Science,English,and math Ⅲ
As to my last expression on my thread,if trying to express it mechanically,I can, though I can’t understand what I express very much,so I hate it.
Whenever expressing myself in English here,I have to do it within 1000 letters,and I’m accustomed it,so I’m afraid 1400 letters are too long to express until this place is filled with my English.
I’ve expressed on the robot until now and I’m going to continue it until my expression reaches at the end of the book.
Speaking of the robot,some of them have been adopted in the factory where I’ve worked. I’m engaged in a coating for a hot water supply system 給湯設備.
When operating,dust frequently prevents us from producing a good product. When its coating finished,if the dust sticks to the product, the product is bad.
As a result,the post where I’m engaged has put a great deal of effort into elimination on the dust,but when a shutter opens,the dust comes in,so the post adopted an automatic vacuum.
Its shape and size looks like a Frisbee. When bumping against an obstacle,it changes its direction with the sensor automatically.
When the shutter opens,it remains opened for a while,a few seconds until it shuts automatically. When it opened,the automatic vacuum escaped, so lots of the staff had to look for it. I can’t help laughing it.
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
【A marvelous inspiration by an Indian magician】
〈A genius turned up suddenly〉
The house of Ramanujan was an orthodox Brahman which was the best in a caste of Hindu, so he was trained as proud Brahman and a severe vegetarian who never not only eat meat, but fish nor egg.
As he showed his extraordinary talent on studies since being young, it is said he mastered a content on trigonometry and differential and integral calculus of a textbook which was used by students of university when his age was 13.
〈Coming across a book on mathematics〉
A pure basic applied mathematics summary which ...
【A marvelous inspiration by an Indian magician】
〈A genius showed up suddenly〉
... there is logical or historical inevitability, but as to a great large number of groups on formulas discovered by Srinivasa Ramanujan who was called a magician in India, there is never inevitability.
Without Ramanujan, they may not have been discovered yet.
He was born in southern area in India in 1887. His father worked in a company which dealt with clothes as a bookkeeper.
His mother was intelligent, cultured, and especially so religious that a prayer meeting was done in her house.
The house of ...
【A marvelous inspiration of an Indian magician】
〈A genius suddenly turned up〉
As taking over from giants on physics like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Huygens equally and nameless physicists hidden among history obscurely who tried to solve the truth in the universe, Newton could erect a monumental landmark of classic physics called Newton`s physics, the author said he thought like that.
As to the theory of relative, it is said without Einstein, it is said someone else would discover it within from 10 to 20 years, for as for a discovery on providence of nature, there is a kind of...
【A marvelous inspiratin by an Indian magician】
〈A genius suddenly showed up〉
When being admired his excellent achievements, Newton who was an English physicist said like that.
If I could take an extensive view of a long distance, it`s just that I was on the shoulder of a giant.
It`s a humble phrase as great scientist, but when reading history on discoveries on physical law in relation to a movement on things supporting Newton`s dynamics, I feel like thinking it`s his real intention.
As taking over great achievements from giants as physics like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Huygens...
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈Conditions on a genius〉
On the other hand, they have common nature.
1 they are good at understanding essence on a thing.
2 a speed of learning is incredibly quick.
3 an ability on language is excellent
4 素直
As to 4, I should express in English, but it has various meaning in English, and I have no idea on condition of a genius, so please adopt your favorite English phrase for 素直.
The author said those four things are conditions on the genius. Do they apply for Neumann? He asked us the readers.
【A marvelous inspiration by... 】
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈Neumann and an atomic bomb〉
Some people said Neumann was exposed to lots of radiation by Manhattan Project or when making an experiment on the atomci bomb.
〈Conditions on a genius〉
Neumann had an extradordinary ability and warlike politically, though he hated totalitarianism like Nazism and communism because he was a Jew, and he was influenced by it.
By the way, what kind of person is he actually?
The author said he`s come across some geniuses in his life until now. As they are geniuses, so they are very clear-cut personality.
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈Neumann and an atomic bomb〉
As the software appeared, if rewriting the program, being able to make the computer calculate a new calculation, so the general purpose on the computer made rapid progress.
A computer with a buil-in program is called a Neumann type, and the Neumann type has been a base for all the computers at present.
A document written on a way of built-in program was opne widely among the Ameircan, so the industry on computer has developed.
Neumann died of cancer in Washington D.C.in 1957. Some people said he...
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈Neumann and an atomic bomb〉
In addition, whenever doing a new calculation, arrangement and wiring on vacuum tube was assembled from scratch, so when trying to calculate in varied ways, it wasn`t handy to use.
So Neumann proposed a computer inside built-in program, and gave the program a mathematic basic design. A concept of software appeared then.
The software is a program which make the computer work.
On the other hand, the computer itself and other implements around the computer which are visible are called a hardware.
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈Neumann and an atomic bomb〉
A large amount of calculation is indispensable so as to forsee a trajectory and power on the bomb, he was gradually completely absorbed in development on a computer.
The first computer which was developed in order to calculate the trajectory was a gigantic one. Its width was 24 meters, height 2,5 meters, and depth 0.9 meters. Its whole weight was 30 ton.
13 mat 畳 room was filled with the big computer, but its ability on calculation was worse than a pocket calculator at present.
In addition....
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈Neumann and an atomic bomb〉
...he left to be engaged in a job on war gradually as an expert who played a leading part on a shock wave and a explosive wave especially after 1940s. He also took part in planning on Manhattan which was a development on an atomic bomb in 1943.
Neumann put up a theory that exploding befere the bomb dropping on the ground is more serious with regard to a damage by a big bomb, and the theory was made use of for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
A large amount of calculation is...
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A shocking over a dilemma by prisoners〉
If each of us judge ratioanally and taking into action, being based on the rational judgement, the whole society should go well. It has been accepted by society, but it`s disproved by the dilemma by prisoners.
〈Neumann and an atomic bomb〉
After being in America, Neumann was absorbed in a study on applied mathematics which is useful mathematics in the real world.
As he had a patriotic thought politically, he left to be engaged in job on war gradually as an expert who played a leading...
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A shocking over dilemma by prisoners〉
As to dilemma by prisoners, even if the prisoners know remaining silent is more advantageous than confessing, they would confess each other in a condition that the one who would confess is advantageous.
Remaining silent is cooperating each other, and confessing isn't cooperating.
Examples to which the dilemma by prisoners is applied are a lot. For example, a problem on reducing a price in two groups, a problem on dumping garbage, or a problem on posssessing nuclear weapons.
If each of us...
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A shocking dilemma by prisoners〉
In both cases, confessing makes two of them advantageous, so if judging rationally, they should confess. Then they would be sentenced to five years` imprisonment, but there is a problem in its result.
If they remain silent they would be sentenced to one year`s imprisonment. If they confess, they would be sentenced to five years` imprisonment.
Remaining silent is more advantageous than confessing.
As to dilemma by prisoners, even if they know remains silent is better than confessing, they would...
【A man who had a brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A shocking over a dilemma by prisoners〉
3 it`s punishment alone by petty offense.
4 if both of them confess, they would be sentenced to ten years` imprisonment.
Then two of them were separated, and when being investigated, they couldn`t know what they said and done each other.
If the one remains silent, the other should confess, for the other would be released.
On the other hand, if the one confesses, the other should confess as well, otherwise the other alone would be sentenced to ten years` imprisonment.
In both cases...
【A man who had an excellent brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A shocking over a dilemma by prisoners〉
The prosecutor proposed a judicial deal with the two prisoners each other. If a suspect disclesed, reducing the prosecution`s demands and shelving prosecution would be done as collateral security.
1 if other one remains silent and you confess, you would be released.
2 if other confesses and you remain silent, you would be sentenced to ten years` imprisonment.
3 if both of them remain silent, both of them would be sentenced to one year`s imprisonment. It`s punishment alone by...
【A man who had an excellent brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A theory on a game in 1962〉
...it has been practical into use in a very wide area of economics, business administration, politics, sociology, information science, biology, and applied mathematics.
〈A shocking over a dilemma by prisoners〉
As to an applied example on the theory of the game, a dilemma by prisoners is well-known.
There were two suspects on an unforgettable evnet, and they were captured separatedly with a petty offense. Let`s suppose they were a prisoner A and prisoner B.
The prosecution proposed...
【A man who had an excellent brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A theory on a game in 1962〉
Its translation are five volumes.
Some paraises that it`s one of the best achievements in the first half in the 21th century, or after the general theory by Keynes, it`s the most important achievement in economy were sent, and the book was popular among the people then.
In spite of a short history on the theory of the game which was within a hundred years from its birth, it has been practical into use with a very wide areas of economics, business administration, politics, sociology...
【A man who had an excellent brain like a devil and a thoery on a game】
〈A theory on a game in 1962〉
...then the theory shows us what`s kind of a result would be caused by the game and how the ones who were involved in the game should deciede each will.
Its player is an individuality, an enterprize, an organization, and even a nation.
After eighteen years from his first announcement on the theory of the game, it was formulated a system of thought by a book that a theory on a game and economic action written by Neumann and economist Oskar Morgensstern for the first time. Its translation ...
【A man who had an excellent brain like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A man who was called a genius by Einstein〉
...Neumann has influenced over physics, meteorology, economics, psychology, politics and computer science, especially as to him, the most worthy of mention among his achievements was a theory on a game in which he proposed in 1962.
When some players select each strategy on a game, the strategy has influenced how the ones who was involved in the game. He researched a theory on it.
If saying in a plain words, when the players more than two people who have interest each other...
【A male who was excellent like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A male who Einstein called a genius〉
He was by far such an excellent one than any other ones that others thought he was from other space and he researched the human being so closely that he could behave himself like the human being. There was an episode for him like that.
On the other hand, it is said that he couldn`t change the position of his cupboard for himself. If he wasn`t interested in anything, he wouldn`t be extremely.
〈A theory on a game in 1926〉
As to a research by Neumann, except for his math by profession, it ...
【A male who was excellent like a devil and a theory on game】
〈A male who Einstein called a genius〉
As the Nazis persecuted the Jew, they were forced to defect, and the Princeton university accepted scientists whose anscetry was the Jew positively, and a laboratory where he and Einstein came across.
Neumann was so excellent that he excelled on calculation at a computer which was at dawn then, and a there was a conclusion which was occurred to other mathematician in a few months, but he did it in a few minutes.
He was by far more excellent than any other people that others said he was...
【A male who is excellent like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A male who Einstein called a genius〉
He not only entered Budapest university but enrolled both at Berlin and Swiss university, and got a degree on math and chemical industry.
He served as instructor at Berlin university for three years since 1927, and then attained a fame with theses on algebra, set 集合, and quantum mechanics in the world.
He was invited from the Priceton University in the U.S.A.which was the best one in the world then and after three years, he became a member staff there.
As the rise of Nazis persecuted....
【A male whose brain is excellent like a devil and a thoery on a game】
〈A male who Einstein called a genius〉
He was born at Budapest in Hungary in 1903. The von is a title which he was from a nobleman. His father was a banker, and his mother was from a wealthy Jew.
He demonstrated his marvelous good memory and linguistic power from his childhood.
Reading once alone, he could learn a book by heart without making any mistakes on any word, or joking with his father in ancient Greek, so everyone thought he was a child prodigy.
He not only entered Budapest university but enrolled at both...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Euclid is a name of a group of editors?〉
Instead of being unable to reach a far away peak by a sense or by an inspiration, he believed that the future when the human being would reach with a logical power.
As a result he must have felt how petty to show off his own honor.
【A male whose brain is excellent like a devil and a theory on a game】
〈A male who Einstein called a genius〉
I`m going to express a male who was the best genius in the world Einstein called. He is John von Neumann. He was born at...
【Elements in which an elite has to read in Europe and Ameirca and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Euclid is a name of a group of editors?〉
... for except for describing math,Euclid has never done anything special which made his name famous.
By the way what`s his motivation in which he described logical method and made him express 13 volumes? What made him devote himself solely to math?
He believed that thinking logically is a best and most powerful way so as to understand the universe which means the God, doesn`t he?
Instead of by a sense nor an inspiration, he believed the future when the human...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Euclid is a pen name of a group of editors?〉
...almost no one knows on his lifetime including the year when he was born and he was dead.
Some people said that Euclid isn`t a personal name but a name of group of editors
It is certain that even if Euclid was an individual or the name of a group of editors, it didn`t have any ambitions in the least.
If comparing him with other great people in his time, almost none of information has never informed until now, for except for describing on math, Uclid has...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a myster on Euclid】
〈Euclid is a pen name of a group of editors?〉
If you`re intersted in the Elements, you should read a book of which title is a miracle by logical thinking for a female student in high school who aimed at being a conductor in an orchestra written by the author, the author said like that.
She acquired a logical thinking through the Elements and her dream of being a conductor came true was described with a form of dialogue.
While Euclid was an author of the book which has influenced over us, almost no one ...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and Ameirca has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Euclid is a pen name of a group of editors?〉
However if comparing Japan with both Europe and America on the importance of loigical thinking, it doesn`t seem to be filtered into Japan.
And it has something to do with that the Japanese have never read the Elemments, the author said.
Elements is a masterpiece in which each theorem has been organized clearly, but we who have lived at prsent will find it hard to understand.
What is the Elements in detail? If you`re interested in it, please read a book of...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Euclid is a pen name of a group of editiors?〉
A word of logical thinking has been recognized with a two bestsellers of which title is 『A technique of expressing and a technique of thinking』『Logical thinking』and the word has been paid attention.
When a time has changed from Heisei to Reiwa, AI and learning with a mechanic have swept over the society, it seemst that importance of logical thinking has been heigthened more and more, and the author continued like the next.
However if comparing it with...
【A definition in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈A definition → a theorem → a proposition → a conclusion〉
His greatest deed is describing the geometry which developed under Pythagoras and his disciples systematically and clearly with a way of Plato`s logical way.
In a way, we should say Uclid was an excellent editor rather than an original mathematician.
〈Euclid is a pen name of a group of editors?〉
A way of logical thinking has been recognized with a start of two books of which title is a technique of expressing, and a technique of thinking...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈A definition → a theorem → a proposition → a conclusion〉
It is said it`s Plato of a philosopher who said clearly the way of
Logical thinking a definition → a theorem → a proposition → a conclusion for the first time.
Euclid wrote down a textbook of which center was geometry according to instruction by Plato, and it`s the Elements, but it doesn`t always mean Euclid gathered new facts which he discovered for himself.
His greatest deed is describing the geometry which has developed under him and his...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈A definition → a theorem → a proposition → a conclusion〉
Without depending on a sensitivity nor on an inspiration, winning a deep insight by piling up the debate is the true charm on the logical thinking.
However the one which is able to accumulate is a right proposition alone, a conclusion by accumulating the one which isn`t the proposition or a mistaken proposition isn`t right logically at all.
It is said it`s Plato who said clearly the logical way of a definition → a theorem → a proposition → a....
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
We can`t judege whether or not Mr.A`s income a year is high objectively with the expression on 2 alone.
Possibly he is younger than thirty and his income a year is higher than average before thirty which is three million yen and his income a year may not reach average income on the whole nation, so we can`t conclude 3 is right.
〈A definition → a theorem → a proposition → a conclusion〉
Without depending on a sensitivity nor on an inspiration, winning a deep insight...
【Elements in which en elite in Europe and Ameirca has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
As to average income a year, if we research it, we can know it at once. Roughly speaking it`s nearly four million and a half yen according to research on actual situation of civil income by the Regional Taxation Bureau 国税局.
In short,1 is the proposition which we can judege whether or not it`s right objectively, so it`s right as proposition, but can we conclude to 3 from 1 and 2 ?
As you know, it`s no, for we can`t judge whether or not Mr.A`s income a year is high...
【Elements in which an elite has to read in Europe and America and a mystery on Euclid】
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
On the other hand his weight is 90 kilogram is the proposition whether or not its right we can judge it objectively, for everyone judges it, its conclusion is the same.
For example, let`s suppose there was a proof like the next.
1 A full fledged employees in X company who earns more than average income a year in Japan are all age which are older than 40.
2 Mr. A works in the X company, and his income a year is high.
3 Mr. A`s age is older than 40.
As to avegage...
【Elements in which an elite student has to read in Europe and America and on mystery on Euclid】
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
...we have to negotiate on the assumption that a theorem on mutual recognition which is a starting point for a debate should make sure before the negotiation in order to develop the debate efficiently.
The proposition is a one which we can judge whether or not it`s right objectively.
For example, no one can judge objectively whether or not his weight is heavy, so it`s not the proposition. Describing how much its weight is heavy is depending on.
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
On the other hand there is possible as long as talking with a friend in front of them with the volume which they can listen to, it`s all right. The opposing argument is possible.
However, in the middle of the argument,if someone starts to say why are they forbiddent to make others be trouble? The argument would retreat, so a promise that no one make others be troulbed is necessary at least as premise.
Needless to say, if there is room for something doubtful, we....
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and Ameirca has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
...if the one thinks the children are schoolchildren in an elemntary school, and the other they are the whole students in junior high school or high school, their debation will clash.
The theorem is a kind of promise that they recognize it at least as premise.
When trying to discuss whether or not it`s right on talk with a cellphone on a train, there is an insistence that making passengers listen to conversations on the cellphone is something unpleasant and nuisance.
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
It`s piling up proposition from a definition and a theorem. If trying to think logically, nothing is removed from them, and nothing has to be added. The author said he is going to show its detail.
The definition is a meaning on a word. If the word which is used for a debate is unclear or misunderstanding, no one can expect rational talk for it.
For example, when trying to discuss a science phobia on children, if the one thinks the children are schoolchilrden in an ...
【Elements in which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Elements which is a marvelous best seller〉
If aiming at a conductor which is a leader in an orchestra, being lacking of logical thinking isn`t allowed.
If trying to aim at being a conductor, I`m afraid I`ll set on fire in Vienna.
〈What has been written in Elements?〉
It is natural in Europen and America where that kind of culture has been rooted that the Elements has been indispensable culture so as to improve their logical thinking. A way of logical thinking is written in Elements. It`s piling up...
【Elements which an elite in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Elements which is a marvelous best seller〉
The author said he used to go abroad in Vienna in order to be aimed at a conductor at one time.
As to music which they should make much of sensitivity in art, a thing of which happened to think has never been made much of even if it`s novel and attractive when playing music in Europe. The author said he experienced it firsthand.
It`s more important to express it in their own language why they play an musical instrument with its way. If aiming at a conductor....
【Elements which an elite has to read in Europe and America and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Elements which is a marvelous best seller〉
A way of debating has been learned in Europe and America because they have made much of the logical thinking. They have thought logical thinking which persuades around the people and understands insistence on others which are opposed to rather than an inspiration or a sense on thinking. It means that they`ve thought the logical thinking is an indispensable nature for a leader.
The author said he used to stduy abroad in Vienna so as to be aimed at a conductor at...
【Elements on which an elite student in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Elements which is a marvelous best seller〉
As to both quality and quantity, no similar book thna Elements which has been expressed well as example on logical thinking. It means that the Elements is the best book so as to improve our locigcal thinking. Actually the Elements has been indispensabel common knowledge for elites in Europe and America at present.
In Europe and America where tradition on ancient Greek culture has been taken over, logical thinking has been respectd from a long ago.
【Elements which an elite student in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Elements which is a marvelous book〉
Incidentally, after letterpress printing was invented by Gutenberg in the 15th century, it`s the Elements which has been editted as a book with illustration of geometry for the first time.
By the way has the Elements been read in so widely in the world? It has been written only on the way of math but on the way of logic thinking through all the fields.
As to quality and quantity, no similar book than any other Elements which has been expressed well as...
【Elements which an elite student in Europe and America has to read and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Elemnts which is a marvelous best seller〉
Elements which hasn`t been edited around the B.C. three century as the eldest textbook on math but had been used in all over the world as textbook on math until a hundred year ago at least as it was. It`s a marvelous best seller in the world.
Except for the Bible, no book than any other Elements which has been read and edited all over the world.
Incidentally, after letterpress printing was invented dy Gutenberg in the 15th century, it was the Elements...
【A prime number has never been solved】
〈Look for a huge pirme number〉
What is the use of finding such a big prime number? I`m not sure of
it.
I`m going into a new chaper, mathematicians who are beyond our imagination.
【Elements which an elite student has to read in Europe and Ameirca and a mystery on Euclid】
〈Elements which is a marvelous best seller〉
Do you know Elements which was written by Euclid in Ancient Greece?
Elements isn`t only the oldest text on math which was editted around B.C.the third century but it had been used all over the world as textbook until around a hundred...
【A prime number has never been solved】
〈Look for a huge prime number!〉
...the biggest prime number which has been found is beyond our imagination. It`s twenty four million eighty hundred thousand digit. It was found by a computer project which is called GIMPS in 2018. GIMPS is an abbreviation of Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search.
In GIMPS, computers all over the world are connected through a network, and constructs a single computer of high powered in imaginary way. It`s called a distributed computing.
To tell the truth,I`m tired of the prime number. What`s the use of finding such a...
【A prime number has never been solved】
〈Look for a huge prime number!〉
... and the number dominated a position of the biggest prime number which had been found actually for a long time.
It took 144 years that Euler found the prime number of seven digit in 1732 when his age was 25. Moreover he found the prime number of ten digit after forty years.
And Edouard Lucas found the prime number of 39 digit in 1876, and it`s the biggest prime number which isn`t used by an electric calculator.
August in 2019 when the book which I`ve tried to express in English was written, the biggest prime...
【Prime numbers have never been solved】
〈Is today the day of prime number?〉
It happnes no more than twice for hundred years of the 21 century, and the other is the last day of the year in 2029 and the first day of the year in 2030.
〈Look for a huge prime number!〉
Euclid proved that the prime number becomes big infinitively in the Ancient Greece, but it`s hard to find the tremendous prime number actually.
If reading it in history, we can understand it really, especially when Pietro Cataldi found the prime number of six digit, 524287, in 1588, and the number dominated in a position which...
【Prime numbers have nver been solved】
〈Is today the day of prime number?〉
If making use of the site, we can judge whether or not the day which we`re worried about is the day of prime number at once.
I doubt whether or not there are the people like that actually, and I won`t be worried about it.
To tell the truth, both the last day of the year in 2020 and the first day of the year in 2021 are the day of prime number.
The last day of the year and its next day which is the first day in the next year are the prime number. They are successive. It happens no more than twice for hundred years...
【The prime numbers have never been solved】
〈Is today the day of prime number?〉
To tell the truth, as to the last sentence of the last response is a translantion word for word, so I can`t understand why we have to make sure N divied by all the prime number until the square root of N.
The author said it`s very complicated. Even if using an electric calculator, the greater part of people want to give it up, but we don`t have to be worried about it, for the present day is very useful.
There is a site in internet which judges whether or not it`s the prime number until sixteen digit.
【Prime numbers have never been solved】
〈Is today a day of prime numbers?〉
...and the day of the last day of the year in 2019 is also the day of the prime number, but how about the last day of the year in 2020? Is it the day of the prime number?
We have to make sure we divide the number of 20201231 by successive the prime number of 2,3,5,7,11,13, in turn and to be unable to divide the number of 20201231 by any prime number.
If wanting to judge whether or not N is the prime number, we have to make sure N devided by all the prime number until the square root of N.
It`s a translation word...
【Prime numbers have never been solved】
〈Is today a day of prime numbers?〉
The author said it was eleventh day August in 2019 when he wrote the draft of the book which I`ve tried to express in English.
To tell the truth, eight digit number of placing the year and date side by side which is 20190811 is the prime number.
Thus, when placing the year and the date side by side, and the eight digit number is the prime number, then the year and the date is called the day of the prime number.
As to the number of the prime number in 2019, it`s 19 in all, and the last day of the year in 2019 was...
【Prime numbers have never been proved】
〈A proof which a reward of a million dollars has been offered〉
In spite that the pirme numbers are prime for all the numbers, their proper has been covered in darkness.
A German mathematician said the God has created the integral numbers , but the author said it`s the prime numbers which the God has created, and he`s thought the God`s enjoyed a riddle for all the intellects in the universe through the prime numbers.
Possibly the one which may hasve succeeded in solving the riddle faster than the human being somewhere in the huge universe.
【Prime numbers have never been solved】
〈A proof which a reward of a million dallars has been offered〉
It has been proposed by Christian Goldbach in Prussia in 18th century, so they call it Goldbach hypothesis, and no one has proved it`s right until at present, contrary to it, no one has proved it`s in the wrong until at present.
Prussia used to be northeast to modern German.
And when two successive odd numbers like 11, 13 are prime numbers, we call them twin prime numbers, and it has been unclear whether or not the twin prime numbers exist infinitively.
In spite that prime numbers are...
【The prime numbers have never been solved】
〈The proof which a million dollars of reward has been offered〉
It`s all the even numbers which are bigger than three are expressed with addition by two prime numbers.
For example, 4 ＝ 2＋2, 6 ＝ 3＋3, 8 ＝ 3＋5, 10 ＝ 3＋7, 12 ＝ 5＋7, 14 ＝ 3＋ 11, 16 ＝ 3＋ 13, 18 ＝ 5＋13.....
As to by far bigger even numbers, it`s the same. Please try with a varied even numbers.
It has been proved that all the even numbers which are bigger than three have been shown with addition of the prime numbers until four hundred 京, the 京 is ten thousandth times as big as a trillion.
【The prime number have never been solved】
〈A proof which has been offered a reward of a million dollars〉
However, if the Riemann hypothesis is right, it means that all the prime numbers which look at random at first sight have a common order.
However the proof on Riemann hypothesis has never been solved in 2019, and a reward of a million dollars has been offered by an Ameircan research institute.
There is a law on the prime number which has never been demonstrated it`s right, though its exception has never been found like the Riemann hypothesis.
All the even numbers which are bigger...
【The prime numbers have never been solved】
〈What is the most important number?〉
The study on the prime number has been done at present, and lots of mathematicians are interested in whether or not the way of appearing on the prime number has a rule.
〈A proof which has been offered of a million dollars〉
As to a proof on a distribution of the prime numbers, Riemann hypothesis is well known. It was advocated by a German mathematician, Berhard Riemann in 1895.
Its expactation on the concrete content of the Riemann hypothesis is very hard to understand, so I`m going to omit, the author said.
【Prime numbers have never been solved】
〈What is the most important number?〉
Except for the prime numbers, all the numbers are products of multipled by the prime numbers like 6 ＝2×3. It`s a prime factorization, and the prime number is the prime one in the numbers literally, and the most important one.
So it is no exaggeration to say that the prime number is the most important one in all the numbers.
While it`s very important, if looking for it from a small one, it looks to be at random.
The study on the prime number has started since two thousand years ago at the time of Ancient Greece.
【Prime numbers have never been solved】
〈What is the most important number?〉
What is a character on your birthday? If it`s July 16, 16 is an even number, a multiple of four, two to the fourth power, and four squared.
On the other hand how about the seven?
We frequently call it the lucky seven, so it seems to be auspicious, but we apt to think it doesn`t have any conspicuous proper, but it has a proper that it isn`t divided, except for 1 and itself.
We call an integral number which has the proper like that and is bigger than 1 is a prime number.
Except for the prime number, all numbers...
【A queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈A mystery in 6174〉
One of the greatest mathematicians in the 19th century, Gauss said the number theory is a queen in math.
The author said he`s thought the number theory isn`t only the hardest to understand but lots of ideas on the number theory are beautiful.
In addition the techinical skill or theory on the number theory are so unique that they have rarely been put to practical use in other field. It keeps itself above all the vulgarity around it, so the number theory seem to be as if it were a queen in math, though I`m not sure of it.
【A queen in math and miracles in integral number】
〈A mystery in 6174〉
I`ve tried it with the year when I was born, to my surprise,it`s 6174.
However when the samd number is used for the four-digit, like 9999 it becomes zero.
We call the number which has the proper like that Kaprekar number. It`s the name of an Indian math who discovered the proper.
The Kaprekar number on the four-digit is 6174 alone, and on the three-digit is 495, and on the six-digit is 549945 and 631764.
As to the five-digit, there is no the Kaprekar one. Number of 20 Kaprekar number have been discovered until now.
【A queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈A mystery in 6174〉
...and doing the same thing on 9081, and it`s 9621, and repeating on 9621, it`s 8352. As to the 8352, the biggest one is 8532 and the smallest one is 2358, so it`s 6174.
It`s not interesting in particular until then, and I`m afraid it`s boring, but if repeating the same thing whatever we choose the four digit numbers at first, it will reach 6174 finally. You will be surprised at it very much, won`t you?
Everyone can make sure it easily, so please try it with the year when you were born, the author said like that.
【A queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
For example,(3.4.5)(5.12.13) are the number of Pithagoras.
〈A mystery in 6174〉
I`m going to express one more mysterious proper on integral numbers. It`s the one in the number of 6174.
The author said he wrote the draft on this book in 2019, and thinking on the 2019.
Using the four number in the four digit, and making the biggest number and the smallest number, the biggest one is 9210 and the smallest one is 0129, it means 129.
What is the remainder when you subtract 129 from 9210? It`s 9081, and doing...
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
Squared numbers are squared of natural numbers, like 1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64.....
Amicable numbers are a conbination of two natural numbers. Except for itself,a sum of divisors is equal to the other number.
For example, sum of divisors on 220 is 284, and the other sum of divisors on 284 is 220, and the two of them are amicable numbers.
I`m sorry, my explanation is hard to understand, I`m afraid.
The number of Pithagoras is a combination of three integral numbers which are three sides on a right triangle.
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
A prime number is an integral number which is bigger than two and is divided by one and itself alone, for example, 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19.... I`m going to express on prime number in details later.
Even number is an integral number which is divided by two.
Odd number is an integral number which isn`t divided by two.
Triangular number is a total number which are arranged with a equilateral triangular 正三角形 way. For example, 1,3,6,10...
Square number is an integral number which is a square of a natural numbe...
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
... or is coincided with the number of teeth on a grownup, except for wisdom tooth.
Moreover after 28 years, as repeating a leap year seven times,a day of month and the day of week makes around once, so even if twenty eight years passed, we can use the calendar of twenty years ago as it is.
I`m going to express several integral numbers simply.
Natural number is a positive integral number. We have to be careful that zero doesn`t included.
Prime number is an integral number which is bigger than two and it`s...
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
...so the multiple is a useful number which is frequently divided by various numbers. Actually lots of numbers around us, for instance, twelve months, twenty four hours, thirty days, sixty minutes, and three hundred sixty degrees, are multiples of six.
By the way, as to 28 which is the perfect number next to six, it`s a total number of adding protons and neutrons which is stable for atomic nucleus, or is coincided with number of bone which made up with skull, except for hyoid bone 舌骨, or with the number of....
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
This is just an aside, it is said what the perfect number is six is related the God created the world in six days. The seventh day is the one for taking a rest, a Sunday.
Saint Augustine of the first archbishop of Canterbury who was well known of propagation for the Christianity said like the next.
Six itself is a perfect number. It doesn`t always mean that the God created everything in six days. It means opposite.
Moreover six is multiplying the first prime number, 2 by 3, so its multiple is divided by...
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
Perect numbers continue 6, 28, 496, 8128...but there are four of them alone below ten thousand. Number of 51 of perfect numbers have been found until now.
Fifty first perfect number which was found in 2018 was more than fourty nine million digit, and is a huge number. The study on the perfect numbers has gone on since A.D.4th century, but 51 alone was found, so they are rare, but it seems that mathematicians expect there are numberless perfect numbers though it has never been proved.
This is just an aside,...
【Queen in math and miracles in integral number】
〈Perfect numbers are limited〉
...for example, natural numbers, prime numbers, even numbers, odd numbers, triangular numbers, square numbers, amicable numbers, Pythagoras numbers and so on, and one of them is perfect numbers which look nice. Have you ever heard of it? I haven`t.
When an integral number a is divided by b, b is a divisor belonging to a.
In a range of plus integral numbers, except for itself, when adding all divisors is equal to the original number, we call it a perfect number.
The smallest perfect number is six. The perfect...
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈A memo left by a great mathematician, Fermat〉
...but almost all of the mathematicians at present have thought the way of proving by Fermat had a mistake or insufficiency, for it was in 1994 more than after three hundred years Fermat was dead when it was demonstrated by an English mathematician actually.
It`s way is complicated one in which technical skill in modern math has been made full use of.
〈Perfect number is limited〉
There are various characters in integral numbers, and each of them has a name, for example, natural numbers....
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈A memo left by a great mathematician, Fermat〉
For example, if n is an integral number more than three, there are no natural numbers which meet the next equitation, x to the nth power ＋ y to the nth power ＝ Z to the nth power, x,y, or z.
We call a law by Fermat.
A French mathematician who played an active part in the 17th century left a memo in the blnak of a book like the next.
I`ve found a splendid genuine proof on the theorem, but it`s too long to write down on the blank, but almost all of the mathematicians at present have thought...
【Queen in math and miracles in ingeral numbers】
〈A memo left by a great mathematician Fermat〉
Zero and increasing or decreasing from zero one by one, we can get some numbers. We call all of them integral numbers, and we call a mathematical field in which we study on the integral numbers a number theroy.
While the integral numbers have been familiar with us, lots of their proper have been covered with something mysterious.
For example, when n is an integral number which is more than three, there are no natural numbers which meet the next equation, x to the nth power ＋ y to the nth power＝...
【Queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Shaking a dice three times and creating a three digit number〉
...and your lucky number is always zero.
By the way, using the dice is emphasizing a character on game, so whatever the three digit number written repeatedly is all right.
Is it right in the world? I`ve tried line up some number from one to six at random and to divide it by seven a few times, it`s divided, but I can`t try all the combinations from one to six. I`m sure I would be tired of it.
I`ve wanted to make sure whether or not the book says is right, but I find it tiresome.
【A queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Shaking a dice three times and creating a number of three digit〉
For example, let`s figure in the case of 156156 actually.
Dividing 156156 by 7 is equal 22308,it`s divisible, so there is neither remainder nor lucky number, but it`s not accidental.
Whneever you join the game, its prize is always zero.
The author said he was going to reveal its secret of the magic tric.
Creating the number of three digit twice repeatedly is as same as multiplying the number of the three digit by 1001, and 1001 is divided by seven, so your lucky is...
【A queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Shaking a dice three times and and creating a number of three digit〉
You can receive a bill of ten thousand yen which is the same number of your lucky number. Its joining expenses is 1000 yen.
The lucky number is the remainder divided by 7, so it`s either 0,1,2,3,4,5,6. Highest prize is sixty thousand yen.
Unless you are so unlucky that your lucky number is zero, there may have been lots of people who want to join it, for they expect to win at least ten thousand yen.
Just a moment! I don`t recommend you join the game, the author said...
【A queen in math and miracles in integral numbers】
〈Shaking a dice three times and creating a number of three digit〉
If there is a game like the next, will you join it?
Shaking a dice three times and combinating them at will and creating a number of three digit. When each number is 1,5,6, we can create the number of 156 or 561.
