Science,English,and math 6th

【Earthquake proof】

In Japan which is an island chain with frequent earthquake, earthquake proof is more important than any other thing. It’s made progress to control or trying to be isolated from earthquake.

To tell the truth, when expressing, I’m forced to think, is it possible?

Super high rise buildings have bristled in the center of Tokyo. We’re forced to be worried about that its all right in Japan where earthquake frequently breaks out, it’s prepared well, for It’s technical skill what we called earthquake resistant, seismic control, and being isolated seismically.

Constructing...

【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from earthquake】

Constructing a high rise building of which height is more than 31 meter was forbidden in law in Japan before 1963, but with the progress on technical skill against earthquake, the law has been revised, and it has been possible to construct a building of which height is more than 100 meter. Its first one is the building in Kasumigaseki. It’s started to construct high rise building in Japan.

When constructing building before the one in Kasumigaseki, it was adopted the structure which was proof earthquake.

【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from earthquake】

Reinforcing wall and post with reinforced concrete, and resisting a shake by earthquake. It’s rigid structure.

But if applying for a super high rise building of which height is more than 100 meter, we couldn’t put it into practical use owing to the weight of amount of iron and concrete, so a structure on controlling earthquake has been adopted.

The structure makes the building shake appropriately in harmony with the shake by the earthquake, and absorbing and dispersing energy from the earthquake.

【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from the earthquake】

We call it a flexible structure. As to an idea on theory of the flexible structure, a technical skill in which adopted in five-storied pagoda in old temple is used in the structure.

While lots of buildings collapsed in the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the five storied pagoda maintained its shape as it was at Kanei Temple in Ueno, so architects studied its technical skill and applied for other buildings at present.

We call the structure on shinbashira vibration control, and it has been adopted...

【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and trying to be isolated from earthquake】

...and the structure on Shinbashira vibration control has been adopted for Tokyo Sky Tree which completed in 2012.

Shinbashira is expressed 心柱 in Japanese. It’s the center pillar of pagoda, and has been put on the base on the ground. There is space between the center pillar and the five-storied pagoda itself on the upper part.

But high rise buildings shook so much because of long period motion in the Great Earthquake Disaster in East Japan and there were lots of the injured then. It was demerit on the...

【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and being isolated from earthquake】

It’s demerit on the flexible structure. Though it doesn’t collapse, it shakes so much when a big earthquake broke out.

A technical skill which tries to suppress the shake has developed at present, and it’s a structure of being isolated from earthquake.

As to the structure of being isolated from earthquake, the building is on an equipment which is transformed easily like gum, so the energy from the earthquake is hard to reach the building.

Adding it to the flexible structure, the shake by earthquake decreases...

【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and being isolated from earthquake】

Adding it to the flexible structure, the shake by earthquake decreases so much.

Which is better, earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, or being isolated from earthquake. It depends on. A technical skill on architecture which is applied for aim on the building is adopted.

As to the middle part on the space between the Sky Tree made with steel frame itself and its center pillar, it’s connected wit oil damper. What is the oil damper?

It’s an equipment in which making use of viscosity 粘性 in oil and...

【Earthquake proof, controlling earthquake, and being isolated from earthquake】

...and softening shake and shock from the earthquake.

As to the lower part on the Sky Tree, the center pillar and the Sky Tree made with steel frame is fixed with steel material.

【Automated ticket gate】

We’ve learned to be able to take advantage of transportation facilities smoothly on account of automated ticket gate and IC card. I’m going to express its mechanism.

When getting on train, we used to pass through a ticket gate after standing in line in front of a ticket machine and buying a ticket.

【Automated ticket gate】

We can make use of the vehicle as if it were an extension from a public road as long as we have an IC card like what is called Suica and PASMO. If holding up the IC card, we can pass through the ticket gate.

To tell the truth, whenever getting on train, I usually buy the ticket, so I seldom use both of them. When going somewhere I usually ride on scooter.

