Science,English, and math 9th

【An apparatus for measurement I】

He often makes use of the value on the observation so as to grasp the present situation, but what the value on the observation is taken advantage of the weather forecast for today or tomorrow is rarely done.

The observation on レーウインゾンデ has eighteen places for observation. It exists every 300 kilometers. The lower pressure the balloon goes up, the more it swells, and when reaching 300 kilometer overhead, it bursts. Almost all of them fall into sea in Japan.

The balloon hangs a parachute with apparatus. The apparatus has two sensors for pressure…

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【An apparatus on observation I】

The apparatus has two sensor for pressure, a battery and wireless devices. The size of the apparatus is some 20 centimeters.

《WINDAS》

When observing with the WINDAS, electric wave is discharged in the direction of fifty thousand overhead. A slight change on density is born in the air by flow of the air. According to it, strength on the electronic wave or its frequency which returns to the ground changes.

Therefore, observing the reflecting electric wave makes us understand the movement on the wind. It’s a principle on a speed gun.

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【An apparatus on observation I】

《WINDAS》

It observes wind direction, and wind power overhead from its height 200 meters to several kilometers continually. Observing five directions of right above, east, west, south and north which is shifted by 15 degrees every 10 minute, especially useful for local weather forecast like heavy rain or heavy snow.

《Observation on radar》

Observing the size of raindrop or strength on the rain from the strength which reflects from the radar. From the size of molecule on the water, being able to guess amount of rainfall. As to the observation on radar…

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【An apparatus on observation I】

《Observation on radar》

As to observation on radar, being able to observe ahead of 200 kilometers. Changing the angle of the radar, being able to observe 360 degrees.

《Weather observation on the ground, AMEDAS》

Observing the amount of rainfall at one thousand and three hundred places. Observing temperature, daylight hours, wind direction and wind speed at some eight hundred places among them.

【An apparatus on observation Ⅱ】

《Observation from the outer space, meteorological satellite, Himawari sixth》

Not only the observation on the ground but the…

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【Apparatus on observation Ⅱ】

《Observation from the outer space, Himawari sixth》

Not only the observation from the ground but the observation from the outer space is done.

As to the observation around Japan, it has been done by geostationary meteorological satellite, Himawari sixth at present, at the height of some thirty five thousand kilometers from the equator.

When calculating the weather forecast with a super computer, its data for observation is used or grasping a trend on typhoon or front, signs on sudde development of low pressure in the geostationary weather satellite.

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【Apparatus on observation Ⅱ】

《Observation from the outer space, weather satellite, Himawari sixth》

So the geostationary weather satellite is essential for our life.

Himawari sixth can take a photograph on visible image, infrared image, or water vapor image 水蒸気画像, and near infrared image.

The water vapor image is a kind of infrared image. It’s an image observing the steam in the air and infrared rays which are released from cloud.

Control system which makes airplane fly safely effectively is loaded on the geostationary weather satellite. In addition, generating electricity enough with…

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【Apparatus on observation Ⅱ】

《Observation from the outer space, weather satellite, Himawari sixth》

…generating electricity enough with a tremendous solar battery panel of which total area 19 square meters and saving electricity, so when having a meal, observation and communication can be continued.

As to weather observation for the whole earth, it has been done by five geostationary weather satellite as part of plan for watching satellite in the world making progress by WHO.

First Himawari started in 1977, and six of Himawari were launched in total until at present, and plays a part…

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【Apparatus on observation Ⅱ】

…and Himawari plays a part on observation on weather in the world.

As both of around Arctic and Antarctic are hard to observe with the geostationary weather satellite, the observation on satellite is done by a polar orbit satellite which passes over the polar area with vertical direction.

《Weather satellite, Himawari sixth》

The earth’s diameter is some six thousand and three hundred kilometers. Himawari which is weather satellite is overhead far from the earth, flying over geostationary orbit, which is far away 3600 kilometers from the ground.

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Geostationary satellite flies over orbit, overhead equator with a speed of 3.1 kilometer per second. When the earth rotates once, the geostationary satellite goes around the orbit once. When looking at the satellite from the ground it looks as it it stopped, so we call it the geostationary satellite.