Then writing down the number of three digit twice repeatedly, if it`s 156, 156156, after that dividing the number of six digit by seven and if there is a remainder its your lucky number.
Then you can receive a bill of ten thousand yen which is the same number of...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈How much is the distance where a soup doesn`t become cool?〉
Whenever natural phenomena which had existed before people invented math or works of social activities by free will of people were expressed with the math, they`ve made the author realize keenly the math`s power and interest, and he`s felt like believing its vast possiblility, he said like that.
Speaking of high school, it`s about forty years ago for me, so I can`t remember it at all.
【A queen in math and a miracle in integral numbers】
〈Shaking a dice three times and creating a number of...〉
【Involution increases explosively】
〈How much is distance where a soup doesn`t become cool?〉
...so I`m going to leave it out.
There are lots of phenomena which cause a sharp change by the effect of involution around us, and we`re frequently surprised at the degree of change.
However it`s expressed with the exponential function which isn`t complete but an elementary function, so I`m impressed with it, the author said like that.
Actually it was learned by a student of humanity in high school as well. Moreover it isn`t limited in this time alone.
Every time natural phenomenon which had...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈How much is the distacne where a soup doesn`t become cool?〉
...but as both of a generation of working couple and the healthy old age have increased in the present day, its meaning seems to change into a distance the old age can support the child care.
In general,when a changeable ration on a variable in an instant is proportion to the value of the variable, the variable increases or decreases according to the exponential function.
If trying to express it with an equation, it`s like the next, we can skip it, the author said, I`ve tried to understand...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈How much is distance where a soup doesn`t become cold?〉
...but a researcher annonced like the next.
The miso soup in a pan made from stainless takes a half hour from 90 degree which just after cooking to 65 degree which is the best time to eat.
So the distance where the soup doesn`t become cool is the one of an half minute on foot, which means about two thousand a hundred meters.
It originally means that when something bad happens to their old parents, the distance where they can rush to at once, but both of a generation of working couple and the...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈How much is distance where a miso soup doesn`t become cold?〉
By the way I`m afraid I may have drifted away from the subject but, some young generations learn to be independent from their parents and to live from their parents separately.
Then we sometimes call its appropriate distacnce between the two generation the one where a soup doesn`t become cold. How much is the distance actually?
The way of becoming cold on liquid is greatly influenced by the temperature of the outside, its total area, conductivity on the heat of a vessel, so it`s hard to say...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈How much is distance where a miso soup doesn`t become cold?〉
Then the difference between the thing and the room is 40, so the degree of becoming cool becomes smaller than the first one.
As time passed, the miso soup became 25 degree then the differece between the thing and the room is no more than 5 degree, so the way of becoming cold is very slowly.
In short the way of becoming cold on the miso soup is sharply at the start, but is mild gradually. Actually that change is expressed with the exponential function.
By the way I`m afraid I may have...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈How much is the distance where a soup doesn`t become cool?〉
According to a law on cooling by Newton, a degree of when a thing loses its fever and becomes cool is in proportion to difference on temperature between a thing and its surrounding.
For example when a miso soup of which temperature is 80 degree becomes cool in a room of which temperature is 20 degree, the difference between the temperatrue is 60 degree at first, so the degree of becoming cool in fixed time is big.
Let`s suppose that it became 45 degree after 15 minutes. Then the difference...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Population increases like a geometric progression〉
On the other hand, the population goes on decreasing after 2007 in Japan, for the birthrate which means average number of a female is given a birth in her lifetime becmes low.
Actually it was 4.54 in 1947, but was 1.25 in 2005. It becomes high to 1.4 at present, but it doen`t reach 2.07 which is a birthrate for maintaining the population.
Without being born two children from parents, the population would decrease, so the birthrate which maintains the population is about 2.
〈How much is the distance ...〉
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Population increases like a geometric progression〉
Actually when looking at a change on population in the world, it`s increases such a high speed extremely that we can call it explosion on population.
The population used to be no more than about a billion in 1800s, but it reached a billion and six hundred million after a hudred years. Two billion and five hundred million in 1950, six billion and a hundred million 2000, seven billion and three hundred million 2015. Some people estimate the population will reach ten billion in 2065.
On the other hand....
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Population increases like a geometric progression〉
The way of increasing is involution, and it`s showed with an exponential function.
On the other hand, a land where we grow crops, or resource which we keep a domestic animal is limited, so the food doesn`t increase exponentially.
Even if going on increasing ideally, it would do like the arithmetic progression, adding the first number to the same number, 1.4.7.10... Malthus thought like that.
Then the amount of the food is showed with a straight line, a liner function.
Actually when looking at a...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Population inceeases like geometric series〉
...so we would suffer from food crisis in the future.
The way of increasing like the geometric ...Oh, I made a mistake again. It`s not the geometric series but geometric progression, and it`s not arithmetic series but arithmetic progression.
The way of increasing like the geometric progression is continuing multiplying the first number by the same number, for example, 1,3,9.27....
It goes on multiplying the first number by 3. The way of increasing is the involution, then the population is showed with the...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Population increases like a geometric series〉
If using the exponetial function which is the expansion of the involution, except for the caluculation of the compound interst, we can describe lots of social and natural phenomena.
Malthus who wasn`t only a priest but an English economist who played an active part in Europe from end of the 18th to the beginnig of the 19th century said in his work, Mathematician theory of population like tne next.
From now on while the population increases like a geometric series, the food does like an arithmetic series,so...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Simple interest and compound one is different so much〉
As it`s the time of low interest extremely at present, even if the interest to a bank saving is high, it`s at best 0.3% a year. It`s a time deposit in the net bank.
When depositing a million yen in the bank for a decade, both of the simple interes and compound one isn`t different so much. It`s difference is only four hundred and eight yen.
〈Population increases like a geometric series〉
If using the exponetial function which is the expansion of the involution, except for caluculation of the ...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Simple interest and compound one is different so much〉
On the other hand, as to the simple interest method is as adding the interest to the first principle alone,110＋100×10%＝120.
Two of them is differen by only ten thousand yen, but when continuing several years difference between the two is obvious, for after a decade, its difference is six hundred thousand yen.
While the compound interest is an involution which means mulitiplying 1.1 by 100, the simple one is adding a hundred thousand to the principle repeatedly alone.
Though it`s a period of low....
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Simple interest and compound one is different so much〉
... so the total of the principle and interest is a million and a hundred thousand yen in both the simple and compound interest in the first year, but after the next year is different.
As to the compound interest method, adding the ten % of interest to a million and a hundred thousand yen which is the total of the principle and interest after a year, so its total in relation to after two years is 110＋110×10%＝121, so it`s a million and two hundred ten thousand yen.
On the other hand, the simple...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Simple interest is different from compound one so much〉
Thus adding the interest to the principle, and adding the interest to the new principle, it reapeats. It`s the compound interest method.
On the other hand, the simple interest method is without adding the interest of the principle in the last time, calculating the interest to the principle alone.
Let`s suppose that the principle we deposited was a million yen and its interest was ten % a year, its total of the principle and interest is a million and a hundred thousand yen both in simple and ...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈Simple interest is different from compound one so much〉
Expansion of multiplying the same number repeatedly is exponential function which we learn in high school. It is said the exponential function is one of the closest function in our life, especially the compound interest method is so close to us that it occured to us at onece.
The compound interest method is adding an interest in a fixed period to a principle and it`s the second principle, and adding the interest in the fixed period to the second principle, and it`s the third principle, and adding....
【Involution increases explosively】
〈If folding a newspaper forty two times...〉
...but after that it increases sharply.
When thirty times, it reaches about 107 kilometers which is distance from Tokyo to Atami, and when forty two times, to my surprise, it`s over 0.38 million kilometers which is distance between the earth and the moon.
Though we can`t fold it actually, we can grasp an image in which the involution increases explosively, can`t we?
〈Simple interest is different from compound one so much〉
Expansion of multiplying the same number is an exponential function which we learn in...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈If folding a newspaper forty two times...〉
Multiplying the same number repeatedly like 2×2×2 is called an involution.
If going on muliplying the same number, the involution increases explosively in its process.
For example, when folding a newspaper, let`s calculate its thickness. If the thickness of the newspaper is 0.1 millimeter, when folding n times, its thickness is 0.1×2 to the nth power.
When folding ten thimes, its thickness is about 10 centimeters, and 14 times about 164 centimeters which is a little taller than a grown-up of a female, but...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈A calculation which made Hideyoshi panic〉
If Hideyoshi gives Shinzaemon grains of rice as he was asked, it`s just about 1 go which means 180 ml in two weeks. To be exact it`s 8192 grains. 1 go is about 6500 grains.
However it reaches about a half billion and thirty million grains in a month. It`s equal to 200 bales. 1 bale is about 12 kilogram, so 200 bales are 12 ton. It`s an exorbitnat number.
Hideyoshi was aware of it before a month passed, and made Shinzaemon change his reward in a haste.
〈If folding a newspaper forty two times....〉
Multiplying...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈A calculation which made Hideyosi panic〉
What do you want? Hideyoshi asked Shinzaemon. Shinzaemon thought it of for a while and answered.
First day, a grain of rice, second day, two grains of rice, third day four grains of rice, and fourth day eight grains of rice. Thus starting from a grain of rice, please give me grains of rice which is two times of the previous day for a month.
Then Hideyoshi promised to do it too readily, but with each passing days, he was in difficulty due to his promise with Shinzaemon.
If he gives Shinzaemon grains of rice...
【Involution increases explosively】
〈A calculation made Hideyoshi panic〉
Hideyoshi Toyotomi who was a military commander in the Warring States period was a sharp person, but wasn`t good at reading and writing very much, so there were his plenty of vassals called お伽衆 who talked him about learnings and their experiences.
While one of them, Sinzaemon Sorori was a good artisan who was good at making sheath, it is said he was the founder of a comic storyteller, so there are lots of his episodes which were quick witted.
One day Hideyoshi praised Shinzaemon and tried to reward him. What do you...
【Can you feel actual number of trillion?】
〈Three conditions on a person who is good at numbers〉
Being good at numbers means meeting the next three conditions.
1 Being able to compare between numbers.
2 Being able to create numbers.
3 Being aware of meaning of numbers.
If being able to master ways of using a scale of a unit, or reducing the big whole one to a small one, it not only connects with nature of 1 and 2, but with heightens the nature of 3.
Then we`ll be recognized as the one who are good at numbers.
【Involution increases explosively】
〈A calculation which made Hideyosi panic〉
【Can you imagine actual number of trillion?】
〈Three conditions on a person who is good at numbers〉
Its distance is away about 637 kilometers from the Tokyo dome. The reduction size of the distance between the sun and Neptune is nearly the distance between the Hirosima station and Tokyo dome.
If the workd is a village made up with a hundred people, which is spread over the world as a chian mail.
It has been written in a book and has been broadcast on TV in Japan, so it was big fad in Japan. It was also that the whole big one was reduced to a small one, so it was easy to understand.
【Can you imagine actual number of trillion?】
〈Three conditions on a person who is good at number〉
If thinking it over with the same reduce scale, as to the Jupiter which is the biggest planet in the solar system, its diameter is about 20 meters of which height is a seven storied building.
Its place is away about 111 kilometers from the Tokyo dome. Its place is the Ryuou station at Kai city in Yamanashi prefecture.
The diameter of the Neptune which is the fartherest from the sun is about 7 meters of which size is a minibus.
Its distance is about 637 kilometers of which place is to the...
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Three conditions on who are good at numbers〉
The loan is addition of principal and interest. Balance of the loan is 53.79 million yen.
Making the size of the sun reduce to the one Tokyo dome of which diameter is about two hundred meters so as to feel the size of the sun actually.
Then the diameter of the earth is about 1.8 meter which is a height of a tall man.
Let`s suppose that the sun was in Suidoubashi where the Tokyo dome is. Then the earth is at Koganei city in Tokyo, exactly it`s middle between Higashi koganei station and Musasikosugi.
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Three conditions who are good at numbers〉
By the way, when expressing a large number, I should do in English, but I find it complicated, so I`m going to use Arabian number.
National annual revenue is 5.91 billion yen, except for national debt, national expenditure is 7.44 billion yen, national debt is 2.33 billion yen, the balance of public debt is 88.3 billion yen.
When comparing it with a family budget of which monthly income is 0.3 million yen. Then living expenses of every month is 0.38 million yen, paying off loan is 0.12 million yen.
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Steve Jobs was a master on a way of showing numbers concretely〉
So Jobs expressed putting a thousand of melodies in the pocket at the presentation.
It`s overwhelmingly by far easier to understand than 185 gram with 5GB.
〈Three conditions on the people who are good at numbers〉
Making big numbers into small numbers so as to imagine easily, it`s way has frequently been used.
The Ministry of Finance has exhibited on the official channel in youtube, if comparing Japanese finance with a family budget, how much is a debt in Japan? It`s a typical one.
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Steve Jobs was a master of a way on using numbers〉
...and making the audience understand the meaning of the number at once. This situation has been indroduced so often that it seems that lots of poeple know it.
First ipod which was introduced in 2001 has a sales point, which is its weight is no more than 185 gram and its capacity on data is 5GB, but few people understand how much the 5GB is.
So Jobs showed a capacity per a popular song is 5MG. Giga means a billion times and mega a million times.
At presentation, he expressed that putting a...
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Steve Jobs was a master on a way of showing numbers concretely〉
At an event where production of Apple was announced or was prohibited in 2008, Jobs announced the first IPhone was sold four million from the first day when it was sold. Four million were sold in two hundred days.
The number of four million is marvelous,but it`s so big that we find it vague, so Jobs continued immediately after that it measn the IPhone is sold twenty thousand a day.
Showing the number of four million concretely, and making the audience understand the meaning of...
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Steve Jobs was a master on a way of showing numbers concretely〉
When trying to persuade others, a way of showing numbers concretely is indispensable.
If there ia a questionaire of showing a master of presentation, Steve Jobs who was dead in 2011 will reach the first rank overwhelmingly.
As presentations by Steve Jobs which introduced products of Apple to lots of people attractively have been analyzed in various ways, whenever it is pointed out, he was good at using a way of numbers.
At an event where production of Apple is announced or...
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Trying to imagine trillion in various ways〉
In general,it is said that the mamals beat their hearts about two billion times in its lifetime, and in Japan where the average life expectancy is reaching about a hundred, it is said that beating our hearts are about three billion and three hundred billion times in our lifetime in average.
In short trillion times is an amount of heartbeat of about three hundred and thirty three people in lifetime in Japan.
〈Steve Jobs was a master on a way of showing numbers concretely〉
When trying to persuade...
【Can you imagine the number of trillion?】
〈Trying to imagine the trillion in various ways〉
When dividing the trillion meters into the length of one round on the earh which is about forty million meters, it`s twenty five thousand rounds.
In the next when dividing the trillion meters into the distance from the earth to the sun which is about one hundred and fifty billion meters, trillion meters is 6.7 times as long as the distance between the earth and the sun.
Moreover dividing trillion into the number of beating the heart of a person in lifetime.
General speaking, the mammals beat...
【Can you imagine a number of trillion?】
〈Trying to imagine a trillion in various ways〉
When being able to understand it, there are lots of people who feel actually that the trillion is a huge number, so even if it`s a big number which tends to have a vague impression,if adding some meaning like the Neanderthal to the number, we can imagine it easily.
And when wanting to add a meaning to a number, an ideal one is a word of per, a scale for an amount of an unit.
In short, as to its scale,how much is it concretely? Using a thing around us and imagine it concretely.
When dividing the...
【Can you imagine a number of trillion?】
〈Trying to imagine a trillion in various ways〉
We can count until thirty six million and a half million per a year. About a hundred million in three years.
Trillion is ten thousandth times of a hundred million, so when counting until a trillion, it takes thirty thousand years.
By the way, speaking of thirty thousand years ago, it was the time when a Neanderthal became extinct. Does it take so much? There may have been some peophe who are surprised at it.
A trillion seconds ago from now on is the time when the Neanderthal became extinct. When we...
【Can you imagine a number of a trillion?】
〈Trying to imagine a trillion in various ways〉
I`ve made a blunder. It`s not a hundred million but a trillion. I`m sorry for it. It`s shameful of me to do.
If estimating roughly it, it`s like the next.
A hour is three thousand and six hundred seconds. A day is twenty four hours, so a day is about ninety thousand seconds.
Let`s suppose that we could count a number per a second, though the bigger the digit is, the more it takes time, but as estimating roughly, let`s suppose we could count a hundred thousand a day.
We can count until thirty six...
【Can you imagine a hundred million?】
〈Trying to imagine a hundred million in various ways〉
Can you imagine an amount of a hundred million precisely?
Its unit is used for national budget, or the number of cell. General account budget in Japan is about ten billion yen, and the number of cell a person is about six billion.
We hardly use the unit every day life. We hardly have any chance of seeing a thing of which number of a hundred million. It`s natural that we can`t actually feel the scale of the number.
If counting until a hundred million, how much does it take? If estimating roughly....
【Can you imagine the number of two hundred million?】
〈A way of asking for the number of getting divorce a day〉
A couple got divorced per two minutes and thirty seconds in the whole Japan.
Even if having a vague impression on the couple of two hundred thousand and seven thousand, if hearing a couple who got divorce per two minutes and thirty seconds, there seems to be lots of people who can imagine the scale of the number actually this time.
〈Imagine a hundred million in various ways〉
In general, when the number becomes big, feeling it actually becomes hard. For example, a hundred million.
【Can you imagine the number of two hundred million?】
〈A way of asking for the number of getting divorce〉
Then our way of adopting is a day.
If dividing two hundred thousand and seven thousand into three hundred and sixty five, it`s five hundred and sixty seven. It means that couple of five hundred and sixty seven got divorced a day in 2018.
If dividing five hundred and sixty seven into twenty four, it`s twenty four. It means that couple of twenty foru got divorce an hour.
Moreover if dividing twenty four into sixty, it`s zero point four. A couple got divorced per two minutes and thirty...
【Can you imagine the number of a hundred million?】
〈A way of asking for the number of getting divorce a day〉
As to the number of the three in this case, almost all of the people would day it`s too much wouldn`t they? when comparing it with yourself, your friends, or your relatives, considering rising ratio of being unmarried in their lifetime.
While its evaluation is almost fixed with regard to the three, it`s various responses in relation to the number of two hundred thousand and seven thousand.
I`m sure feeling such the big number is actually hard, the author said like that.
【Can you imagine the number of a hundred million?】
〈A way of asking for the number of people who get divorce a day〉
It seems that the number of divorce was estimated to be two hundred thousand and seven thousand in 2018 according to statistics in the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
How do you feel about the number? There seems to be various impressions. It`s possible, it`s too less, or it`s too much.
Let`s suppose you met your friend in high school at alumni association, and your friend said it got divorced three times. How do you feel about it?
As to the number of three, almost..
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈A technical skill of what is called a noise cancelling owes the negative numbers〉
...which just shuts out sounds from outside.
The head phone of what is called the noise cancelling in which we can enjoy music in a subway yard or near a construction site. It`s one of technical skill thanks to the concept of the negative numbers.
As to the invention of the negative numbers by the human, judging from its influential power, it`s no exaggeration to say that it`s the bigges paradigm shift in mathematical world.
【Can you imagine....?】
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈A techincal skill of what is called a noise cancelling owes the negative numbers〉
The negative numbers have been rooted in our society in wide range.
For example, a head phone of noise cancelling which is in current topics.
There is sound taken from a microphone outside. There is amplitude of vibration which vibrates the eardrum. Giving off opposite sound of both of them, and creating a condition which is almost no sound.
As a result we can enjoy silence which is diffrent from a soundproofing, which just shuts out sound from...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈A technical skill of what is called a noise cancelling owes the negative numbers〉
When looking at something, if being able to look at not only the substance itself but to do it through a concept, its thought will take a great leap forward.
Inventing a concept and deepening it, we can understad the world around us by far better.
Actually without using the negative numbers there are lot of things we can`t describe nor think of, not only only natural science but the whole economics, sociology. The negative numbers have been...
【Negative nummbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈A technical skill of waht we call a noise cancelling owes the negative numbers〉
A human relation is the same, isn`t it?
Let`s suppose that a couple built a human relation which was quiet and didn`t cause any trouble. It should have an affectionate with
which they sympathized each other in the human relation.
If either of them regards a peaceful time by given its partner as a voluntary affection, putting too much confidence in it, the quiet human relation may have lost long before.
When looking at something, if being able...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈An artificial satellite and two sumo wrestlers〉
...combining two forces of opposite directtion is an addition of a positive and negative numbers.
If putting the zero as a central number through negative numbers, we can think of possibility to a phenomenon of the exact opposite force works as if nothing happened.
It leads to a preparation when the zero of balance happens to collapse.
Actually a sumo wrestler who grappled tihgtly was droven out of the ring. It`s not unusual.
〈A technical skill of noise cancelling owes the...〉
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈An artificial satellite and two sumo wrestlers〉
When the balance collapses, either a positive ion or a negative one occur.
When two sumo wrestlesr grappled so tightly that both of them can`t move at all. Needless to say they don`t take a rest in the middle of the grapple, but forces of each of the sumo wrestler work to opposite direction with the same power, so it looks like as if they stopped.
Even if the same force works, its condition is the same none of force works, for combining the same force of opposite direction is...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈An artificial satellite and two sumo wrestlers〉
An artificial satellite which goes around the earth can stop to the earth because it doesn`t mean that a force to the artificial satellite doesn`t work but the universal gravitation to the arrificial satellite and centrifigual force are balanced.
An atom is neutral electronically because amount of positive electric charge of the proton in an atomic nucleus and electrons which go around the atomic nucleus are balanced.
When the balance collapsed, either a negative ion or positive...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈Can you imagine minus three piece of bread?〉
Thus we can think of the exact opposite concept in other concept. It`s a big strong point for using the negative numbers.
As the negative numbers appear, zero isn`t at the end of the number line but is a point at the center of the number line. It has significance.
Zero isn`t only nothing but a balance of existence of same number of positive numbers and negative ones. We`ve learned to think like that.
〈An artificial satellite and two sumo wrestlers〉
An artificial satellite which ...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈Can you imagine minus three piece of bread?〉
Let`s suppose there was a profit of three million yen and a loss of a million yen a month.
Without permitting to use negative numbers at all, we have to think of two concept of profit and loss. If the profit and loss reverse every month, its calculation becomes complicated.
However as we can show the loss of a million yen as a profit of minus a million yen, we can discuss the loss and profit about a sales on a number line on whihc junction is loss and profit.
Thus we can think of...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈Can you imagine minus three piece of bread?〉
Why did European mathematicians show a strong resistance to negative numbers or misunderstand a calculation in regard to negative numbers?, for the negative numbers the one which we can`t imagine easily.
Needless to say, we can`t show minus three piece of bread in front of us.
We can`t accept easily which we can`t imagine, but we can accept an opposite thing in a concept as long as introducing negative numbers.
Let`s suppose there was profits of three million yen and a million yen...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈Number called fake〉
Descartes who is famous for his phrase, I think, therefore I am, called a negative solution which was escaped from a equation a solution of fake.
After the 18th century, it seemed that lots of mathematicians couldn`t understand negative numbers easily.
A genius on math, even Euler who was said he caluculated as if we had breathed, a bird had flown, misunderstood on negative numbers.
〈Can you imagine minus three piece of bread?〉
Why did European mathematicians show a strong resistance when trying to accept...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in the mathematical world】
〈Numbers which are called fake〉
Negative numbers are less than zero. There are records in relation to negative numbers of documents on math, there are calculations on negative numbers in Chinese doucument written in the 2nd century or in Indian document in seventh century.
Indian merchants showed debt of a hundred thousand as profit of minus a hundred thousand in the seventh century.
On the other hand it was after the 17th century when European mathematicians accepted the negative numbers.
Descartes who is famous for...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in the mathematical world】
〈Even a crow and a bee can count numbers?〉
On the other hand, as to a fractional number, without havning a mutual concept,when there is an integral number of N, and dividing 1 into N equally, one of them is one-Nth, no one can understand the fractional number.
As to a decimal and zero, introducing mutual concept makes it form.
〈Numbers which are called fake〉
Negativen numbers which we learn at the first grade in junior high school at entrance of math is one of new numbers which we the human beings have invented.
Negative...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in the mathematical world】
〈Even a crow and a bee can count numbers?〉
The experimenters made the bees pass through other tunnel there were several drawing of lines,but this time a space between the lines were different, but they took into the same action around the third line.
There is something else.
A little cuckoo put its eggs in the nest of a bush warbler in secret, and made the bush warbler warm its eggs. We call it brood parasitism 托卵.
Then the litlle cuckoo got rid of the same number of eggs from the nest of the bush warbler as its own eggs.
【Negative number is a paradigm shift in the mathematical wrold】
〈Even a crow and a bee can count numbers?〉
There are several lines drawing in a tunnel. Putting a flower nectar on the third line, and making bees pass through the tunnel several times.
After that making the bees pass through the tunnel in which there wasn`t the flower nectar, but there were several drawings of lines.
The bees flew around the third line concentratedly, but there is a possiblility that the bees judge the distance from the tunnel, so other experiment was made.
The experimenters made the bees pass through ...
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in the mathematical world】
〈Even a crow and a bee count numbers?〉
There are points written on the images in the screen of PC. When there are the same number of poiints written on the first image and second image, if a crow pecks the screen with its bill, it can gain its bait.
When making the crow do the lesson repeatedly, the crow understood what experimenters asked for, when the number of points were same alone, it learned to peck the screen with its bill.
In addition there is a report from the Qeeenslnad University that a bee can count numbers.
【Negative numbers are paradigm shift in mathematical world】
〈Even a crow or a bee count numbers〉
Kronecker is a mathematician who played an active part in Germany in the 19the century. He said the God created integral numbers but we the human being have created everything else.
In fact results of research that not only the human but other animal can count numbers like one, two, three...have announced one after another.
An experiment was made at an university in Germany.
Making a crow watch two images from the screen in PC at regular intervals of several seconds.
When the number of...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
The author said he was surprised that a numerical formula is more eloquent than any other language and the truth in the universe has never betrayed mathematical rationality in physics.
In management he`s found it important to judge mathematically, being based on collected data.
He`s discovered rationality which proved that music is beautiful leads to rationality in math as it remains.
When thinking over a problem on math, I feel like turning over a table, I hate math in fact.
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
Chapter three is artistic on math. Mathematical beauty which appeals to sensitivity.
Chapter four is convenient on math. It`s supported technology in modern society.
Chapter five is influence on math. The history in the world has developed with math.
Chapter six is calculations. Indian calculation, useful mental calculation, and mathematical puzzle.
The author continued.
He was surprised that a numerical formula is more eloquent than any other language, and the truth in the...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether?】
If trying to attract the greatest genius in the human being to the difficutl learning, is there anything other than the beauty?
The author continues.
The book which expresses exorbitant value and attraction on math as abundant as possible, as multidirectionally as possible. It`s divided into six chapter.
Chapter one is a numerical formula. Everything in the world is expressed with the number.
Chapter two is geniuses on math. Strange and eccentric people have challneged abstract thought.
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same together in Yokohama?】
It isn`t unusual that something which we find beautiful purely has a mathematical evidence with regard to nature or art. Math gives us a ground for being moved.
Actually a base on picture, sculpture, architecture, and music which represents golden ratio or music scale were given by math.
In the first place, math itself is beautiful.
Tchaikovsky who is well-known as composer for Swan of Lake, or Nutscraker said if math wasn`t beautiful, math itself wouldn`t be born.
If trying...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
They could overcome the lessons with their desperate efforts or sparks from geniuses, and find the truth.
When we recognize them, not only we know the math is a fruit from wisdom which we have been taken over from generation to generation, but we would be impressed with an excited drama hidden behind cool equations.
Math doesn`t only appeal to our reason but our sensitivity.
It isn`t unusual that a thing in which we find it beautiful purely has a mathematical evidence with...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
Math has changed the history, recognition of the people,and cleared a new time over and over again.
When reading the history on math, we can see figures of mathematicians who had been appreciated as an eccentric or a strange person from other people who lived in the same time because of their moere than enough talent.
They are geniuses, therefore they could discover profound lessons which we the mediocre people can`t see its meaning nor even its existence.
They could overcome...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
Math is the light which lightens up in the darkness. We don`t need it in daytime, but it is indispensable for this social conditions.
As to math, it is certain that the more the times needs reforms, the more we need math.
When a custom in the past or lessens from predecessor can`t hold good, correctness which has been brought from math is a support than any other things for us.
Actually math has always given the world a change since ancient Egypt or ancient Greece. It`s ...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
A law in science which is seemingly complicated is expressed with only a line of equation concisely, and completely.
It was Galileo in Italy who analyzed a result of an experiment in a mathematical way for the frist time.
He said the universe has been written by language of math.
It is doubtless that it`s math which the god chooses the language so as to express the universe.
One of Japanese mathematician who is represents in the Showa era said like the next.
Math is light...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
Math gives us an ability of solving problems, an ability of thinking reasonably, and ability of judgement.
The scene in which we can take advantage of those mathematical abilities are all of sorts from a national strategy to a question on the same number of the hairs on the head.
Except for math, is there other learning which has broad ability?
Math plays a role of a language which shows a law in the universe. A law in science which is seemingly complicated is expressed with ...
【The one like a preface. Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
Development on computer and learning by computer has made computer show everything, even a personal taste and feeling in numerical value.
Learning by computer is a technology which makes computer do learning which is the same one as we the human beings do.
Big data have been collected like that, and it`s analyzed statistically, so we can get its prediction and judgement,and two of thme have been made use of in an important stage which controls the fate of enterprise or a nation.
【Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
...however some questions which is prepared for entrance exams in universities which are difficult to enter like Tokyo university or outstanding private universities or mathematical olympic is solved with the principle. It`s not unusual.
While math can solve the problem like a quiz in an instant, the math has been made use of it positively to a national strategy or judgement on enterprizes.
Development on computer and learning by computer has made the computer show everything, even personal taste and...
【Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
...it is certain that a correct number which is equal to the total number of hairs is among from a hundred thousand and fifty thousand, and I want you to think every people go into the room of which number is equal to the total number of hairs is shown.
There is no doubt that some people have to share a room.
The content of the principle on the nest of pigeons are so easy that there are some people who may have been discouraged with it, however some questions which were prepared for an entrance exam...
【Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
As there aren`t enough number of romms to the people overwhelmingly, there are always rooms in which more than two people go in. The people who went in the same room are equal with regard to the total number of the hairs.
Some people may say, without knowing actual total number of hairs concretely, no one can know which room to enter. It may be so.
However even if the one and othe people around it don`t know exact number, it is certain that the correct number which is equal to the total number of the...
【Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
Or when the people whose number more than 13 gather, there are people whose month of birth are the same.
We can predict it with cetrainity of 100%.
As to the question in the beginning, it`s all right if we think we made the people of three million and a half million go into each room with the same number of its total number of hairs.
Each of total number of hairs are showed on door of each room, from 0 to one hundred thousand and fifty thousand.
As there aren`t enough number of rooms to the people...
【Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohaha?】
...though it took some time to express in English with my own words, but the book says very simple thing.
For example, there are four pigeons and three nests. If all of the four pigeons went in the nests, there is at least one nest in which two pigeons go in together.
It`s just that the principle on the nests of pigeons says the natural thing.
If using the principle, when there are five people, the ones whose blood type are the same. Or when the people whose number more than 13 gather, there are...
【Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altgether in Yokohama?】
...we can conclude that there are some people whose total number of hairs are the same in Yokohama with certainity of 100%.
Why can we conclude? A principle on the nest of pigeons guarantees it.
If written down it formally, there is an integral numbers of plus N, and are the other number of N＋1. If divide the number of N＋1 anomg N, at least one of couple includes two objects.
I`m afraid my explantion is hard to understand, but the book says it`s very simple, though it`s taken a time to express ...
【Are there some peopple whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
Even if there is a person who looks like a skin head from the distance, if counting the downy hairs, its total number of hairs aren`t zero. It could have been.
Or even if concluding the actual number of hairs is hard, there is no wonder that there are some people whose the number of hairs are the same in the lots of peopel from intuition. We can understand its mentality.
However if using math, getting over the difficulty of counting the number of hairs and vague intuition, we can conclude there are...
【Are there some people whose total number of hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
...and the total number of hairs are ten thousand hundred and fifty thousand ar most. We can use those facts as knowledge.
When looking at it at once, some people may think no one can know it, for no one can count the number of the hairs.
On the other hand there may have been some people they can.
Amount of the hairs which we lose a day seem to be almost a hundred, considering downy hairs which we can`t see without magnifying, I find it hard to conclude that the amount of the hairs are.
Even if a...
【Are there some outer space?】
〈They exist infinitively in different dimension〉
...and grandson outer space is formed inside the child outer space.
Thus multiplex on the outer space occurs and the outer space is supposed to exist infinitively.
To tell the truth, too hard to understand it for me at all. At first I can`t understand the relative theory in the least.
I`m going to express on math in the next.
【Are there some people of which number of the hairs are the same altogether in Yokohama?】
There are facts that the population in Yokohama are three million and a half, and the total...
【Are there some outer spaces?】
〈They exist infinitively in different dimension〉
Even if in the space of which speed of expansion is slow its inside expands all of sudden extremely... is it possible?
Then there is a wormhole there which is guided from relative theory by Einstein. The wormhole is a space which connects with an point in a time and space, in short it`s a different dimension.
There is the outer space where the inflation occurred for the first time. It`s a mother outer space. A child outer space in wormhole inside the mother outer space is formed. And a grand son outer space ...
【Are there some outer spaces?】
〈They exist infinitively in different dimension〉
...it doesn`t always mean the whole water freezes in an instant, so the phase transition doesn`t happen at the same time in the whole outer space, it occurre limitedly.
When the phase transition was over the expansion begins in the space.
Then in the space of on the way of phase transition was left behind from the expansion.
However inside of the space on the way of the phase transition, an expansion of all of sudden extremely could have happened inside the space.
Even if in the space of which speed of...
【Are there some outer spaces?】
〈They exist infinitively in different dimension〉
The book has said that the outer space where we live was caused by the big bang and inflation, and there is surprising hypothesis. It`s a theory of multi verse. It`s the outer space of multiplex.
A vacuum energy was released by the phenomeno of phase transition, and all of sudden expansion occurred. It`s the inflation,and the inflation caused the big bang.
However the phase transition doesn`t happen at the same time. It occurs limitedly.
For example, when the water breezes, it doesn`t alway mean that ...
【How did the big bang occur?】
〈Expansion of energy extremely made it happen〉
When the inflation was calmed down, the outer space was heated with released of the inflation, the outer space became a enormous fire ball then. It has been thought like that. It`s the big bang.
The huge fire ball continued to expand and it became cool slowly,then elementary particles like quark, electron, neutrino, and photon were formed.
In short it was the expansion of all of sudden of inflation which caused the big bang.
