Science,English,and math 6th

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》

The magma rose and a land was formed and grew up.

In the beginning at the inside of the earth, there were upper mantle and lower mantle and they were convective. The border between the upper mantle and lower mantle was depth some 670 kilometers from the surface on the ground.

The plate sank and dropped to the outer crust, and the whole convection on the mantle started intermittently two billion and seven hundred million years ago.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》

The size on the plate until then has been thought to be the one on the convection of the upper mantle, some 670 kilometers.

There were small plates of on the surface of the ground. Its number was some thousand, but when the convection on the mantle started they became large rapidly and the number decreased.

The land grew up more and more and collided an united over and over again, after that some of small continent appeared. It was…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》

It was two billion and eight hundred million years ago.

First super continent, Laurentia was formed a billion and nine hundred million years ago. After that, the continent met and parted over and over again, and the super continent had been formed several times, one billion and five hundred million years ago, a billion years ago, from seven hundred million years to five hundred million years ago, and two hundred fifty million years…

I am sorry that I haven't contacted you for a long time．
For GINZOSAN．
(^人^)💦

長い事ご無沙汰してごめんなさいね。銀三さんへ。🙏

＞＞454

To the person who responded to no. 454

454にレスされた方へ

Thank you for your message and I haven’t seen you for a for a while.

メッセージ有難う、久しぶりぶりだね😊

Please don’t mind. I’m not worried about it.

気にしないでね、俺は大丈夫だよ🙆‍♂️

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》

It has been thought that those super continent was born because of a tremendous falling stream of mantle. We call it a cold plume.

When the plate sank under other plate in the trench, it was stored at the bottom of the upper mantle and sank into the outer crust all at once at a point. The falling stream is the cold plume.

The plume has nature of uniting. As being united and bigger, so the cold plume became the one. Then a plate…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred million years》

The plate on which there was a continent gathered as if it had been dragged by the cold plume and the super continent formed.

A gigantic cold plume has been discovered under Asia at present. All the continent will gather Asia again being dragged by the cold plume in the future after two hundred fifty million years and the super continent will be formed then.

When paying attention to the movement on the continent after five hundred...

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Super continent from seven hundred million years ago to the one on the future after two hundred fifty million years》

When paying attention to the movement on the continent after five hundred million years ago, it has been thought it is the process that the super continent which formed five hundred thirty million years ago divided and dragged by the cold plume under Asia and the continent gather after two hundred fifty million years.

The super continent called Pangaea two hundred million years ago was a pseudo new continent in the process.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely in the scale of the earth》

Innumerable small heavenly body have poured into the earth from the time when it was born four hundred billion and six hundred million years ago to the present time.

As to the frequency on the collision, we can calculate from data. For example, the time when lunar craters were formed, a change on density of the number of collision, and the distribution on the small heavenly body which come across the orbit of the earth by each size.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely in the scale of the earth》

As a plan for space watch of observing small heavenly bodies approaching the earth has been promoted, data on frequency of collision have been improved remarkably lately.

According to the data, a large scale of the heavenly body will collide on the earth once for a long time.

As to the small heavenly body of which diameter is 100 meters, it will collide with the earth once for several millions of years. As for the bigger one of which …

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely in the scale of the earth》

As for the bigger one of which diameter is 10 kilometers, it will collide with the earth once for dozens of millions of years, according to the data.

When colliding its speed will reach dozens of kilometers a second. As to the energy when the small heavenly body of which diameter is 10 kilometers, it reaches more than a hundred thousand times as serious as explosion when all the nuclear warheads which exist on the earth at present explode.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》

It is said the small heavenly body collided on the Tunguska in Russia in 1908. It is estimated its diameter was some 100 meters. In the place where it was exploded trees were burned down in an instant, and other trees were blew down around area of dozens of million square kilometers.

There is a gigantic crater of which diameter is bigger than 200 kilometers at Yucatán peninsula in Mexico. It has been thought it was a trace on the collision…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》

It has been thought it was a trace of collision when the small heavenly body of which diameter was 10 kilometers collided sixty five million years ago. It’s famous for the possibility that it made dinosaurs which were prosperous extremely become extinct.

Then the Yucatán peninsula didn't exits and the place where there is the peninsula was shallow sea.

When the small heavenly body collided, sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide evaporate and…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》

…and a large amount of dust and soot generate. They becomes a core and a large amount of droplets on sulfuric acid 硫酸 coheres in the stratosphere 成層圏. As a result, a haze made up with sulfuric acid appears.