【How to look at weather map】

《A way of looking at weather map which make us the situation overhead understand》

It is surface weather chart which we look at than any other things as a result from weather observation. We can’t look at only the weather but flow on the wind and situation on…

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【How to look at weather map I】

《A way of looking at weather map which make us the situation overhead understand》

We can’t look at only the weather but the flow on the wind and situation on cloud roughly from the weather map. Let’s read and understand the weather map and imagine the situation overhead.

First of all, winding lines are drawn on the weather map. They are isobars 等圧線. A place where the pressure is the same is connected with line. It resembles a contour 等高線 on the map for mountain.

As a river flows from a high place to…

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【How to look at weather map I】

《A way of looking at weather map which make us overhead situation understand》

As a river flows from a high place to a low place, the air also flows from a place where the pressure is high to other place where the pressure is low.

Moreover, a place where lines are crowded looks like a steep terrain, so the air flows fast. In short, wind blows there.

Furthermore, there is high pressure where the pressure is higher than around place. The place is showed on the weather map with the word of 高. As to the lower place, it’s done with the word of 低

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【How to look at weather map I】

《A way of looking at weather map which make us overhead situation understand》

There is a border between warm air and cold air. We call it front. The front is expressed with fixed shape of line. With those things, we can imagine overhead situation, how clouds move.

As to low pressure, the air around it rises. As to high pressure, it drops. As to the place of the front, warm air is pushed up with cold air. In general, the place where the air on the low pressure or on the front rise, cloud causes easily there.

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【How to look at weather map Ⅱ】

《When looking at weather map, can we forecast weather? A way of looking at weather map in detail》

The author showed us typical weather map for spring, summer, autumn, and winter in the book. Except for winter, I could post it here. When posting the winter, the part of summer was also done, so the bulletin board said it was a double post, so the part of winter wasn’t posted.

I’m sorry for it.

When looking at a weather map, roughly speaking, we can understand what kind of tendency the whole Japan has weather against.

If looking at the spring weather map…

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【How to look at weather map Ⅱ】

《When looking at weather map, can we forecast weather? A way of looking at weather map in detail》

If looking at the spring weather map, high pressure and low pressure come alternatively, so the weather change easily. We can understand it. The weather of the west or south to the high pressure isn’t fine weather, for the next one which comes after the high pressure is the low pressure, so there’re lots of clouds and bad weather owning to the low pressure.

When looking at the summer weather map, we can see the high pressure overhangs from lower right.

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`【How to look at weather map Ⅱ】

《When looking at weather map, can we forecast weather? A way of looking at weather map in detail》

When being covered with the high pressure, the low pressure hardly passes over the Japan Islands, so fine weather continues.

On the other hand, in the winter weather map the pressure in the west side is high, the pressure in the east side is low, so the wind could have blown from the west to east, but the wind direction is changed on account of Coriolis force, so northwest wind blows.

Thus, thinking that large flow of air flows from west to east, and tendency…

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【How to look at weather map Ⅱ】

《When looking at weather map, can we forecast weather? A way of looking at weather map in detail》

Thus if thinking that large flow of air flows from west to east, and tendency every season, looking at weather map makes us understand the weather on the whole Japan.

By the way, the photograph which I post is too small to understand. When taking a photo, I found it’s all right, but when posting it to the bulletin board, I was disappointed. I’m sorry for it.

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【Upper weather chart 高層天気図】

《When forecasting actually, upper weather chart is used》

The weather map which I adopted is called surfaced weather chart. We frequently see it in newspaper. Can we forecast weather in local area from the surface weather map alone actually? According to a specialist, he find it hard to forecast weather in detail.

We can understand rough trend on the weather around Japan in the surface weather chart, but rain cloud which controls the weather is influenced over the flow of air, especially influenced by the flow of cold air, warm air, or wet air.

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【Upper weather chart】

《When forecasting actually, upper weather chart is used》

As a result, even if looking at the pressure pattern at the surface weather chart, forecasting is hard, so upper weather chart in which situation on the air overhead is showed is adopted. It is said when forecasting a weather forecaster corrects the forecast, looking at the upper weather forecast.