【Are there some outer spaces?】
〈They exist infinitively in the space of different...〉
【How did the big bang occur?】
〈Expansion of energy extremely made it occur〉
If comparing it with water, when steam changes into water, the heat of the steam is taken, and the steam changed into the water. The taken heat is released, and it`s an energy.
In short the phase transition causes the enegry.
The vacuum energy caused a lot of energy by the phase transition, and the outer space expanded all of sudden. We call it inflation.
The inflation occurred in an instant. An expansion of all of sudden occurred that a virus became bigger than the group of the galaxy.
When the inflation was...
【How did the big bang occur?】
〈Expansion of energy extremely made it occur〉
It has been thought an one point was born from nothing and it expands so much that it becomes the outer space about 13.8 billion years ago.
The nothing was filled with enormous energy of vacuum one. It has been thought to be the same one with the dark energy which makes the outer space expand at present.
The vacuum energy was released by phenomenon of phase transition, and the outer space has started to expand. The phase transition is changing matters into other things of changing them into air, liquid, or solid.
【Is there an equaiton which solves a mystery on the whole outer space?】
〈There is its answer in the equation of Einstein〉
...without stopping expanding, the outer space goes on expanding for good.
The third, the opened outer space. If the density of matters which exist in the outer space are lower and power of expanding is stronger, the outer space continues to expand infinitively.
【How did the big bang occur?】
〈Expansion of energy extremely made it occur〉
It has been thought that a one point expanded which was born from nothing and the outer space was born from the one point about...
【Is there an equation which solves a mystery on the whole outer space?】
〈There is its answer in the eauation of Einstein〉
The first one is a closed outer space, it`s big crunch, it`s not a big lunch but big crunch. I made a mistake again, I`m sorry for it.
When density of the matters which exist in the outer space is high, and the gravitation is higher than the power which expands, the speed of expansion becomes slow and it shrinks finally.
The second is a flat outer space. When the density of the matters which exist in the outer space is the same as the power of expanding, without...
【Is there an equation which solves an mystery on the whole outer space?】
〈There is its answer in the equation of Einstein〉
Ironically, unexpectedly the equation of Einstein has been thought to solve the mystery of the whole outer space which continues to change.
By the way, I`ve expressed on the relative theory, but it doesn`t always mean I can understand it perfectly. Far from it. I can`t. Why is the theory so? I have little knowledge on the outer space.
I`m going to express three models on the outer space shown by Friedmann.
The one is closed outer space. It`s a theory of big crunch.
【Is there an equation which solves a mystery on the whole outer space?】
〈There is its answer in an equation of Einstein〉
After completing the relative theory, Einstein announced an equation of a model of the outer space which comes to a standstill. It`s the equation of Einstein.
He added a term on the outer space so as to demonstrate his theory that the outer space is standstill and never changes. It`s his equation.
However Friedmann in Russia solved the equation in 1922, and announced there are three answers which show the outer space isn`t unchangeable.
Ironically, the equation of...
【Is there an equation which solves an mystery on the whole outer space?】
〈There is its answer in an equation of Eninstein〉
In short, the relative theory is like the next.
1 there is nothing which can move faster than the light.
2 the one which moves as nearly fast as the light looks as if it shrank.
3 as to the one which moves as nearly fast as the light, its time is late.
4 time is late around the heavy things.
5 space is contorted around the heavy things.
6 gravitation and energy is the same.
The present theory on the outer space is made up with by the relative theory.
After ...
【Is there an equation which solves an mystery on the whole outer space?】
〈There is its answer in an equation of Einstein〉
It`s the relative theory which is a base on the theory of the outer space at present. It`s a physical theory which a German physicist, Albert Einstein advocated in 1900.
When things move with the same speed, the same physical phenomenon occurs at the time when stopping. It`s the relative theory.
Einstein solves relation between the speed of the light and time and space with the relative theory, and demonstrated that the time ans space are contorted by gravitation.
【Is it true that an expansion on the outer space accelerates?】
〈Expansion has started since about six billion years ago〉
...and there is nothing in the outer space at last.
There is other theory of big lunch.
If the density of the matter in the outer space is higher, the speed on the expansion drops, the outer space starts to shrink with its own gravitation, and it becomes one of the black hole finally.
In the theory of the big lunch, the existence of the dark matter isn`t thought.
To my sorrow, too hard to understand for me.
【Is there an equation which solves an mystery on the...】
【Is it true that an expansion on the outer space accelerates?】
〈Expanison has started since about six billion years ago〉
...but it is doubtless that the dark energy is deeply related with future on the expanding outer space.
There is two type of future on the expnading outer space. The one is a theory of big lip.
If the dark energy which makes the outer space expand increases and exceeds the gravitation, from that moment, the expansion on the outer space accelerates more and more.
It expands so much that the dark matter makes even elementary particle expnad, stretch and tear up, and...
【Is it true that an expansion on the outer space accelerate?】
〈Expansions has accelerated since six billion years ago〉
An energy which accelerates the outer space is called dark energy. It has been thought the same energy with a vacuum one which expanded the outer space suddenly in an inflation, which made the big bang start.
It has been thought that the dark energy is eighteen times as much as ordinary matters like hydrogen or helium and is third times as much as the dark matter with results of various observation, but we have little information on the expansion to the outer space but....
【Is it true that expansion on the outer space accelerates?】
〈Expansion has accelerated since six billion years ago〉
However there was a surprising discovery in 1998. Expansion on the outer space doesn`t become slow but fast.
When observing brightness on a super nova far away in the galaxy,the brightness is darker than predicted value after a borderline of six billion years.
Its brightness is lighter than predicted value beore the borderline. Being darker than the predicted value means that a speed of the star goes far away becomes bigger, in short the expansion accelerates.
An energy...
【Is it true that expansion of the outer space accelerates?】
〈Expansion has accelerated since six billion years ago〉
It was 1920s when it has been clear that the outer space expands.
Edwin Habble who is a person doing research in an astronomical observatory in Carnegie of America discovered, the farther the galaxy existed in galaxy from the earth, the faster it goes farther with high speed. He`s found the outer space expands.
However it had been thought the expansion continued because of influence of the big bang, so the speed would drop before long, and the outer space would shrink then.
【What`s the outer space made of?】
〈While ordinary matter makes up for no more than 4% in the whole outer space, the other rest of 96% has been unclear〉
...but distortion has been caused behind the heavenly bodies by gravitational action, so it proved that there must have been gigantic matters there indirectly.
People doing research in the national astronomical observatory succeeded in making the dark matter invisible in wide area in 2018, so we can make sure the dark matter connects the galaxy as if they were lattice like patterns
【Is it true that expansion on the outer space accelerates?】
【What`s the outer space made of?】
〈Ordinary matter makes up for no more than 4% in the whole outer space and the other rest of 96% has been unclear〉
In short, there are lots of invisible matter in the outer space, and the invisible matter supports basic universal structure.
In addition it turned out the invisible matter is about five times as much as the ordinary matter.
The one which has the mass and influenced the gravitation around it but invisible. We call it the dark matter.
Dark matter doesn`t give off any electromagnetic wave, so we can`t observe it with any telescope direct,but...
【What`s the outer space made of?】
〈Ordinary matter makes up for no more than 4% in the whole outer space and the rest of other 96% has been unclear〉
It has been revealed by Vera Rubin in America.
She researched relation of speed on the fixed star which goes around the sun and the distance from its center. The speed of the all the fixed stars which go around the sun is too fast in the galaxy, so she announced that the mass of the galaxy is much bigger than it looks in 1983.
By the way, to my sorrow,I can`t understand why its speed so fast that its mass is bigger than it appears.
【What`s the outer space made of?】
〈Ordinary matter makes up for no more than 4% in the whole outer space, and other 96% has been unclear〉
To tell the truth, the outer space which we see through a telescope with our naked eyes is an ordinary part made of protons or neutrons.
It has been thought there is other invisible matters or invisible force except for the ordinary ones in the outer space, for if the outer space is made of the ordinary matter alone, the gravitation of the ordinary matter alone can`t make the galaxy rotate with high speed nor make planets and planetesimal attract.
『Column, a discovery of seven planets which resemble the earth very much』
If a space telescope of James Webb which was planted to launch in 2019 operates, we would have observed on the group of planets on Trappist or Trappist itself in details more and more.
If going on th probe more and more, our topic seems to be no end on discovery of new extraterrestrial life or its possibility.
I`m going to go into a new chapter, its title is we`ve understood until here, the latest theory on the universe.
【What`s the outer space is made of?】
〈Ordinary matter is make up for no more than ４% in the...〉
『Column, a discovery of seven planets which resemble the earth very mcuh』
The second is they are so near to the sun that if we research the atmosphere on the planets, we may find out indirect evidence on existence of lives.
Lots of people doing research have started to tackle work looking for lives at planets concerned the Trappist1 at present.
A space telescope of Kepler in NASA has investigated wheter or not there are other planets except fot the seven ones.
Other space telescope of Hubble has tried to investigate atmosphere on the planets.
A space telescope of James Webb which was...
『Column, a discovery of seven planets which resemble the earth very much』
We`ve made sure that seven planets which resemble the earth very mcuch go around the Trappist1 February in 2017.
Planets of the Trappist1 are said to be suitable environment for seeking after existence of life, and there are two strong reasons for it.
At first at least three of the seven planets are ideal for the birth of life in relation to each of distance between the Trappist1.
The second reason is they are so near the sun that if we research the atmosphere on the planets, we may discover indirect evidence...
【What`s kind of structure the outer space?】
〈It`s structure like foams〉
We call it a large scale structure in the outer space or the structure of foam. It has been thought the structure was made by the dark matter.
Immediately after the big ban, hot gas and dark matter spread out in the outer space and then the dark matter gathered and became mass and it became a base of the large scale of the outer space, we`ve thought like that.
『Column, a discovery of seven plnets which resemble the earth very much』
There is a fixed star called Trappist about 39 light years away from the earth.
【What`s kind of structure the outer space?】
〈It`s structure like foams〉
It was discovered in 1980s, and after that some of empty hollow space were discovered. We call the tremendous space where there are no galaxy a super hollow or void.
It turned out that the galaxies aren`t always spread out all over the outer space by the discovery of the void.
When bubbling with a soap, there are foams, and the outer space resembles it. The galaxy is the surface of the foam, and the void is the space of the foam. The galaxies exist on the surface of the foam as if they were concentrated there.
【What`s kind of structure the outer space?】
〈It`s structure like foams〉
It`s not flame but foams. I made a mistake again. I`m sorry.
...and gather from a hundred to thousand, so a bigger group of galaxy is formed, and lots of the bigger group of galaxy gather and super bigger group of galaxy is formed, but the super bigger group of galaxy is only a part of the whole outer space.
By the way, what`s kind of structure the whole outer space?
Empty space where we can`t observe any galaxy there,which spreads out two hundred million light year far away hundreds million light years. It was...
【What`s the great wall in the outer space?】
〈It`s like the one in China in the outer space〉
...it looks like as if the dark matter created long and thin walls of the group of galaxy.
Dark matter is the one which has mass but we can`t detect it with an ordinary way. We have little information on the dark matter at present.
Some people say the dark matter is elementray particle which has never been discovered.
【What`s kind of structure is the outer space?】
〈It`s a structure like flame〉
Dozens of galaxies gather and a group of galaxy is formed, and from a hundred to thousand gather and...
【What`s the great wall in the outer space?】
〈It`s the great wall in the outer space〉
However it has never been clear whether the one which was discovered was the whole great wall or it was just a part of the great wall, for the light of the galaxy of the Milky Way prevents us from observing its whole shape.
By the way how was the great wall made?
Galaxy is distributed along dark matter which is distributed long continuously like a ribon, so the structure is made, it has been thought like that at present.
Dark matter attracts heavenly body by gravitation, so it looks like as if it...
【What`s the great wall in the outer space?】
〈It`s like the one in China in the outer space〉
A gigantic structure which is far away about two hundred million light years from the earth has been discovered by Margaret Geller and John Hucra at Smitonian astronomical center in 1989.
It`s a group of galaxy of which length is about five hundred light years and of which width is about three hundred light years. Its structure is a wall. It`s the great wall in the outer space.
It was named after the one in China.
However it has never been clear whether the one which was discovered was the whole...
【Have the galaxies collided frequently?】
〈It had in a long time from a billion to ten billion〉
Irregular shape of the galaxies like oval and spiral were born by collison of the galaxies each other and interaction of the gravitation.
The galaxy often forms a group, and there is huge oval galaxy in the center of the group. The oval galaxy seems to be the one with which lots of the galaxies collided and united.
【What is a great wall in the outer space?】
〈It`s like the one in China in the outer space〉
A gigantic structure which is far away about two hundred million light year from the...
【Have the galaxy collided each other frequently?】
〈It have in a span from a billion to ten billion years〉
...each distance is about from 10cme to 1meter.
The galaxies attract each other with each gravitation, so without touching at all moving is hard in a long time from a billion to ten billion years.
However even if the galaxies collide with high speed, each of the galaxy is almost hollow, so it has been thought a destructive collision won`t happen.
The shape of the galaxy is various. The galaxies of which shpae is irregular like oval and spiral were born by collision by the ...
【Have the galaxies collided each other frequently?】
〈It had in a span from a billion to ten billion years〉
At first how do the galaxies collide each other?
Speaking of the galaxy,it seems that we have an impression stars are crowded there, but it proved that a degree of crowded together is low in relation to the stars.
On the other hand it turned out that the distance between galaxies are near unexpectedly.
Let`s suppose that a single galaxy which belongs to the Milky Way in the local group of galaxy was a ball of which diameter was 1cm. It means that almost 50 balls gahter, and each...
【What`s kind of a galaxy which is near the galaxy of the Milky Way?】
〈We can see three galaxies with our naked eye from the earth〉
Magellanic stream which links together the two galaxies was discovered in 1970. It`s extended thinly. It is said it`s a stream of neutral hydrogenic gas.
【Have the galaxies collided each other frequently?】
〈It have in the span from a billion to ten billion years〉
Both of the galaxy of Mliky Way and Andromeda will collide, though it`s after four billion years. There are some people who can`t believe it, aren`t there?
At first how do the gallaxies collide....
【What`s kind of galaxy which is near the one of the Milky Way?】
〈We can see three galaxies with our naked eye from the eath〉
A mate called Magellan wrote down there was a heavnly body like a cloud near south to the Milky Way in the sixteenth century, so we call them like that.
The big Magellan is about far away one hundred sixty thousand light year from the earth, and it`s one-tenth as big as the Galaxy of the Milky Way.
The small Magellan is about two hundred thousand light year and it`s smaller than the big Magellan.
Magellanic stream which links together the two galaxy was...
【What`s kind of galaxy which is near the galaxy the Milky Way?】
〈We can see three galaxies with our naked eye from the earth〉
There are other two galaxies which we can observe with our naked eye from the earth. The one is big Magellan galaxy and the other is small Magellan one.
Instead of the Magellan galaxy,to be exact we should call it Magellan cloud, for according to a dictionary in Internet, but it confusing, so I made it a rule to call it a galaxy.
Both of the Magellan can be seen in the south semisphere. A mate called Magellan wrote down that there was a heavenly body like a cloud...
【What`s kind of a galaxy which is near the Milky Way of the one?】
〈We can see three galaxies with our naked eye from the earth〉
Diameter of the part of the disc is about two hundred thousand light years. We can observe it with our naked eye in autum in the northern semisphere.
It turns out that there is a black hole in the center of the galaxy of Andromeda which is bigger and heavier than the one in Milky Way.
Besides lots of the blakc holes have been discovered near the core of the Andromeda by observation on X-ray.
There are other two galaxies which we can observe with our naked eye...
【What`s kind of a galaxy which is near the Milky Way of the one?】
〈We can see three galaxies with our naked eye from the earth〉
...though to tell the truth, I`ve forgotten exprsseing it, but the book said so may be I could have expressed it.
By the way what kind of the heavenly body is the Andromeda?
The Andromeda Galaxy formed a local galaxy with the Milky Way of the Galaxy, so it`s neighbor for the Milky Way.
It`s the biggest spiral galaxy in the local group of galaxy and made up with about a thousand billion of the fixed stars. The diameter on the part of disc is about two hundred...
【Fixed stars gather and a galaxy is formed?】
〈Therea are more than a hundred billion fixed stars in the galaxy of the Milky Way alone〉
The local group of the galaxy which includes the galaxy of the Milky Way where we the human being inhabit belongs to Virgin of the super group of the galaxy.
【What`s kind of a galaxy which is near the Milky Way of the galaxy?】
〈We can see three galaxies with our naked eye from the earth〉
It seemed that I`d expressed that both of the galaxy of the Milky Way and Andromeda will collide and be united after four billion years, though, to tell the truth, I`ve...
【Fixed stars gather and the galaxy is formed?】
〈There are more than 100 billion fixed stars in the galaxy of the Milky Way〉
Local group of the galaxy is made up with almost 50 galaxis. In addition, the number of the galaxy from a hundred to thousand have crowded together in a space of 10 million light year, and it`s a group of galaxy.
The group of galaxy is filled with hot air like hydrogen and there are plenty of dark matter. The group of galaxy becomes size which is more than one billion in light year and it`s a super group of the galaxy.
The local galaxy which includes the Milky Way...
【Fixed stars gather and the galaxy is made?】
〈There are more than 100 billion fixed stars in the Galaxy of the Milky Way alone〉
,,,the speed of the solar system which moves in the galaxy is from about two hundred and twenty million to two hundred and fifty million light year.
Several galaxy gather with gravitation and there are several group of the galaxy.
A group of dozens of galaxy is called a group of galaxy, and the Galaxy of the Milky Way belongs to the local group of galaxy.
The local group of galaxy is made up three mainly. Andromeda, the Milky Way, and Triangle. The total...
【Fixed stars gathered and the galaxy is made?】
〈There are more than 100 billion fixed stars in the Galaxy of the Milky Way alone〉
As to its size, it`s from several thousands to hundreds of thousand light year, and as for its shape, it`s varied like the one which is swirling clearly, the one of which swirling is unclear, and the swirling is irregular.
Actually the sun itself moves with high speed, so it means that the whole solar system travels with full throttle. Its speed is 240km per second.
The solar system moves in the Galaxy of the Milky Way with that speed, and travels around with...
【Fixed stars gathered and the galaxy is made?】
〈There are more than 100 billion fixed stars in the Galaxy of the Milky Way alone〉
The earht where we live is a planet which goes around the sun. Eight planets including the earht, satellites which circle around the planet like the moon, and there are little numberless heavenly bodies. The solar system is made up with them.
The fixed star like the sun gather and the Galaxy of the Milky Way is made. The fixed stars from several billions to thousands of billions gather with each gravitation, and the Galaxy is made.
As to its size, it`s from...
【How is the black hole made?】
〈After the explosion of the super nova, the thing a core of the star shrinks less and less and the black hole was born〉
...then the black hole had been in theroy, no one thought it existed actually, but the Swan Cygnus X-1 which was the black hole was discovered by observation using the X-ray in 1970.
With the discovery of the Swan Cygnus X-1, lots of the heavenly bodies which seemed to be the black hole were discovered, and the existence of the black hole becomes sure.
【Fixed stars gather and the galaxy is made?】
〈There are more than 100 billion fixed...〉
【How is the black hole made?】
〈After the explosion of the super nova, it shrinks by its own gravitation less and less and it is〉
The binary stars circle around themselves each other, and if one of them becomes the black hole, the black hole will absorb the gas from other star.
When the gas falls into the black hole, it becomes high temperature extremely, then X-ray is emitted.
In short when having observed the X-ray, it`s a circumstantial evidence that the black hole exists there.
The black hole is a heavenly body that Einstein predicted in the principle of relativity. Then it had been...
【How is the black hole made?】
〈After the explosion of the super nova, its own gravitation makes it shrink more and more and it is.〉
, and the core shrinks by its own gravitation less and less, and its scale becomes a dot, infinitesimal. On the other hand its density becomes infinity.
No physical law doesn`t stand up there, and even light doesn`t come out of there, but how can we discover the matter which doesn`t emit the light? Its key is X-ray.
The sun is the fixed star and it exists independently.
On the other hand there are lots of binary stars in the outer space. The binary stars...
【The explosion of a super nova. What`s kind of explosion?】
〈Chemical elements which are heavier than iron have been released into the outer space〉
Continuation of the last response.
...and the gas of the star is pushed out, so the star explodes. Then central nucleus becomes a neutral star or a black hole.
【How is the black hole made?】
〈After the explosion of the super nova, its own gravitation makes it shrink more and more, and it is〉
The black hole is the last shape of a star of which mass is thrity times as big as the sun.
After the explosion of the super nova,it remains like a core.
【The explosion of a super nova. What`s kind of explosion?】
〈Chemical elements which is heavier than eron have been released into the outer space〉
...and then the heavy chemical element has been released into the outer space.
Without the explosin of the super nova, our lives wouldn`t have been born.
I`m going to express on mechanism of explosion by collapse on gravitation of a star of great mass.
Central nuclear fusions stops and the center becomes a mass of iron. Then the iron shrinks by its own gravitation.
The center collapses and a shock wave occurrs, and gas of the star is,,
【The explosion of a super nova. What`s kind of the explosion?】
〈A chemeical element which is heavier than iron is released into the outer space〉
At least its mass is thirty times as heavy as the sun.
The neutron star has no less than ten billion ton per a centimeter cube.
To tell the truth, when the outer space was born, there used to be light chemical elements alone like hydrogen or helium, but not only a planet but our body are made up with heavy chemical elements.
The heavy chemical elements have been made by a nuclear fusion of the fixed stars or the explosion of the super nova and...
【The explosion of a super nova. What`s kind of explosion?】
〈A chemical element which is heavier than iron is released into the outer space〉
Actually it`s an end of an aged star, but the explosion makes the star give off strong light, so it looks as if a new star appeared, so we call it an explosion of a super nova.
As a result of the explosion on the super nova, a neutron star with which neutron is filled remains. The neuton is one of elementary particles which consists of an atom.
As to its mass,if it`s by far heavier than the sun,a black hole is remained. At least its mass is thirty ...
【The explosion on a super nova. What`s kind of explosion?】
〈Chemical elements which are heavier than iron are released into the outer space〉
At first the fixed stars try to shrink for themselves, but when the nuclear fusion happnes, energy of explosion prevents the fixed star from crushing.
However the nuclear fusion is over and its center is iron alone, the fixed star is crushed in an instant and its reaction makes the fixed star explode greatly, and its outer part is exploded. We call the explosion the explosion on a super nova.
Actually it`s an end on an aged star, but the explosion...
【Explosion on a super nova. what`s a kind of explosion?】
〈Chemical elements which are heavier than iron are release into outer space〉
The heavier fixed star of which mass is more than the sun, the more hydrogen which is material of nuclear fusion, but lots of hydrogen makes its center become high temperature and high pressure and the nuclear fusion makes progress so violently that it uses up its fuel in short term and it comes to an end.
As to by far heavier fixed stars, when material on the nuclear fusion disappeaars and the nuclear fusion is over, its center is iron alone.
At first...
【It seems that the fixed stars have their own lives】
〈The fixed stars have drama from being born to being dead〉
The second ones are groups of gigantic fixed stars which have low temperature. Tremendousn red stars are included there.
The third ones distribute on lower left on the figur. They are white little fixed start.
Even if it`s discovered by the figure for the first time, we can find its place which it belongs to the figure as long as we know its brightness and temperature. We can find the star how it is by the figure.
Completion of the figure makes the base on astronomy arrange.
【It seems that the fixed stars have their own lives】
〈The fixed stars have drama from being born to being dead〉
...and the horizontal line of which base is the temperature on the surface of the fixed stars.
The fixed stars are divided into three groups on the figure.
The first ones are called main sequence stars. About 90% of the fixed stars are included in the main sequence stars, and the sun is as well. They distribute from the lower right to upper left through the middle part on the figure.
The second ones are distributed on the upper right on the figure. They are huge and have ...
【It seesms that fixed stars have each life】
〈Fixed stars have drama from being born to being dead〉
A fixed star which looks blue has high temperature, and the one which looks red has low temperature.
It was Ejnar Hertzsprung in Denmark and Henry Norris Russel in America who discovered between the color of the stars, brightness and temperature in the beginning of the 20th century. It`s what`s is called a figure of Hertzsprung Russel.
Being based on the figure, distribution on fixed stars is expressed. Its vertical line is brightness of which base is the sun, and the horizontal line of...
【It seems that fixed stars have each life】
〈Fixed stars have each drama from being born to being dead〉
『Fixed stars which is ten times as heavy as the sun』
...and when exploding, the fixed stars creeate various chemical elements and release them into the outer space. After a heavenly body of super high density like a neutron star or a black hole remain.
By the way, all the shining stars in the night sky aren`t the same color. Some of them shine white bluish, and other does red. The color of the star is decided by the temperature on the surface.
The fixed star which shines blue has...
〈Fixed stars have each drama from being born to being dead〉
『Fixed stars which is ten times as heavy as the sun』
Response on the nulcear fusion continues and hydrogen changed into helium, and helium turns into oxygen, and oxygen changes into carbon, and finally iron is made. Then the nuclear fusion stops and the fixed star starts to swell, and it becomes a brown super giant.
And the super giant one collapses by its own gravitation, and causes an explosion of super nova.
Typical life span on the fixed star is about millions years, and when exploding, various chemical elements are....
〈Fixed stars have each drama from being born to being dead〉
『Fixed stars between the light one and heavy one』
...it continues to shine until it uses up hydrogen in the center.
When the hydrogen is used up, the fixed star starts to swell, and it becomes a brown giant, and finally it turns into nebula of planet, and its core remains as a white dwarf.
What is the nebula of planet? To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on astronomy, so it`s just that the phrase a translation word for word. I`m sorry for it.
Life span on the sun is about ten billion years, and the sun comes to an end like that
〈Fix stars have each drama of being born to being dead〉
『The fixed star which is 0.08 times as light as the sun』
...or even if the nuclear fusion is caused, it`ll finish at once, and after that it became cold gardually and the rest of its life came to an end.
『The fixed star of which mass is 0.08 times as light as the sun. It`s the light one. and other one of which mass is 8 times as heavy as the sun. It`s the heavy one. The fixed stars between the light one and the heevy one.』
Temperature in the center is so hing that hydrogen makes the nuclear fusion cause, and it continues to shine...
【It seems that the fix star has its life】
〈The fix stars have a drama from being born to being dead〉
Gas and dust in a galaxy are condensed and every fixed star is born, so each ingredient isn`t different essentially.
When its material is used up for the nuclear fusion, its life is over then, but when looking at it in detail, we can understad difference between each of them according to each mass.
『The fixed star which is 0.08 times as light as the sun.』
It`s the brown dwarf. As the temperature on its center doesn`t rise enough, the nuclear fusion isn`t cause or even it is, it finishes...
【What`s difference between fixed stars and planets?】
〈Fixed stars which radiate light for themselves and planets which don`t give off light for themselves〉
Mira repeats swelling and shrinkage in a period of 322 days then its degree on light changes, so it`s called a pulsating variable star.
【It seems that the fixed star has its life】
〈Stars have a drama from being born to be dead〉
The stars which shine in the night sky have dramas from being born to be dead.
Roughly speaking, the process of being born, growing up and being dead on the stars are in common.
Gas and dust in a galaxy are...
【What`s difference between fixed stars and planets?】
〈Fixed stars which radiate light for themselvesn and planets don`t for at all.〉
Even if a nuclear fusion is caused, its response`ll stop at once or its output is so low that its surface looks darkish red and it`s called brown dwarf.
There are other planets of which degree on light changes. It`s called variable stars, and famous one is the Whale, Mira.
When being lighter, it`s a star of the second magnitude, so it looks very clear, but when being darker, it becomes the one of the tenth magnitude, so we can`t look at it with the naked eye.
【What`s difference between fixed stars and planents?】
〈Fixed stars which radiate light for themselves, and planets which don`t for themselves〉
...and they are planets.
All the planets in the solar system,including the earth, reflect light fron the sun and they look like they shines. There are other heavenly bodies which lie between the fixed stars and the planets.
Dust and gas are condensed and a nuclear fusion is caused, so the fixed stars are born, but a heaveny body of which mass is 0.08 times as little as the sun is different.
Even if the nuclear fusion starts, its response stops...
【What`s difference between the fixed stars and planets?】
〈Fixed stars which emanate light for themselves and planest don`t for themselves〉
...and it has been thought the number of the fixed stars are more than a hundred billion.
After that in this chapter, as long as there is no notice, I make it a rule to express the fixed stars as stars fron now on, for the author said like that.
There are heavenly bodies which circle around the fixed stars, and some of them aren`t so large mass as to cause a nuclear fusion for themselves, and they don`t give off any light nor heat for themselves, and...
I`m going into a new chapter,Mysterious constellations. Fixed stars and galaxies from now on.
【What`s difference between fixed stars and planets?】
〈Fixed stars which radiate light for themselves and planets which don`t give off any light〉
Fixed stars don`t look changeable in appearance, so they have had the name.
When looking up at the night sky, there are plenty of shining stars there. Except for planets in the solar system, they are all the fixed stars.
Needless to say, the sun belongs to the fixed stars, and it has been thought the number of the fixed stars are more than a hundred...
【Did it turned out that what kind of heavenly body was the Pluto?】
〈The New Horizon collected its data in detail〉
The crewless space probe approached the Pluto and its satellite, the Charon September in 2015, and sent us its minute data every moment.
Then the surface on the ground of the Charon was observed minutely.
There is red brownish pile which seemed to be organics around the pole, and there is a cliff as if it crossed over the satellit near the equator on the Charon.
The Charon is big as satellite, so it has possiblity of giant impact. Gignatic heavenly body may have collided.
【Did it turned out that what kind of a heavnly body is the Pluto?】
〈New Horizon collected its data in minute〉
The Pluto has been placed as a quasi-planet.
Its size is smaller than any other planet in the solar system, and its diameter is about one-fifths as big as the earth.
When comparing its orbit with other planets in the solar system, it`s contorted oval, and it takes no less than 248 years to go around the sun.
A crewless space probe of the New Horizon was launched January in 2006 so as to investigate heavenly bodies around the solar system, including the Pluto.
It approached...
【We used to have little knowledge on the Neptune】
〈The Voyager played an active part and we have been able to solve lots of problems〉
The Triton is almost as big as the moon, and its the most remakable feature is the satellite which moves back, if translating it word for word.
When it goes around the sun, its direction is opposite against its own rotation. The opposite one has been discovered four in the Jupiter, one in Saturn and the Neptune, especially the one in the Neptune is by far bigger than any others.
【Did it turn out that what kind of the heavenly body is the Pluto?】
【We used to have little knowledge on the Neptune】
〈The Voyager played an active part and we have been able to solve lots of problems〉
The stripes on the atmosphere were cloud expanded by atmosphere with high speed and its speed is so fast that it looks so long, and its speed around an equtor seems to be over 300 meters per second.
Moreover the Voyager second approached Triton which is the biggest satellite of the Neptune and sent us on the earth its minute data.
It turned out that an icy volcano which blows up thich smoke of liquid nitrogen and methane gas has become active in Triton.
【We used to have little knowledge on the Neptune】
〈The Voyger played an active part and we have been able to solve lots of mysteries〉
Oh! I made a mistake again. The temperature on atmosphere of the Neptune is below minus 200 degrees. I`m sorry for it.
It is the Voyger second alone which approached the Neptune, so almost all of data was done by observation when the space probe approached the Neptune August in 1989. Then it approached nearest than any other time.
For example, there was a pattern of stripes on the atmosphere in which the Voyger took a potograph. The stripes were cloud...
【We used to have little knowledge on the Neptune?】
〈The Voyager played an active part and we have been able to solve lots of mysteries〉
It`s the Neptune which goes around the sun in the farthest place from the sun.
The Neptune is as the same structure as the Uranus, and its diameter is about four times as big as the earth.
Hydrogen accounts for 80%, helium 19%, and methane 1,5% in the atmosphere, and the methane absorbs red light so the whole Neptune looks bright with blue.
Light from the sun was so weak that the temperature on the atmosphere drops below minus 28 degrees.
It`s the...
【When going around the sun, it lies sideways?】
〈When a huge heavenly body collided it against, its earth`s axis has tilted〉
Some say the collision was done several times, so there is relation between the satellites and planet like that.
There are rings around the Uranus like the Saturn,according to investigation by the Voyager, and the number of the rings were 12,but the sturcture on each ring has been unclear.
【We uded to have little knowledge on the Neptune?】
〈Voyager the Second played an active part, and we have been able so solve lots of mysteries〉
It`s the Neptune which goes...
【When going around the sun, the Uranus lies sideways. Is it true?】
〈When a heavenly body collided it against, its earth`s axis has tilted〉
It was the Voyager Second of a crewless space probe in NASA alone which approached the Uranus. It was launched August in 1977. Then having taken its photo and it has been a valuable data on the Uranus at present.
It proves that its satellites are 27, and all of them rotate around the planet which lies sideways. They go around its equator.
The planet overturned after its satellites would have ratated to direction of its pole, but they don`t, so some...
【When going around the sun, the Uranus lies sideways. Is it true?】
〈When a haevenly body collided it against, its earth` axis has tilted〉
It has been thought a heavenly body collided it and the earth`s axis tilted, but it hasn`t been clear how it collided.
As to inclination of other planets in the solar system,the Mercury is about 0 degree, the earth 23.4, the Mars 25.2, the Saturn 26.7.
We can recognize how tilted the Uranus is. I`m sure it`s rather vertical than tilted according to a photo in the book.
It was Voyager the Second of a crewless space probe alone which approached the...
【When going around the sun, Uarnus lies sideways. Is it true?】
〈When a tremendous heavenly body collided it against, its earth`s axis tilted〉
As to its size, Uranus is the third biggest in the solar system after the Jupiter and Saturn.
Main ingredient on ice of the Uranus is water, methane, and ammonia, but methane accounts for about 2% in the atmosphere, and it absorbs red light, so the whole heavenly body looks bright with light blue-green.
The most remarkable feature on the Uranus is its axis of rotating tilts about 97.8 degrees when it goes around the sun. Why?
It has been thought...
【What is the ring of the Saturn made from?】
〈Tiny grains of ice gathered and formed the gigantic ring〉
The other one is when a small heavenly body bumped against the Saturn and there were fragments which were broken, and the fragments gathered near the equator and they changed into the ring.
The latter one has been strong at present, but there has never been its conclusion.
【When going around the sun, Uranus does lies sideways. Is it true?】
〈As a gigantic heavenly body collided it against its earth`s axis tilted〉
As to its size, Uranus is the third biggest after the Jupiter and
...
【What is made from the ring of the Saturn?】
〈Tiny grains gathered and they have formed the huge ring〉
It proved to be that diameter of the ring on the Saturn is about three hundred thousand km, its thickness is about 10 meters on the average. It`s very thin.
By the way, how is the ring formed? Two theories have been thought mainly like the next.
The one is when the Saturn was formed, gas or dust of which eacn form is disc was generated. They are origin of the ring.
