Let’s enjoy English 20th

【America is allied powers】

《The structure on the Presidential election in America》

When the nation of America was built, the means of transportation was limited, and the voting at the same time in the scale of the whole America was difficult, to make matters worse, the ones who could read and write were limited as well then.

Drafters on the constitution in America thought they could not have the ability of choosing the President, and left the choosing the President to the special electors who had the judgement on the President.

Therefore, the special electors were chosen by the assembly…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

Therefore, the special electors were chosen by the assembly in states then, but the voice that the President should be chosen by the people themselves became stronger and the present way that the special electors are chosen by the people has been adopted.

《The election in Florida and counting vote which were in great confusion》

It was the Presidential election in 2000 when the contradiction was shown on the complicated structure. Then the candidate Gore belonged to the Democratic Party won some fifty one million votes in total in the whole America, and…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《The election and counting vote in Florida which were in great confusion》

…and the number of the special electors were two hundred sixty six.

On the other hand, the candidate Bush won fifty and half million vote which was less than
Gore, but the number of the special electors were more than Gore.

In short, the candidate which had less supporters from the people was elected the President.

Even if the number of votes were more, the number of the special electors less. Why?

The author expressed the structure on the Presidential in America like the next.

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《The structure on the Presidential election in America》

Let’s suppose that a state’s the number of vote was a million and a hundred of special electors were chosen, and the other state’s the number of vote was a half million and fifty special electors were done.

The former candidate won five hundred ten thousand people, and the latter one four hundred ninety thousand in the first state.

In the next state, the former one got twenty hundred thousand, and the latter thirty hundred thousand.

In the first state, the former candidate took all, winning a hundred of…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《The structure on the Presidential election in America》

...winning all the hundred of the special electors in the first state, and the latter one did all the fifty of the special electors in the next state.

The total number of vote on the former candidate is five hundred and ten thousand, and twenty hundred thousand, so its total is seven hundred ten thousand in total, and won the hundred of the special electors.

On the other hand, the total number of vote on the latter one is four hundred ninety thousand, and thirty thousand, so its seven hundred ninety...

• 共感4

【Ameirica is allied powers】

《The structure on the Presidential election in America》

...so winning seven hundred ninety thousand voters in total, but the number of the special electors are fifty. As the structure that the candidate who won more special electors, even if a single one is more, wins everything, the situation like that happens.

In the Presidential election in 2000 at Florida, miscounting on votes happened one after another, and counting vote was done again.

When voting in Japan, writing the name on the candidate on the ballot paper, but it's different in America.

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《The structure on the Presidential election in America》

As there are the ones who can't write letters, the name on the candidate is already printed on the ballot paper, In Florida, the eligible voters made a hole next to the name on the candidate on the ballot paper, and the holes were mistaken for other things or were overlooked.

Thus the way of voting is different altogether accoring to states, and we the Japanese find it out of place, but choosing the special electors is the job for states, as choosing representatives from each of states, so the way of...

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

…so the way of choosing is different in each of states, and some of states leave the way of choosing to its originality, so the thing like that happens.

『Column, the number of the special electors』

The number on the special electors of the President is the total of the one hundred which is same as the one on member of the Upper House and four hundred thirty five which is the same as the one on member on the Lower House, which is five hundred and thirty five, and adding three from Washington which is the capital of America. It’s five hundred thirty eight, though…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

…though the Congress members can’t become the special electors.

『Eligible voters in America』

Eligible voter in Japan is more than age of eighteen or is equal to the age of eighteen, and being eighteen makes their names be on the electoral roll, and they become eligible voters automatically.

On the other hand, as to the age on the eligible voters in America is the same as in Japan, but without registering on the electoral roll for themselves in advance, they can’t vote. Young people who register on the electoral roll aren’t so many, and it leads the low vote rate.

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《It costs lots of money on the Presidential election》

It costs the large amount of money on the Presidential election in America. The CM on TV has been done limitlessly, so its cost alone is tremendous.

The fund which was expended in the Presidential election in 2000 was 70 billion yen. The candidate which can gather the large amount of money alone can survive.

But the President will end up doing its job so as to help the company which offering the money for the President? The author said like that, but it has been accepted that the President is so popular among…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《It costs lots of money on the Presidential election in America》

…but it has been accepted that the President is was so popular among the Americans that it can gather lots of money like that.