The higher it is, the lower the pressure it becomes when being overhead.

『Column, global warming』

Global warming that the temperature on the earth and ocean goes up becomes a problem lately.

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『Column, global warming』

As to the global warming, some of long term expectation has been done until now. According to the latest one in 2007, it is said that average temperature in the world will rise from 1.8 to 4 degrees at the end of the 21st century when comparing it with the one in 20th century.

As to the cause of the global warming, a theory that greenhouse gas which was done human activity increases is promising.

The air in the earth has greenhouse gas effect which prevents heat from escaping into the outer space and remains the temperature on the earth warm.

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『Column, global warming』

In short, the global circumstance maintains moderate environment for creatures. The greenhouse effect is caused by the greenhouse gas effect. The gas is made up with various one like carbon dioxide and methane.

The ration which occupies in dried air is bigger than any other one and has big influence over the global warming on the earth is carbon dioxide.

Actually the one which is actually influenced over the global warming than any other thing is steam, but after industrial revolution it is clear that carbon dioxide increases artificially, so it becomes a problem.

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『Column, global warming』

Actually, density on the carbon dioxide in the air used to be 0.0028 % before the industrial revolution, but it’s increased to 0.038% at present.

With the rise on the density on the carbon dioxide, average temperature on the ground has risen by 0,7 degree from the last half in the nineteenth century.

There is no example of rise on temperature in such a short time in the past. We can’t explain it with the influence by natural activity alone, so it’s the grounds that the temperature rose is related to the carbon dioxide.

If the global warming makes progress at it is…

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『Column, global warming』

…it has been thought it’ll have bad influence over the global environment.

For example, glacier melts and the surface on the sea rises and coastal area and island where above sea level is low go underwater. Abnormal weather like flood or drought accompanied with torrential rain increases. Habitats of creatures change and the balance on ecosystem breaks. Big influence has over agricultural product.

If investing 3% of the GDP in the whole world into measurement for the global warming, and the measurement is put into practice, amount of greenhouse gas emission like…

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『Column, global warming』

…amount of greenhouse gas emission like carbon dioxide a year decreases by half until 2050 and rising temperature will be stable with more plus two degrees. There is estimate like that.

《Phenomenon of flood caused by the global warming》

There is fear that danger of flood becomes high because of the global warming. In the result of the latest simulation, average rainfall on the earth increases due to the global warming or the largest amount of rainfall in the tropical low pressure increases. Those things have been expected.

In addition, the surface of the sea….

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『Column, global warming』

《Phenomenon of flood caused by the global warming》

In addition, the surface of the sea water rises or river flow increases, so the possibility that flood causes easily has been pointed out.

On the other hand, other areas are worried about water shortage owing to drought.

There is expectation that the surface of the sea water rises 50 centimeters in average, in the worst scenario, 1 meter until 2100 because of the global warming.

The area which suffers from serious damage by the global warming is island countries in the Indian Ocean or the South Pacific Ocean.

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『Column, global warming』

《Phenomenon of flood caused by the global warming》

Maldives which is an island country floats on the Indian Ocean. It confronts a problem that no less than 80 % of the land area goes underwater in 2100 in the worst scenario. The same thing applies for other island countries on the South Pacific Ocean.

《Group of animal and plant which is under influence of global warming》

When the ice on the Arctic becomes thin, possibility that walrus can’t support its heavy body on the thin ice, so its habitat decreases, so a polar bear can’t get its prey enough.

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『Column, global warming』

《Group of animal and plant which is under influence of the global warming》

It has been expected Caribou which lives on Alaska ends up decreasing its food which is lichen and plants, and there is more.

Forest decreases, butterfly moves to north, Alpine plants lose its place to go etc.

The balance in ecosystem is lost is serious. I’ve frequently heard it, but to be honest, I’m not sure whether or not it’s so serious.

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【Math that we can understand with a picture】

When looking around us, it’s scene is filled with various numbers. For example, a copy paper on the desk, the spiral staircase attached to a building, a grand piano which plays beautiful melody. What kind of numbers are hidden there?

When appreciating a beautiful and interested picture or illustration, learning basic things in math automatically. It’s a handbook on math.