The other is when a small heavenly body bumped against a satellite of the Saturn, fragments were broken and they gathered...
【What is made from the ring of the Saturn?】
〈Tiny grains gathered and they formed the tremendous ring〉
The Saturn rotates about ten hours a day, and its radius swells by about 10% than the one of pole by centrifugal force of high speed revolution.
The most conspicuous feature on the Saturn is its huge ring. If observing it with an astronomical telescope, the ring looks a beautiful disc made of plate.
However ist actual situation is it turns out that a large amount of tiny lumps of ice have been distributed on the surface of disc by varous space probes.
Diameter of the ring on the..
【What is made from the ring of the Saturn?】
〈Tiny grains gathered and they have formed the huge ring〉
While its diameter is about ninth times as big as the earth, and its cubic volume is about 750th as large as the earth, its density is about no more than 95 times as big as the earth. Its average density is the tiniest in the solar system.
The Saturn is covered with thick atmosphere of which main ingredient is hydrogen, and its central part is a core made of rock and ice by planetesimal. The composition of the Saturn has been thought like that.
It rotates about ten hours a day, and...
【what are the stripe patterns on the surface of the Jupiter?】
〈They are made by the jet stream〉
No less than 67 satellites of the Jupiter have been discovered until now, and satellites of Galileo such as Europe, Io, Ganymede, and Kallisto is as big as the moon, or bigger than the moon.
NASA launched a crewless satellite for probing September in 1979, and it discovered the Jupiter has a ring then.
【What is made from the ring of the Saturn?】
〈Tiny grains of ice gathered and they have formed the gigantic ring〉
Its diameter is about ninth times as big as the earth, and cubic volume is...
【What are the stripe patterns on the surface of the Jupiter?】
〈They are made by the jet stream〉
The stripe patterns are alternately on the direction of east and west every band of latitude along the jet stream.
Dropping jet stream generates in a stripe which looks dark, and rising jet stream generates in a stripe which looks bright. Those stripe patterns are made by those conditions.
Galileo discovered Jupiter`w four satellites in the 17th century. Except for the moon, satellites were discovered for the first time, so they have been called the satellites of Galileo.
No less than 67...
【What are the stripe patterns on the Jupiter?】
〈They are made by the jet stream〉
...but when it becomes high temperature, or high pressure, we can`t grasp its exact density, so the estimated figure on the core has been unclear.
As a result, there is a possibility that whether its core is very tiny or there isn`t any core at all. There has never any conclusion on it at present.
Speaking of feature on the Jupiter, it`s stripe patterns on its surface. Clouds of particles on ammonia flow with the jet stream and the beautiful stripe patterns are made, though I don`t think they are beautiful.
【What are the stripe patterns on the Jupiter?】
〈They are made by jet stream〉
The Jupiter is the biggest planet in the solar system. It`a composed of hydrogen of 93% and helium of 7%, and it`s about 318 times as heavy as the earth with regard to its mass.
Its center is a core made by planetesimal of rock and ice, and the core is covered with plnety of hydrogen. We`ve thought its structure is like that.
Estimated figure on the core of the Jupiter is different according to its model.
We forecast there is hydrogen which occupies a large part of the inside of the Jupiter, but it becomes...
【Is it true that water used to be in the Mars?】
〈Lots of space probes have found its evidence〉
It has turned out that plnety of liquid used to exist as water in the Mars.
There is a possibility that a part of these water sank into underground, and it exist deep there as ice.
Moreover patterns of stripes as if water had flown have beem discovered from observation by a space probe from in the sky.
There are some craters in the Mars, and their walls inside craters on slopes have some vertical stripes which were inscribed. It is thought it was made by erosion of current from underground.
【Is it true that it used to be water in the Mars?】
〈Lots of space probes have found its evidence〉
The atmosphere on the Mars is so thin that its air pressure accounts for 0.6 % of the earth. As to component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide accounts for about 95% in the atmosphere, and the rest is nitrogen, argon, and a small amount of oxygen.
Plenty of space probes have been sent to the Mars, and in consequence, a geographical features created by flowing water, or rocks like a sedimentary rock 堆積岩 which seems to be made at the bottom of water have been discovered.
It has turned out...
【Is it true that it used to be water in the Mars?】
〈Lots of space probes have found its evidence〉
An axis of rotating on the Mars inclines, it`s 25.2 degrees, and the planet has four seasons like the earth. Its period of rotating is 1 day and 39 minutes.
It`s close to the earth which is 1 day, and the period which it circles around the sun is 1.88 year.
While its average temperature on the surface is minus 50 degrees, and it`s so low, it sometimes goes up about 20 degrees around the equator in summer.
On the other hand, it sometimes goes down in a place of extremely north.
【Is it true that it used to be water in the Mars?】
〈Lots of space probes have discovered its evidence〉
If the mass of the earth is 1, the one of the Mars is about 0.1074, so the Mars is light. When looking at it through a telescope, it looks red as if it burnt, for it`s color of rusty iron on the surface of the sand on the Mars.
The Mars has two satellites. The one is Deimos, and the other is Phobos. Both of them are small and each diameter is about dozens kilometers. Their shape aren`t sphere but distorted.
Actually the earth and the Mars resembele a little.
Axis of rotating on the...
【The earth and Venus are called twins of planets. Why?】
〈They resemble each other so much that they are called like that, but are different acturally altogether〉
One of feature on the Venus is opposite direction against the earth on its rotation.
It is thought interaction of thick atmosphere makes its rotation opposite, but we`ve never found its clear answer yet.
The atmosphere on the Venus is covered with thick cloud. Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in the atmospher causes a chemical reaction, and makes thick cloud composed with sulfuric acid.
【Is it ture that it used to be water...】
【The earth and Venus are called of twins of planets. Why?】
〈They resemble eahc other so much that they are called like that, but are different altogether〉
Atmospehric pressure on the Venus is 95 air pressure at present and it`s covered with atmosphere, but the whole weight of the atmosphere is about hundredth times as heavy as the earth.
Besides no less than 95% of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide which is high on the greenhouse gas, and rest of them are nitrogen and steam.
In short, the Venus is covered with a strong effect of greenhouse gas.
One of feature on the Venus is an...
【The earth and Venus are called twins of planets. Why?】
〈They resemble each other so much that they look like that, but they are different altogether〉
When planetesimal collapsed and united, and the earth and Venus were born, then in the beginning, both of them were melted sloppily altogether. They used to be magma ocean.
Water existed in the atmosphere as steam in the both planets, but the Venus is so near from the sun and its temperature is so high that it seems the steam doesn`t change into water.
Atmospheric pressure on the Venus is 95 air pressure at present, and it`s covered with...
【The earth and Venus are called twins of planets. Why?】
〈Each shape resembles so much that they are called like that,but they are different altogether〉
Environment on the earth is so mild that there is an existence of water, but the temperature on the surface of the Venus is almost 500 degrees. It`s a burning red-hot planet.
It`s the distance from the sun which divids each fate. The Venus is nearer than the earth by about forty two million km. The distance have influence over the environment on the two planets.
Both of the earth and Venus were born by be collapsed and be united of....
【The Mercury is the nearest from the sun. Is it ture it`s hot?】
〈At the side where the sun shines its temperature reaches about 400 degrees〉
...for the light of the sun prevents the shape of the Mercury from being seen from the ground of the earth.
【The earth and Venus are called planets of twins. Why?】
〈Its shape resembles so much they are called like that, but each content is different altogether〉
As to diameter and density, the earth and Venus are almost same, so we call them planets of twin, but each surface is different altogether.
The environment of the earht was so mild that...
【The Mercury is the nearest from the sun. Is it ture it`s hot?】
〈At the side where the sun shines its temperature reaches about 400 degrees〉
There are plenty of craters on the surface of the Mercury like the moon. The size of the biggest crater is one fourth as big as the diameter of the Mercury. It reaches 1300 km.
It seemed to be done by a collpse of an asteroid of which diameter was about 100 km. If the asteroid was bigger, the Mercury itself may have been destroyed then.
If comparing the Mercury with the Mars and Venus, it isn`t so gorgeous, for the light from the sun prevents the...
【The Mercury is the nearest from the sun. Is it true it`s hot?】
〈At the side where the sun shines its temperature reaches about 400 degrees〉
...at the side where the sun shines its temperature reaches no less than about 400 degrees, on the other hand other side where the sun doesn`t shine,its temperature drops minus 160 degrees.
Its atmosphere is a thousand billonth times as thin as the earth, so the atmomsphere can`t maintain the temperature, besides the speed of rotation is so slow and its night is so long that radiating cooling happnens then.
There are plenty of craters on the surface..
【The Mercury is the nearest from the sun. Is it ture it`s hot?】
〈At the side where the sun shines its temperature reaches aobut 400 degrees〉
Judging from it, the Mercury is made of heavy material like iron,and there seems to be a metalic core in its central part which accounts for from 75 to 80 % of the planet.
The Mercuty has such a big core because when it was a primitive planet, a gigantic haevenly body of which size of raidus is half as big as the Mercury collapsed, then part of mantle made of rock was blown away.
The Mercury is nearest from the sun, so while the side where the sun ...
【How wer plantes born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet whichh gas and dust gather〉
...but it is said the solar system is to the oort clowd.
【The Mercury is the nearest from the sun. Is it true it`s hot?】
〈The side where ths sun shines its temperature reaches about 400℃〉
It`s the Mercury which is the nearest from the sun and rotates around the sun.
While it`s the smallest in the solar system, its average density is biggest in the solar system afte the earth by the number.
Therefore the Mercury is made of heavy material like iron...
【How were planets born in the soloar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet which dust and gas gathere〉
... and the Pluto is included in the band of the asteroid and the band of the asteroid is called Edgewer Skyper Belt.
In the beginning of the solar system was formed, there was a heavenly body made of mainly ice which didn`t grow up enough, and it has been regarded as the Edgewer Skyper Belt.
Oort clowd spreads over outside of the Edgewer Skyper Belt, and it has been thougtht it`s a homeland of planets.
There are some theories, but the solar system...
【How were plantes born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of plants which gas and dust gather〉
There are countless heavenly body on the band of asteroid, but there isn`t any bigger than the one which we usually call a planet.
A Japanese space probe landed on and returned with sample from a heavenly body, and it has been famous because of it. It`s イトカワ. Its length is about 540 meters so it`s very little heavenly body.
By the way, how far is the sphere of the solar system?
A band of asteroid spreads over outside of the jupiter, and the Pluto...
【How were planets born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet which gas and dust gathered〉
...and the Pluto was regareded as the ninth planet of the sun. While it corresponds to the first and the second,it turns out that it doesn`t to the third, so it has been treated as a quasi-planet.
The solar system is made up with eight planets which is from near the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Jupiter.
And there is a band of asteroid between orbits of the Mars and Jupiter each other.
There are countless....
【How were planets born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet which dust and gas gathered〉
By the way, what kind of a heavenly body is a planet in the solar system?
Its definition has been decided by the international assembly of astronomical alliance in 2006 like the next.
It rotates around the sun.
It`s enough heavy and its gravitation is so strong that its shape is sphere.
It`s by far bigger than any others around its orbit, and there is no other heavenly body as big as it is.
The Pluto was discovered in 1930 and it was regared as...
【How were planets born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet which gas and dust gathered〉
Other planetesimal which is distant from the sun is a plnet made from rock and ice, and has a core, and there are large amount hydrogen and helium around the core. The Saturn and Jupiter belong to it.
Another planetesimal which is far distant from the sun is the one there is little gas around ice and rock. They are Uranus and Neptune.
I have little knowledge on astronomy, my English is word for word, so I find it hard to understand. I`m sorry for it.
【How were planets born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet which gas and dust gathered〉
The small lumps repeated collapses and unions and a small heavenly body is created before long. It`s planetesimal 微惑星.
The planetesimal rotated around the primitive sun in the gas of primitive disc of planet, repeated collapse, and became bigger, then changed into a primitive planet.
Planetesimals which are near the sun became a planet made of rock like Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The planet has a core.
Other planetesmals which were distant...
【How were planets born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet which gas and dust gathered〉
The core of molecules of clouds revolved, and gas and dust shrank and speed of revolution quickened.
Then centrifugal force 遠心力 worked, it changed into an enormous
flat disc and it`a a primitive disc of planet.
The center of the disc became high temperature and high pressure before long, and began to shine, and it became a primitive sun.
After that the gas and dust around the primitive sun became cool gradually, and they became lots of small lumps.
I`m going to go into a new chapter, and its title is Compainos of the earth. Real face of plantes in the solar system
【How were planets born in the solar system?】
〈They were born one after another from a primitive disc of planet which gas or dust were gathered.〉
An explosion of super nova broke out in a corner of the Milky Way about 4.6 billion years ago, then a large amount of gas and dust were released into the space, and they were changed into clouds of molecule.
Then a part of th clouds of molecules is densely is called a core of clouds of molecules.
The core of clouds of molecure...
『Latest topic on universt, geysers have been discovered in a satellite of Saturn』
It is also known that there are geysers in a sateliite of the Saturn, Enceladus. Salts, organic molecules, and hydrogen molecule have discovered in a sample of geyser of Enceladus.
It means that there is rather a warmer place at a seabed in the Enceladus, and seawater and rock are close there, so possibility of being extraterrestrial life heightens in a satellite of the Jupiter, Europe, like the enceladus.
NASA plans to probe the Europe in 2020s from now on, so we can expect its result greatly.
『Latest topic on the universe, geysers were discovered in a satellite of Jupiter』
It was paid attention greatly because spouting out water was recognized in the heavenly body except for the earth.
The Europe circles around the Jupiter in three days and thirteen hours.
It is said that spouting water is the most active in a place the farthest orbit of rotation from the Jupiter. In short, the water is spouting as if it were a geyser.
However as to its height, it`s so much different from the geyser which we know. Its height reaches no less than two hundred km.
It is known that there is also..
『Topic on the latest universe, a heavenly body of which shpae was strange, Oumuamua, which came from outside the solar system』
...mua is first, and repeating mua and emphasizing it. The meaning of the Oumuamua is a first messenger which came from outside the solar system.
『Topic on the latest universe, a geyser 間欠泉 was discovered in a satellite of the Jupiter』
NASA announced that they had a picture that water was spouting in several places in the Europe which is one of satellites of Jupiter September in 2017.
It was paid attention greatly because spouting out water was recognized in the...
『Topic on the latest universe, a heavenly body of which shape was strange, Oumuamua, which came from outside the solar system』
The discovery of the heavenly body which had the hyperbola orbit has never been done, for its orbit is oval even if it came from far distance as long as it was the heavenly body in the solar system.
In short, it is thought that the heavenly body came from outside the solar system. Astronomers were surprised.
Its observation made us inform an interesting thing.
Cycle of rotation is about 8 hours, while its length was about 400 meter, its width was about 40 meter.
『Topic of the latest universe, a heavenly body of which shape is strange, Oumuamua, came from outside the solar system』
All the comets are attracted by the gravitation of the sun and cricle around the sun, but the heavenly body discovered in Hawaii was different.
Its orbit was hyperbola 双曲線,it`s like a shape of u.
To tell the truth, I`m not sure of the orbit. If its orbit was o, it`s all right, for I can understand it circles around the sun, but its shape was the u.
When it came to an end, then does it return to the other end?
To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on it, so I`ll continue.
『Topic on the latest universe, a little heavenly body, Oumuamua, which came from outside the solar system』
An astronomical telescope in Hawaii discovered a heavenly body which approached from outside the solar system and passed through like a comet October in 2017.
Then in the beginning, the comet seemed to have an orbit like the comet,so it was thought to be one of comets.
Lots of the heavenly body discovered in the solar system circle around the sun with an elliptical orbit.
Some comets which came from far distant place follow a very long and narrow orbit.
All of the comets are...
【Is it true that the sun becomes more gigantic?】
[A life on the sun]
When using up the hydrogen in the central nucleus, the sun continues expanding. The temperature on the surface drops, and it looks red. It's a red gigantic star.
When being the red gigantic star, its size is about two hundredth times as big as the present one.
Last situation of the little mass of a fixed star like the sun is a little white star. It becomes cool and dark as the time passes.
『A little heavenly body of which shape was strange,Oumuamua,which came from outside the solar system』
An astronomical telescope...
【Is it true that the sun becomes more gigantic?】
[If the sun uses up hydrogen, it expands and is huger]
At last the size of the sun becomes the one of hundredth to the present one,and remains as a white little star of which central nucleus sheds a pale light.
Its mass is about seventh times as dense as the present one, so it's the star of which density becomes big.
[Life of the sun]
The sun which is the center in the solar system. When keeping its balance with energy of heat born its inside, it continues to shine stably.
If using up the hydrogen in the central nucleus,the sun ...
【Is it true that the sun becomes more gigantic?】
[If the sun uses up hydrogen, it expands and is huger]
We call a situation of the fix star a gigantic red star.
Antares in the Scorpion or Betelgeuse in the Orion which shine on the night sky are one of the gigantic red stars. It means that they are old stars.
It is thought that the sun continues to expand until its outside reaches around orbit of the earth's rotation after about 8 billion years.
After that the sun becomes more unstable, so repeats expanding and shrinking, and gas of its outside expands over the space in the universe.
【Is it true that the sun becomes more gigantic?】
[If the sun uses up the hydrogen,it expands and becomes more huge]
Then the central nucleus of high temperature becomes heavier and heavier and its pressure becomes higher and higher, so the central nucleus of the helium shrinks by its own gravitation,and is crushed before long.
Then while the nuclear fusion in the center stops, the nuclear fusion outside the center continues, so the central part shrinks but outside the central part starts to expand.
The expansion causes the temperature on the surface drops,and the surface becomes red.
【Is it true that the sun becomes more gigantic?】
[If the sun uses up hydrogen,it expands and becomes bigger]
A nuclear fusion happened which is making an atomic nucleus of helium from four atomic nucleuses of hydrogen.
The one atomic nucleus of helium becomes lighter slightly than atomic nucleuses of the hydrogen, and the lost mass changes into huge energy on the sun.
As a result of the nuclear fusion, helium accumulates on the center of the sun, and central nucleus made of helium.
Then the central nucleus of high temperature becomes heavier and heavier and its pressure becomes higher ...
【Is a global warming caused by the sun?】
[Mechanism on the global warming by the greenhouse gas]
When the greenhouse gas surrounding the earth is appropriate, there is such the little absorption the heat of energy from the sun that the earth isn't too hot.
On the other hand,when the greenhouse gas increases and layer of gas increases, the greenhouse gas is apt to increase the heat from the sun easily,then the temperature on the earth rises higher and higher.
I'm wondering the greenhouse gas tends to absorb heat from the sun. Why?
The greenhouse gas is the carbon dioxide, methane and CFC.
【Is a global warming caused by the sun?】
[The most cause is a greenhouse gas which we the human being have made]
...but when paying attention to the increase on the energy from the sun, it's just no more than 0,01%.
Therefore it is obvious that the destruction the ozone layer isn't connected with global warming on the earth direct.
Instead the greenhouse gas like carbon oxide increasing in the atmosphere has have influenced over rising the temperature greatly. It seems that it's the most cause to the global warming.
[Mechanism on the global warming by the greenhouse gas]
When the...
【Is a global warming caused by the sun?】
[The most cause is a greenhouse gas which we the human being have made]
It was once said that destruction of CFC gas on the ozone layer caused the light from the sun to shine on the ground more powerful,and it caused the global warming.
The ozone layer in the stratosphere 成層圏 absorbs ultra violet rays from the sun, and works as barrier which protects creatures on the earth.
It is sure that the destruction on the ozone layer by the CFC gas cause the light from the sun to shine on the ground of the earth stronger a little, but when paying attention...
【Is a global warming caused by the sun?】
[The most cause is a greenhouse gas which we the human being have made]
When paying attention to both changes on number of the sun spot and average change of temperature on the earth for 160 years, when there were lots of the sun spots from the latter part in the 19th to the beginning in the 20th century, average temperature rose on the earth, so both co-relation seems to be high.
However it isn't the energy from the sun alone which changes the average temperature on the earth.
It is once said destruction by CFC gas on the ozone layer caused the...
【Is a global warming caused by the sun?】
[The most cause is a greenhouse gas which we the human being have made]
...and the brightness on the sun has increased about 30% comparing it to the time the earth was born, and needless to say, its energy has also increased.
It has enough possibility that an increase or decrease on the energy from the sun changes average temperature on the earth.
As I've expressed before, it turns out that the increase and decrease of the sun spot is related to climates on the earth.
When paying attention to both changes numbers of sun spot and average...
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[Ocean current which flows around all over the world]
Both warm and cold seawater carried by the ocean current has have influenced over climates.
A cold current mainly flows from the pole region to the equation. On the other hand a warm current from the equation to the pole region.
【Is the global warming caused by the sun?】
[The most cause is a greenhouse gas which we the human being have made]
The sun has warmed the earth from very ancient time. About 4.6 billion years have passed since the earth was born, and...
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[Power of Coriolis]
The study was done in the beginning of the 19th century. An orbit of the window curves to right in the north semi-sphere, and curving to left in the south semi-sphere. The power of curving the window is called the one of Coriolis.
In the north semi-sphere, whenever going forward, we receive the power of curving right. In the south semi-sphere, receiving of curving left.
[Ocean current which circles around all over the world]
Ocean current always flows in a fixed direction,and circles around the equation.
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[The sun causes circulation of atmosphere and water on the earth]
Seawater warmed in the low latitude moves to the high latitude, and it's a system of great circulation on the ocean.
The sun is an engine which supports the system on the earth.
When receiving energy from the sun, a convection on the atmosphere happens, and six big wind is born. It's the system of great circulation which adjusts the atmosphere on the whole earth.
[Power of Coriolis]
It's one of power of inertia 慣性 studied by a French physicist,Gaspard Coriolis.
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[The sun causes circulation of atmosphere and water on the earth]
However the big difference between the temperature is a driving force which moves the atmosphere in the whole earth.
When the area in high latitude is cold, an energy of heat in the area of the low latitude moves to the high latitude through the atmosphere.
Movement of energy occurs to horizontal direction, so it's a system of great circulation which adjusts climates in the whole earth. Not only the atmosphere but water circulates greatly like that.
Seawater...
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[The sun causes circulation of atmosphere and water on the earth.]
...so the percentage of reflection rises, and being chilling moves forward more and more there.
Thus there is big difference between the pole region and area around the equation with regard to energy from the sun.
It is thought if the energy of heat doesn't move at all, difference between the high latitude and low latitude on temperature reaches about 100 degrees.
However the big difference between the temperature is a driving force which moves the whole...
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[The sun causes circulation the atmosphere and water on the earth]
However in high latitude like the both South and North Pole, the energy from the sun is received in a slant way, so the whole energy which received from the sun is little against its area.
Besides, reflection by ice and snow is added. Areas where its surface of the ground is covered with ice and snow reflect no less than 80% according to energy from the sun.
In a word, a pole region where the energy is hard to receive tends to accumulate the ice and snow, so...
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[The sun causes circulations on the atmosphere and water on the earth]
It is said that no more than the first of twentieth billion of the energy which is released from the sun reaches to the earth.
However the energy which reached to the earth at last is radiated at the space in universe by reflection of cloud and the ground according to its about 30%.
The earth is almost a sphere. Around an equator, the place can receive the energy from the sun above from just above right.
However in high latitude like both the North and...
【Why does a sun flare happen?】
[It turns out that it's a change in a magnetic field by observation of a Japanese artificial satellite]
...and it explodes at once, so the explosion is the flare.
A line of magnetic force in magnetic field on the sun is expanded by rotation of the sun, and is twisted,comes out of the surface from the sun like a loop. Then a loop of the twisted one is broken, so plenty of plasma of high temperature spring out, and it changes into the flare.
【Is it true that the sun is an engine which moves the earth?】
[The sun causes circulation of the atmosphere and ...]
【Why does a sun flare happen?】
[It turnes out a change in magnetic field by observations of an observation of Japanese artificial satellite]
The Japanese artificial satellite continued to observe the period for 11 year for the first time in the world.
As a result it proved that a cause of the flare is a change in the manetic field in the corona suddenly.
A line of magnetic force rises from the surface on the sun suddenly with a shape of arch, and spaces between the arches approach, the line of magnetic force changes to link.
Then accumulated energy in the magnetic field is released...
【Why does a sun flare happen?】
[It turns out a change in magnetic field by observation of a Japnese artificial satellite]
There have been plenty of things to be solved with regard to the activity on the sun, and outbreak of the flare had also been mysterious for a long time.
It's the Japanese artificial satellite for observation on the sun which was a first step to solve the mystery.
Its goal is aiming at observing phenomena of high energy like a corona or sun frares with a high precision, and it was launched in 1991.
The Japanese artificial satellite continued to observe a whole cycle...
【Why does a solar flare happen?】
[It turns out a change in magnetical field which we can find by observation of a Japanese artificial satellite]
When the charged particle of high energy reaches the earth, the magnetic field on the earth which functions as barrier for the earth falls into disorder, and a magnetic storm happens.
Besides, it has a bad influence over the ionosphere 電離層, and causes an disorder on communication. We call it a Dellinger fadeout.
An aurora which is popular among the people as astronomical show
sometimes changes into a bigh scale according to a scale of phenomena.
【Why does a solar flare happen?】
[It turns out a change of magnetical field which we can find by observation of a Japnese artificial satellite]
The solar flare is an explosive phenomenon on the surface of the sun. Its shape looks like a flare, so we call it like that.
It is said the power of its explosion is as strong as the one of a hydrogen bomb of which number from one hundred thousand to a hundred million. We can find how violent its explosion is.
When the flare generates, lots of charged particles of high energy like X-ray, or gamma-ray are released at the space in the universt.
【Have stars been burning in the sun?】
[Tremendous energy is released from nucleus fusion which is happening in the center of the sun]
...and the rest of the 50% of the energy of the sun reaches the surface on the earth...?
The book says it's the first of the twentieth billion energy from the sun reaches the earth.
There is a great difference between the two numbers, and I don't know why they are, for it's just that I tried to express what the book said in English.
To my sorrow I have no special knowledge on cosmology. I'm sorry for it.
【Why does a solar flare happen?】
[It turns out...]
【Have stars been burning in the sun?】
[Tremendous energy is releasing from nucleus fusion which is happening in the center of the sun.]
...and a neutrino which is a particle by the nuclear fusion. When observing the ueutriono, we can do the central nucleus on the sun direct. Its Japanse observing base is the Super Kamiokande.
As to the details of account of energy which releases from the sun and moves forward the earth is like then next.
Roughly speaking, 20 % is absorbed in the atmosphere, and 30 % is reflected against clouds and escapes out side the atmosphere, and the rest of 50 %...
【Have stars been burning in the sun?】
[Tremendous energy is released from nucleus fusion which is happening in the center of the sun.]
...and it is said the first of the twentieth billion reaches to the earth.
Activity on the sun repeats with rhythm of strength and weakness in a period of 11 years. The more its activity is, the more the sunspots are.
It turns out that decrease of the sunspot has something with the ice age on the earth.
[Mechanism of being born solar energy]
When four atomic nucleuses of hydrogen bump against violently, positrons 陽電子, atomic nucleus of helium and...
【Have stars been burning in the sun?】
[Tremendous energy is released from nuclear fusion which happened in the center of the sun]
The energy passes through a radiation zone of which thickness is about forty hundred thousand km and a conviction zone of which thickness is about two hundred thousand km with thousands of years, and appears on the surface of the sun.
Light and heat which are released from its inside makes the sun look as if it burned deep red.
The energy of the sun reaches in the air of space with solar wind, and it is said no more than first of twenty billionth of the...
【Have stars been burning in the sun?】
[Tremendous energy is released from the nuclear fusion which happened in the center of the sun.]
...and temperature is about fifteen billion degrees, and atmospheric pressure is about two hundred and fifty billion in the solar core. The place is high temperature and high pressure.
The nuclear fusion in which atomic nuclear of hydrogen changes into atomic nuclear of helium happens, and huge energy has been released there.
The energy passes through a radiation zone of which thickness is about forty thousand hundred km and a convection zone of which..
【Have stars been burning in the sun?】
[Tremendous energy is released from nucleus fusion which happened in the center]
How the energy of the sun is released?
It doesn't mean that a thing is burning there. The sun has been releasing energy for 4.6 billion years. Even if the sun is so big, there is no fuel to continue to burn so long.
Without having the earth's core of bedrock like the earth and moon, the sun is a star made from air. Source of energy on the sun is the nuclear fusion.
The solar core of which diameter is about two hundred thousand km, and its temperature is about fifteen...
【How can we understand the structure of the sun?】
[The structure of the sun in detail]
Four atomic nucleus of hydrogen bump against each other and atomic fusion by atomic nucleus of helium happens and energy is born there.
【Has stars been burning in the sun?】
[Tremendous energy has been released from nucleus fusion which happened in the center]
Energy from the sun makes almost all of the creatures on the earth live. Fossile fuel supporting civilization in human being and natural energy of wind power and hydraulic power are change from the energy of the sun.
How is the energy of the...
【How can we understand the strucutore of the sun?】
[The structure of the sun in detail]
Sunspots appears and disappears under influence of a line of magnetic force, and its number increases and decreases. It turned out that the more active the activity of the sun, the more the sunspots are.
Convection zone's thickness is about fourty hundred thousand km. Energy which is emitted from the solar core becomes electromagnetic energy and it's carried to the convection zone.
The solar core of which diameter is about two hundred thousand km. Its temperature is about sixteen million degree.
【How can we understand the structure of the sun?】
[The structure of the sun in detail]
The temperature on the corona is about a million ℃.
Photoshpere 光球 is a layer on the surface of the sun. Outline of the sun which we can see. Its thickness is about 4 million km, and its temperature is about 6 thousand ℃.
Chromosphere 彩層 is thin layer made of gas which is outside of the photosphere. Its thickness is about 2 thousand km and temperature is about 6000 degrees.
A sunspot which is a black point on the surface of the sun. It appears and disappears and it depends on the influence of the ..
【How can we understand the structure of the sun?】
[The structure of the sun in detail]
Gas on the surface of the sun is lifted up in the air by a line of magnetic force. The prominence is made of thin gas which is thiner photosphere 光球. Action of the prominence is active in some place, but calm in other place. Temperature of the prominence is about ten thousand ℃.
Corona, which is thin layer of gas. It surrounds around the sun. We can't look at it usually, but when being in a total solar eclipse when looking at the sun, we see around the sun shines weakly,and it's the corona.
【How can we understand the structure of the sun?】
[We can guess it from an oscilliaton the sufrace of the sun, we can understand its structure]
As a result we can make sure the structure of the sun like the next.
A central core which occurs a nuclear fusion, a radiation zone which conveying energy by electromagnetic waves, and convection zone which from its depth is 30 % of the radius to the surface of the sun.
[The structure of the sun in detail]
Prominence which is bright air as if it emittes fire on the surface of the sun. Gas on the surface of the sun is lifted up in the air by a...
【How can we understand the structure of the sun?】
[We can guess it from ocsilliations an inside the surface of the sun]
...if collecting the data of travelling waves of the earthquake, we can guess the structure the inside of the earth. A way of thinking of helioseismology is almost the same one.
It turned out that the sun vibrates almost every five minute periodically. We call it ocsilliation of the sun every five minute.
Analyzing the ocsilliation which appears on the surface of the sun, we've have been able to guess the structure the inside of the sun like the earth.
As a result...
【How can we understand the structure of the sun?】
[We guess it from oscilliations on the surface of the sun]
It was simulated by computers, but no one couldn't be sure whether or not it was true.
A way of analyzing oscilliation of the surface on the sun appears as a step in which we search the structure of the sun. It's helioseismology 日震学.
When investigating an inside the structure of the earth, there is a way of researching a speed of travelling an earthquake.
The speed of travelling the earthquake is different, it depends on its inside of the earth's density, and if collecting data...
【How was the sun born?】
［Movement that the sun was born］
After the sun was completed, the disc of the primitive planets which surrounded the primitive sun has become the present one.
［How can we understand a structure on the sun?］
It is said it's about one million ℃ on corona around the sun, and none of the human kind can go to the star like that, besides it is impossible to probe inside the sun.
Then how can we investigate there?
In fact, as to density and temperature on the central part of the sun, and an atomic nucleus of hydrogen does in the situation has been computed.
【How was the sun born?】
［Movement that the sun was born］
Mass of the cloud of the element was about ten thousand hundredth as massive as the sun, and a mass of core of cloud on element was formed.
The mass of gas between the stars includes dust, and the gas was compressed, became high temperature, and emited infraud rays, and electroric wave.
A disc of gas which was called a disc of primitive planets formed around the primitive sun. The disc of primitive planets included tiny dusts, and the tiny dust gathered, then planetesimal 微惑星 was formed.
After the sun was completed, the disc...
『How was the sun born?』
［It was born from a nuclear fusion from hydrogen］
Density of the central part heightened before long, and the nuclear fusion occurred. Besides the temperature of the center became high which was about more than 10 milllion ℃.
Before long the primitive star began to shine, and it becomes the sun as the present one. It was about 4.6 billion years ago.
［A movement of the sun was born］
The cloud of element is one of nebulas, and almost all of them is made up with molecule of hydrogen. Its typical scale on its diameter is about a hundred light year. Its mass is about..
『How was the sun born?』
［It was born from nuclear fusion from hydrogen］
The cloud of element is called a place where a star was brought back, or a cradle for the star, and the stars grew up there, and the sun was also born from the cloud of element.
Some of the cloud of element of which density was high were born, and they shrunk with their own gravitation more and more, and became primitive stars. The primitive stars still shrank with absorption of gas and dust around them.
Density of the center part of the primitive stars heightened, and nuclear fusion occurred before long.
『How was the sun born?』
［It was born from a nuclear fusion from hydrogen］
While the sun is such the big star, it's just that it's one of standard fixed star in the galaxy of the Milky Way. By the way how was the sun born?
It's thought that the universe started from Big Bang and inflation about 13.8 billion years ago. As to the inflation, I'm going to express it at the end of the book.
Elementary particles were formed by the Big Bang, but it seemed that elements in the universe in the beginning was almost hydrogen. The hydrogen gathered and cloud of element was formed.
『How was the sun born?』
［It was born from a nuclear fusion from hydrogen］
The solar system where there is the earth is the sun of the fixed star is center of it. Average distance from the earth to the sun is about 149.6 million km, and it takes about 8 minutes 20 seconds at the speed of light.
A radius of the sun is about 109 times as big as the earth, and its mass is thirty hundred and thirty hundred thousand times as massive as the earth.
It accounts for 99.86 % in the whole mass of the solar system, and has infleneces over all the heavenly body in the solar system.
While it's such..
『Column, Saturn's satellite, Enceladus has a possibility of life?』
Oh! I made a mistake again. In the response of 191, there is word of plume, but it's not the plume but bloom icecle. I'm sorry for it repeatedly.
It is said that lots of hydrogen exist in the Enceladus. It means that chemical energy which the life can make use of exists enough there, so the possibility of being the life become higher and higher.