But the fund on the election increased so much and became the problem, so the fund on the election learns to be limited by the law on the election campaign in the federation.

Moreover the donation from individuality is until two thousand dollars a single candidate in an election, so the candidate is forced to make effort so as to gather the political fund from lots of …

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《It costs lots of money on the Presidential election in America》

…so candidates are forced to make effort so as to gather the money from eligible voters as much as possible. Moreover candidates can receive the assistance on the fund of the electoral campaign from the nation.

Some eight billion yen were expended to each of the candidates of Kelly and Bush in the Presidential election in 2004, but if receiving the fund from the nation, after that, candidates can’t receive the donation from individuality until the day on voting.

Furthermore, each of candidates…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

In addition, each of political parties received the money of three hundred million yen as the fund for opening national convention.

But there is also a problem. At the time of the Presidential election, groups supporting the candidate organizes the Political Action Committee, gathering fund and can develop the electoral campaign originally, so to speak, the detached force on the candidate, and the side of Bush received the large amount of money from companies supporting him as electoral fund.

『Column, Republican Party and Democratic Party』

America is two party…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

『Column, Republican Party and Democratic Party』

America adopts the two party system of Republican and Democratic Party, and needless to say, there are other fringe parties, but the two of big party have the big power both on the center and on the local area overwhelmingly.

What’s difference between two of the big parties?

In general, the Democratic Party focuses on the big government which makes much of social welfare, bearing in mind on the people who are in weak position of the society.

On the other hand, the Republican Party aims at small government making…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

『Column, Republican and Democratic Party』

…the Republican Party aims at the small government making much of being independent and free will on the people.

It has been expressed like that.

But the difference between two of them used to be unclear so much in the past, but as the previous President Bush adopted the policy of austere financial resource and expansion on reducing tax for the wealthy, so the policy on the two of the political party is becoming clear lately.

『The condition on being the President in America』

What is the condition on being the….

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

『Column, the condition on being the President in America』

What is the condition on being the President in America? It has been decided it was born in America, having the nationality of America, living there more than fourteen years, and the age is thirteen five or more than that.

Arnold Schwarzenegger was born in Austria but having the nationality of America, so being able to the governor of the state, but can’t stand for the Presidential election in America.

This was off-topic, even if we don’t have the nationality of America, if having a baby in America in…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

…if having a baby in America in the future, the baby who was born in America can have the nationality of America automatically, and living for fourteen years or more than that, and at the age of thirty five, it can stand for the Presidential election.

In short, it may have been possible you are in the position of the parent of the candidate of the President in America in the future.

《Being the candidate on the Presidential election is hard》

In the first place, being the candidate so as to stand for the Presidential election is very hard, for there are two main…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《Being the candidate on the Presidential election is hard》

…for there are two main political parties like the Republican and Democratic Party in America, and the candidate of either of the political party is elected, so the one who thinks wanting to be the President has to be chosen the candidate on the political party to who belongs first of all.

There are two ways of choosing the candidate. The one is caucus meeting, and the other is the preliminary election.

In the caucus meeting, the members of the political party gather from every state and talk, and…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《Being the candidate on the Presidential election is hard》

…and talk among them and decide the delegate who supports the candidate from their state.

On the other hand, in the preliminary election, the member of the political party votes as if it were the Presidential election itself.

The number of assigned delegate is decided according to the number of votes obtained in some state, and the candidate who gathers the majority of votes wins all the positions on the delegate in other states.

As to the Democratic Party, it is unified the number of delegate is…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《Being the candidate on the Presidential election is hard》

…it is unified the number of delegate is decided according to the number of vote.

On the other hand, in the preliminary election on the Republican Party, even if not being the member on the Republican Party, being able to vote in some states. It’s various.

In the middle of winning delegates in the caucus meeting or in the preliminary election, it turns out that which candidate is advantageous, so a major candidate gather support more and more, so it becomes advantageous more and more.

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《Being the candidate on the Presidential election is hard》

As a result, the potential member on the candidates of the Presidential election rush to the state where the caucus meeting or the preliminary election are done earlier and appeal for the support, and it is broadcast to the whole America through TV, so each of states has a good chance of appealing each of existence.