The convenient system has been materialized by FeriCa which is technical skill on IC card without touching. It has been developed by SONY. It’s a system by the IC card and apparatus which detects the IC card.

【Automated ticket gate】

I’m going to express on the mechanism of the system, adopting an example when passing through the ticket gate on JR East Japan with Suica.

We have to hold up the IC card to the automated ticket gate in order to go into a station. Then the automated ticket gate recognizes whether or not the card is a right one, and detects spent money, moreover recording its date, time and the station in which the card was used.

A marvelous thing on Suica is doing the series of operation at once. It’s done in no more than 0.1 second. If being slow at the automated ticket gate, its...

【Automated ticket gate】

If being slow at the automated ticket gate, it’s not practical, but without being able to recognize, to detect, and to record exactly, it’s meaningless as ticket gate, and Suica satisfies with both demands.

Contents on the IC card is made up with antenna and IC tip. An electric wave generates from the automated ticket gate, and the antenna changes the electric wave into electricity, then the electricity makes the IC tip operate. It’s characteristic on the IC card without touching.

Ferica is proud of carrying out the series of complicated operation with high speed.

【Automated ticket gate】

The dependable ability on certifying by Ferica has been adopted for not only electric money like Edy, Nanaco, and WAON, an identification card on company or on university but an electric key when going into an apartment flat and into its room.

Apple company in the U.S.A.made Ferica load on iPhone in 2016. It may have been chance on business in Japan which heralded the service on electric money in the world.

I’ve never made use of the electric money as well. I’m behind the times, I’m wondering.

【A fire extinguisher】

A fire extinguisher which we see at home or in...

【A fire extinguisher】

A fire extinguisher which we see at home or in workplace has a carved seal of alphabet like ABC if looking at it carefully. What does it mean?

We’re required to set up a fire alarm even in a private house at present, but a miserable accident by fire goes on and on. We usually have to be careful of fire, but even if being careful of the fire, a disaster happens.

When a fire breaks out, the fire extinguisher is helpful. By the way why can we put out a fire with it?

When something burns, an inflammable, air, high temperature, a chain on chemical reaction is necessary.

【A fire extinguisher】

When extinguish the fire, we have only to get rid one of them, and there are two ways.

Cooling way of cooling a combustible thing and put out fire or a way of cutting off stopping supply on air is adopted at home or in workplace when putting out the fire.

Typical one on cooling way is spraying water. Dropping temperature by spraying water.

The way of cutting off the fire is adopted for the fire extinguisher of ABC which has always on hand at home or in workplace. Chemical element which put out the fire, carbon dioxide and nitrogen which pushes out the chemical ...

【A fire extinguisher】

Chemical element which puts out the fire, both carbon dioxide, and nitrogen which push out the chemical element causes an oxygen shortage.

By the way, what does it mean the ABC on ABC fire extinguisher? It’s a classification on material when burning the fire.

A is an ordinary fire which burning paper or wood.

B is burn on oil like petroleum or oils and fats.

C is burn by electricity like the fire on electric equipment.

When the fire breaks out, making sure of its cause on fire, which is A, B, or C? Then making use of the fire extinguisher which is in appropriate...

【A fire extinguisher】

Then taking advantage of the fire extinguisher in which appropriate chemical is in is important, but asking for the judge at ordinary home is impossible, so the fire extinguisher in which effective chemical is in is asked for every fire. It’s the ABC fire extinguisher.

As to almost all of the fire extinguisher at home or in workplace, the fire extinguisher on powder is adopted. Chemical of powder gushes out of the fire extinguisher.

How does the powder gush out? Its way is two.

When grasping its lever, inside container for on gas pressurization broke, then high...

【A fire extinguisher】

...then high pressure gas like carbon dioxide and nitrogen gushed out with chemical. It’s the fire extinguisher on pressurization type.

The other is the powder and high pressure gas are included in the fire extinguisher. It’s the one of pressure accumulator type.

The former is the container is used, and the latter isn’t.

【Electric energy meter】

An electric energy meter measures the amount of electricity which we spend. We can measure the amount of invisible electricity, for we make use of a phenomenon, and we call the phenomenon the disk of Arago.