I'm going to go into the next chapter, the sun which is the star of blessing from now on.
『Why was the sun born?』
［It was born from a nuclear fusion of the sun］
The earth in the..
『Column, Saturn's satellite, Enceladus has a possiblility of life?』
There is a sea deep underground beneath thick sea of the Enceladus, and it seems minute particles blow from there, furthermore a property of the minutes particles resemble the one which a first life was born for the first time in the earth.
Moreover, the minute particles seem to exist in E ring which is one of eight rings of the Saturn.
In short it is thought that the E ring was caused from bloom icecles which blowed from the Enceladus, and its ingredient is the same one as the sea underground of the Enceladus.
『Column, an asteroid which has two satellites and the biggest one in the past approaced the earth』
Besides, the meteorite which has two satellites was observed in the beginning in 2009.
The distance between the earth and Florence is 18 times as long as the one between the earth and the moon. It's so near that we can watch Florence with a small telescope.
『Saturn's satellite, Enceladus, has possiblity of life』
A space probe for Saturn, Cassini, in NASA carried out an interesting mission October in 2015.
The space probe went through a plume which flewed as if it were a geyser 間欠泉 from the Enceladus which is one of satellite of the Saturn, and gathered its sample.
As a result of the sample, it turned out that the sample included salts, organic molecule, ammonia, and hydrogen molecule. They are important elements which make up with a life, and we've expected there is a possibility of the existence of the life in the satellite.
There is a sea deep underground, beneath thick ice in..
『Column, an asteroid which has two satellites and is the biggest one in the past approached the earth』
...but Florence didn't approach the earth so close since 1890.
It turned out that its diameter is about 4.5 km by the approach this time.
It is said that as to a meteorite which caused extinction of dinosaurs, its diameter was no more than 10 km and Florence is half as big as it.
If she collided with the earth, it is no doubt the earth would suffer from heavy damage which we've never have experienced, so we'd paid attention to its approach.
It proved that it has two satellites. The diameter of each satellite is from 100 to 300 meter, and the one which makes around inside Florence in 8 hours, and the other which does outside from 22 to 27 hours.
There have been lots of asteroids which have approaced the earth, and it is said its number is sixty at present, but it's for the first time in the history of observation in NASA that such the big asteroid approached the earth.
【What kind of vehicle is an elevator in the universe?】
［Instead of a rocket, it's a traffice system in the universe］
...it seems that as to the elevator, there is less dangerous for explosion or fall from it, comparing it with the rocket, and we don't have to be worried about pollution in atmosphere.
The plan for the elevator has been worked out at present, but if it comes true, the development in the universe should take a great leap forward, moreover it may be possible for us to travel to the moon or other heavenly body.
『Column. An asteroid which has two satellites and is the biggest one in the past approaced the earth very closely』
There was an asteroid which approaced the earth until seven million kilometer from the earth September in 2017. Its name is Florence. It was named English nurse, Florence Nightingale who played an active part in the 19the century.
An astronomical observatory in Australia discovered Florence March in 1981, but she didn't approach the earth so...
【What kind of vehicle is an elevator in the universe?】
［Instead of rocket, it's an system in the universe］
...but as a carbon nanotube which is twentieth as strong as steel has been developed, a discussion on a plan of the elevator in the universe has been accelerated.
Oobayashigumi which is a major company in the construction business is proceeding on the assumption that it will be completed in 2050.
What kind of thing is the universal elevator?
A meteorological rocket has been launched at the height of the 3.600 meters above the equator. It rotates at the same speed of the earth's rotation, so it looks as if it stopped. It's a stationary satellite.
The stationary satellite is a terminal in the universal elevator, and the carbon nanotube connects between the terminal and the ground, and the elevator is set up there, and we can go up and down from the universe on the ground on the earth.
If comparing the elevator in the universe with the rocket, it seems that there is less...
【Is it true that we can construct a tremendous telescope on the moon?】
［If getting over some conditions it is possible to construct an astronomical observatory on the moon］
If getting over those conditions and the astronomical observatory comes true, our knowledge on the universe will be deeper.
We are so much interested in the moon which is the nearest to the earth doesn't have resource but is an objection on research.
【What kind of vehicle is an elevator in the universe?】
［Instead of a rocket, it's a system on traffic in the universe］
A rocket is a leading part on the development in the universe at present, but instead of the rocket, it is necessary for us the human race to be a new system of universal traffic so as to be familiar with the universe.
It's an elevator in the universe, what is called a track elevator 軌道エレベーター
which is paid attention.
Some people may think it's a pipe dream 絵空事 in a fiction of SF, but a carbon nanotube which is twentieth as strong as steel...
【Is it true that we can construct a tremendous telescope on the moon?】
［If getting over some conditions, it is possible to construct an astronomical observatory 天文台 on the moon］
If being able to construct a photo chemical telescope there, we can draw out its possibility to the full.
If comparing the gravitation, the moon is one-sixth as light as on the earth. and it seems that we don't need defend the telescope from wind and rain, so we can construct the huge telescope with a easy structure, and its cost is reasonable.
In addition, considering the period of the rotation on the moon, nights continues for two weeks, so we can continue to observe.
Moreover, the ground is so stable on the moon that if spread panels all over a crater, it is possible to construct even a gigantic parabolic antenna.
However it is necessary to be on condition that the next things go well smoothly.
The base is on the moon, equipment is transported there, and the astronomical observatory is done.
【Is it true that we can construct a tremendous telescope on the moon?】
〔If getting over some conditions, it is possible to construct an astronomical observatory 天文台 on the moon〕
The moon isn't only beneficial but has unfathomable scientific value, for the environment on the moon itself offers us very uself place for various scientific research including astronomy.
For example, there is the next advantage in the astronomy.
There is no magnetic field nor the ionosphere 電離層 on the moon, and the artificial electromagnetic wave from the earth obstructs the moon itself.
As a result at the side of the moon which doesn't face to the earth is free from electromagnetic wave, so the place is ideal to construct a radio telescope 電波望遠鏡.
The first thing there is no atmosphere on the moon, without being absorbed the light from the star or being scattered about on the way, the light reachs to the moon.
If constructing a photochemical 光化学 telescope there, the possibility of the apparatus...
【What kind of charm does the moon have fou us the human kind?】
〔It has a possibility for a trump card for solving energy problem〕
...if being able to be refined those mineral on the moon, it is possible to make useful material.
In the next, making use of the gravitation which is one-sixth on the earth.
If raising vegetable under the gravitation, it is possible the vegetable grows by far bigger than the earth.
We are going to may enjoy travelling of escaping the gravitation as adventure in the near future.
Judging from the level of modern scientific thechnology it's possible enough to construct a base on the moon. It may be the moon which is a first foothold for perpetual prosperity of the human race. It may be in a near future.
【Is it true that we can construct a gigantic telescope on the moon?】
〔If getting over some conditions, it is poosible to come true the constrction of an astromonical observatory 天文台 on the moon〕
The moon isn't only beneficial but has unfathomable...
【What kind of charm does the moon have for us the human race?】
〔It has a possibility for a trump card for solving the energetic problem〕
...but it doesn't mean that the charm of the moon vanished in front of us the human race.
At first, it's the matter of energy and resource.
Helium 3 always exists amount of a millionth comparing it with an ordinary Helium on earth, but it's estimated there is no less than thousands of tons of Helium 3 on the soil of the moon.
The Helium 3 is a stable isotope 安定同位体 which is lighter the ordinary Helium, and it's the fuel for nuclear fusion reactor.
It is said that there is Helium 3 of ten thousand ton, it will supply energy for all the human race of a hundred years.
If generating electricity with the Helium 3, and changing the electricity into laser, and sending it to the earth, we expect that we can get safe and plenty of energy, but the technology has never developed yet.
In addition, there is lots of aluminium, titan, and iron, and if ...
【Did the Apollo actually go to the moon?】
〔The wonderful memory on the moon from the Apollo brought back which decided the birth of the moon〕
...but the Soviet Union failed to the test of launching the space probe successive 4 times, and the plan was called off.
Besides, a reflector of laser was set up on the face of the moon three times on the Apollo Plan. Irradiating to the reflector with the laser from the earth, and the light returns to the earth.
When measuring its time, we can measure the distance between the earth and the moon to centimeter by degree. An amateur can make an experiment it as long as it has apparatus which oscillates laser to some extent.
【What kind of charm does the moon have for us the human kind?】
〔It has possible for our trump card for solving the problem on energy〕
America finished the Apollo Plan with the 17th Apollo December 1972. None of the humankind has never been to the moon for 40 years after that, but it doesn't always mean the moon...
【Did the Apollo actually go to the moon?】
〔The wonderful memory on the moon from the Apollo which decided the origin of the moon〕
The launching the Apollo was done in front of all the people watching on TV all over the world. The antennas for communication, radars, and photochemical telescopes chased after the Apollo.
It is impossible for any fabrication in such the situation.
Moreover, the mineral which the Apollo brought back from the moon hasn't any moisture. It drove the theory of gigantic impact which is relation to the birth of the moon to the most persuasive hypothesis.
Needless to say, the Soviet Union also gathered the same kind mineral with unmanned moon probe.
At first, there is room for doubt on the Apollo Plan, otherwise the Soviet Union couldn't have kept silent on the mineral.
To tell the truth, the Soviet Union also planed to land on the moon with manned space probe, and developed a super tremendous spaceship, but failed to the test of launching three......
【Did Apollo actually go to the moon?】
〔Though it became a urban legend, it actually went to the moon〕
Though there was no atmosphere in the moon, the Stars and Stripes was fluttering, or there weren't any stars on the sky.
Those questions were shown.
However, when forcing into the pole of the Stars and Stripes into the ground on the surface of the moon, the pole was moved and the flag also moved as its reaction.
Far from it, in vacuum, there is no resistance of the air, so everything is easier to move than on the earth.
As for the stars, the time when it was pictured was in daytime on the moon, the exposure was adapted to the surface of the moon where the sunshine was shone and was bright, so the stars weren't on the photo.
〔A wonderful memory on the moon from the Apollo which decided the origin of the moon〕
By the way, changing the point of view, let's show some of positive evidences that the Apollo went to the moon.
The launching the space Apollo was done when all.....
【Did the Apollo actually go to the moon?】
［Though it became an urban legend,the Apollo really went to the moon］
At last the human kind marked first step on the moon for the first time by the Apollo 11 in 1969. It's a great success by the competition of the space development between America and Soviet.
With that as a start,America succeeded in landing the manned space probe on the moon no less than sixth times by 1972.
The country brought back plenty of the rock and soil from the moon. Its total reached to almost 400 kg.
Experimental apparatuses and observatory devices were set on the moon,and scientific research made great strides forward.
However,Moon Hoax was enlivend among the mass media against the great success. What is the Moon Hoax?
The Apollo plan was a fabrication でっち上げ by America,and the human kind didn't go to the moon actually,and some questions were shown by some photos.
There was no atmosphere on the moon, but the Stars and Stripes 星条旗was fluttered,and there...
【Did the Apollo actually go to the moon?】
［Though it became an urban legend,the Apollo really went to the moon］
They made an artificial thing arrive at the moon,taking photograph at the back of the moon,and the soft landing was done,and those of three things was successful for the first time.
The soft landing meaning like the next.
Space ships like an artificial satellite or unmanned space probe landing on heavenly bodies like the earth or moon safely.
When the soft landing was done on the moon or the Mars where there was no atmosphere,the space ship decreased its speed by shooting of reverse the engine.
On the other hand,on other heavenly body where there is atmosphere like the earth or Venus,a parachute is used.
America also started the Ranger Plan in 1969,and launched nine space probe into the moon. The country tried to regain its strength.
After that,a plan in which a manned space probe for other heavenly body started. The Apollo plan was inculded.
At last the human kind..
【Is there any water in what is called the sea in the moon?】
『The way of being created the sea on the moon』
There was a huge hallow caused by gigantic craters,and a meteorite collided on the hallow. The impact of the collision made cracks on the hallow and magma was oozed out from underground through the crack on the hallow.
The magma oozed from the underground was collected on the hallow,and the magma became the lava,and the hallow was filled with the lava,and the ground of the hallow became even.
The lava became solid and changed into the black basalt 玄武岩
【Did the Apllo actually go to the moon?】
［Though it became an urban legend,the Apollo really went to the moon］
There had been the Cold War between the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union since around 1957,and a violent competition for space development was also put on display between the two countries.
At first, Soviet launched the Luna Ⅰ which investigated on the moon in 1959. It's what is called the Luna Plan.
A
【Is there any water in what is called the sea in the moon?】
〔Though we call it the sea, there isn't any water there〕
How was the sea on the moon created?
There were plenty of craters created by the collision of the meteorites. Moreover a huge heavenly body collided there,and mantle was gushed from inside of ground,and the craters were connected with the magma.
There were hollows around the craters and lava flows 溶岩流 spread over the hollows.After that the lava flows became solid,and it's the sea on the moon.The place looks black because it's covered with the lava of blackish basaltic 玄武岩.
There are lots of the seas on the moon with various size. The diameter of the most tremendous one,what is called the a ocean in storm is over 2500 km.
The diameter of the moon itself is about 3500 km,so considering it,we can recognize how the sea on the moon is big,especially the ocean in storm.
There are some seas on the moon discovered until at present,and each of them has each name.
【Is there any water in what is called the sea on the moon?】
〔While we call it the sea,there is no water there〕
When looking at the moon with a telescope,there is a part which looks black,flat,and large. It looks as if it were the sea,so we've learned to call it the Sea on the moon.
By the way,is there actually any water on the moon?
Countless planetesimals collided on the primitive earth,then some water was brought then.When the moon was formed,the water must have been brought on the moon too.
However the investigation on the moon of the surface couldn't make sure the existence of the water on at all.
There is little atmosphere on the moon. When the sun is shining in the daytime,its temperature goes up about 100 degrees centigrade,and the sun isn't shining at night,its'about minus 170°. Its temperature is big difference between the daytime and the night.
Any water can't exist in this condition,and even if it does,an ice evaporates in the air directly at once. How was the ..
【How was a lunar crater made】
Oh! I've made a mistake. Instead of collapsed,I should have used collided. I'm sorry for it.
〔The theory that lots of planetesimals collided on the surface of the moon and the crater was created has been convincing〕
The number of the craters reached to no less than thousands. The geological feature of the highland where there are plenty of the crates proved to be the old one about 4 billion years ago.
It may be inferred that it was period when plenty of the heavenly body collided on the moon from 40 to 38 billion years ago,then the craters were formed.
A meteorite collided on the surface on the moon,a hole was made,and the shock wave of the collision melt inside the hole,and the edge of the hole rose,and melted ground becomes flat,and it changed a tremendous crater.
There is a crater of which diameter is about 93 km, of which depth is about 3 km.
We've proposed the place should be the one for a radio telescope 電波望遠鏡 in the future.
【How was a lunar crater made?】
〔The theory that lots of planetesimal collapsed on the moon and the craters were made has been convincing.〕
It was a direct investigation on the moon by the Apollo program came to an end on the debation.
Some rocks were brought back from the moon,and were analyzed and it proved that there was a trace of a violent collapse clearly on the rock. It becomes an immovable evidence of the theory that it was made by the collapse.
As the heavenly body collapsed on the moon with the speed of sound extremely, the surface on the moon was melt to be jelly by the collapse and high heat,and there was a big hole.
It seemed that then while the edge of the hole rose up,the melted ground became solid flatly inside of the hole.
There have been various size of the craters according to the mass of the heavely body and the speed when it collapsed on the moon.
A big one is its diameter is more than 200 kilometers,and a little one is is its diameter is a few kilometers.
【How was a lunar crater made?】
〔The theory that lots of planetesimal 微惑星 collapsed on the moon and the lunar crates were made has been convincing.〕
When looking at the photograph on the moon's surface, we find round low spots there, and they are craters.
To tell the truth, it is Galileo who discovered the lunar craters on the moon for the first time. He is famous for not only as a physicist,but as an astronomer,and there are plenty of his achievements as the astronomer.
When observing the moon with his telescope which he made for himself in 1609,he found that the moon isn't a smooth sphere like a crystal but there are numberless mountains and countless low spots its surface.
By the way, how were the craters made on the moon? Two theories have been debated with regard to the lunar craters from long ago.
The one is that it was created by a vocano,and the other is that a heavenly body collapsed on the moon and the crater was completed.
It was a direct investigation on the moon...
【Is the moom far away from the earth little by little?】
[The moon moves at the rate of three centimeters from the earth a year.]
When we live,anything bad won't hapeen at all,for it will happen in the future after dozens of billion years if figuring it.
Needless to say,then it may have great influence on all the creatures on the earth including we the human kind in far into the future,but the change will go ahead very slowly.
As a result,the creatures on the earth seem to evolve slowly, adapting the change,the author said like that.
The average distance from the earth to the moon is about 0.38 million kilometers. The nearest one is 0.36 million,and the farthest one is 40.
The orbit of moon's revolution is an ellipse 楕円,so there is difference between the nearest and the farthest.
There are two photographs of the moon in the same year in the book,and the one is the nearest and the other is the fatherest,and each size is different.
【How was a lunar crater made?】
〔A theory...〕
【Is the moon far away from the earth little by little?】
《It moves away from the earth at the rate of three centimeter a year》
The more the moon is far away from the earth, the slower the earth rotates and the moon revolves.
Just after the moon was born, the earth used to rotate at the speed of about 8 hours a day, but the more distant the moon moved away, the slower the speed of the rotation on the earth was. As you know, its speed is 24 hours at present.
In short the day become longer in the future. The moon moves away little by little, and what happens finally? We can estimate it, experts say like that.
The moon will stay at the same place from the earth and repeat its waxing and waning. The the speed of the earth on rotation is about 47 days. It’s about 1130 hours, though it will happen about 10 billion from 20 billion years from now on, according to a calculation.
When we live, anything bad won’t happen in the least, but needless to say all the creatures including the…
【If the moon doesn’t exist, what happens to the earth?】
《A super high speed rotation causes an environment in which all the creatures are hard to live》
The earth revolves to the earth’s axis vertically, as a result the more distant from the earth’s axis, the more the centrifugal force functions, so the polar place seems to be a low tide, according to the illustration.
【Is the moon far away from the earth little by little? 】
《It moves away from the earth at the rate of three centimeters a year.》
The moon circles around the earth, and its orbit is an oval, so when being pretty far, the distance between the moon and the earth is about 0.4 million kilometers, and when being the closest distance is about 0.36 kilometers.
The moon which is the closest to the earth is called a super moon. If comparing it with the pretty far the moon, its diameter looks as 1.5 times as big as the one which is pretty far.
The moon is far away from the earth at the rate of three centimeters a year.
【If the moon doesn’t exist, what happens to the earth?】
《A super high speed rotation causes an environment in which all the creatures are hard to live》
When the humankind arrived on the moon for the first time at last, the moon has changed into a real existence from the stage of a fairy tale.
There is an illustration on the tidal power. The moon circles around the earth in the illustration.
There is a place where the earth faces to the moon. It’s so close to the moon that the power which the moon attracts the seawater becomes strong, and there is a high tide.
There is an exact opposite place where the earth doesn’t face to the moon. The moon and the earth attracts each other, and the exact opposite place is pretty far from the place where the moon and the earth attracts each other, so there is the high tide there, for a centrifugal power functions there, the book said so.
However, the centrifugal power functions all over the surface of the earth, I’m wondering.
【If the moon doesn’t exist, what happens to the earth?】
《A super high speed rotation causes an environment in which all the creatures are hard to live》
Oh! I’ve made a mistake. As to the title of 【】, I should have expressed like the one upward, if the moon doses exist, what happens to the earth?
If the moon doesn’t exist, even if the axis of the earth of rotation is tilted no more than 1 degree, the inclination will cause an unpredictable change.
Then the axis of the earth on rotation will change irregular, and a large scale of change on the climate.
In this way, the only satellite for the earth causes the creatures on the earth, experts seem to think like that.
The moon is the closest heavenly body for us the humankind. Waxing and waning of the moon has made us think of a calendar. Lots of stories of which stages are moon have been told among us for a long time.
When the humankind arrived on the moon for the firs time at last, the moon changes into a real existence from the …
【If the earth doesn’t exist, what happens to the earth?】
《A super high speed rotation causes an environment in which all the creatures are hard to live》
If the moon doesn’t exist, not only that there aren’t the low and high tide but there is a possibility that the earth isn’t the planet for the life at present.
For example, the tidal power by the moon makes the speed of the earth’s rotation slow. If the moon doesn’t exist, the earth will rotate with a terrible speed of eight hours a day, experts think like that.
If so, both the surface of the earth and the sea will have been so rough then. Even if creatures are born, the evolution like the mankind at present seems to be hard.
Morevoer, the axis of the earth of rotation on inclination is fixed by the attractive force of the moon. It’s 23.4 degree. It takes a year that the earth revolves around the sun with the degree.
If the moon doesn’t exist, even if the axis of rotation is tilted no more than 1 degree, the inclination causes…
【Are the earth and the moon brothers?】
《When the earth collided with a planet, the moon was formed》
When the primitive earth was formed from planetesimal, the moon was also formed from the same dust and gas. It’s the theory on being brothers.
The moon was formed at a place where it was away from the earth. When it happened to pass by the earth, it was put into the orbit of the earth. It's the theory of being captured by the earth. Then the moon has been drawn up to the earth by attractive force.
【If the earth doesn’t exist, what happens to the earth?】
《A super high speed rotation causes a severe environment in which all the creatures are hard to live》
The earth and the moon have been pulled against each other by the attractive force. When the earth rotates pulling with attractive force, a centrifugal force is caused, and the force causes being high and low tide. We call it a tidal power.
No other planet and satellite act each other than the earth and the moon in solar system.
【Are the earth and the moon brothers?】
《When the earth collided with a planet, the moon was formed.》
Then the theory on giant impact appeared in 1975.
If the moon was formed with the collision between the earth and other planet, the fragments of the heavenly body with the collision and the mantle layer of the primitive earth was blown, and two of them became the main element on the moon. Experts seem to think like that.
There isn’t a core made of metal in the moon, and the theory on the giant impact makes sense for the situation. It’s in harmony with the simulation of a computer, so the theory on the giant impact has been the most promising at present.
The primitive earth had so high temperature and so soft, in addition the speed of the rotation was so fast then that the part of the earth on the equator was divided from the earth. The divided one becomes round and the moon. It’s the theory on division.
When the primitive earth was formed from the planetesimal, the moon was …
【Are the earth and the moon brothers?】
《When the earth collided with a planet, the moon was caused》
Experts have debated on the origin of the moon for a long time. Main theories on the origin of the moon used to be the next three.
1 Division. Just after the earth was born, a part of the earth which rotated with a high speed was torn off with a centrifugal force and it divided from the earth.
2 Growing together. When the primitive earth was formed from a planetesimal 微惑星,the moon was formed with dust and gas.
3 Being captured. The attractive force of the earth caught a planetesimal, but three of the theories seem to be in the wrong.
When calculating the number of the rotation, the earth didn’t rotate so fast, so the part of the earth could not have been divided, so the 1 is denied.
As to the structure on its inside, the earth is different from the moon, so the 2 was also denied.
It is hard for the heavenly body to catch other one as to the moon. Too heavy to do, so 3 isn’t good.
『Catching the wave of gravitation which arrived from far distance of about 0.13 billion light years』
Then the wave of gravitation of which amount is equivalent to three of the sun caused, and part of the wave of the gravitation reached the earth.
The researchers who contributed to the discovery won Nobel prize for physical science in 2017.
By the way,I’m going to start a new chapter. The heavenly body which is next to the earth. The mystery on the moon.
【Are the moon and the earth brothers?】
《When the earth collided with a planet, the moon was caused.》
The diameter on the moon is one fourth of the earth. If comparing it with other satellites in the solar system with regard to the size of the satellite to the planet, there is no other satellite bigger than the moon.
As to the size of the satellite to the planet, the Jupiter’s satellite is one twenty seventh, and the Mars is one three hundred tenth. Why is the moon so big? It has been solved yet.
『Catching the wave of gravitation which arrived from far distance of about 0.13 billion light years』
We the human being could catch the source of the wave on gravitation with the wave of gravitation and the light for the first time in the world,and it’s an epoch making which leads a new era for the astronomy.
The experts can detect lots of chemical elements which are heavier than iron like platinum and gold when the stars of neutrons united. The discovery contributes a solution on the process when the chemical elements are united in the outer space.
When the black hole united each other,the wave of gravitation was detected four times in the past.
The first detect was done in 2016. The black holes which was far distance of about 1.3 billion light years and of which mass was about 26 times and 36 times as big as the sun were united.
Then the wave of gravitation of which amount was equivalent to was three of the sun caused,and the part of the wave of …
『Catching the wave of gravitation which arrived from far distance of about 0.13 billion light years』
We the human being detected the wave of gravitation for the first time,an American team of observation for the heavenly body announced like that October in 2017.
When a tremendous star which is several times as big as the sun is over of its life,it causes a big explosion. Then the star of the neutron is causes.
On the other hand when the big heavenly body like the star of the neutron moves,the weight of the heavenly body causes a distortion in the space,and the distortion spreads among the space as if it were a ripple. We call the phenomenon the wave of gravitation.
After the news of observation on the wave of the gravitation for the first time,we the human being can catch the trace of the unite of the stars of neutrons which caused the wave of gravitation as light.
The heavenly body is in the galaxy of the Water Snake which is far distance of about 0.13 light years.
【What happens at the end of the earth?】
《Creatures on the earth will face of a crisis of extinction after 2.5 billion years》
Even if the galaxy collides each other,there is a such far distance between the stars that the stars won’t collide, experts seem to think like that.
『A prediction on the last scene of the earth』
The earth will remain as it is after about 5 billion years. Its brightness becomes double after about 6 billon years. Then the temperature on the earth becomes more than 100 degree because of increase of the amount the light and heat by the sun,the experts seem to think like that.
As a result the energy of emitting the light and the heat with the sun increases then. The sun will swell more than two hundredth times as it is,and the sun will swallow the earth,the experts think like that.
『Catching the wave of gravitation which arrived from far distance of about 1.3 billion light years.』
A unite of stars which was made with neutrons caused a wave of gravitation.
【What happens at the end of the earth?】
《Creatures on the earth will face a crisis of extinction after 2.5 blillon years》
…and none of the creatures can exist on the earth.the experts have thought like that.
If the sun swells as two hundredth times as big as it is at present,the earth is swallowed by the sun,but there is little knowledge on the structure on the sun with regard to its inside,no one can expect how the sun is active easily at present,the experts have thought like that.
Actually there has been a theory that the sun won’t absorb the earth. On the other hand the Milky Way itself collides with the nebula Andromeda,or unites with it.
The two galaxies collides after about 4 billion years and it takes about 2 billion years to unite,according to a simulation of a computer. If being a head–on collision,it becomes a single huge galaxy of which shape is oval.
Even if the galaxy collides each other,there is such a far distance between the stars that the stars won’t collide…
【Continuation from the last response.】
As a result,the greenhouse gas effect revived gradually,and the ice on the surface of the earth melted little by little.
【What happens at the end of the earth?】
《Creatures on the earth will face of crisis of extinction after 2.5 billion years》
The experts have thought the sun is active about for 10 billion years,after about 5 billion years,the sun will reach the period of end. Then it became red and gigantic one and swell.
As a result,the surface area of the sun becomes large, both amount of the light and heat increases,moreover the energy which is released from the sun also increases.
There is possibility that the atmosphere on the planets in the solar system is torn off or blown out. Needless to say,the temperature on the earth goes up then.
While the steam increases in the atmosphere,the carbon dioxide decreases,so plants also become less,so animals can’t live then.
The temperature on the earth reaches more than 100 degree and none of…
【Was it true that the whole earth was covered with the ice?】
『What is the hypothesis that the earth was covered with the ice?』
The freezing started from the North Pole,the South little by little,even the equator which is the warmest in the world was covered with the ice. As to its depths,roughly speaking,the land was frozen 3km,the sea 1km,experts have thought like that.
Once the whole part was frozen,the earth became cold more and more,but creatures lived in the deep sea and volcanos in the seabed.
The deep sea wasn’t frozen by subterranean heat,and the volcanoes in the seabed had been active,so microbes like bacteria lived there.
The volcanoes in the seabed exhausted the carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide melted the ice.
Even if the earth became the ice ball,the volcanoes in the seabed went on exhausting the carbon dioxide. The ice on the surface of the earth couldn’t absorb the carbon dioxide,so the carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere.
As a result,the greenhouse…
【Was it true that the whole was covered with the ice?】
《The carbon dioxide was the key of freezing the whole earth》
In this way the temperature went down and the whole earth was frozen. Then how did the frozen earth warm again?
Even if the surface of the earth is frozen completely,there is a core of metallic liquid which is never cold. The geothermal energy warmed the seawater gradually and prevented the ice from growing.
Or a volcano appeared from the ice and had become active. It protected the life of microbes 微生物,and the carbon dioxide was gone on exhausting so as to warm the earth again.
『What is the hypothesis of the earth was the ice ball?』
Decreasing the carbon dioxide caused the effect of the greenhouse effect less.
The carbon dioxide,methane,and clouds in the atmosphere works as the greenhouse effect in order not to escape the heat on the surface from the earth,but any reason of decreasing the greenhouse effect became weak.
The freezing started from the North Pole…
【Was it true that the whole earth was covered with ice?】
《The carbon dioxide was the key of freezing the whole earth》
When the super continent divided,a new sea was born,and the sea eroded the land,so the part of the sea increased more and more. The water of the sea caused a rain and absorbed the carbon dioxide.
The theory of the super continent is the continents used to be a single one.
The carbon dioxide was melted in the rain and the rain became acid. The acid rain melted calcium in the rock,and it became a calcium carbonate 炭酸カルシウム,and accumulated in the sea.
Thus the carbon dioxide decreased,and the carbon dioxide is the gas of greenhouse effect which warms the earth. The sudden decrease of the carbon dioxide caused chill rapidly,the experts seem to think like that.
When the ice bed started expanding from the polar region,the white color of the ice reflected lots of the sunshine,comparing it with the dark color of the sea water.
In this way the temperature wend down and …
【Where was a mutual ancestor on creature live in the earth?】
《The mutual creature on ancestor lived in the holes where the hot water gushed out in the seabed》
…and it touched a hot basalt 玄武岩 right above it and was heated into high temperature.
Then various chemical reactions were caused between the hot water and the basalt,a hydrogen ion,methane,carbon dioxide,a sulfide, metallic ion appeared. The hot water included those things rose and gushed out of the seabed and released into the seawater.
【Was it true that the whole earth was covered with ice?】
《The carbon dioxide was the key of freezing the whole earth》
A theory that there was a severe ice age that the whole earth was covered with the ice of which thickness it no less than 1000 kilometers about 22 billion years ago,0.7 billion years ago and 0.65 billion years ago. It’s the hypothesis of the whole earth used to be an ice ball.
Decreasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started freezing the earth.
When the super…
【Where was a mutual ancestor on creature in the earth？】
《The mutual ancestor on creature lived in the holes where the hot water gushed out in the seabed》
However it is said that there were plenty of holes where the hot water gushed out in low temperature around other holes where the hot water gushed out.
It is possible that various chemical changes which create complicated organic matter happened there.
No one knows on the first creature how it was born,the place where it was born,and the time when it was born. The first creature is filled with a mystery.
It is beyond our imagination that a simple chemical compound changed into a cell which had complicated structure suddenly,but it is certain that the first creature was born somewhere in the earth, so we’ve existed.
The author said he expected the solution for the mystery to progress.
『The mechanism on the holes where the hot water gushed out』
The seawater sank into the depth below the seabed several kilometers,and it touched…
【Where was mutual ancestor on creature in the earth?】
《The mutual creature lived in the hole where the hot water gushed out in the seabed》
Those are materials which the creature can make use of source of energy.
It is said the nearer a microbe which is to mutual ancestor in the earth, the more the microbe loves the surrounding of hot water,according to the modern study on a gene present day. Some of them can live in the hot water as if nothing happened to it.
As a result,there is a theory that the mutual ancestor used to live in the hot water which was gushed out from the pit in the seabed in the earth in early time. Materials which was food for the creature was supplied in the hot water.
However in the environment where there was hot water of which degree was more than 300 ℃,it was too hot to formed complicated any organic matter like DNA or protein.
However it is said there were plenty of holes where warm water in low temperature was gushed out around the holes where …
【Why has the earth been the planet for the creature?】
《The exquisite distance from the sun has guarded the creature carefully》
Roughly speaking it is said that the habitable zone in the solar system is the orbit on revolution of the Venus and that of the Mars.
When its distance is too near the sun, the water evaporates. On the other hand it’s too far,the water freezes.
【Where was an ancestor which was mutual creature in the earth?】
《Mutual ancestor on the creature lived in the place where hot water gushed out in the seabed.》
There used to be numberless holes where cloudy,black hot water gushed out in the dark seabed about 3.5 billion years ago.
The water soaked into the seabed was heated by magma,and changed into the hot water of which degree is more than 300℃. We call It the hole where the water gushed out.
The hot water which was gushed out from the hole carried hydrogen sulfide which is easily caused chemical reaction, methane, and carbon dioxide from underground.
【Why has the earth been the planet for the creature?】
《The exquisite distance from the sun has guarded the creature carefully》
When the water exists in 1 atmospheric pressure, its temperature is between 1 and 100. The earth has such an appropriate radius for the revolution around the sun that it maintains the condition of the water on the temperature.
The Venus is a little nearer to the sun than the earth, but its distance is too short to exits the water as liquid there. Its temperature on the surface becomes too high because its distance to the sun is too short.
On the other hand the water on the surface is frozen in the Mars which revolves around the earth.
In this way, we call the area where the water of liquid exists on the surface of the planet a habitable zone. The place where the creature can exist.
When expressing the distance in the solar system, we call the distance between the earth and the sun 1 au 天文単位, about 0.15 billion kilometers.
Roughly speaking it is said …
【Why has the earth been the planet for the creature?】
《The exquisite distance from the sun has guarded the creature carefully.》
The earth is an only single heavenly body which is filled with the creature in the whole outer space as long as we recognize.
The creature here means not only a higher ones which have intellect,but a microbe 微生物 like a bacterium.
The most indispensable condition on the earth for the creature is that there is some water of liquid.
Varied chemical elements are necessary so as to maintain for the creature to exist. The water of the liquid has characteristic proper of an union with hydrogen.
The union of hydrogen has a function which unites molecules softly each other, and offers the place where the chemical response happens to maintain the life on the creature.
The planet of which surface is covered with the water is the earth alone in the solar system, so we call the earth the planet of the water.
When the water exists in 1 atmospheric pressure,its…
【What’s kind of environment on the earth where the creature lives in?】
《The existence of some water is a prerequisite for the creature to live in》
The ocean plays a role of warming the whole earth all over the place by conveying heat which was warmed by the sun near the equator to the polar region where it’s hard to be warmed.