The haze prevents the earth from receiving sunlight, and existence on creatures which do photosynthesis is threatened. The phenomenon is called a winter by collision. Moreover a large amount of acid rain pours to the earth.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《A collision by a small heavenly body may have caused something unusual extremely with the scale of the earth》

It is hard to put up with a violent change on the surrounding. Even if the haze made up with sulfuric acid becomes thin, as to density on carbon dioxide, it is expected it is ten times as dense as present time.

As a result, the carbon dioxide causes a greenhouse effect, so the surrounding would be changed violently. The humankind won’t endure the change like dinosaurs sixty five million years ago.

《An explosion on supernova causes near…》

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Explosion on a supernova will cause near the solar system after some hundred million years》

Great explosion on a star will cause in the Orion Nebula which is away thousand and five hundred of light year from the solar system after dozens of million of years. We call it the explosion on the supernova.

Or the explosion on the supernova may have caused within the area hundred of light year from the solar system after fifty million years or after hundred million years.

It means that energy which is ten thousand times as strong as the sun will…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》

It means that energy which is ten thousand times as strong as the sun will pour to the earth within a year from the great explosion.

The explosion on the supernova is the one on a star of which mass is some eight times as heavy as the sun in its last time.

In the part of disc on the Galaxy, there is high possibility that the explosion on supernova will be caused in a place where stars crowd together.

The solar system circles around the Galaxy with some…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some million hundred years》

The solar system circles around the Galaxy with some two hundred million years.

The place where the stars crowd together is called a swirl arm. Its shape is swirling. There are several swirl arms in the Galaxy, and they rotate in the Galaxy. Their speed is slower than the solar system.

As a result, the solar system passes the swirl arm in every hundred million years. It has been thought that the solar system is the place where it went out of the swirl arm.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》

The solar system will pass through the swirl arm again after some fifty million years or after some hundred million years, and then stars near the solar system cause the explosion on supernova.

The energy which is given off from the explosion on supernova is tremendous. It’s hundred times as strong as the energy from the sun which emits for ten billion years.

The energy will come to the earth as cosmic rays of high energy like light, heat and so on.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》

If the explosion breaks out within a hundred light year, the supernova shines brighter than the sun when looking at it from the earth.

The one which is more dangerous to creatures than the light and heat is the cosmic rays. Gene on a life could have been damaged seriously by the cosmic rays, but the explosion like the same one broke out in the past several times, so it is hard to think that all the creatures will be annihilated.

Contrary to it, there is…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Explosion on supernova will be caused near the solar system after some hundred million years》

Contrary to it, there is possibility of next step on evolution for creatures. Some creatures become extinct and others are prosperous.

《Unusual volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred fifty million years》

An explosive volcanic activity which we the humankind have never seen until now will be caused on the earth after two hundred and fifty million years.

The volcanic activity will continue intermittently for…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》

The volcanic activity will continue intermittently for ten million years and a large amount of dust will be emitted in the atmosphere. The dust prevents earth from receiving the sunlight from the sun, and photosynthesis on plant is restricted, so a large amount of extinction on creatures will break out then.

A plate sunk under Asia fell into at the bottom of the mantle by falling stream. We call the falling stream cold plume.

Other continent will…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》

Other continents will gather and form a super continent as if they are dragged by the cold plume. In response to the cold plume, a huge rising stream comes to a boil from the bottom of the mantle, and unusual volcanic activity will be caused on the ground then, and the super continent will start to divide again there. We call the huge rising stream super plume.

Material in very deep part of the mantle will be carried to the ground by the super plume.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》

Magma originated from the mantle which is full of some ingredients becomes dust and is emitted in the atmosphere. Some ingredients are easily evaporated.

As a result, there are lots of rising thick smoke in the volcanic activity, and gas emitted from the volcanic activity include plenty of poisonous ingredients.

It has been thought the phenomenon like that caused in the super continent of Pangaea from seven hundred to six hundred million years ago or…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》

It has been thought the phenomenon like that was caused in Pangaea two hundred and fifty million years ago or in the one from seven hundred to six hundred million years ago.

For example, creatures called Ediacara fauna became extinction around five hundred fifty million years ago. The extinction may have been caused by unusual volcanic activity when the super continent divided, though other reason for the extinction was expressed before.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Unusual volcanic activity causes a large amount of extinction after two hundred fifty million years》

I’ve expressed myself in English at present here, being based on scientific magazine, Newton. Some experts wrote sentences on their own field, so it doesn’t always mean that each of their opinion are the same, I’m sure.