Electric power...

【Electric energy meter】

Electric power which we spend at home is measured by electric energy meter. It’s installed on the outer wall of house, and we see its disk rotate.

How is the electric power we spend measured precisely? What part does the disc play in the phenomenon?

The phenomenon what we call the disc on Arago has been made use of which is well known in physics in the electric meter.

There is a disc made of aluminum which is perfectly ordinary. It’s hung by string. If rotating magnet under the disc, the disc also starts to rotate.

If the disc is made of iron, it’s natural, but...

【Electric energy meter】

...but the disc made of aluminum has nothing to do with magnet, but magnet has influence on the disc.

The metallic disc which rotates in the electric energy meter is a board made of aluminum.

The phenomenon on the disc of Arago is expressed with a law on electromagnetic induction. 電磁誘導. The law which often appears in other page expresses that electric phenomenon happens in a direction where a change is decreased.

In this case, at a place ahead of the magnet moves, magnetic power increases on the disc, but electric current of which shape is whirlpool appears in...

【Electric energy meter】

...but electric current of which shape is a whirlpool appears in the disc. The electric current causes electromagnet, and the electromagnet reacts with the rotating magnet, so the phenomenon makes the disc rotate.

But there is no rotating magnet in the electric energy meter, instead a coil which acts like the rotating magnet is both above and under the disc made of aluminum.

A timing when the electric current flows is different between above the disc and under the disc, and magnetic power which is equal to the rotating magnet is caused by electromagnet.

Moreover...

【Electric energy meter】

Moreover, the coil turns on interior wiring.

The more we spent the electricity, the more the electric current flows in the coil increases, so a strong electromagnet is caused, then the disc rotates quickly. When counting the number on rotation, the electricity which we use is calculated.

The phenomenon on disc on Arago has been taken advantage for one more aim in the electric energy meter.

There is a permanent magnet named braking magnet in the electric magnet meter, and it has nothing to do with the electromagnet on coil. The permanent magnet prevents the disc...

【Electric energy meter】

The permanent magnet prevents the disc from failing to rotate. Its shape is コ in the angular Japanese phonetic syllabary, katakana, and the permanent magnet sandwiches the coil.

The permanent magnet works as brake because of the law on Arago.

By the way, even if the law on Arago or electromagnet is, aluminum isn’t iron, so I can’t understand why the disc made of aluminum rotates clearly.

Furthermore, I have little knowledge on electricity. It’s hard to understand.

【Dam】

A huge dam has a magical power which attracts the people like Kurobe dam in Toyama prefecture.

【Dam】

What is a role which is entrusted in the dam?

We are fascinated by a tremendous building, and a dam isn’t an exception. A lake surrounded by green and artificial thing made of gigantic concrete. A view woven by the contrast has a condition of being a sightseeing spot.

The dam has various kinds. For example, its shape is an arch, or the one which rock is accumulated simply. I’m going to express the typical ones.

A dam made of concrete on weight is build so as to resist the power which water pushes the dam by the weight on concrete itself. It’s build on a hard bedrock, and we can...

【Dam】

...and we can see it more often than any other dams in Japan.

A dam made of concrete of which shape is bow-shaped against the upper reach. The shape supports the power which the water pushes the dam from both on the riverbank.

The bedrock on both sides need to be hard, but the amount of concrete is equal to some 30% on the dam made of concrete by weight, so it’s economical.

The one which soil and lump of rock are accumulated is a fill dam. Rock fill dam is famous.

A watertight impervious wall made of soil is built in the center of the river, and its surface is covered with ...

【Dam】

…and its surface is covered with concrete and water shield is done. It is able to build on the ground which isn’t so hard.

Building dam has three aims. Irrigation, flood control, and power generation. There is a dam for single aim alone, but the one which has some aims, which is the one with many uses. I’m going to focus on a dam which controls flood alone here, the author said like that.