The mantle repeats the mantle convection of boiling up and sinking down slowly with the heat of the core as if it were hot water in a bathtub.
In the process, a thing which is a source of an energy for a creature has been made by a natural pit where the heat was gushed out. In addition the land on the earth was made by the mantle convection gradually.
Those elements have been closely connected in varied ways and the earth becomes the cradle for the creature.
【Why has the earth been the planet for the creature?】
《The exquisite distance from the sun has guarded the creature carefully》
The earth is only a single heavenly body which is filled with creature…
【What’s kind of environment on the earth where the creature lives in?】
《The existence of some water is a prerequisite for the creature to live in》
The magnetic field on the earth obstructs the stream of charged particles from the corona on the sun. We call the stream of charged particle a solar wind.
By the way, the present earth is separated a solid iron which is the outside core and melted iron which is the inside core. The outside core flows and the magnetic field on the earth has been kept.
The atmosphere included plenty of gas of the greenhouse effect like carbon dioxide about 3.8 billion years ago, and the surface of the earth didn’t freeze. It remained liquid.
In fact the existence of the water is the absolute condition for the creature to live in.
The ocean carried the heat from around place of equator which was warmed with the heat of the sun to the place of both the North Pole and the South Pole where it doesn’t become warm easily.
The ocean plays a role of warming …
【The giant impact decides the earth’s fate】
《A collision by a huge planet prevented the earth from being covered with the water》
Then the original form of the moon was made. After that the earth repeated the collision over and over again,and the present earth has been formed. Some of the astronomers have thought like that.
【What’s kind of the environment on the earth where the creatures have lived in?】
《The existence of some water is a prerequisite for the creature to live in》
The astronomers said that the core and mantle were formed inside the earth, and the surface of the earth has been covered with the ocean,the atmosphere, and the magnetic field on the earth.
The environment which was formed until 3.8 billion years ago is an appropriate place where the earth raises the creature.
The iron melted and reduced to the hottest jelly and gathered in the center of the earth. It’s the core. It flows and the electricity is born, so the magnetic field on the earth has been formed.
【The giant impact decides the earth’s fate】
《A collision by a gigantic planet prevented the earth from being covered with the water》
The gravitation between the moon and the earth makes the axis of the earth’s rotation incline,and its weather has been stabilized.
Without the moon the earth rotated with 8 hours a day. It was a violinist speed. Then severe atmospheric current raged and ocean currents collided each other on the earth. Astronomers have thought like that.
《A hypothesis on the giant impact》
A primitive planet collided with the primitive earth. The size of the primitive planet was as big as the present Mars. It collided with the part of the mantle in the primitive earth.
Fragments and broken pieces of the primitive planet and the mantle with the collision flew through the outer space. They started circle around the earth with lots of gas.
The gravitation between the fragments and the broken pieces with the collision attracted each other and united. Then the original…
【The giant impact decides the earth’s fate.】
《A collision by a gigantic planet prevented the earth being covered with the water》
Fragments of the primitive planet and the part of the primitive earth circled around the earth and gathered and becomes the moon. It’s a hypothesis on the moon. The author said he was going to express in the next chapter.
The giant impact made almost all of the vapor in the primitive earth scatter for the outer space. Then the earth was dried up. There are seas in the present earth. How did the water come from?
Plenty of meteorites bumped against the earth after that. The meteorites had the water,and it’s an origin of the sea,astronomers think like that.
Without happening the big collision, the primitive earth wouldn’t lose the water and other water was brought by the after meteorites, so the whole earth may have been covered with the water.
When the moon was born, there is the gravitation between the earth and the moon. The gravitation makes the…
【When a planetasimal bumped each other, the earth was born?】
《Collision and union repeated and the present form has been completed.》
The water and carbon which was covered with the planetasimal evaporated by the heat of the magma, and it forms a layer of atmosphere,and covers the surface of the earth.
When the collision by planets became few and the surface of the earth becomes cool, it rained heavily, and the sea was born.
【The giant impact decided the earth’s fate】
《A collision by a giant planet prevented the earth from being covered with the water》
Unexpected thing happened to the primitive earth about 4.6 billion years ago. There were lots of collision and union with the planetasimal. It always happened, but a primitive planet which was by far bigger than the planetasimal collided with the primitive earth as if it had flitted over the surface of the earth.
The size of the primitive planet was as big as the present Mars, and astronomers call it the giant impact.
【When a planetasimal 微惑星 bumped each other, the earth was born?C】
《Collision and union were repeated and the present form has been completed》
We’ve thought it’s a big key which decides the earth’s environment after that.
For example,as to the Mars’ mass,it’s about 10 % of the earth,so its gravitation is so weak that it's away from the Mars in the outer space, and its average temperature is minus 40 degree.
Whether we the creature exists or not is depending on the size of the planet.
The surface of the primitive earth which grew acceleratively melted. It reduced to jelly. We call the situation magma ocean.
The heat of the magma ocean melted the rock in the deep place, and heavy iron gathered center and becomes the core. Light element of the rock moved to the outside the core and becomes mantle. Scientists seem to think like that.
Inside structure of the earth with the core and the mantle was formed and it’s connected with the mantle convection and formation of magnetic field.
『Supplementation』
I’m going to express on some phrases.
The Galaxy is a enormous heavenly body in which the fixed stars,planets,a matter of gas,dust or dark matter is restricted with gravitation.
A light year is 9.5 trillion meters.
Dark matter has some material and gives gravitation around it. We can’t observe it with any kind of present electromagnetic wave.
【When planetasimal 微惑星 bumped each other,the earth was born?】
《Collision and union were repeated and the present form has been completed.》
How was the earth born? It dates back about 4.6 billion years ago. A disk of primitive planets which was made of gas and dust spread around the young primitive sun, and the planetasimal collided and united. It was the start.
When the planetasimal collided and united, the gravitation became bigger, and other planetasimal which were far away were attracted, and a primitive earth was formed. Then the earth becomes bigger than the Mars and Venus.
We’ve thought it’s a big key which …
【Where is the earth in the outer space?】
《It’s in the corner in the outer space and the edge of the Galaxy》
We’ve thought that there is a huge black hole in the bulge.
The place which is equivalent to the visor of a straw hat is called a disk. When looking at it from the sideway,it looks the shape which the two straw hats are put together.
On the other hand when looking at it from the top,the disk of the Galaxy of the Milky Way is spiral,and the bulge is a bar, so it’s classified in the Galaxy of bar and spiral.
The whole Galaxy is covered with a thin tremendous sphere. We call it a halo. A cluster of stars of which shape is sphere has distribution in the halo. We’ve thought the halo is covered with dark matter.
The diameter on the Galaxy of the Milky Way is about a hundred thousand light years, and the thikcness of the bulge is about ten thousand light years, and the disk is a thousand light years.
We the human live a hundred years at best. How does someone understand it?
【Where is the earth in the outer space?】
《It’s in the corner on the outer space and the edge of the Galaxy》
The earth where we live circles around the sun. The sun forms the solar system with eight planets including the earth and lots of satellites. The solar system is in the Galaxy of the Milky Way,and is the distance of 28 thousand of light years 光年 away from the center.
We tend to think that the earth is the center in the outer space, but there isn’t the center and the end in the outer space.
It is said there are more than 100 billion of the Galaxy in the outer space, and the Milky Way is one of them. The solar system is on the edge of the Milky Way.
The Galaxy of the Milky Way is made up with about more than 200 billion fixed stars and material of interstellar gas 星間ガス.
Its shape resembles a thing which two straw hats are put together, and the central part is something bulky and oval. We call it the bulge. The bulge is made up with materials of stars and gas.
【Preface】
When reading it, making the readers not only know the latest form on the cosmology but on the charm and pleasure for ever–progressing astronomy and enjoy the cosmology which is full of the mystery, the author find it happy,the preface comes to an end like that.
『Our solar system』
Eight planets including the earth revolve around the sun, and they make up with the solar system with the heavenly body of plenty of other satellites, quasi planets, asteroids, comets and materials among the planets.
We the human being have the human life span, so the sun also grows, declines and dies in the end.
It is no doubt that the form of the solar system becomes different one after billions of years.
『BIrth form the present situation on the universe』
We think that the universe was born from nothing. The period of inflation started from nothing,and it is the present situation through a Big Bang and about 13.8 billion years.
What is the inflation period? I’ll express it in the next time.
【Preface】
However even if taking interest in the news,some people may have shrunk back from buying a book on cosmology,and avoiding reading it.
In a bookstore, if going to a bookshelf which deals with the cosmology,there are lots of thick books which are hard to read,so even if taking one of them in the hand,some people may have returned it to the bookshelf.
The book was written for the one, said the author.
The history on the earth where we live, a mystery on the moon next to the earth, the sun which gives us its blessing, real face on the planets which belong to the group of the earth, some planets which make up with a constellation, the Galaxy of the Milky Way, theories on the cosmology and the Galaxy.
The book reaches almost all of fields on the astronomy and stands out the latest real shape on the cosmology. The book is easy to understand.
When reading it,making the readers know not only on the latest form on the cosmology, but on the pleasure and charm for ever…
【Preface】
I’m going to start a topic on the cosmos and begin from its preface. I’m going to do it with a base of a book,眠れなくなるほど面白い宇宙の話.
When there was sometimes news on the cosmos on TV, some people are interested in it.
Technical skill on observation has made progress,and astronomy, astrophysics,science on a planet have advanced remarkably, and understanding for cosmology has moved ahead. We couldn’t think of it a decade ago.
New discovery has been born one after another,and TV station reflects on it and its news has increased.
Astronomical phenomenon like solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, or a metro stream has been adopted in the news. Japanese astronomers have played an active part,so the news is apt to be overheated.
A new phrase like a super moon has been lionized on TV. After watching the news, some people may have looked up to the moon actually.
However even if taking interest in the news,some people may have shrunk back from buying a book on cosmology and reading it for …
【Assembling robot for oneself Ⅲ. Without any micro computer, automatic control is possible】
《Combination of logic IC makes the robot judge autonomically》
As a result, the robot needs a brain which handles the information on the sensor. A small computer what is called a micro computer is frequently used for it, but it doesn't alway mean that it’s indispensable.
There is an electric part. We call it logic IC. Using the electric part makes the robot take into action according to the sensor.
《Logic IC》
Some circuits like AND, OR, or NOT are incorporated into the logic IC so as to judge logically, but it doesn’t always mean that the logic IC can think for itself.
The logic IC is a part which handles a fixed work,and does it with the circuits which judges logically like the AND or OR and outputs its result, but when combinating, it looks as if the robot judged and took into action for itself.
【Assembling a robot for oneself Ⅱ. A sensor which we make for ourselves unexpectedly easily】
《A structure on the sensor for an obstacle》
Probably lots of people will stretch their own hands in front of them and walk fearfully then. Detecting the obstacle with stretching hands in advance and avoid crashing it. It’s a basic way of thinking on the sensor.
If setting up two touch sensor in front of the robot in accordance with the width of the robot, when going ahead,the robot won’t bump against the obstacle at all.
The sensor which we can make with our own hands isn’t the touch sensor nor the light sensor alone. Actually we can watch various sensors of handmade in the robot contest.
【Assembling robot for oneself Ⅲ. Without any micro computer, automatic control is possible.】
《Combination of logic IC makes the robot judge autonomically》
We have to reflect the sensor which attaches to the robot to the movement on the robot. As a result the robot needs a brain which handles the…
【Assembling robot for oneself Ⅱ. A sensor which we make for ourselves unexpectedly easily】
《A structure on the sensor for an obstacle》
We can make use of the light sensor as the one for an obstacle. If attaching the lightl sensor in front of the robot, the light will be able to detect a reflection which hits an obstacle.
The ratio for reflection is different according to the color of the obstacle, but without hitting the light on the obstacle, the light won’t return,so the sensor detects the obstacle in front of it whether or not there is the reflection.
As to the sensor for the obstacle, without combinating electric part,we can realize it with mechanical struclure alone.
Sticking out a switch in front of the robot can make the robot itself avoid crashing the obstacle.
The structure on the touching sensor resembles a situation in which when walking with shutting our eyes. Then what should we do?
【Assembling robot for oneself Ⅱ. A sensor which we can make for ourselves unexpectedly easily.】
《Structures on a line sensor》
And it makes the light sensor accomplish its duty as line sensor.
A course which is used by the line tracer is white lines on black field or black lines on white fired. The course is made up with a combination of contrary colors, for it is easy to detect the lines with the light sensor.
As to the structure on the light sensor, its LED lamp emits light and its photo transistor detects the reflection of the light.
Inspecting the luminous intensity 光度 on the light which hits on the floor and reflects makes the light sensor tells whether or not there is the line there.
Black color absorbs light well,and white color reflects the light well. Making use of the proper on the color, and the light sensor functions as line sensor.
In general, the light sensor is made up with LED which emits light and photo transistor which detects the reflection.
【Assembling robots for itself Ⅰ. It’s an extension of handicraft on electronics】
《Let’s try to understand electronic parts》
It makes the understanding for electronic parts deepen. As to specification on each electric parts concretely, we can learn them at a home page of the company which sells the electronic parts.
【A sensor which we can make for ourselves unexpectedly easily】
《Making a sensor by light and touching sensor for itsel isn’t hard to assemble.》
As to a sensor which is equivalent to eyes or ears on the robot, we tend to think it’s impossible to assemble by an individuality, but as to the sensor which is used in reasonable kits for handicrafts on electronic parts, we can assemble it with electronic parts which we can get easily.
《Structure on line sensor》
A line tracer needs a line sensor which detects existence of a line on the floor. Light sensor has been frequently made use of for the line tracer.
Taking advantage of reflection from the light. And it makes the …
【Assembling a robot for itself Ⅲ. It’s an extension of handicraft on electronics】
《Let’s understand electronic parts》
As to making a structure which makes the robot move, some knowledge on electronic parts is indispensable.
If possible it is desirable to study it with a technical book, but otherwise,having gone through it to some extent, everyone learns to assemble it.
Its experience is assembling robots with the kits of handicrafts on robots, but if assembling robots according to the manual alone, experiences and knowledge which are indispensable for assembling robots is never accomplished.
When assembling, let’s try to think over how the electric parts work,assembling kits in which assembling starts from soldering.
As to assembling robots, the author recommended we should start from imitating existing kits for handicrafts.
Collecting indispensable electric parts for itself, and assembling robots which functions the same work like kits for handicrafts on robot. It makes the…
【Assembling a robot for itself Ⅰ. It’s an extension of handicraft on electronics】
《We can collect parts for assembling robot for myself individually.》
We can assemble the robot for myself. Needless to say, we can’t do an orthodox practical robot,but we can assemble the one which takes part in the contest with an individuality.
《Let’s get the parts on the robot.》
We can assemble the robot for ourselves in an ordinary household which hardly possesses any equipment for the robot, but then starting to process the material like a metal is hard, so we have to assemble existing parts on the robot.
タミヤ company which is famous for a plastic model of radio control car have sold lots of parts which we can make use of assembling the robot with a reasonable price. We can buy it reasonably and the author recommends we should assemble the robot for myself with the goods from タミヤ
《Let’s understand electric parts.》
As to making a structure which makes the robot move, some knowledge on electric …
【Kits for handicrafts on robots Ⅲ. The robot which we can control its adaption. We can program it as we like.】
《梵天丸 which we can buy with our pocket money》
When assembling the 梵天丸, if there is the one who has knowledge on handicraft of the robot to some extent,it’s no problem,but otherwise, it may be hard to assemble it unexpectedly. Please be careful of it, the author said like that.
The language for the program in the 梵天丸 is developed originally. Almost all of orders are to be expressed in the rounded Japanese phonetic syllabary ひらがな.
While it’s easy to handle for a younger infant,it may make a grownup be at a loss a little, but the content of program which we can do isn’t any trick only a child would have fallen for.
There is a limitation in which we can’t use a variable 変数, but it’s enough as handbook for a beginner.
By the way, this expression on robot approaches its end. What kind of thing am I going to express in the next, I’m wondering.
【Kits for handicrafts on robots Ⅲ. The robot which we can control its adaption. We can program it as we like.】
《Fascination on ワオG》
Moreover, once programming it, we can’t amend it after that. If making a mistake in the program, we need to start to push the button from the beginning.
However,without having additional investment, we can program it. It’s one of strong points. After we can program with an easy way and buy the software of WINDOWS. It’s not too late.
《梵天丸 which we can buy with our pocket money.》
It’s not as easy as the ワオG which is sold from EK Japan to get,but as to the 梵天丸 which is sold from メカトロで遊ぶ会, we can buy its body and equipment for programming within ten thousand yen.
However, the メカトロで遊ぶ会 is a volunteer group. Its main point is letting children enjoy mechanics and electronics as many children as possible.
A class for handicrafts and a contest for a robot have been frequently held, but the manual which is attached to the 梵天丸 is very simple. If there is the…
【Kits for handicrafts on robots Ⅲ. A robot which we can control its adaption. We can program it as we like】
《An equipment for program is usually necessary. It’s sold separately》
Needless to say, there is a robot which loads the computer in the kits for handicrafts on robots. It’s more expensive a little than the one which doesn’t have the computer, but we can program it at will, so we can enjoy it.
《Fascination on ワオG》
The ワオG is sold from EK Japan,and we can program it as we like and its expense is reasonable.
There are two sensor for touching like antenna in front of its body, and we can incorporate its response into the program.
Its most remarkable characteristic is we can program it without using the PC. If programming with the PC, a software for WINDOWS is sold separately, but without it, we can program for the ワオG, using a button on the back.
However there isn’t any liquid crystal 液晶 which shows the contents of the program. Moreover, once programming it, we can’t amend…
【Kits for handicraft on robots Ⅱ. Robots which we can control with a remote control or a radio control】
《A robot which is controlled with a remote control》
The robot of remote control doesn’t have to need to inherent any battery originally,but the robot arm has a structure setting up 4 batteries at the lowest part so as to keep its balance.
A controller is attached to the robot arm,but it doesn’t inherent any battery,and it takes a role of sending electricity from the battery of the body to each joint on the robot arm.
The controller has five levers, and when operating the lever up and down,it can control the direction of rotation on joint motors of the robot.
The robot arm has five channels,so we can operate some levers simultaneously, but the five levers move at the same time means its power disperses, but its movement becomes smooth. Then something amusing as robot arm increases. When buying the kits please try it,the author said like that.
【Kits for handicrafts on robots Ⅱ. Robots which we can control with a remote control or a radio control】
《A robot which is controlled with a remote control》
As a result, we can come up with various ideas to make the robot become light on its weight.
As to the robot of the radio control, increasing number of channel isn’t easy. The expense of equipment for sending and receiving frequency rises in proportion to the number of channel, so the one of two channel which controls two motors is a mainstream on reasonable kits for handicrafts on robots.
Contrary to it, as to the robot of remote control, increasing the number of channel makes the robot multiple channel easily.
The one of the remote control doesn't look like the robot,but actually we can realize movements which is the most suitable for the robot easily.
A robot arm which is sold from EK Japan is the one of remote control. It doesn’t have any structure for movement.
The robot of remote control doesn’t have to…
【Kits for handicrafts on robots Ⅱ. A robot which we can control with a remote control or a radio control】
《A robot which is controlled with a radio control》
The soccer robo is the one of the radio control, so without being entangled with cables, we can make the robots move as we like.
Six kinds of frequency are used in the same package in order that it prevents the frequency from entangling.
There are different colored packages,and different frequency is used for them. When adding them together, we can make the 12 robots move in the same field simultaneously as we please.
《A robot which is controlled with a radio control》
The robot of remote control is the one which is connected with the cable and the controller. There is possibility that the cable entangles,so it doesn’t suitable for the contest of confused fight like the soccer.
On the other hand any battery doesn’t have to be built in the robot like the one of the radio control,we can make the body of the robot become light.
【Kits for handicraft on robots Ⅱ. A robot which we can use control with a remote control or radio control】
《A type of radio control is suitable for a contest, and a type of remote control is amusing in relation to its movement》
There are ones which we can control with remote control or radio control in kits for handicraft on robots. Basic ways of controlling is the same as a toy of the remote control or a radio control car. Their movements are unique.
《The type of radio control》
There is the type of radio control robot which has been sold from EK Japan. We call it a soccer robo. When assembling we can choose a ratio of a gear and driving type.
We can assemble as we like. Whether we make much of its speed or mobile strength,or we choose powerful one, we can select them at will.
A small soccer ball is attached to the package of the soccer robo. We have to prepare for its soccer field and goal, but we can make the robots play soccer as long as we buy two robots.
【Kits for handicraft on robot. We can enjoy it with a feeling of making a plastic model】
《Let’s get used to the solder ハンダ》
As to tools for kits for the handicraft on the robot,we can get them in DIY stores or in an electronic retail store. It’s all right.
Using the solder seems to be hard for the one who isn’t familiar with it, but a beginner will get used to it soon. A soldering iron for the handicraft at home has been sold at a reasonable price.
If there is the one who is poor at the solder,it’s just that it has only to choose a kit which doesn’t need the solder. A completed basis is packed with other parts.
However if trying to improve a technical skill on assembling robots, using the solder can’t be avoided. An experience for using the solder will be useful in order to understand what kind of electronic parts are used in the robot.
When assembling an original robot, the experience will be useful,the author said like that.
Needless to say, they aren’t my own words.
【Kits for handicraft on robot Ⅰ. We can enjoy it with a feeling of making a plastic model】
《Assembling the robot isn’t hard》
An order of assembling robot is sometimes expressed more carefully than a plastic model. In general,an age for the kits is above a school children in elementary school actually, so if being able to assemble a plastic model, the one who tries to assemble the kits for handicraft on the robot can assemble easily.
A thing which is different from assembling the plastic model, any glue isn’t used for the kits .
In general, when fixing parts,a screw or nut are used for it, and a screw driver is used for being tightened the nut and screw.
We change the manners of using the tools, so we should prepare for each size of big and small for the tools.
By the way, I’m afraid I’ve made a mistake again. When assembling the kits for handicraft on robot, we need some tools like the screw driver and the needle nose pliers,but we don’t need a special ones.
【Kits for handicraft on robot Ⅰ. We can enjoy it with a feeling of making a plastic model】
《Any specialized tool isn’t necessary and lots of people have fun from around 11 years old.》
Lego mindstorm is an exceptional kits for handicraft on robot which we don’t need any specialized tools. As to the kits for handicraft on assembling lots of robots, we need some tools like a screwdriver, needle nose pliers ラジオペンチ, and so on.
However those tools aren’t special one at all,so it’s the tools which we’ve always ready at home are enough. A soldering iron ハンダ付け and solder for soldering method may be special one a little.
However there is the one which we don’t need the soldering method in the kits for handicraft on robot,if so we don’t use the hindering method in the least.
《Assembling the robot isn't hard.》
As to the handicraft on the robot which has been sold as kits isn’t so hard to assemble. Its explanatory pamphlet for assembling is also packed in. Ordering of assembling the robot …
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. Actual order for assembling.】
《Let’s come up with something for the robot》
For example, a contest of small scale is held by the people who are interested in the robot. Let’s refer to actual animals or dinasours for the design on the robot in the beginning.
When starting it, changing the idea into the concrete one seems to be hard,but we’ll get accustomed it soon.
When assembling the robot for prepared parts, we have to be careful of the position on the block of RCX which is equal to the brain of the robot. The brain with the three batteries of which size is AA.
Without coming up with something for the place where the batteries are placed, the center of the gravity on the robot won’t be stabilized at all.
【Kits for handicraft on the robot Ⅰ. We can enjoy it with a feeling of assembling a plastic model】
《Specialized tools aren’t necessary,and lots of people have fun from 11 or 12 years old》
Lego mindstorm is an exceptional kits for the robot on assembling…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. Actual order for making】
《Let’s come up with something for the robot》
I recommend you should make the best use of the strong point on the sample robot and dismantle it,said the author like that.
The sample program is the same one like the sample robot. Please add a command block to the program and come up with something for the program as much as possible.
We can learnt to know things on the robot which we can make it move,and other things which we can’t make it work from the process.
Changing the combination of the block, and the process of the program make the robot work for almost all of the movement, so the author recommends that we should try to challenge various ideas.
Sometimes an idea on an original robot may be born from the idea. As to the idea on the original robot,it is apt to be born easily from a goal which some people set up. For example,a miniature robot contest is held among the people…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. Actual order for making】
《Let’s Leann a knack of assembling and the process of making a sample robot》
When finishing assembling the robot, we can enjoy making it move by the sample program.
《Let’s come up with something for the robot》
There are some robots which are in the manual as sample one,so when challenging to make other robot, we have to dismantle the robot which we’ve already assemble. While it’s hard for lego block,and is interesting and having fun.
Please think over something better and improve it before dismantling it. Let’s adding some parts to other place and change to assemble the parts so as to make it work for other movement.
When trying to do it,it doesn’t go well and we may frequently fail to do it, but we can learn a reason why the robot was made in the form,or the reason why the robot was forced to be made like that from the failure.
We can change to assemble the parts of the mindstorm at will. I recommend you make the best use of its…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. An order which we use in a program】
《All orders are visualized as command block》
When there is a response on the sensor, the sensor stops its program which is in the middle of carrying out and changes the program into other one. The sensor can break into other program.
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. Actual order for making.】
《Let’s learn a knack of assembling and a program from the process of making a sample robot》
A learning program for Lego mindstorm is set up perfectly. If having experienced the program from a start to an end, roughly speaking,everyone can get hang of assembling the robot and a program.
As to assembling the robot in the basic set of the mindstorm, we can learn it with a full colored manual. We can assemble some robots from the manual.
If going on the working in accordance with the manual,we’ll learn to understand a way of using parts and the way of assembling parts efficiently little by little. As a sample program has been prepared for every robot.
【LEGO MINDSTORMSⅢ. An order which we use in program】
《All orders are visualized as command block》
We can make a program with the three kinds of block for basic movement on the robot, and we can fix an order in more detailed.
Wait is a command which we order to do nothing. We can fix the establishment on its time or until the time when the sensor responds or until the time when the sensor doesn’t respond.
Repeat is a command which we order to repeat something. As to an order which we want to do,we insert a command block then and direct it.
As to a sensor of yes or no, it’s a block which changes the way of dealing according to the response of the sensor.
The command on yes or no can get information from the sensor under the process of the programming,and carry out the order.
On the other hand,the sensor of command always watches the situation on the sensor. When there is a response on the sensor, the sensor stops its program which is in the middle of carrying out and changles…
【LEGO MIMDSTORMS Ⅲ. An order which is used in program】
《All orders are visualized as command block.》
Orders which we use are visualized as command block. Connecting the command block with the robot on the screen of the PC makes a program on the movement of the robot.
《Command block》
Roughly speaking, the command block is divided into the next 7. 1,big block,2 small block,3 my block,4 wait 5 repeat,6 yes or no, 7 sensor.
Broadly speaking,the big block and small block are the same kinds. The small block is the basic one, and the big block and my block can deal with the small block all together.
By the way, as you know, I have little knowledge on the command block. As a result even if without understanding its meaning actually, I’m sometimes forced to express it in English word for word. I’m sorry for it.
The one which is previously prepared is the big block, and the one which a user made for itself is my block.
We can make a program with the three kinds of block for basic…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS Ⅱ. Kinds of parts which are prepared for making】
《The brain of the mind storms.》
When something touches, it can detect it. It’s a touch sensor, and a sensor of light which detects an obstacle ahead of it and the line on the floor. Two touch sensors and one sensor of light,and a motor are attached to the basic set on the mind storm.
Connecting with the RXC through a wiring cord makes the mind storm function.
Except for those sensors, there are some packages in which other sensors are attached to. In addition,there are other packages in which there are some motors of which the same standard or differen one.
If buying them and adding to the robot, it can make the robot add an complicated movement.
【LEGO MINDSTORMS Ⅲ. An order which is used in a program】
《All the orders are visualized as command block.》
As to the robot which we made by the mind storm, we can program its movements with a PC which is loaded with WINDOWS.
Orders which we use are visualized as…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS Ⅱ. Kinds of parts which are prepared for making】
《The characteristic on the parts of the mind storm.》
There are some parts which have different angles. Its tires are standardized to some extent, but they are differen exactly according to the package.
《The brain of the mind storm》
The basic kits include a very important part. It’s RXC which memories a programming movement for the robot and IR transmitter which is connected with the RXC with communication of infrared rays.
As to the IR transmitter, we use it by connecting with USB port or serial port of PC which are loaded with WINDOWS.
The RXC is the brain for the robot which is made by the mind storm. It has three ports for input and output.
We can connect each sensor with the input ports,and the reaction from the sensor is sent to the RXC.
A motor is connected with the output ports, and we can control its direction of rotating.
There are two touch sensor in the basic set on the mind storm. When something…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS Ⅱ. A robot kit of which style is a lego block】
《The mind storm which is expensive a little》
There are few parts which we understand with the language, so even if it’s written in English, we don’t have to be worried about it probably.
【Kinds of block which are prepared for making】
《There are various parts on the mind storm.》
There are more than 700 parts for basic kits on the Lego mindstorm. It doesn’t always mean its all sizes and shapes are different. Some of them which are used frequntly are the same ones.
《The characteristic on the parts of mind storm》
The parts are made of plastic, and each of them is weak, but joining them becomes strong.
Each part on the mind storm is little one. When joining the parts, a little pin is used. Its size is as little as the tip of finger of a grown up.
It’s made of soft plastic and when dropping,it doesn’t emit any sound, so we have to deal with carefully.
There are some parts which have angle. There are some parts which…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. A robot kit of which style is lego block】
《The mind storm which is expensive a little》
Without RXC which is included in the basic kit, we can’t control the robot with the mind storm at ease.
By the way, as you know, I have little knowledge on the mind storm, so I’m sure that the RXC seems to be a thing like a main part.
Not only the RXC, but no less than around 700 parts are included in the basic parts, so we can enjoy assembling the robot with the basic kit for a while.
When being indispensable for making, we have only to buy other packages gradually. There is one more little shortcoming on the Lego mind storm.
It was born in the U.S.A., so lots of the packages are expressed in English. Some of basic kits are done in Japanese, but except for them, we have to buy the one which is done in English, but it’s actually a small drawback.
The Lego mind storm used to be educative toy for children originally. There are few parts which we have to understand with a ….
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. A robot kit of which style is lego block】
《Charm on the mind storm》
Then we can increase its parts so easily that we can enjoy assembling the robot without reserve.
A valuation on the lego mindstorms is getting higher and higher day by day. In some of industrial schools, they’ve started to adopt the mindstorm as teaching material for its class.
There are parts on each sensor, so they can create a high advanced robot with a way of their using the parts.
As being able to assemble and dismantle the lego mindstorm, so if once buying it, we have only to buy some parts which were broken. It’s one of charm as teaching material.
《The mind storm which is expensive a little》
A shortcoming on the mind storm is its price isn’t always reasonable. Its basic kit which is sold around 25.000yen is indispensable when programming the movement for the robot with a PC.
Without RXC which is included in the basic kit, we can’t control the robot with the mind…
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. A robot kit of which style is lego block】
《Charm on the mind storm》
As being able to assemble it at ease, its trial and error has been done easily. We don’t have to draw a plan for the robot carefully before we make the robot, and we can start again from scratch, so if starting to assemble the robot with a haphazard way, we can manage to assemble it.
Lego mindstorms is a flexible robot kit on an assembly, and there is a big charm on the lego mind storm. It’s being sold serially, so we can possess jointly with the one which is sold serially in other way.
There are some parts for exclusive use on the specific package, but all the main parts are come up to standards. Even if using some parts in a different package, its assembly is done without a trouble.
Some parts on products of Lego block in the past are the same standard, so we can use them as parts for the robot.
When being used to assembling the robot, we learn to want to challenge more complicated one.
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. A robot kit of which style is lego block,lego mind storm.】
《Being able to create a robot at will as repeating assembling and dismantling the robot to its heart’s content》
Lego mindstorms is an educative toy which has been developed with Lego comapny and college of engineering of Massachusetts jointly. It used to be an object for children like in the past, but it’s so interesting that growling ups including researchers were absorbed in it.
When starting to be sold, its supply couldn’t reach an unexpected demand, so the lego mindstorms was hard to get.
《Charm on the mind storm》
The biggest charm on the lego mind storm is being able to create a robot at will with an combination of various parts and varied sizes on the robot. In addition, a glue isn’t used for it,so we can assemble and dismantle it over and over again.
Any screws aren’t used for it, so we don’t need any tool like a screwdriver in the least. As being able to assemble it at ease, trial and error is…
【Let’s try the handicraft on the robot】
《So as to enjoy the robot more》
The used parts in the practical robot are more high advanced than the kit of device and more complicated than the kit of device in relation to the action of avoidance, but there are plenty of the robots which are on an extension of the technical skill used in the kit of device.
If wanting to understand the robot more deeply, I recommend you should put together robot with the kit of device first of all, the author said like that.
If having an experience of device on the robot,not only when participating in the robot contest but watching it, its interesting changes so much.
The price on the kit of device on the robot is various. An easy one is from two thousand yen on the market.
If the one which we can program in PC,its price seems to be about ten thousand yen, but considering pleasant after putting together, it may not be so expensive.
【LEGO MINDSTORMS. A robot kit of which style is lego block, lego mind…】
【Let’s try the handicraft on the robot】
《So as to enjoy the robot more》
As to the robot which is made by the device doesn’t seem to be practical, but if making the robot with its own hand, understanding for the robot deepens.
The robot which is made by the device is simple,and as to lots of the practical robots, basic technical skill is common.
For example, let's suppose that we made a robot with a kit which avoid an obstacle in front of it autonomously. If its price is within ten thousand yen, it’s probably a robot which loads with sensor for the obstacle. Light seems to be used for the sensor.
The robot emits the light in front of it,and it makes sure whether or not there is the obstacle by recognizing whether or not there is a reflection, and it takes into action of avoidance.
When saying it, it seems to be hard, but if putting together actually, we find its structure is easy unexpectedly, and lots of the practical robots which have ability of avoiding have the same structure.
【Let’s try the handicraft on the robot】
《If trying to do, the understanding for the robot deepens.》
But all the robots which go on increasing aren’t high advanced like the AIBO. An inexpensive robot which we can buy with our allowance alone is a structure which is suitable for the price,and its device is easy to make.
Even if it’s hard to make the same one like the AIBO, as to the robot which has a similar structure,and the function, an individual can make it as long as it has necessary knowledge and technical skill. In short we can make the robot with a device on the robot.
As to the handicraft on the robot, if processing from material,we need a processing facilities like a workshop in school at least, but if making use of the kit which the material is used from the beginning, we can assemble the robot with the kit and tools close to us.
If it’s the kit like that, the individual can challenge the device on the robot at home easily.
《So as to enjoy the robot more》
As to the…
『機動戦士GUNDAM』
Lots of people could dream of the robot through the GUNDAM. In fact it made plenty of people aspire to be engaged in robotics engineering.
