altogether as face. The Multi-narrow beam is apparatus for measure geographic features in the seabed precisely.

In short, the investigation developed from a point, a line to a face. Three dimensional measurement and treatment on digital data have developed greatly lately, for かいこう which is the crewless probe has been completed.

It can investigate the seabed of which depth is eleven thousand meters, and reach every part in the seabed on earth.

【Seabed investigation in the future】

In short, the seabed isn’t a frontier any more for us the humankind.

《A weather ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》

The investigation on the seabed with a scientific on the earth view from the point has developed after a theory of plate tectonics appeared at the end of 1960s. The theory is the next one.

The surface on the earth is covered with some plates made up with several rocks, and the plates move by convection of mantle, but lately a plume tectonics has been advocated as driving force which makes the plates move. It began from a probe…

【Seabed investigation in the future】

《Drillship or autonomous robot will be necessary》

The way of thinking on the plume tectonics began from the probe on earthquake in the whole earth.

As to the speed on the wave of earthquake, there is quick part and slow one inside the earth, and its speed depends on the temperature.

There is border between the mantle and the core, and there is more shallow place than the mantle and core and deeper place. The temperature between more shallow place and deeper place is varied.

A large amount of material called plume which is melted circulates and…

【Seabed investigation in the future】

《A drill ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》

,,, and the plume makes the plates move. It’s the theory on the plume tectonics, but the theory is necessary to verify from now on, and it is a big theme in the twenty first century.

The investigation on the place where the plates sank or other place where the seabed expanded was done, except for them, it has to develop into other one in which the drill ship is adopted and the one on earthquake and volcanoes are connected.

So we need to measure on a great depth, an unprecedented place where there...

【Seabed investigation in the future】

《A drill ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》

So we need to measure on the great depth, and an unprecedented place where there is ice and snow. Observing and measuring scientific phenomenon on the earth continuously for a long period and moving to four dimensional probe including geological time.

In this situation, there are ships and investigative apparatus which are indispensable for the investigation on the seabed in Japan at present. For example, a drilling ship, an investigative ship which has ability for breaking ice and autonomous vehicle.

【Seabed investigation in the future】

《A drill ship or autonomous robot will be necessary》

If digging in the seabed, the seabed which existed in the past always appears in front of us automatically . Digging out is a kind of time tunnel.

As time is added to three dimensional observation on geographical features and things in the past, we can grasp the scientific phenomenon on the earth as four dimension.

A digging ship in the seabed belonged to America called JOIDES Resolution alone is related to the four dimensional observation at present.

As being able to reach the deepest part in the …

【Seabed investigation in the future】

《A digging ship or an autonomous robot will be necessary in the future》

As being able to reach the deepest part in the world, the unprecedented area in the both pole is a frontier in a sense.

As to breaking ice, an observation ship, 白瀬 is engaged in the study at the Antarctic at present, but it is done at the study on the Antarctic itself, so the study around the seabed has never been always done enough.

When The autonomous robot goes to the seabed in order to supply battery for the station for a long period there, and researches the depth where…