Rivers are steep in Japan, and when we have a lot of rain in the upper reach in river, a large amount of water flows into the lower reach in river all at once and there is a danger of flood then.

【Dam】

Accumulating and decreasing a part of water flowing into the lower reach for a while and trying to prevent damage on flood in the lower reach from breaking out. The dam which control flood has played a part like that.

The function which control flood is called arrangement on flood.

In short, when a large amount of water is flowing into the river by a heavy rain, the dam receives it for a while, and flowing a safe amount of water into the river.

The ones who manage the dam have to be careful of surrounding on the dam so as to make the function work out, for example, watching the…

【Dam】

…for example, watching the amount of water flowing into the river, or before expecting to have a heavy rain, some amount of water flows out of the dam into the lower reach.

Defending national land is done by controlling dam secretly.

【A vending machine】

It is said that there is a convenience store where vending machines alone are installed, so we’ve been familiar with the vending machine like that, and the vending machine has made progress on and on.

A vending machine has old history. It is said the oldest vending machine dates back to some two thousand years ago. It’s the one…

【A vending machine】

The one in which putting into coin, some water was out. It is said the oldest one was at a temple in Egypt.

I’m wondering if there was coin as money such a long ago. Is it possible?

There is a convenience store where vending machines alone are installed, so we’re forced to open our eyes open wide. Not only beverage, food but flower, underwear, various things are sold in vending machines.

Though the vending machine isn’t so noticeable in overseas, as to the number on the vending machine which spread over there, Japan is less than America and Europe. Why?

Exposure…

【A vending machine】

Exposure on vending machines is so less that the vending machine isn’t noticeable overseas. Lots of the vending machines have been installed in a place where a step on prevention of crime was done like inside building, so they aren’t so noticeable.

Vending machines spread over Japan like that but various efforts support it. For example, a device on saving energy.

Amount of consumption on electric power reduced more than 70% in the last quarter of a century. Illumination is changed into LED, and a sensor is installed and its lux is adjusted. Around place where…

【A vending machine】

Around place alone where consumers take goods is warmed or cooled. The ones which are sold at once alone are warmed and cooled.

We often see a vending machine what we call eco vender. Cooling function is stopped afternoon in summertime when electricity is used the most. It has a function making food and drink cool before afternoon. The function is called peak shift. The function decreases burden on power plant.

To my surprise, a single vending machine which has a function of making goods warm and cool at the same time is in Japan alone. Making use of a small space…

【A vending machine】

Taking advantage of a small space efficiently and there is characteristic on the Japanese of trying to avoid of wasting heat, もったいない, we shouldn’t waste anything. We the Japanese tend to think like that, and the characteristic appears on the vending machine.

There is a sticker on the front of the vending machine, and the place where the vending machine itself has been installed is shown in the sticker. Do you know it? It’s started since 2005. When a disaster breaks out, we can recognize its place at once. It is helpful.

Moreover when the disaster breaks out, some of the…

【A vending machine】

Furthermore, when the disaster breaks out, some of the vending machine has a function of offering its good free from charge, so the vending machine functions as infrastructure.

As to the vending machine which sells hot drink and cold drink at the same time, it has a structure in which an air conditioner is combined. The drink is cooled by indoor equipment and is warmed by outdoor one. We call the system a heat and pump.

When a coin is distinguished by the vending machine, not only its weight, shape is recognized at once but a pattern on the coin is read and detects…

【A vending machine】

…and detects disorder on magnetism caused by difference on coins. Coins are distinguished in the vending machine like that.

【A golf ball】

When looking at the surface on a golf ball, the shape on dimple is different delicately when its maker is different. In fact it is said that there the shape is gathering on special licenses.

Regardless of age, golf has an attractive aura in sports. An activity on young golfers has been all over the papers in sports recently.

When looking at dimples on a golf ball, we’re aware that its pattern and depth is different if its maker is...

【A golf ball】

…we’re aware that its pattern and depth is different if its maker is different. We shouldn’t make light of the dimple, for the difference on dimple has a big signification.