Lots of the ones who are active at the forefront of the robotic engineering had been touched off by 鉄腕アトム, but it is said that the ones who become leader on the robotics engineering in the next era are the ones who dream of the robot with the GUNDAM.
I’m going to start a new chapter,a handicraft on a robot which is easy to start.
【Let’s try the handicraft on the robot.】
《If trying to do, the understanding for the robot deepens.》
Speaking of the robot, it seems that we need a high advanced mechanism. Actually as to ASIMO, it’s the robot which walks with its own two feet,and AIBO, ordinary people can’t make them by themselves.
High advanced technical skill, high level facilities, and close division of work are necessary for making the robot.
The robot has increased since the AIBO appeared. But all the robots which go on…
『機動戦士ガンダム』
Viewers called the robot the mobile suit in the animated film. In the GUNDAM, which is used for the name of the title on the animated film,a boy called アムロ who was good at mechanic got into the mobile suit.
The GUNDAM had been developed secretly in a space colony where アムロ lived. The space colony is an artificial city which floated in the space. Its shape was like a pipe.
An enemy got wind of the GUNDAM and made a fierce attack on the artificial city. The battle was done inside the space colony,and then アムロ got into the GUNDAM in the middle of the confusion.
It’s a reckless action, but a fascinating efficiency on the GUNDAM made アムロ do that behavior.
The mobile suit which opposed against the enemy had been developed and its efficiency was by far better than the one in the enemy.
Operating GUNDAM isn’t hard, and basic operation was done by a computer,so アムロ who was just like an amateur as pilot could operate owing to the high efficiency on the GUNDAM.
Lots of people…
【Let’s go to see a robot contest】
《A thing of which we should be careful when watching the robot contest》
The robot has often every kind of sensors,and taking a photograph by flash has possibility that the sensor activates by mistake,so it is prohibited.
If it’s more delicate robot contest or the big scale contest which is televised,taking photograph by camera itself is forbidden, so the audience should be careful of it.
Please pay attention on those things and we should enjoy the movement on the robot with our eyes to our hearts’s content. When having finished watching the contest, we'll learn to want to make the robot for ourselves.
『機動戦士ガンダム』
機動戦士ガンダム was televised its 43 stories from 1979 to the next year. Lots of fans on a robot animated film have been born because of the 機動戦士ガンダム.
Not only its situation but the mobile suit which appeared one after another had reality,and it drew a clear line between the ガンダム and other animated film on the robot.
Viewers called the …
【Let’s go to see a robot contest】
《A thing which we should be careful when watching the robot contest》
Needless to say, it’s usually first come first sit on the seat,so if going there a little earlier everyone can sit at a front seat,and it can look at the participants train there.
Lots of the participants tend to be nervous before the contest starts,so we shouldn’t speak the people who are related the contest,but the one who has composure sits in seat for audience is all right if asking content on the contest.
There are lots of people who concern the contest,so they respond kindly,and if it’s possible, we should research related information on the robot contest with the internet or robo con magazine.
Data on the robot contest have often been in an assembly hall,so we should look through the data,it’s basic manner.
There is other thing which we should be careful of as manner. It’s a way of handling a camera. The robot has often every kind of sensors, and the flash of the camera…
【Let’s go to see a robot contest】
《Let’s enjoy watching the robot contest as being careful of handling a camera》
Various robot contests of which scale is large and small have been held in the whole Japan, but it doesn’t always mean that the robot magazine covers all the contest, but there are plenty of news items relation to the contest, and the robot magazine is very helpful for watching the robot contest.
If it's a big scale robot contest, we can know its date and content with the internet,especially 2001 was a commemorative year when an international festival on the robot on creation was held for the first time,though it was in the past. It was about two decades ago.
《A thing which we have to be careful of when watching the robot contest》
We can watching plenty of the robot contest with free of charge,but there aren’t lots of seats for the audience unless it’s a big scale one which is televised,so we are ready to watch it standing.
Needless to say,it's usually first come…
【A contest on micro mechanism】
《Three confronting contest》
While the competition on the robot for sumo in the whole Japan is something terrific in the top division,Marunouchi, the competition on the micro mechanism is something interesting in the third highest division.
The department of micro mechanism on working is confronting competition in which the power of concentration on an operator decides a game.
Not only the operator makes the robot carry a dice to its goal, but makes the robot set each number of dices to one.
The game wears the operator out so much that the close working makes even the audience wear out. The game is done the way of tornament,so the participants have to do some games.
【Let’s go to see a robot contest】
《Let’s watch the contest as being careful of handling a camera.》
A robocon magazine which is published every other month makes us know on the robot contest where and when to start.
Various robot contest of which scale is large or small has been held…
【A contest on micro mechanismt】
《Three confronting competitions》
The robots on the both sides push up the balance. A coin of 5yen is set up on the robot, so the robot needs the power which lift up the robot itself,the coin of 5 yen, and the balance.
The highlight on the class on the micro mechanism of climbing pole is driving structure on the micro robot and the device on the way of touching the pole.
The class on micro mechanism for sumo is sumo between the robots which is put on a display. The diameter of the sumo ring is 20 centimeters.
The robot is so small that it can be contained in a cube of which side is 20 millimeters that making its gear which changes the rotation of the motor into power is hard to create.
Lots of them can’t decrease its speed and ruin themselves. The situation is as if the robot were a sumo wrestler which aimed at being a ranking sumo wrestler,and the audience won’t lose its interest.
If the competition on the robot for sumo in the whole Japan is…
【A contest on micro mechanism】
《A micro robot is able to be contained in a cube of which side is 20 millimeters. Exciting game is put on display there》
The structure for movement is various. It’s a wheel, leg, or vibration. Even if looking at them alone, we’re interested in it. The charm on the completion isn’t limited to them alone. They are four classes.
Except for the one of proud micro mechanism,the other three are confronting competitions. Exciting games are put on display in a small field and after watching it the audience will be dead tired,for they can’t their eyes off the confrontation.
《Three confronting competitions》
The class on micro mechanism of climbing a pole is climbing a vertical pole of which diameter is within 4.8 millimeters. They had competed with the time of climbing until the 10th competition.
The competition becomes a style of confrontation from the 12th one. There are balances on each vertical pole for climbing.
The robots on the both sides push up…
【Grand prize on a robot】
《Other competitions》
Ping–pong balls are scattered on the floor. They are likened to trash,and the robot collects them. It’s the competition on the robot of scavenger. School children in elementary school can take part in the competition as group of two people.
The parts of the robot is distributed to the participants before a month when the competition is held. Parent and child can also participate in it.
【A contest on micro mechanism】
《An micro robot is able to be contained in a cube of which side is 20 millimeters. Exciting game is put on a display》
The competitor on micro mechanism is a rare unparalleled existence. All the robots which take part in the competition is so small that they can be put on a palm.
It is hard for us to look at the robots how hard they struggle for winning the competition with our own eyes, so we watch a screen or monitor where their struggle is shown.
While it’s so small,all the robots have structure for movement.
【Grand prize on a robot】
《Other competitions》
In the competition on the robot stabs with a lance, there is a similar line in the similar field, and the robot needs a structure which traces on the line,but it’s all right if it strays off the line.
Some targets are suspended at the side of the course. The goal for the competition is stabbing the target as many as it can. It connects with winning high score,so it’s all right if straying off the course to some extent in order to win a high score.
However if stopping in front of the target and going on stabbing the same target,it is prohibited. Going around the course with anti clockwise,the robot goes on stabbing the target for 100 seconds,and competes for the total score.
The highlight on the competition of tracing line is structures of stabbing the target and strategy that stabbing the target as many as it can. The competition is so speedy that it has popular among children.
The last competition is the one on the robot of savenger.
【Grand prize on a robot】
《Robots compete for artistic point?》
A highlight on the competition is its mechanism and the way of changing something into energy rather than the performance of the robot.
Except for existing engine and electricity, participants can use everything as energy resource, so we can look at various way of generating energy. For example,falling something and generating energy.
Including mechanism so as to fascinate, we’ll be impressed by it.
《Other competitions》
Other kinds of competitions have been held in the grand prize on the robot. The one is the competition on the robot stabs with a lance. Basically the robot traces the line in the competition,but the it’s unique.
There is a black line in a white field or there is a white line in a black field. Originally, in the competition tracing the line by the robot, the robot goes ahead tracing the line automatically,and competing the time for movement.
If straying off the course, it is usually disqualified.
【Grand prize on a robot】
《Robots compete artistic points?》
Its attractive competitions are the one the robot of street performer,and the other is the robot of Karakuri.
As to the phrase of karakuri, I should have said it in English,but nothing appropriate occurred to me, so I can’t help it.
Instead of competing for score in the competition, when looking at it audience feel how pleasant or interesting it is. Those things,artistic point,technical skill,and originality on the robot are evaluated.
In the competition on the robot of street performer,a person’s performance which assists the robot’s movement is taken into account in the evaluation, so we can enjoy watching it.
In the contest on the robot of karakuri,the participants can’t use electricity as driving energy. As the name of the competition shows, it aims at coming back the karakuri in the Edo era into the present age.
A highlight on the competition is its mechanism and the way of changing something into energy rather…
【A rally of a car on micro computer in Japan】
《High level and strict rules》
The more they win, the shorter the interval between the races are, and the harder adjustments on the cars. Driving faster than other cars which they confront is rather important than improving its time, so the players can’t ignore the tactics on the race.
Hot battles on the race have been done in Hokkaido prefecture in cold winter. It’s the rally of the car on micro computer in Japan.
【Grand prize on a robot】
《It’s started recently,so its history is short,but there are plenty of fascinating competitions》
Grand prize on a robot has started as one of commemorate events of hundredth anniversary of 日本機械学会 in 1997. It’s fresh as robot contest.
As a result, not only competing its efficiency but something amusing on appearance is important in the competition. It’s big characteristic on the contest.
《Robots compete on artistic points?》
Its attractive competitions are the one the robot of street performer…
【A rally of a car on micro computer in Japan】
《High level and strict rules》
Devices of trying to reach the goal as fast as possible are also in the size and thickness on the tires. Whether making much of efficiency on acceleration on a straight line,or improving the efficiency on cornering and suppressing decreasing speed. There seem to be lots of options.
Various devices are as if there were the ones in racing cars.
The high level in the rally of the car on micro computer in Japan has caused from devices in which the participants have tried to overcome hard courses. Moreover the strict rules make the tension and technical skill of the participants increase.
The rally is divided into the preliminary round and final tornament, and the cars of micro computer aren’t allowed that the wheel comes off its car.and they can’t swerve from the course. They are disqualified then.
In the final tornament the robots confront on the time. The more they win, the shorter the interval between the…
【A rally of a car on micro computer in Japan】
《Characteristic on the rally of a car on the micro computer》
Its course includes a curve with a right angle,a curve of which shape is s, and multilevel crossing 立体交差 which has a slope.
Needless to say,if decreasing its speed and driving slowly,reaching the goal isn’t hard,but the rally of the car on micro computer in Japan is the robot contest in which its time is competed on driving time.
Strong players in the whole country mobilize their knowledge and technical skill and try to make their cars drive as fast as possible, so if driving slowly there,it’ll fail in a preliminary round.
《High level and strict rules》
Robots which stay in the final tornament of the rally of the car on micro computer in Japan drive as if they were racing cars.
In short,they decrease the speed immediately in front of a corner, and increase the speed the moment they turn at the corner. The players can make the robots use those kind of driving skills.
【A rally of a car on micro computer in Japan】
《We call it a line tracer. It’s done in Hokkaido,and the most exciting game》
Lots of contest have been done in Kanto area,especially the one of which scale is nationwide tends to be done there, for the participants can come together easily both from the eastern area and the western area.
On the other hand,the rally of a car on the micro computer in Japan is unique. It’s done in cold Hokkaido every January.
《Characteristic on the rally of the car on the micro computer》
We call it the line tracer. There is a white line on the black place,or a black line on the white place. The robot runs on the line automatically as if it traced there. The structure is easy to understand. It has frequently been used as a guide for beginners on the robot.
However the robot which takes part in the rally of the car on micro computer isn't in that kind level. High advanced ability has been requested there, for its course is very hard to deal with.
【A mass meeting on the contest in Kawasaki robot】
《Winning in the tournament with the battle robot》
There are three rounds, and each round has three minute. The robot which gets the two winning earlier can survive the tornament. The robot can’t move to the final with a surprise attack alone.
Preliminary round and the final is done on different date. The robots have to continue several tournaments, so the durability on the robot is also important.
A design which isn’t broken easily,or even if it’s in trouble,the design which is repaired easily. Those abilities have been requested for the robots.
Four people can form a team, so they can split up the work among them, the one who handles the mechanic, the other who is in charge of operating, another who deals with the strategy… it’s a kind of tactics in the tornament.
In short, the robot needs abilities which survive the fights for a long period.
【A rally of a car on on micro computer in Japan】
《We call the race a line tracer…》
【A mass meeting on the contest in Kawasaki robot】
《Rules on the battle robot》
Its height isn’t limited, but the robots walk on uneven ring,so if thinking of keeping its balance on the center of gravity, the height of the robot should not be increased so much.
Moreover the participants can use operative device of motors and gear boxes which the sponsor provides alone, so there is no difference extremely on the horsepower between the robots.
In the tournament on the battle robot, a design on legs and arms decides the outcome of the game.
《Winning in the tournament with the battle robot》
There is a big point on the outcome of the game in the tournament of the battle robot. It’s a technical skill on the operation of the robot.
It’s a fight on a radio controlled robot, the technical skill and strategy of an operator decides the outcome of the game, especially it’s a three game match in the final game in the tornament
【A mass meeting on the contest in Kawasaki robot】
《A fight is done by a walking robot》
But it has been requested an ability of walking and attacking. We call the battle is a professional wrestling by the robots.
《Rules on the battle robot》
Its battlefield is 180 centimeters square and there are unevenness intentionally.
There are corner posts in the four courners,and the ropes which are expanded from each corner post surrounds the ring.
When preventing other robot from taking into action like overturning or holding down at the edge of the rope, it can win through to the tournament, and it’s a fight, so using a firearm is prohibited.
The battle in which the robots hurl themselves at the enemy fixes the defeat or victory.
As to a size of the robot which takes part in the contest, there are some rules. Its width is within 25 centimeters and its depth is within 35 centimeters. Its weight is within 3500 grams.
Its height isn’t limited,but the robot…
【A mass meeting on micro contest in the whole Japan】
《The contest on robo trace》
The course isn’t open in the public until the contest starts, so an ability of thinking up an efficient running way is important for the robot which participates in the contest.
【A mass meeting on the contest in Kawasaki robot】
《A fight is done by a walking robot》
It has hardly televised by TV,but the tournament in battle robot of mass meeting on the contest in Kawasaki has steadfast popularity among the people. It has been done every summer. The outcome of the game is competed in the fight.
The contest on sumo by the robots in the whole Japan is also fixed with a victory or defeat in the fight,but the battle tournament is more fascinated than the contest on sumo by the robots.
The robots are compelled to have arms which defeats others and to have legs to walk. Moving structure in which a wheel is used has never been allowed.
The robot doesn’t have to walk with its own two feet. But it has been…
【A msss meeting on micro mouse in the whole Japan】
《The contest on micro clipper》
Overturning all the cans and returning to the starting point. Its time becomes the record. If being unable to overturn all the cans in the limited time, the number of cans which it turnovers is the record.
In this contest the ability of running has not been sought like the micro mouse. When overturning the can, the robot has to think of the place where the can is so as not to the can is obstacle to the robot. It’s the first ability.
Once overturning the can, the robot must not do it again,so it has to have a good memory. It’s the second ability. Two of the abilities are important in the contest.
《The contest on robo trace》
The contest in the robo trace,any maze has not been used there. Its field is black. There is a course which is painted in white on the field.
The robot is allowed to run in the course several times and its best time is left as record. The course isn't opened in the public until…
To no.76
76 にレスした方へ
I’ve made a mistake. It’s in the 76.
間違えた。 76だった💦
You don’t have to be worried.
心配する事は無いよ
I’m open to the whole people there, but it seems to be useless, so I’m not sure what to do.
全体に公開してるんだけど、無駄みたいだし、どうすればいいのか分からない
I’m afraid I’m in the wrong.
俺が間違えてるのかもしれないし💦😱
【A mass meeting on a micro mouse in the whole Japan】
《What is the micro mouse?》
The robot needs an ability to search in the maze and to reach the goal,but almost all of the robots have an ability to reach the goal alone. Final ranking is competed with the time to the goal.
The robot is allowed to run in the course five times in the limited time, and the best time is adopted as record, so the robot for the contest on the micro mouse has a learning ability.
It can grasp the whole image on the maze in the first run, and make sure of the shortest course to the goal.
The higher rank it goes, the higher the learning ability is, the more the running technology is.
《The contest on micro clipper》
It’s a variation on the micro mouse. Its common point is competing the time in the maze in the same standard and competing the time there. Contrary to it ,the different point is its established goal.
It’s not getting to the goal point but overturning cans in the maze.
To no.69
69にレスした方へ
I’m going to whisper today around p.m. 10. Please send me your message then. I’ll release the limit then. Good night,and have a good dreams.
今日午後10時頃呟くので、その時にメッセージを送って下さい。制限は解きます。お休みなさい。良い夢見てね🌜
To no.69
69 にレスした方へ
I’m sure that place is limited,so l have wanted to release it,but I’m not sure of its way. Please show me its way.
あっちは制限されていると思うんで、解除したいけどやり方が分からない。教えて下さい
To No.69
69にレスした方へ
I’ve looking for you,but I can’t find you.
探してるけど見つかりません
Please wait for a while
しばらくお待ち下さい
【A mass meeting on a micro mouse in the whole Japan】
《The course or maze aren’t open to the public until just before the competition starts》
A mass meeting on a micro mouse in the whole Japan consists of three competitions. The competition of micro mouse, the one of micro clipper,and the one of robo trace.
Common thing in the three competition is that its course isn’t open to the public until the competition starts. A robot which take part in the contest on micro mouse in the whole Japan is requested flexible intelligence in which it can deal with every kind of course.
《What is the micro mouse?》
The word of micro mouse is used for the name of the contest. Its starting point is one of four corners in the field. An autonomous robot starts there and reaches the central goal with its own judgement.
Its field is a square of each side is 3 meters,and it’s divided into 16 sections with vertical and horizontal regular spaces. Walls are made on each section,and the place becomes a maze.
【Robo cup soccer】
《Difficulty that the robots play soccer》
However some robots take into action as team. The place where the robots play soccer is surrounded with the walls, so they don’t have to throw in or corner kick,but basic rule is as same as the actual soccer.
Therefore if each robot can’t do a team play like an actual soccer player,the team can’t win,so they need intelligence which enable the robots to cooperate when playing soccer.
The field isn’t so large, but there are team mates, opponents, and there is a ball there, so the situation changes every moment according to those movement, so the robot have been sought for the movement which it can deal with the situation well.
It’s difficulty and interesting on the robot soccer. A magnificent goal that playing a match with a champion team of the human in the World Cup and winning it has been declared.
Whether or not it comes true, the robot contest has been paid attention.
【A mass meeting on micro mouse in the whole Japan】
【Robo cup soccer】
《Concept on the robo cup soccer》
There are four leagues in the robo cup soccer. The one is a competition of simulation which is done on a computer. Even if having not expense, human resource, or place for making the robot, a research worker can participate in it.
Other three are competitions of soccer which a ball and robots are used actually. Small league, medium league, four legs robot league of Sony in which AIBO is used. The size of field changes according to the size of the robot which takes part in the competition.
Five of robot of which diameter is within 5 centimeter form a team in the small league. They use an orange golf ball and play soccer on a field of which size is as big as a ping–pong table.
《Difficulty that the robots play soccer》
Research workers alone take part in the robo cup,for it has a reason. The robo cup soccer is hard to do.
If one robot kicks the ball,and competes with other robot for the score, it’s not so hard. However some robots…
【Robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan】
《Difficulty on the sumo by the robots》
As to the autonomous robot, improving the technical skill of controlling the robot makes it carry out various strategy
Those things are highlights in the robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan.
【Robo cup soccer】
《Autonomous robots form a team and play soccer》
It is the robo cup soccer which draws a line between an ordinary robot contest and other one in research worker for the robot takes part. It’s started in 1997.
The robo cup has three departments. The one is soccer, the other is rescue, and another is junior. As to the soccer, I’m going to express from now on.
Various technical skills have been developed in the robo cup soccer. Making use of the technical skills for lifesaving in an imaginary field of disaster like an earthquake. Participants are limited under 19. It’s the junior.
The robo cup soccer is synonymous in the robo cup.
《Concept on the robo cup soccer》
There are four leagues…
【Robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan】
《Difficulty on the sumo by the robots》
Its control is so hard that the robot which makes much of defensive ability is mainstream rather than the one which makes much of offensive abilities.
The one who participates in the contest makes the robot possess the function of vacuum. When measuring, its weight is no more than 3 kilogram,but when sticking to the sumo ring, its weight is no less than 70 kilogram.
Lots of the sumo robots emit a loud sound in the middle of a match,for the robot is furnished with the structure for vacuuming.
The robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan is divided into a department for ordinary people and other one for high school, and each department is still divided into the one for autonomous and radio control.
As to the robot of radio control, improving a technical skill of operating the robot and designing the robot which is able to control easily is important,and it makes the robot strong in the sumo contest.
【Robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan】
《Difficulty on the sumo by the robots》
There isn’t any straw bag 俵 in the sumo ring where the sumo by the robots is done in the robot contest in the whole Japan. The one which shows the border on the sumo ring is white line alone of which width is 5 centimeters.
Without coming up with various ideas to the robot, it is out of the sumo ring easily. The device which prevents the robot from ruining itself and makes it stay within the sumo ring is a sensor which detects the white line.
Almost all of the robots measure reflecting rate on infrared rays,and it can distinguish the black sumo ring and white line,but if mishandling a timing of putting on the brake, the robot will jump out of the sumo ring.
If increasing speed so as to increase the power of pushing out, the possibility of jumping out of the sumo ring becomes bigger. Its control is so hard that the robot which makes much of defensive ability is mainstream rather than the one which…
【Robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan】
《The rule on the sumo by the robot》
As to the shape, we can’t judge whether it stands or falls, in addition even if being turnovered,if there is no doubt that it can move, the robot doesn’t fall into the situation of being unable to control.
As a result when being pushing out of the sumo ring and a part of the body of the robot touches on the floor, or the robot can’t move owing to a breakdown or damage, the robot is defeated. Its rule is like that.
The diameter of the sumo ring is 154 centimeters. On the other hand,as to the size of the robot, its width and depth are within 20 centimeters. Its height isn’t limited,but its weight is within 3 kilogram.
The robots which participate in the contest overcome the criterion,there isn’t congenital difference between physical strength in actual sumo. Its technical ability divides the line between victory and defeat.
《Difficulty on the sumo by the robots》
There isn’t any straw bag 俵 in the sumo…
【Robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan】
《Autonomous robots and the robots operated by people do pushing sumo on the sumo ring》
It’s well known robot contest which is equal to the one of confrontation between the ideas. It’s different from the contest of confrontation between the ideas in which schools take part ,so individual participation is done mainly in the robot contest of sumo.
It’s started as commutative business for twentieth anniversary of Fuji software ABC Company in 1998. A department for junior high school has established in the fifth contest in 1993, with increase of the participants,supporting companies increase.
《The rule on the sumo by the robots》
The charm on the sumo by the robot in the whole Japan is a fighting of one to one match. It’s a pushing sumo. If being pushed out of the sumo ring, it is beaten. Even if watching it for the first time, everyone can understand the outcome of the contest.
There is none of winning technique like throwing one in sumo.
【The robot contest of confrontation between some ideas】
《The robot contest for college students》
The robot contest for college students becomes the international one in 2002.
There is other robot contest for international college students. The biggest characteristic is it’s not an intercollegiate.
The colleges which take part in the contest is fixed beforehand. Preliminary match is done in the college, and some of them who get an excellent record there participate in the international college robot contest as delegate.
The participants from each college form a mixed team, transcending their college and nationality, challenging the championship.
The preparation for the contest is no more than two weeks, and materials for making the robot is limited.
Classes and club activities have been strong in the college which take part in the contest,so they can participate in the contest.
【Robot contest of sumo in the whole Japan.】
《Autonomous robots and the robot operated by a person… 》
【The robot contest of confrontation between some ideas】
《The robot contest for a technical college》
Its rules change every year, so the students have to think of its establishment and strategy according to the rules.
The contest has been done by a tournament. Its basic concept is for winning, but the biggest glory in the contest isn’t always the winning in the tournament.
A grand prize for the robot contest has been ready, and the most excellent idea receives the best evaluation, so the robots which participate in the robot contest for the technical college is full of good ideas.
《The robot contest for college students》
Two other robot contests are for college students. One of them is the robot contest by the college students, confrontation between some ideas, is the one of which center is domestic colleges.
The characteristic on the robot contest is confrontation between the robot which is operated by a person and an automatic one, but its system and name have changed in 2001.
【The robot contest of confrontation between some ideas】
《It’s a thing which is synonymous of the robot contest and is most popular among the people》
Theme and rule on the confrontation of the contest change every year. It consists of the three mass meetings.
《The robot contest for a technical college 高等専門学校》
Confrontation between some ideas, the robot contest for technical college is the most popular among the people. It's started from 1988.
In the beginning, it started as one of TV program on NHK,but the association of thechnical college and NHK Enterprise 21 have supervised the robot contest at present. It’s a typical one.
The national robot contest has been televised every year, moreover even regional robot contest has been televised recently.
The biggest highlight in the robot contest by the technical college is an idea which the students in the technical college think of.
Its rule changes every year, so the students have to think of its establishment and strategy …
【A robot contest which is held everywhere in the whole country】
《Significance on the robot contest》
Actually there are some people who go to high school or university where they can learn the related field on the robot so as to take part in the robot contest.
The robot contest has been held all over Japan. We can usually watch it free of charge,so the author recommend we should watch it at least once. He said we should sympathize with a participant who tackles to deal with the robot seriously. The scale of the contest doesn’t matter.
However, unless it’s a big contest, it’ll never be announced in a large area. If it's held in a school, its just that there is a standing signboard at the gate of the school. We need to search a homepage on the contest and the school in the internet.
【The robot contest of confrontation between some ideas】
《It’s a thing which is synonymous of the robot contest,and is more popular among the people》
【A robot contest which is held everywhere in the whole country】
《Significance on the robot contest》
All its knowledge and technical skill are mobilized in the contest. A thing which it gets from the experience is more valuable than any other knowledge or information of a desk plan. Practical technical development will be promoted greatly then.
In the robot contest which is held in a large area, the effect of public relations is expected. Speaking of the robot, almost all of children take interst in it, and plenty of grown–ups with the children come to the contest.
If the contest is held in a school,it’s appropriate public relation of the school. If the robot contest of which scale is a little bigger some schools participate in, the contest make plenty of people understand the robot and its related fields.
If it’s a nationwide contest which is televised,any poster and any bill are no match for its efficient of public relation by televised.
Actually there are some people who go to…
【A robot contest which is held everywhere in the whole country】
《Significance on the robot contest》
If being lacking in the basic thing, it leads to a dead end somewhere at once, so the teachers try to teach the students basic things by force, but the students find it unpleasant, as a result, acquiring the basic thing hardly goes ahead.
If comparing the robot contest with a sport, it looks like a real game. Even if their technical skill is immature, there is fun there. At the same time, the students can learn the necessity of the base through a hardship of making the robot.
It causes a big educative efficiency which raises their learning will.
Needless to say, an idea is important in the robot contest, but the technical skill which realizes the idea is more important.
Even if it’s a wonderful idea, if the robot can’t move,it’s useless in the robot contest.
So the students who take part in the contest make effort so as to move the robot. All its knowledge and technical skill …
【A robot contest which is held everyplace in the whole country】
《Its significance is educative effect, development of technical skill, and public relation.》
There is an event what is called robot contest. It’s a mass meeting in which its participants make their robots compete for various themes each other.
Instead of the presentation by any enterprises, it's done as part of educational planning, students frequently take part in the mass tournament.
Its significance is different between the sponsorships, but its three pillars are educative effects, development for its technical skill, and public relation for understanding from lots of ordinary people.
《Significance on the robot contest》
The robotics engineering includes various fields for study and development. The students have learned to possess strong desire for learning through their goal of participating in the robot contest.
Acquiring basic technical skill is important for everything. It isn’t limited to the robotics alone.
『Furby』
Furby started in America,and was a big fad among us in Japan in the next year. Its appearance like a stuffed animal was popular among us, and everyone loved it.
There had never been the pet robot like that before,so its ability had been overestimated.
The America misunderstood it had the ability of memorizing language,and they were afraid that it may be used for an espionage. There used to be even an official notice that they were forbidden to bring the Furby in armament facilities.We can laugh at it at present, but it shows it had a major impact on the American.
At first sight, the Furby doesn’t suit Japanese taste, but owners’ parental love seemed to be attracted by six sensor built–in it. If rubbing its back or abdomen, it was pleased. In addition some Furbies talked each other with a sensor on the forehead.
It seems that those behaviors made us feel as if it had been a creature.
By the way, I’m going to go into a new chapter,a robot contest from now on.
【A group of robot】
《The practical use for the robot on intelligence as group》
It is a maintainance and an inspection in facilities of a nuclear power plant where we expect the group of robot plays an active role. The ones who are engaged in the robotics engineering hope it to watch the facilities,and when detecting something wrong with the facilities, they want to repair it.
When taking into action cooperatively, it doesn’t always mean they head straight toward their goal alone. Each robot takes into action without interrupting others each other. It’s one of actions which they cooperate each other.
『Furby』
Furby is the pet robot which appeared preceded the AIBO in 1998,but it’s not a full fledged one like the AIBO,and neither it can walk nor has the ability of learning. As time passes, it starts to talk with programming languages.
The Furby responds with the language we speak and it does with special way of speaking,what is called Furby language. It started in America,and was a …
【A group of robot】
《The practical use for the robot on intelligence as group》
Its idea is like the next. If it’s hard to realize the high advanced artificial intelligence, making the moderate intelligent robots cooperate each other and making them do the advanced operation.
The ones who are engaged in the robotics engineering make the robot of autonomous as group communicate each other with the infrared rays 赤外線.
As to the function of communication,it’s all right as long as the insects who are close each other can communicate. The group of robot communicates necessary information one after another,and it can take into action efficiently.
There has been an idea that incorporating some minimum tips dealing with information into the insect. Putting various information into the tips,and sending the information for other insects.
If adopting the way, even if being unable to communicate with the infrared rays each other in a place like labyrinth, they can contact each other.
【A group of robot】
《Intelligence as a grrop》
The ones who are engaged in the robotics engineering have thought they try to apply the behavior of the insect to something useful .
Without being the insect like the cyborg,it’s the idea of creating the robot which takes into action in harmony like the insect, but we can’t clarify the strange program on the insect of intelligence as group in harmony.
The ones who are engaged in the robotics engineering go ahead the understanding on their behavior by a simulation of computer.
《The practical use for the robot on intelligence as group》
An advanced artificial intelligence should create almighty intelligent robot,but it seems to be hard with the artificial intelligence at present, but a reversal idea of the robot as group has been ever from the present limitation.
Without putting the one which manages the whole situation intensively, it’s the robot as group which is autonomous with dispersion, communicating each other when operating.
【A robot which imitates a creature】
《The study on a creature which is connected with the artificial intelligence》
Making the insect carry a micro compute,and sending electric current from the micro computer to the insect and controlling it as we think.
The ones who are engaged in the robotics engineering have examined the probe by the cockroach or bee which becomes the cyborg in a narrow drain pipe in the future.
【A group of robot】
《Without needing the advanced artificial intelligence,it can take into an advanced action in harmony》
The insect has hardly intelligence,it is fact but when watching its movement actually, we can’t think so.
In the case of a bee and an ant which act as a group, they share their each part, and their bevavior makes us think they don’t have intelligence at all.
《Intelligence as a group》
We call the act on the insect the intelligence as a group. The ones who are engaged in the robotics engineering have thought they try to apply the behavior of the …
【A robot which imitates a creature】
《The study on a creature which is connected with the artificial intelligence》
It seems that there is a way of controlling the robot with the advanced artificial intelligence from outside,but in this case,its basic action is dependable on the autonomous function the robot of insect.
The way of thinking on the robot of the insect includes that making the insect change into the one like a cyborg.
By the way,when looking up the word of cyborg, it means it’s a creature that is partly human and partly machine. The book uses the word,so I did.In this case,the insect is the one that is partly creature and partly insect.
The idea is controlling the structure on the insect as creature as it is. The movement on the insect is a reflex movement, so if giving it an appropriate electric signal, we can control it.
Actually there is a report on an experiment in which a cockroach was used. Making the insect carry a small micro computer,and sending electric…
【A robot which imitates a creature】
《A reason for imitating the creature》
There is little cell on the brain,and it seems that it doesn’t think anything, but the program on the movement is so complicated.
The ones who have been engaged in the robotics engineering have thought that studying the insect may develop a small robot which is easy to mass produce and which is used in various situation.
《The study on creature which is connected with the artificial intelligence》
It seems that that kind of study is in opposite position against the artificial intelligence, but in other words, it’s an approach to the artificial intelligence from a different point of view.
It seems that the real insect doesn’t have any brain at all,but it takes into action as if it had the brain. In short, even if it doesn’t have an advanced brain, we can make an intelligent robot as if it had the intelligence.
There is a way of controlling the robot…
【A robot which imitates a creature】
《A reason for imitating the creature》
As to the way of moving feet, the program has to direct it to the robot, but watching the creature which is a model for a robot, the one who creates the program can get a hint. Imitating the creature is useful for going ahead the development of the robot.
A new type of robot may appear in the future, but the development by imitating the creature is important so as to acquire a technical skill which is the base of the robot of new type.
The robot of a long armed ape which was developed by a professor in university is the one which the professor imitated the form of the ape.
The professor went to the zoo frequently and studied the long armed ape and developed the robot. The robot can perform the aerial bar quite well.
Without recognizing the space between the bars, failing makes the long armed ape succeed the next time.
The structure on movement for an insect has been paid attention lately.
【A robot which imitates a creature】
《It has been thought that from imitating the movement on the creature to changing the creature itself into a thing like the robot》
Instead of an industrial robot,the robot for the study has tendency of imitating the form of the creature. It is that there has been a strong desire of making use of excellent structure on the creature for development of the robot.
《A reason for imitating the creature》
An ability on the creature is very excellent. Not only the human,but the creature of which amount of capacity on the brain is little have various patterns on the program for their movements.
Studying and recreating them mechanically makes the useful property on the robot raise. Needless to say, there is no rule on the form of the robot, it doesn’t need to look like the creature.
However if imitating the creature which has an ability on movement, we’ll be able to make the robot equip the structure on movement which is possible to move actually.
【Planning】
《The planning by an explorer》
If it has a high advanced ability of handling as computer, it has no problem, but there is possibility that the choice may prevent the robot from taking into action if there are lots of choices.