Some states adopt the way of making a schedule of choosing the candidate earlier than any other like Iowa and New Hampshire and being paid attention from the mass media in the whole America.

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

The candidate Dean who was supposed to be advantageous then was forced to struggle hard in the initial phase unexpectedly, instead the candidate Kerry won the top in choosing the candidate from the Democratic Party in 2004. Without carrying out, no one knows its result. It’s the election exactly.

『Column, if the President is dead?』

If the President died in an accident like being assassinated, the Vice President is promoted. It is well known, but if the Vice President was also dead together, what would happen?

Then the rank of being promoted is decided. The one…

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

『Column, if the President is dead?』

The one who is next to the Vice President is the House Speaker, and its next is the acting Senate president. Why isn’t the chairman? Because the one who is the Vice President serves as the chairman in the Senate, so if the Vice President disappears, the chairman in the Senate vanishes automatically, so the acting Senate president is decided in advance.

Its next is the Secretary of State. It’s equivalent to the Foreign Minister in Japan. It’s Condoleezza Rice in the second Bush government. We can grasp how much Bush trust her.

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

Though the author said like that, I’ve had little knowledge on the politics in America, so I didn’t know her name, even the position in which she served in America until now.

The next continues the Secretary of Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce.

The President and the Vice President are never in the same airplane so as to prevent two of them from being dead at the same time. They try to take into action separately as possible as they can.

《The President is trained in the severe….》

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

《President is trained in a severe election race》

It’s hard to be the President in America which has the strong power. At first, they have to compete against a friend in the same political party so as to be the candidate.

Unforeseen circumstance like making a gaffe in the speech, uncovering the scandal in the past, or the fund continuing the election race is short breaks out one after another.

Even if being able to get over those trials, the final election is waiting for them. Each of them is on one on one battle against its powerful rival in the final election.

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

Each of them has to defeat its rival in the public discussion, but knocking down it with a logic alone, it isn’t supported from the people sometimes, so being sought for the human nature like something friendly. Making Mr. Bush the President with his friendly nature.

Candidates are checked in all aspects in the long election race and the one who got over it alone is qualified as the President in America.

《The summary on this chapter》

America is originally the federal nation made up with fifty states. The government in the federation had the powerful power and …

• 共感4

【America is allied powers】

…and reduced the power from each of states. The people feared in the early times and founded the structure of making much of states, and the separation of powers, but the power both on the President and the federal government becomes stronger gradually.

【America is the imperialistic nation】

《The nightmare on Vietnam again》

The military force in America which attacked and occupied Iraq. Those soldiers in the U.S.army were damaged by the attack of suicide bombing almost every day, and the number of the casualty continued to increase when this book was written.

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《The nightmare on Vietnam again》

The author said he had an impressive photo extremely, an American soldier who was wounded putting on a stretcher and transferred to the helicopter. It’s deja vu, it’s the scene developed every day in Vietnam some a half century ago.

Saying bringing the democracy into Vietnam, America intervened in the Vietnamese War, and caused the large amount of damage and forced to be withdrawn from Vietnam then.

America which declared making Iraq democratic nation, bogging down in the quagmire of the battle again. It’s just that…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《The nightmare on Vietnam again》

It’s just the change of the place from Vietnam to Iraq. Why doesn’t America learn the lesson? Why does it invade other nation and cause lots of victims? Because America is an imperialistic nation. Why is America like that? The author said he was going to express its reason from now on.

America is the nation expanding its territory by lots of war, and its behavior is the empire itself.

《The Iraq war on which democracy was forced》

America attacked Iraq of the Hussein government, deciding its risky on account of having…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《The Iraqi war on which democracy was forced》

…deciding its risky because possessing the large amount of destructive weapons. When being unable to discover the large amount of destructive weapons, America changed the reason on invading Iraq so as to bring democracy into Iraq.

Putting aside its opportunism, America seems to think it has the mission of good will spreading over the democracy all over the world.

As the author said before, America has been founded being based on the ideal of the Christianity as new Israel, and lots of Americans who possess…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《The Iraqi War on which the democracy was forced》

…and lots of Americans who possess the tradition tend to divide the world into the new world of their own civilized one and the old one which is barbarous, and they’ve reach to have the idea that America which is blessed with the God has the holy mission leading the world.