As an effect on the dimple, we can mention two things. Increasing lift and decreasing resistance on air. At first, increasing lift.

It is usual in ball game in general, when hitting a ball, the hitter tries to make the ball spin. When wanting the ball to curve, or to hit it far away, the ball is spun conveniently.

Then if the surface on the ball is uneven, the resistance on the air around the ball…

【A golf ball】

…the resistance on the air around the ball increases, at the same time the effect on spin also increases.

Let’s think of the mechanism on lift by the spin.

When a back spin is done, the current of air on the upper part on the ball is swift, but the lower part is slow. When the current of air is quick, its atmospheric pressure is low, and when it’s slow, its atmospheric pressure is high. We call it a law on Bernoulli, so the lift works out on the ball.

Can you understand? To tell the truth, I can’t at all. Why is it like that?

I’m going to express on the lift. I’ve…

【Lift】

I’ve researched on the lift in the internet, and I’m going to express it as it was. I hope it’s helpful.

The lift is a power of raising something. There is an expression that it works out in a vertical direction against the flow on a fluid.

When looking at it in the example on airplane, while the fluid flows front and back, the lift works out up and down. In short, it’s against the flow on the air.

The flow on the air changes and the lift appears. Changing the direction on the flow is deeply related with the generation on the lift.

When the fluid like air or water is in the…

【lift】

When the fluid like air or water is in the middle of flowing and reaches a place where its course is curved, what happens?

A flowing river is adopted as an example when its direction changes

Let’s suppose all the flow in the straight line distance were the same. Even if approaching the curve, the water in the river tries to go ahead. Then the water tries to go outside in the flow when its direction changes. I’m wondering if it’s a centrifugal force 遠心力.

While lots of water tries to gather outside of the river so much that its pressure is high, its inside of the river on the…

【lift】

…its inside of the river on the pressure is low. It fits not only the curved river but other fluid like air or oil. When the flow is changed on the way, the pressure on outside is high and inside is low at the place where the direction on the flow is changed. Why? The fluid which tries to go straight gathers outside.

There is an illustration on the flow of air against a wing of airplane. Above the wing and under the wing.

The airplane flies to the left on the illustration, so the air comes from the left. The expression started above the wing. The flow on the air comes from left in…

【Lift】

The flow on the air from left passes over the wing, and the wing is upper left diagonal, according to the illustration.

The lower part on the flow is equal the inside of curve, a place where the pressure goes down. It’s the upper part on the wing of the airplane.

On the other hand, in the lower part on the wing, upper part on the flow is equal to the outside of the curve, the place where the pressure goes up.

In short, the pressure on the upper part of the wing is low, but on the lower part is high. The air tries to move from the place where the pressure is high to the place…

【Lift】

The air tries to move from the place where the pressure is high to the place where the pressure is low.

The pressure on the lower part is higher than the upper part on the wing, so the air tries to move from lower place to upper place, it goes upper ward. It’s the lift, the power of raising.

The lift is vertical against the direction on the flow, and the power on the lift makes the airplane fly in the air.

I’m afraid my expression isn’t so good, so it’s hard to understand The flow on the air is caused by the shape on the wing, but why?

The description in the internet doesn’t…

The description on the internet doesn’t show on the shape of the wing in detail. Why does it caused the lift?

【Golf ball】

In short, the lift is caused by the shape in relation to the airplane, and is caused by the shape on dimple with regard to the golf ball.

The lift is caused by the shape and depth on dimple in regard to the golf ball. The author said like that.

An orbit on the golf ball is decided by initial velocity, an launch angle and a spin, we call them three elements on the ball which flies, and the dimple is in relation to the third one.

The author expressed on the reduction…

【Golf ball】

The author expressed an effect on reduction of the resistance in the air.

When a thing moves in the air, it receives a resistance, and its biggest cause is Carman vortex, and the vortex draws the ball back and tries to stop the ball, but the dimple prevents the vortex from causing, so the ball flies forward.

Thus size or depth on the dimple controls a way of flying the ball, so the ball on makers have asked its shape and pattern from various researches.