I’m going to return to my main topic.

But when the cloud of the dust was cleared up, other paradise for new creatures appeared there.

The glacier was the most tremendous on the earth and spread over near the equator then, but it…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Unusual volcanic activity will cause a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》

…but the glacier was melted by the heat on high temperature of mantle with the rising stream.

Sea water went into the divided super continent and a shallow sea was formed then. The sea water was rich in nutriment and a warm surrounding.

An explosive evolution on creatures happened in the place like that. It is called an explosion in Cambrian period.

After a large amount of extinction on creatures happens after by volcanic activity …

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Unusual volcanic activity will cause a large amount of extinction on creatures after two hundred million years》

After a large amount of extinction happens after volcanic activity after two hundred million years, new kind of creatures may have evolved explosively.

《Carbon dioxide decreases, and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》

As carbon dioxide decreases and plants can’t do photosynthesis, biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years.

Fundamentally, surrounding on the earth…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some hundred million years》

Fundamentally, surrounding on the earth has been decided by incident energy from the sun and greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.

Under the present atmosphere, average temperature on the whole earth for a year is around 15 degrees centigrade, it’s stable because of a balance between the incident sunlight and greenhouse effective in the atmosphere.

Without changing the amount of the atmosphere and its composition, nor a way of shining on the sun…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some hundred million years》

…then the surrounding on the earth doesn’t change in the least, but it is well known that the way of shining the sun changes through its evolution.

Immediately after being born, the sun is dark and its brightness increases gradually as the time passes. If the condition on the atmosphere doesn’t change, the temperature could have changed with the brightness on the sun.

For example, the more dating back to the past, the lower the temperature was, so…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere decreases from the earth after some five hundred million years》

…so it means that the sea would freeze more than two billion years ago, but there is no geological evidence that the sea froze in the past.

In short when the way of shining the sun changes, the earth also changes the composition in the atmosphere and its amount. As the sun became bright, the greenhouse effect decreases in the atmosphere, the temperature has been adjusted so as not to change the temperature on the surface on the ground so much.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》

For example, please think of it like the next.

Let’s suppose that the sun became bright and the temperature on the surface of the ground rose. Then it learns to rain a lot. As the carbon dioxide melts in the rain, so lots of carbon dioxide will be excluded from the atmosphere.

On the other hand, carbon dioxide is supplied for the atmosphere through volcanic activity. As it has nothing to do with the temperature on the surface on the ground, so…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》

…so when the temperature on the surface of the ground tries to rise, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, therefore greenhouse effect also decreases. It is adjusted in order not to rise the temperature on the surface of the ground.

Even if the sun becomes bright, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases. As a result, the temperature on the surface of the ground doesn’t change so much.

The sun will be brighter from now on, so if we …

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《Carbon dioxide decreases and biosphere disappears from the earth after some five hundred million years》

…so if we the humankind don’t emit carbon dioxide any more, the carbon dioxide will continue to decrease from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide will be one tenth of the present one in the atmosphere after some five hundred million years.

Then as plants can’t do photosynthesis varied creatures like at present disappears from the earth.

《If following the way of evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》

What kind of…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way of evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》

What kind of shape on creature is in the future ? Or what sort of form on creature is in unusual space?

We the humankind has thought on various way from long ago and expressed a science fiction like Time machine or created imaginary creatures like a unicorn or a mermaid, but the imaginary ones are just fictitious.

Is there any way of thinking scientifically what creature will be like in the future?

Considering all the creatures originated from an…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way on evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》

Considering all the creatures originated from a unicellular creature some three billion five hundred million years ago, evolution and extinction are a key, aren’t they?

Let’s think of the future on mammal through evolution as hint.

Mammal evolved from the one like a mouse in varied way explosively from some eighty million to seventy million years ago.

The first mammal in the beginning and the humankind which is the most advanced mammal are different.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way on evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》

Two of them are different altogether in regard to appearance, size, and intelligence though basic structure of having backbone, head and limbs is the same.

Even if in the future after seventy million years when the mammal evolved explosively,without trying to remodeling on the body of which the latest technology has been made full use, its basic structure won’t change then.

Let’s think on extinction in the next.

A large amount of extinction….