America is the nation of good will spreading their ideal over the world, and overturning the nation and government which are opposed to America, but their good will develops into the imperialistic behavior objectively.

《America is…》

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《America is an empire》

If saying America is an empire, some people think it’s the expression on the ideology of anti American.

The student movement used to be caused in the past as if the storm had been raging in Japan in 1970s, and one of its slogan was beating the imperialism in America.

Great powers in the imperialism used to divide into the world, changing other nations into the colony and ruling them over in the 19th century.

But the imperialism which the author said here is different from them.

Actually America invaded other nation, but…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《America is an empire》

…but doesn’t have any ambition of expanding its territory nor thinks it starts to control other nations as colony. We should say it has the image close to the Ancient Roman Empire. While it built the powerful empire, it allowed the province in the frontier to be independent, and its autonomous. The loose empire like that, it’s the image on America at present.

America repeats invading and intervening in other nations, saying it did so as to maintain the peace in the world, asking other nations in Europe and Japan to burden its cost.

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《America is an empire》

America takes on the semblance of so to speak an empire collecting the money from other nations on the security by force as tax, for America has the military strength beyond other nations, none of nations can go against it carelessly.

Each of them shows an oath of allegiance, giving a tacit nod America to behave as the only super power. What is called Pax Americana has been completed. It means the global order maintained by the control of America.

Though when the book was written, the world was like that, but it seems to be….

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

…but it seems to be different a little, I’m sure.

How was the empire of America born? The author said he was going to look back on its history.

《America expanded its colony to the west》

The United of States of America fought against England on the independent war and won its independence, and formed then, but it’s just that the allied nation made up with thirteen states in the east. After that the history on America was the process of expanding its territory.

The land expanding west from the thirteen states was the one of Louisiana developed by France.

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《America expanded its territory to the west》

Thomas Jefferson who was the third President in America bought there from France with fifteen million dollars in 1803. Then the territory on America became twice all at once.

Then America thought of buying New Orleans which is the part of the Louisiana from France in the beginning, but France gained power by Napoleon was in the middle of heading the path to the war, so selling its territory to America because wanting the fund on the war.

The United States of America was formed with thirteen states in the…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《America is an empire》

The United States of America was formed with thirteen states at the east area in the Northern America and after that continued developing at the west repeatedly in the continent of the Northern America, buying Florida from Spain in 1819, absorbing the republic of Texas which was independent from the territory of Mexico in America in 1845, and winning California by the war against Mexico in 1848.

In short, America expanded its territory to the west. Needless to say, the west area wasn’t the wilderness where no one lived.

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

There were indigenous people there, but the United States of America expanded its colony by killing, driving out, and force the indigenous people be obedient.

Winning the colony is the action on the imperialism itself, and America expanded its colony in the Northern America and took the colony in America.

『Column, the Great Hunger in Ireland』

Immigrants moved from Europe in America in the beginning when America was formed, especially lots of them were from Ireland, for the potato which was the staple food in Ireland was completely destroyed.

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

The potato was wiped out due to the disease damage.

The people who couldn’t live in their homeland aimed at going to the new endeavor.

It is said some million of people were dead of hunger for five years from 1843 and the people of the same number went to America. The ancestor of the President Kennedy came to America from Ireland then, and the ancestor of both of the President Reagan and Carter were from Ireland.

《immigrants flowed in America from Europe》

The flow of immigrants from Europe drove America to the west.

When America was independent….

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《Immigrants flowed in America from Europe》

…famine broke out in Europe every time the rough weather occurred, and the people suffered from the hunger there, longing for America which was the new endeavor for them.

While the people each nation in Europe suffered from the heavy tax then, the tax which the people in America was little, and being able to buy the land with low price extremely was attractive for them.

The people who moved to America wrote to their friends in their homeland, informed the circumstance in detail, and their friends came to…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《Immigrants flowed in America from Europe》

The land in the continent on the Northern America belonged to the federal government at first, and sold the land to the pioneer with low price.

The price on the land was decided only two dollars an acre which is equal to 0.4 hectare in the ordinance in 1769, and the minimum unit of buying the land became three hundred twenty acre in 1800.