Without having any dimples, the ball doesn’t fly high up nor flies far away, but it doesn’t mean that it’s all right as…

【Golf ball】

…but it doesn’t always mean that it’s all right as long as there are dimples. The dimple which isn’t so deep, nor do shallow, the one of which size is appropriate causes the biggest flying distance.

【A solar battery】

A solar battery which is a hope from natural power generation. Various kinds have been developed, but what’s difference between them?

It is said that energy on sunshine which shines on the earth is equal to using energy on the whole earth for a year. If taking advantage of the energy efficiently, we can solve various problems on energy. For example, the …

【A solar battery】

For example, exhausted resource by power generation as usual, global warming, and danger on a nuclear power plant disaster. The typical one of which we make use is power generation by solar battery, the power generation by sunshine.

The solar battery has been familiar one to us as built-in battery for a pocket calculator.

It’s made up with a combination of n type semiconductor and p type semiconductor. The N type semiconductor is made up with crystal on silicon is adding to a small amount of phosphorus 燐. P type semiconductor is done the crystal on silicon adding to a…

【A solar battery】

P type semiconductor is crystal on silicon adding to boron.

If shining light on the combined semiconductor, electrons and holes are caused on its border by the energy of light. The electrons move to the n type semiconductor, and the hole does to the p type semiconductor, and a voltage is caused.

In short, separated electrons and holes try to cling each other by energy of sunshine, and the electricity is generated. We can construe as opposite phenomenon a light-emitted diode which shines when light is on it.

We call the solar battery like that Silicon based solar…

【A solar battery】

We call the solar battery like that silicon based solar battery, for its main material is silicon. The one on silicon based is good on efficiency of changing into energy, the one which is 25% is also developed, but the cost on production is so high that other various ones which are substitute for the solar batteries have been developed. They are compound solar cell and organic one.

They are classified more minutely, except for one, their mechanism is almost same with the silicon based solar battery.

The one which is except for is dye-sensitized solar battery.

【A solar battery】

The principle on its movement resembles photosynthesis on a plant so much.

The dye sensitized solar battery is made up with an electrode covered with carbon dioxide titanium, and the carbon dioxide titanium was stuck fast by special elements. Electrolyte in which iodine is solved is also one of elements on the dye sensitized.

Light bumps against pigment, and it causes electrons to fly, and carbon dioxide titanium receives it. The received electrons changed into electricity and flows into the opposite pole, and is sent to ion of diode solved into the liquid of electrolyte.

【A solar battery】

The ion of diode receives the electrons and returns the electrons to the original pigment. It is repeated and electricity is done.

As to the dye sensitized solar battery, though I expressed it in English, I can’t understand it very much. It’s just a repeat the same process in mechanical way. Moreover I have little knowledge on photosynthesis.

I’m not sure whether or not it resembles the photosynthesis, so I’m going to express on the photosynthesis from now on. I hope I succeed in it.

Photosynthesis is function of creating nourishment by plant so as to survive for itself.

【Photosynthesis】

The photosynthesis is done in chlorophyll which is a cell in the plant, and when the light is on the chlorophyll, the photosynthesis is done. What is material for the photosynthesis? It’s water and carbon dioxide.

The water is absorbed from the root through a conduit 導管, and carbon dioxide is absorbed from a pore 気孔 which is in the back side on leave. It’s like a mouth.

Nourishment which means starch and oxygen are created by the photosynthesis. Two of them are carried away into the whole plant through a phloem 師管.

Oxygen is exhausted from the pore like carbon dioxide.

【A solar battery】

As long as the light is on, both of the photosynthesis and dye sensitized solar system continue to function, so two of them resembles.

Almost all of the solar battery which are made use of generation power is the silicon based. Lots of others don’t reach the percentage on changing into electricity within 10%. Though we find it promising in the future, it doesn’t spread over.

An equipment on the solar battery has a subsidy, and there is a system of buying electric power by power generation.

A solar battery is installed on the roof of a house, and it’s an important item…