The robot may become the one which is lost in thought frequently. A way of avoiding it is taking advantage of an experimental knowledge. As to the choice of planning for taking into action, unrealistic one for us the human should be included in the choice.
We instill judgement with common sense to the robot so as to exclude the choice beforehand. The present computer is smart,but inflexible. How much can we make the computer think in flexible way? It’s a problem for the intellictual robot in the future.
【A robot which imitates a creature】
《It has been thought that from imitating the movement on the creature to changing the creature itself into a thing like the robot》
There are lots of ones which imitate the form on the creature among the robot.
【Planning】
《The planning by an explorer》
However the course to the final goal may not be the single. As to the last example, if shaking the shelf, there is a possibility that the book on the shelf may fall from the shelf.
The more if being able to think up several ways, the more there are lots of the second rules. Whether or not which is possible to realize, which course is appropriate, the robot can think up its way by an explorer.
As to the single final goal, the explorer establishes several second goals in a row. If being able to thinking up of several ways of realizing the second goals,it means that the explorer sets up the ways by ratifying 枝分かれ.
It is sure to doing all the ways that we can think up,but it is hard to do actually. The artificial intelligence simulates all the courses, chooses the most appropriate way and doing it actually.
The planning by taking into action by the explorer often makes the choice increase like hot cakes. If it has a high advanced ability of…
【Planning】
《What is the planning?》
For example, let's suppose that we ordered the robot to bring a book to us from the top shelf. The robot can recognize the book on the top shelf,but the height of the shelf may be by far taller tha the robot. Even if it stretches its arm, it can’t catch the book.
Giving up it is one of choice, but if there is a stand,it may reach its arm. Its final goal is bringing the book on the top shelf,but it has to inspect the realization on some of second goals.
At first, looking for a stool. Going to the shelf with the stool,and getting up on the stool. The ability of planning those orders have been sought for the artificial intelligence and the robot which is loaded with the equipment.
We call the way of solving the problem of fixing its final goal and trying to reach the final goal is solving way of planning. Solving the problem which was fixed by the way of planing one by one,and reaches the way of approaching.
《The planning by an explorer》
However…
【A reasoning】
《Indispensable knowledge in order to reason》
It’s a natural rule for us the human,but as to the artificial intelligence, without having the rule as knowledge, if having the knowledge that the one is X’s father,it can’t arrive the conclusion that the X is the child of the one.
The artificial intelligence looks like a newborn baby,so we have to make it recognize the knowledge politely one by one.
It’s one of reasons that the artificial intelligence of general purpose has never been realized easily.
【Planning】
《The robot itself thinks up an order in which it can realize its goal which was given》
One of abilities which is asked for the artificial intelligence is planning. When taking into action for something, instead of showing the robot the way of doing something one by one, the robot fixes its gaze on the final goal which the human indicted, and thinks up the necessary order for itself.
《What is the planning?》
For example,let’s suppose that we ordered the robot …
【A reasoning】
《A reasoning by the artificial intelligence》
Putting a practical use of function of guessing on the artificial intelligence is an expert system in order to solve a problem.
The system accumulates the knowledge of experts,guessing being based on the knowledge and concludes. It’s not equal to a specialist who has advanced special knowledge,but except for the professional one, the people who needs special knowledge make much of the system.
It can give the people some advice in a calm manner in hard situation, so it is used for the system of management sometimes.
《Indispensable knowledge so as to reason》
A way of giving information for the reasoning isn't a single. For example, it is described with the way of production rule, with the sentence of if〜then.
The sentence of if 〜then is the way of expressing the knowledge, it’s literally if the one is X, it’s Z. For example, if the one is X’s father, the X is the child of the one. The system describes the rule as the form.
【A reasoning】
《A reasoning by the artificial intelligence》
Instead of accululating the information simply which the robot got and searching and showing as the information is, the artificial intelligence reasons a conclusion, a rule, or a fact with the accumulated knowledge.
For example, let’s suppose that the fact that a sardine was a fish and a rule that the fish swam in the water were given to the robot as knowledge.
Being based on the two knowledge, the artificial intelligence can get a conclusion that the sardine swims in the water by deduction. It’s an easy example, but the artificial intelligence can conclude like that from a large amount of information. It’s the strong point on the artificial intelligence.
The form of reasoning isn’t possible only the deduction,but an induction of arriving at a rule from a fact and conclusion, and a presumption of guessing the fact from the rule and conclusion.
Putting a practical use of the function of guessing on the artificial…
【Recognition on patterns】
《The thing which is indispensable for recognition on patterns》
When the things which the robot recognizes are limited, amount of knowledge which the robot collates with something is also limited, so it is easy for the robot to recognize a thing which is distinguished.
However considering the robot which plays an active part close us, we’re forced to assume that there are so various situations that the recogniton on patterns becomes hard.
【A reasoning】
《The ability of reasoning, being based in accumulated knowledge,is the one which the artificial intelligence possesses》
A strong point on the computer is it can accumulate plenty of information, moreover it can take out the information quickly according to a situation. An ordinary computer takes out the information by a search.
On the other hand, the artificial intelligence can do the search by reasoning.
Instead of accumulating the information simply which it got and searching and showing as the…
【Recognition on patterns】
《The thing which is indispensable for recognitions on patterns》
To tell the truth, when reading it, I find it hard to recognize it, for I have little knowledge on the robot,in addition, to my sorrow, I’m not smart very much.
There are two illustrations which were caught by the camera of the robot.
The one is like the next. There is a room. Its door is on the left,and two windows are front. There is a desk lamp on the table. Each image is unclear. It seems to be two dimensional images.
The other one is clear, and each part on the room is shown with its name. The door,the wall where there is the door, two windows, and the wall where there are the windows, the desk lamp, the table, and the floor where there is the desk lamp on the table. It seems to be the three dimension.
The robot compares each of those images with each of models, and recognizes as three dimension, I’m wondering.
When the things which the robot recognizes are limited, the amount of …
【Recogniton on patterns】
《The thing which is indispensable for the recognition on patterns》
We the human have the ability of 単眼視処理, for we can accumulate the visual experience as knowledge, and being based on the knowledge, we can see pictures or figures of two dimension.
A reasoning which is based on the knowledge changes the two dimensional picture into the three dimensional one.
We the human are excellent on the reasoning from the knowledge, so even if we can see its part alone, we can understand its whole image.
In short, if making the ability on recogniton for patterns equip the robot, the robot needs the patterns as knowledge.
The camera which is equipped in the robot catches an image, and the robot chooses a part which the robot needs,and revises it so as to handle the image easily.
Then extracting its features,and collating it with a model which is accumulated as knowledge. The information makes the robot recognize what it is, what it shows the robot.
【Recognition on patterns】
《Importance on recognition for patterns》
However if being unable to recognize the human’s face in the situation, it can’t play an active part in the human’s society in the least.
While we the human can recognize a scene on a photo as three dimension, the scene on the photo is just a two dimension in regard to the robot which doesn’t have any ability of recognition.
As to a figure which is drawn far back with a way of three dimension, we the human can recognize it as solid body with the way of three dimension.
On the other hand, the robot which doesn’t have any ability of recognition becomes aware that it’s two dimensional collections which is drawn on a plane.
《The thing which is indispensable for the recognition on patterns.》
That kind of human’s ability is called 単眼視処理.
I've wanted to expresee the phrase in English, but its appropiated words for the technical term doesn’t occur to me at all. I can’t help it.
We the human have the ability of the…
【Recogniton on patterns】
《Importance on recognition for patterns》
The sense of visual on the robot which doesn’t have the ability of recognition resembles it. Even if it can take in a thing which is caught by a camera as information, without having any ability of recogniton on patterns, it can’t understand it a bit.
If it’s the robot operated by the human,it’s just that it has only to send its operator the picture,but if it’s the autonomous one, without handling it for itself, it can’t take into action.
When trying to distinguish betweeen a face of a person and other one of an other person, the ability of recogniton on patterns is important.
If being able to stare directly the human’s face, it’s easy, but when we meet the robot, it doesn’t always mean that we look straight ahead of the robot. The way of seeing the face changes according to its angle.
If there are some people, the face which the robot needs to recognize may be hidden by other people. However, if being able to…
【Recognition on patterns】
《While we can see without being conscious of it, it is hard for the robot to do.》
The recognition on patterns is a technical skill which is used for dealing with information or recognition on voice,but its center is the recognition on visual pattern including handling pictures.
The one which needs recognition on the visual pattern is a camera which can catch a thing of two or three dimension,but it is impossible to do for the robot with the camera alone, for the robot can’t understand what the camera took the picture.
《Importance on recognition for patterns》
As to the human, when looking at something, we can understand what it is,and the thing which shows at once,checking it against our memory.
For example, when looking at some characters in a book, we can understand its content,but if the book is written in unknown language, can we understand the book? If it’s written in language which we’ve never seen,it is hard for us to even imagine it.
【Recognition on voice】
《A problem which is beyond the recognition on the voice》
Needless to say,it needs to understand its own response enough. There have been already some robots which can talk with us,but they can do an easy conversation alone at present.
《A Turing test》
As to the study on the artificial intelligence,there is the standard on judgement in order to see a pure ability on understanding the language. We call it a Turing test. I’m going to express the way of the test.
At first we put a board on the desk in front of us, and we can’t see the scene in front of us except for the board. We talk with the computer through the terminal 端末 of characters beyond the board.
Then if we aren’t sure whether the one beyond the board is the computer or a person, we judge that the computer has an ability like the human with regard to the language.
【Recognition on patterns】
《While we see without being aware of it, it is hard for the robot to do.》
Recognition on patterns is a …
【Recognition on voice】
《A problem which is beyond the recognition on voice》
If an ability of recognition on voice improves, it’s not enough so as to communicate with the human. Even if it can understand the phrase itself of the human,it’s not enough for understanding the language. It can’t always understand the human language then.
The language which the human talks isn’t always perfect. When talking we use some pronouns like this or that, or omitting a subject. Then doing an expectation to some extent,and we have to ask again what we can’t understand.
For example,when someone asks us to bring a cup to the person,if there is the single cup in the room,we have only to go there with the cup,but if there are two cups,we need to make sure which to take.
If trying to make itself understood in regard to the recognition on voice, it’ll be harder,for it has to understand the meaning and content which the human talks,and to respond with appropriate phrases according to the situation.
【Recognition on voice】
《A problem on recognizing voice》
If deciding phrase to give an order, we can make the robot operate with the voice of orders.
It has no problem indoors,but it has on recognizing the voice outdoors. The biggest problem is a noise. There is usually some noise outdoors more or less. Without being able to distinguish the voice of the person who gave orders,the recognition on voice isn’t useful.
A position of the one who gives order is the same problem. When calling to others among the humans,even if being done from its back,it shows some reactions as long as it recognizes the calling was for it.
As to the recognition on voice in which a microphone is used, unless the calling is done to the direction which the microphone faces,the recognition on voice can’t react.
There is a microphone which can catch voices in large area,but it is easy to catch noise too.
《A problem which is beyond the recognition on voice》
If an ability of recognizing voice improves, it’s …
【Recognition on voice】
《If comparing it with the one a few years ago, it’s improved rapidly》
A word processor in which we can use in a PC has been sold,so if the one who isn’t good at a keyboard,the word processor is in place of the key board.
As to the system of recognition on the voice, reading a sentence alone makes the system judge its content even punctuation marks. We have to speak in fixed speed,but we don’t need a special technical skill.
If register our voice on the characteristic beforehand,the precision to recognize improves, and we can get a satisfactory outcome which is close to the perfect. The efficiency on the software of which ability not only to recognize its own voice itself but to analyze the Japanese becomes high. It can foresee the next words from the context to some extent.
As to a fixed phrase alone,it can handle callings from some people. It can deal with the difference between the accent on dialects if registering them as pattern on voice.
【The robot is one of fields in which the artificial intelligence has been used】
《Expectation for realization on the artificial intelligence》
However then the structure on the artificial intelligence may be different from the one which we’ve thought at present.
The model for the artificial intelligence is the human’s,but the artificial intelligence may have been completed by other way.
An airplane in which we the human fly in the air has never flapped like a bird,though the bird used to be the model of the airplane. The airplane has the fixed main wings and tail wing,and its driving force is a propeller or a jet engine.
In this way,the artificial intelligence may have been other suitable structure from its model in the future.
【Recognition on voice】
《If comparing it with the one in a few years ago, it's improved rapidly》
The system of recognizing the human’s voice which is equivalent to our ears has been by far more practical than a few years ago. Word processor in which we …
【The robot is one of fields in which the artificial intelligence has been used】
《The difficulty on the artificial intelligence》
Besides,the robot has to communicate with the human,so it has to need knowledge which the robot can talk with the human. It doesn’t have to only listen to the human’s language,but understand its meaning. Otherwise it can’t converse with the human.
《Expectation for realization on the artificial intelligence》
One of goals for the artificial intelligence is the human’s brain,so its studying field is various. The study on each part which is equivalent to the eye,ear,and mouth has been proceeded,and its outcome has appeared without fail.
There has been a trial to realize the artificial intelligence from a hardware of neuro technology which was imitated the struction on the human brain. Appearance on the robot which has equipped all the functions seems to be in the future,but it will do some day.
However then the structure on the artificial intelligence may…
【The robot is one of fields in which the artificial intelligence has been used】
《The difficulty on the artificial intelligence》
Moreover the robot has to make sure so as to get information on surrounding before taking into action, for example its present time,the room temperature,the name of maker on the cooking stove,or the place where the refrigerator is.
The robot has to inspect each information whether or not it's related to its work one by one,so it can’t only boil some water but start to walk. It’s a famous example which shows how hard we can realize the artificial intelligence, and we call it a problem on the frame.
If it’s the robot which is engaged in a specific work, we can decide the necessary information for its work beforehand, and we can handle the problem on the frame, but we need to change the model of action according to a change on the situation.
We can teach the robot basic things,but teaching things which are suitable for various situation one by one is hard.
【The robot is one of fields in which the artificial intelligence has been used】
《The artificial intelligence which works as if it were the human needs abilities of seeing,listening to and talking》
…for its surrounding and the model for action has been limited. A thing which the robot think and the robot take into action has been decided to some extent,and instilling those things to the robot isn’t so hard.
However various situation has been considered in every day life on the robot. Without a fixed framework for the situation, the robot has to select an information which it needs from its infinitive information in its surrounding.
For example,let’s suppose we ordered the robot to boil some water. Then the robot has to take out information which is related the order one by one like each place of tap water,a kettle,or cooking stove.
Moreover,the robot has to make sure to take information on surrounding before it take into action, for example its present time, the room temperature …
I’m going to go into a new chapter of which the robot and artificial intelligence from now on.
【The robot is one of fields in which artificial intelligence has been used】
《The artificial intelligence which works as if it were the human needs abilities of seeing,listening to or talking.》
The artificial intelligence is the one in which an intelligent activity of the human is realized in the computer. There has been arleady the study in which the ones who were engaged in the robotics engineering tried to create the artificial intelligence like the human from 1950s.
The computer’s ability has surpasses the human in lots of points, and if making it develop,they’d thought they could realize the artificial intelligence easily,but it wasn’t easier than they thought.
《Difficulty on the artificial intelligence》
An ability of acting and intelligence in which in limited place like a factory doing a fixed action has been realized at present,for its surrounding and model for action has …
【The structure on movement for a probe in a planet】
In general, a drill is used for the probe, but other way will be chosen according to to the situation on the gravitation, atmosphere, or the earth’s crust on the planet.
It has been in a stage of a study,but there is a unique one. It’s a type of an ant lion アリジゴク. Vibrating its body makes the sand around it spring out,and digs a hole like a mortar. It may be an useful way, according to the surrounding on the planet.
『AIBO』
The first AIBO which has started to be sold June in 1999 was all sold out though it was expensive like a PC which cost ¥ a quarter of a million. It was more popular than we expected,for it was too strange.
However the second AIBO which started to be sold at the end of 2000 has been popular which moves out of its strangeness. It is handled as if it were a synonymous for the pet robot, and it’s so expensive that everyone can’t get it easily,but each of us has wanted to get it if we have a chance of getting it.
【The structure on movement for a probe in a planet】
《The structure on movement which is used for the probe in the planet》
NASA has a plan for using the robot of flying way of moving in a probe in the Mars,Venus,or Titan which is the planet of the Jupiter. The moving by hopping has been considered on the probe in an asteroid, Deimos, or Phobos of the planet of the Mars.
Needless to say, if comparing it with the running way of a wheel,it is hard to reach expected place,but in the place where there is little gravitation, even if it’s the running way of moving, it jumps easily.As a result, the moving way on assumption which will jump is safer for the probe there.
The probe in the planet includes the one underground. If the planet has a trace of a river,it has possibility that the water is left underground. Making a thorough investigation makes us get various information on the planet.
Then the structure on movement for the robot is used the one which can dig the underground.
【The structure on movement for a probe in a planet】
《The structure on movement which is used for the probe in the planet》
The driving way of the wheel has been used for the robot for the probe in the planet so far, the Sojourner which is for the probe in the Mars is the typical one . The structure on the suspicion called the Rocker Bogie has been used,so it can go over an obstacle which is higher on the diameter of the wheel of the structure on the suspicion.
However, the running way of using the wheel isn’t always appropriate for the probe in the planet. Needless to say,if probing in a fixed area,the running way of using the wheel is by far better than any other way with regard to the reliability on its operation,or easiness for controlling.
However if making a thorough investigation in a tremendous area in the planet which has little atmosphere like Mars, flying way of moving by a balloon has been thought.
【The structure on movement in the water】
《The structure on movement imitates the way of swimming of a fishing》
The reproduction of the ancient fish of coelacanth is called 三菱 animatronics. As its name shown, the robot was produced by Mitsubishi.
【The structure on movement for a probe in a planet】
《The running way of a wheel is mainstream at present,but flying way of moving or hopping way of moving have been examined》
The robot plays an active part in the probe in a planet at the first stage. There are plenty of such a danger in an unknown planet that the human can’t stand there without being probed there enough.
Needless to say as to a judging ability for an unexpected accident at a momentary time, the human is by far better than the robot, but if the life of the human is lost once, no one can reproduce nor make a new the same one like the robot.
A place where there are lots of danger for the human is also risky for the robot, but we can substitute other one for the robot.
【The structure on movement in the water】
《The structure on movement imitates the way of swimming of a fish》
There is other way of studying on the robot in the water. It’s what is called a robot of fish. Analyzing the way of moving on the fish,and making the robot imitate the way.
There are some of ways of moving its body in relation to the way of swimming of the fish.
The one has long fins on its body, and it gets a driving force by moving the fins like an eel. Other uses its whole body and swims with the tail and the triangle fin like a carp. Another gets the forcing power with the big tail and fin of which shape is crescent like a tuna.
Instead of a practical use, the robot of which shape is the fish has been used in an amusement institution or in an acquarium where a deep sea fish or an ancient fish are reproduced and is shown as appreciation one.
There is a science museum called Aquatomu in Fukui prefecture. An ancient fish, a coelacanth has been reproduced in 2001.
【The structure on the movement in the water】
《When operating in the water,it has a problem》
As a result, to enrich a technical skill on its remote controll and autonomous function is its problem.
Almost all of the modern robots in the water are the ones for an observation, but a study in which making the robot equip an arm moved at will,and making it operate some works in the water has been proceeded.
It seems that if installing for an operational arms to the robot according to its form, the problem will be solved, but it’s actually as hard as the robot arm in the outer space.
Being in the water is different from being in the outer space,so there is gravitation there,but the robot in the water always floats like the one in the outer space,so if making its arm work, its reaction makes the robot work in opposite direction,and it has influenced on the position or on the location of the robot.
《The structure on movement imitates the way of swimming of a fish》
There is other way of …
【The structure on movement in the water】
《As to the robot in the water,the structure on the movement of a submarine has frequently been used》
A ship in the water which was invented by a Dutch inventor, Cornelis Drebbel in 1620 is the originator of a submarine. In 1898 when its shape became the modern one. Judging from it,the history of the submarine reaches more than a century. It’s as long as the history of a car.
Neither a telescope nor a torpedo is equipped in the robot like a submarine,but lots of the robot which are used in the water have the same structure for moving as the submarine basically.
It navigates underwater and surfaces,adjusting the weight of ballast tank with its screw as propelling force. As it has so long history that its system is completed mechanically like the driving way of a wheel.
Controlling on the movement in the water itsel isn’t so hard, but its work in the sea,lake or river,so it’s hard for us to operate it by making sure of it with our own eyes.
【The way of moving with no feet】
《A strong point on the way of moving with no feet》
We’ve expected that the robot which moves with no feet to work not only indoors, but in very small space like a pipe laying 配管. We’ve thought up not only the robot of which type is the snake but the one of a worm in the small space.
The robot of which type is the worm has the body made of rubber,and it moves with the pressure of the air. It’s the robot which moves with no feet,and moves slowly in the pipe laying,and can discover a damage inside the pipe laying,and repair it.
As to the robot of which form,we’ve thought up a sphere which some prickles come out as if they were stick. Its shape resembles a sea urchin ウニ.
If its shape is complete sphere, when moving it sometimes slips,but if it’s the one who has some prickles like the sea urchin,it can catch the ground like the sea urchin.
If a driving motor is built in its body, we can make the motor work,and make the robot rotate.
【The way of walking with no feet】
《A strong point on the way of walking with no feet》
In a marshy place or in a sandy soil where it is hard for the running way of a wheel or the way of walking with the multi feet to set feet, the way of moving with no feet can move as if it were a snake.
The ones who are engaged in the robotic engineering have thought up a structure for the movement on the robot,the robot can do it, for it's the robot.
The part of the body on the robot of which type is a snake is composed by connecting the same units, so we can carry away every unit with the way which is taken apart,and assemble them in actual place. We may be able to do the way of using it.
Or when working, if some of units are broken, it seems that we can maintain its ability of working by removing the broken ones. Various possibilities are buried in the robot which moves with no feet.
A place where the robot which moves with no feet plays in active role isn’t outdoors alone. We’ve expected it…
【The way of walking with no feet】
《A robot of which way of walking is a snake walks with no feet, and it’s suitable for a work in a small place》
Lots of models of the way of walking with no feet is a snake which has its head and body of which shape is like a string.
When moving,the snake uses its body as foot, when catching something,it uses its body as finger,and when moving from one branch to other,the body is used as arm. It takes into an action and changes manner of using the body like a string, according to the situation.
Plenty of workers have groped so as to apply its useful formation to the robot.
《A strong point on the way of walking with no feet》
If a robot of which structure for the movement is a snake is realized, it can move smoothly in a place where there are lots of obstacles, in a wasteland,or even in a small place.
In a marshy place or in a sandy soil where it is hard for the running way of wheel or the way of walking with the multi feet to set foot, the way …
【The way of walking with a multi feet】
《A merit on the way of walking with the multi feet》
The running way of moving with a wheel is hard,but as to the robot which walks with the multi feet, we can set up a sucking disc 吸盤 on the sole of the feet.
Even in a place where we can’t see any level ground, there is a possibility that the robot with the multi feet can move by way of enveloping an obstacle,and it may be able to climb on an electric pole or on a tree. There are various possibility on the robot of walking with the multi feet.
【The way of walking with no feet】
《A robot of which type is a snake walks with its no feet, and it’s suitable for a work in a small place》
When moving, the robot doesn’t always need a wheel or a foot. If imitating a creature which can move without having its feet like a snake or a worm, it seems that the robot can do the same thing.
It is the way of walking with no feet that the ones who have think up like that have studied. The model of the way of …
Continuation of the thread of 10
【The way of walking with a multi feet】
《A merit on the way of walking with the multi feet》
However in a place of a wasteland or in a debris in the heart of a mountain where it is hard even for a way of walking with the crawler to move,the way of multi feet has a strong point that it can move by coming up with various ideas for the place to stand.
We’ve expected that the robot with the multi feet plays in active role in a place where it’s so dangerous that the human can’t go there.
Plenty of robots which have been studied are four feet, six feet, or eight feet. An insect is their model frequently,especially as to the robot of six feet and eight feet,we’ve thought up we make its arms for working serve as its legs for moving.
Without using the way of walking with the multi feet, there is a way of moving which is hard to be realized.
For example,the robot which moves on the surface of a vertical wall. The running way of moving with a wheel is hard …
【To the ones who sent me a message in this thread】
The other day when starting this thread,two people sent me a message. It seemed that they thought I was in difficulty, and they wanted to help me, I’m wondering.
My answer wasn’t good very much then, and I’m afraid it was implolite of me to do. I meant no offense. I have to apologize.
【The way of walking with a multi feet】
《The way of walking with a multi feet which is more than four feet is possible for practical static way of walking. Its control is easier than the way of walkin with two feet》
If there are three feet on the body,the body can keep its balance. If its way of walking with the feet which is more than three feet,except for the three feet,it can move easily with other feet.
If it’s the way of walking of multi feet which is more than six feet,it can put its three feet on the ground, keeping its balance, and take into action for its movement with the rest feet. It’s the static way of walking,so when comparing it with the dynamic way of walking,its control is easier than the dynamic way of walking.
《A merit on the way of multi feet》
As to the way of walking with multi feet,when comparing it with the running way with a wheel,adding the complicated movement to it as foot,so its control is harder. However in a place of a wasteland or a debris in a…
【The way of walking with its two feet】
《The dynamic way of walking》
Our goal for the robot isn’t the one which is close to our ability. We can see it from ASIMO.
【The way of walking with a multi feet】
《The way of walking with multi feet which is more than four feet is possible for the practical static way of walking. Its control is easier than the way of walking with two feet》
The way of walking with two feet is originally one of ways of walking with multi feet,but the author said he distinguishes between them,for when comparing the two of them,the way of walking with multi feet which is more than four feet is by far more stable than the way of walking with two feet.
As to the way of walking with two feet,without using dynamic way of walking,it’s hard to use it as practical one,but if it’s multi feet which is more than four feet, when using the static way of walking, practical speed for the movement is possible enough. Why?
【The way of walking with its two feet】
《The dynamic way of walking》
Swinging arms nullifying the power of rotation by stepping forward powerfully. Otherwise,we’ll fall down by the force of the power.
The author said like that in his book,but to tell the truth,I’m not sure of it. When running or walking,swinging its arm is relation to it, I’m wondering,but I can’t understand its reason,but when walking or running, almost all of us swing our arms.
To ruturn to my main topic,I’m going to start to express again.
It is doubtful whether or not the robot needs to run or walk like a person,especially concerning the robot which walks with its two feet, our goal for the robot is that it takes an active part in the society.
When walking or running fast there is possibility of colliding with something,so it needn’t to move so fast in the society. Honda has developed the robot which walks with the two feet. Its goal is a creation which is useful in our society. It’s not the one which is …
【The way of walking with its two feet】
《The dynamic way of walking》
The way of walking on the human is called the dynamic way of walking. The way of walking is trying to lose its balance positively,and moves its weight. The losing balance is taken back by the other foot with other step.
When stepping forth,its balance isn’t kept,so it can’t stop on the way like the way of static walking.
The robot which walks with its two feet by Honda has realized the way of dynamic walking,especially ASIMO which appeared at the end of 2000 expects its next movement when walking, and it can move its center of gravity according to its expectation.
As a result,it can’t only move forward,but turn left and right smoothly,but its way of walking looks unnatural as human even if it’s ASIMO,for it has an upper part of body,but its walk is almost done by its lower part of body alone.
If walking or running with the same speed of the human,using the arm is important. When running we usually swing our arms.
【The way of walking with its two feet】
《The static way of walking on the robot was in the past. On the other hand,the dynamic way of walking like the human has been realized by the one which walkis with its two feet by Honda》
It’s characteristic is its sole of the foot is made big fairly. When raising its foot,if stopping its move,without losing its balance,it can stand,but the way of walking is quite different from our way of walking.
The robot of a toy or a handicraft kit looks like it walkis smoothly,but it’s just that it moves on an even place like a floor. It can’t walk on a fluffy carpet or on an ordinary road where there is uneven place,even if it’s a slight unevenness.
Needless to say,without choosing the floor,the robot can move with the static way of walking there,or go up and down stairs,but after calculating its move of weight every step it always walks so as to keep its balance, so it can’t move faster than a tortoise.
《The dynamic way of walking》
The way of walking…
【The way of walking with the two feet】
《The static way of walking on the robot was in the past. The dynamic way of walking like a human has been realized by the one which walks with its two feet by Honda.》
The way of walking with its two feet like the human has been paid more attention than any other one on the structure of movement. A person has been its model so often that its form is close to the human, so the robot which walks with its two feet has been the center of the public.
Speaking of the robot, the way of walking is the mainstream in a movie,a novel,and in an animated cartoon,and when it is realized, our attention has been forced to be attracted.
If it’s a simple way of walking with the two feet,it was realized in 1970s,and we call it a static way of walking with the two feet. When walking, it always keeps its balance.
We can often see the static way of walking with its two feet in a toy or in a handicraft kit for a robot. It characteristic is its sole of the foot is…
To a person who send me a message in the second response.
Thank you for your message,and nice to meet you.
I’m wondering if you are the one who sent me a message before,for your handle name is f
amiliar with me.
How are you?
I want to say something smart,but I can’t,so I’m sorry for it. I’ve drunk so much that the heavy drinking makes shrink my brain, I’m afraid.
By the way, I’ve never expressed on the brain, so I want to describe on the brain some day, though there are lots of other things to express.
The other day I went to a book store and find a book of which title was Homo Sapiens,and it seems to be interesting,so I’ve wanted to express it in Engli,but there are still some books which I want to express in English.
Art is long and life is short,so when we lead our every day life, how much can we obtain something valuable?
However,if it is so,I shouldn give up drinking at once,and stop drinking from now on,but I can’t. I feel sleepy. Good night 小学生さん
To the one who sent me a message in the first response.
Thank you for your message. Nice to meet you.
I’m not in difficulty, so I don’t need your help, but when I need your assistance, I may ask you to do it.
I’ve drunk so that I’m afraid my remark is rude,and if you think so, I’m sorry for it.
I’m sure I should stop drinking, but I can’t,but I should abstain from drinking at least.
When having indulged in drinking, the science has developed and the society has changed,so I’m sure there is little time for drinking,but I can’t resist the temptation of drinking. I can’t help it.
As Ive said I’m not in difficulty, but I’m not sure of it,though it’s a thing on myself. I can’t communicate with others very much. I find it complicated.
You are a kind person,so I appreciate you, thank you very much,but I’m the one who can't understand other’s feeling, so I’m afraid I may hurt you.
A word is the one as if it were a knife,so it hurts others. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
日記掲示板のスレ一覧
携帯日記を書いてみんなに公開しよう📓 ブログよりも簡単に今すぐ匿名の日記がかけます。
- レス新
- 人気
- スレ新
- レス少
- 閲覧専用のスレを見る
-
-
新 四字熟語〖結局敗者〗2レス 43HIT 孤高の哀戦士 (30代 ♂)
-
👦🏻４３歳のお誕生日おめでとう6レス 174HIT 友情不滅さん
-
ルナシー真矢0レス 115HIT 匿名さん
-
音楽27レス 201HIT 凛々 (♀)
-
![]()
通っち🍓趣味画像日記呟き会話自由スレ✨️１０5レス 223HIT 通りすがりさん
-
![]()
通っち🍓趣味画像日記呟き会話自由スレ✨️１０ありがとうございます！安定の可愛さ爆発ですね。ROM専ですがレスしてみ…(学生さん3)
5レス 223HIT 通りすがりさん -
🔥🔥🔥【続き】を書いたんですけど②・・・
因みに電子は自由電子になるのかも知れない。でも、使えるようになっても、…(匿名さん0)
288レス 1153HIT 匿名さん -
![]()
ぞうき噺>松葉杖のあきさんに「私は差別してるつもりはないし真犯人も探さな…(あき)
256レス 2069HIT 第三臓器 (30代 ♂) -
![]()
サゴグラメラカ投資詐欺だとか現役で働いてる賢い男の人とかも引っかかってる 警察…(常連さん0)
428レス 1033HIT 常連さん -
音楽2
おはようございます 私が洋楽好きになったきっかけの曲です …(リコ)
7レス 201HIT 凛々 (♀)
-
-
-
閲覧専用
悪気０だから謝罪はない4レス 94HIT 常連さん
-
閲覧専用
ニコニコワイン③5レス 138HIT おしゃべり好きさん (♀)
-
閲覧専用
じろじろと繰り返し見てくる人1レス 85HIT 匿名さん (♀)
-
閲覧専用
なんとも2レス 97HIT 社会人さん
-
閲覧専用
サンマルクはなかなか区別する2レス 106HIT 匿名さん (♀)
-
閲覧専用
![]()
音楽AiBow。（あいぼう） https://youtu.be/b-6U…(凛々)
500レス 9825HIT 凛々 (♀) -
閲覧専用
悪気０だから謝罪はない
レスありがとうございます。 普通なら、目の前に車が居た場合会釈位…(常連さん0)
4レス 94HIT 常連さん -
閲覧専用
再就職まで
12月。今年も残り１ヶ月。(幸せ探し)
1レス 90HIT 幸せ探し -
閲覧専用
ニコニコワイン③
おはようございます✨ さあ 頑張るぞー (おしゃべり好きさん0)
5レス 138HIT おしゃべり好きさん (♀) -
閲覧専用
![]()
ニコニコワイン②マッサン嫌い エリーは好きだけど マッサンは嫌いだ 自己中で…(ミコ)
264レス 5822HIT 栞里 (20代 ♀) 名必 年性必
-
閲覧専用
新着のミクルラジオ一覧
サブ掲示板
注目の話題
-
３か月の運気の流れ見ます
これから3か月の運気の流れを タロットでリーディングします。 1か月目・2か月目・3か月目の…
150レス 2035HIT 通りすがりさん -
何故わざわざ芸能人は家賃を公表し室内を公開するのか
元AKB48の板野友美が自分が住んでいるマンションの家賃が月200万円以上だと、フジテレビ系の番組で…
7レス 154HIT 匿名さん -
毎回洗い直すなら言う？黙って洗い直す？
ちょっと想像してみてほしいんですが、たまに家族の誰かが食器を洗ってくれたとします。 例えばシチ…
10レス 168HIT 主婦さん ( 女性 ) -
大阪のごちゃつきについて
東京→福岡と転勤し、次は大阪市内にいきます。 今日、旅行がてら、あたりをつけているマンション数…
13レス 271HIT ちょっと教えて！さん -
ロシア人がウクライナ人の子供を拉致してるそうです
ウクライナ人の子供が可哀想です ロシア人ってやっぱ人として終わってますね こんなモラルのない人間…
14レス 281HIT おしゃべり好きさん -
夫と出掛けると疲れる
最近、夫と外出すると疲れます。 理由が自分でも分からないのですが、一日出掛けたりすると何度溜息をつ…
52レス 486HIT 聞いてほしい！さん (30代 女性 ) - もっと見る