As long as pioneers who bought the land paid 25% of the down payment, and it was all right, and they had only to pay the rest of money for after four years.

In short, they…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《Immigrants flowed in America from Europe》

In short, they could get the land of one hundred and twenty acre as long as having one hundred and sixty dollars.

The lands where pioneers came in were fertile ones without being cultivated. If reclaiming and planted seeds on the land, the corn and wheat were good harvest in the next year. Tremendous agricultural land expanded to the west more and more.

Immigrants who aimed at the new endeavor flowed in, and high birth rate on the young immigrants. Those factor caused an explosive increase on the population.

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

The population in America was more than five million three hundred thousand then in the statistics, increasing by no less than 35% if comparing it with ten years before, and it became the driving force to expand to the west.

《Led by the obvious mission》

Thus America continued to expand its territory to the west more and more, and there was the theory justifying it. It’s what is called the manifest destiny. It was started by John O’Sullivan who was the journalist. He insisted on his opinion in the magazine edited for himself like the next.

Possessing…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《Led by the obvious mission》

Possessing the whole continent given by the God is the obvious mission for us, insisting on that it’s not the limited the eastern area of the Northern America but the whole continent belonged to America, justifying and beautifying the desire of the people who wanted to expand their territory to the west then, saying it was the holy mission given from the God.

After that expanding their territory to the west was the thing on which they should work positively as the mission from the God, and its classic example was the….

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

…and its classic example was the conflict against Mexico over Texas.

《Though saying not to forget the Alamo…》

Texas used to be the colony belonged to Spain but became the part of territory belonged to Mexico which was independent in 1821.

But lots of pioneers from America went into Texas and they wanted to be independent from Mexico, going into other nation and trying to found the independent nation there. It was the rebellion in 1836.

Mexico which felt the sense of crisis on the increase of the immigrants from America, and forbade the immigrants…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《Though saying not to forget the Alamo …》

…and forbade the immigrants to move in Texas and made up the garrison so as to guard there in 1830.

Texas was belonged to Mexico then and the number of its residents were some thirty thousand, but its three fourths were already the Americans then, and they bore ill feeling toward the rule by Mexico and declared the establishment on the Republic of Texas in 1835, building the fort at Alamo and barricade themselves in there.

On the other hand, the dictator in Mexico attacked it in the next year. Though it was…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《Though saying not to forget the Alamo…》

Though it’s said it was the fort, it’s the missionary post built by the Spanish so as to spread over the Christianity which means the Catholic.

It was one hundred and eighty seven people who barricaded themselves in the fort, including lieutenant Colonel and Davy Crockett who used to be elected the member on the Low House in the state of Tennessee.

At the end of the hard battle, all the Americans who holed themselves up there were dead in the battle. It’s called the battle in Alamo.

When hearing of it…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

《Though saying not to forget the Alamo…》

…the Americans of the rebel army attacked the army of Mexico, and their password was don’t forget the Alamo, and defeated the army of Mexico and established the Republican of Texas, and it existed for ten years as the Republican nation after that, but was annexed to America, belonging to Texas which is the part of America.

Texas is independent from Mexico, and is the part of America, and it was started from Alamo, setting up as the symbol on the patriotism in America. Tourists of American visit there ceaselessly…

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

…American tourists visited Antonio which was the trace of the fort without stopping.

Lots of pioneers moved in from America and settled down there and started the revolution, making the area belong to the part of America. The way which was done in Texas was done again in both of California and Hawai. It’s the way of expanding the territory by America, it’s typical way of expanding the territory by imperialism rather than being peculiar to America alone.

『Column, Davy Crockett』

The name of Davy Crockett seems to be familiar with the Japanese.

• 共感4

【America is an imperialistic nation】

『Column, Davy Crockett』

The Country song sung by Kazuya Kosaka became a big hit in the past. It’s lilac is written in Davy Crockett. The author said like that, but I have little knowledge on it.

The lilac said he killed the bull at the age of three. He was hero boring from a folklore spread at the time of cultivating America rather than being a great figure in the history.

Lots of movies on him have been made. His episode is as if he were a Superman, but the one which is remained in the official history is something boring.

He was born as the son of…

• 共感4