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way on evolution, what creatures will be like in the future may occur to us》

A large amount of extinction has been repeated several times until the present time. Its cause was various like collision by a meteorite, or change on climate, but almost all of creatures of which body became special extremely like a huge dragonfly which inhabited the earth became extinct.

On the other hand, quiet and small creatures like cockroach and mouse have escaped from the extinction.

A biologist said a shape which doesn’t become special is a …

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》

A biologist said a shape which doesn’t become specials is a starting point for the evolution. Once being special, the change makes the creature drive a dead end, and when its surroundings changes rapidly, there is a possibility that the creature is driven to the extinction.

Science fiction often describes what the humankind will be like in the future. Its head is big because its brain has developed, but there is little possibility that its head becomes big.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》

Though there are lots of unknown parts in the brain, even if the brain of a person who is called a genius, its capacity is the same as an ordinary person, so it has been thought there is more possibility of being able to take advantage of the brain more than at present.

Without breaking out an extraordinary natural occurrence in the scale of the earth or artificial remodeling body in a large scale, it seems that we the humankind remain its body in the future.

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》

A life was born in the sea some three billion five hundred million years ago. It was a slow evolution in the beginning, but the life accomplish explosive evolution in the Cambrian period some five hundred fifty million years ago.

Though almost all of them became extinct, when oxygen was formed in the atmosphere, creatures which survived began to advance into the land, and they repeated a large amount of extinction over and over again, and have formed…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《If following the way on evolution, what creature will be like in the future may occur to us》

…and they repeated a large amount of extinction over and over again and have formed the world for various creature at present.

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of thousand hundred years?》

The biggest discovery in the 20th century is discovering matter on gene for creatures is DNA. The study on medical science and genetic engineering will make progress more and more, and…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》

…and biotechnology including gene manipulation will develop still more in the 21st century. As being based on the background, I’m going to guess the society after dozens of hundred thousand years, the author said like that.

Eternal life has been the desire for us the humankind since our ancestors were born on the earth. The human life span has expanded lately, but even if it has been long, its age is…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》

…its age is 150 at most, but it has been thought a technology on eternal youth will have come true after dozens of hundred thousand years.

Gene for aging and for cancer have already been solved, and we’ve developed a new technology. As taking advantage of our own gene and making internal organ in the body of other mammal so as to transplant internal organ.

We can make use of…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》

We can make use of the internal organ and exchange the old gene and each part on the body one after another.

Besides, as a study on the brain has made progress and material which rules over the memory has been discovered, but it doesn’t always mean that all the humankind is dependent the technology.

Even if the technology has made progress so much, there will be the people who lead their life being…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years?》

…there will be the people who lead their life being based on being harmony with nature. They will be old and be dead like the way of living at present. They always exist even if science makes progress so much.

The people who insist on being harmony with nature or coexisting with nature will make destroyed forest or grassy plain, and fields revive in the city. They’ll make nature revive.

Both animals…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years》

Both animals and plants can inhabit the revived forest and grassy plain alone at will.

It seems to be a well-balanced society at a first sight, but the problem is increasing the population explosively.

The people who make use of technology on the eternal youth are forced to decrease the number of birth so as to prevent the population from increasing. They are forced to receive aging and natural death…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years》

They are forced to receive aging and natural death in order to solve the problem on the population with limited food and space for living.

While dozens of hundred thousand years are mild-boggling time for us the humankind, watching from the time on the life evolved for three billion and five hundred million years, it’s just an instant.

After dozens of hundred thousand years, we the humankind may have…

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The people who are dependent on technology and others who insist on being harmony with nature will coexist after dozens of hundred thousand years》

After dozens of hundred thousand years, we the humankind may have been worried about the same problem.

By the way, the author expressed the present situation and other situation in the future on technology. To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on science, so I’m not sure which is the present situation or the situation in the future.

I’m sorry for it.

《The sun which becomes red and huge star will melt…》

【The future on the earth and humankind】

《The sun which becomes red and a huge star will melt the earth after five billion years》

As the center on the sun is such high temperature and such high pressure that atomic nucleus on hydrogen fuses and changes into nucleus of helium. Reaction on atomic nucleus happens there.

Then a large amount of energy is radiated in the outer space and the sun shines.

The atomic nucleus on the hydrogen is equivalent to fuel, and helium is a thing like cinder.

As the sun continues to burn for no less than some four billion six hundred million years, its fuel…