The author said like that, but when posting the illustration or the picture, it’s too small to understand. After posting them, I’m not sure whether or not we can recognize.

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【When looking at natural numbers which continue 1,2,3…】

Please look at the illustration carefully. When looking at the first stage, we can understand the number of circle increases from the left to right like 1, 2, 3…

The first in the second stage is 8, the one in the third is 15, and the one in the fourth is 49. When counting the number on something, we use natural numbers which is integral 整数, bigger than 1. The illustration is expressed with the natural number, making use of the number of the circles. In the illustration the number of circles which corresponds with the natural…

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【When looking at natural numbers which continue like 1,2,3…】

In the illustration, the number of each circle which corresponds with the natural number is expressed symmetrically well balanced. For example, as to the third one on the first stage, the arrangement on the three is expressed as vertex on equilateral triangle 正三角形.

《Feature on numbers which are expressed with of multiplication of natural number》

Please looking the the 6 on the first stage. The six circles are arranged as three sets of two circles. It means that the number of 6 is expressed with multiplication like 2 × 3.

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【When looking at natural numbers which continue like 1,2,3…】

《Feature on number which is expressed multiplication of natural number》

The number which is expressed with the multiplication of natural number except for 1, we call it composite number 合成数. 8,9, and 10 which are lined in the second stage are also the composite numbers. They are expressed with the set of circles.

《Prime number 素数 is equal to atom on number》

Then please look at 11 which is next to the 10. 11 isn’t expressed with natural number except for 1, so the 11 isn’t expressed with the set of circles. It’s arranged…

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【When looking at natural numbers which continue 1,2,3…】

《Prime number is equal atom on number》

It’s arranged with the shape of each of circle. 13, 17, 19, and 23 are the same. All of them are the prime numbers. All the composites are expressed with the multiplication of the prime numbers which are more than number of 2, so we call it atom on number.

The natural number which is bigger than 2 is always either the prime number or the composite number. 1 is included neither in the prime number nor in the composite number.

When looking at the illustration, we can understand the…

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When looking at the illustration, we can understand difference between the prime number and the composite number or the feature on the two kinds of number at once.

『The prime number which isn’t able to be expressed with the multiplication isn’t able to be arranged as set』

The illustration is the one which is expressed with natural number by the number of circles from 1 to 49. As to the composite number like 4,6,8,9, they are expressed with the set of circles.

In the composite numbers, the minimum divisible number for the composite like 2 is expressed with the color of blue.

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《The prime number which isn’t able to be expressed with multiplication isn’t able to be arranged as set of circles》

Likewise, 3 is expressed with yellow, 5 is green, and 7 orange. The ones which are expressed with pink like 3,5,7,11,13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, or 47 are the prime numbers. As to the prime numbers, its number is expressed inside of the circles thinly, though I’m afraid it’s hard to look.

Those prime numbers aren’t arranged as set of circles, but the circles are arranged on the circumference equally.

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【Gears which work together divides whenever rotating】

The illustration is the model for the image which reproduces an orbital motion between the earth and the Jupiter.

There are gears on the rotation of axis for each of the earth and the Jupiter, and both of the stars move by the motion of the two gears. When the model on the Jupiter circles around the sun once, how many times does the earth go around the sun?

《When dividing with the number of cog, we can understand the numbers how many the gear goes around》

There are gear A which is clung to the rotation of axis on the Jupiter

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【Gears which work together divide whenever rotating】

《When dividing with the number of cog, we can understand the numbers how many the gear goes around》

The number on the cog of A is 14. There is other gear which is synchronized with the A. It’s B and the number on the cog is 6. When rotating the A of which number on the cog are 14 once, the B which is synchronized with the A rotates the number of cogs, 14.

It means that then the gear of B of which number on the cog is 6 rotates the number of 14 divided by 6.

There is the gear C of which rotation axis is the same with the gear B.

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【Gears which work together divides whenever rotating】

《When dividing with the number of cog, we can understand the number how many the gear goes around》

As to the number of the cog with the C, it’s 66. The C is synchronized with the other gear of D of which number on the cog is 13. When the C goes around once, the D does with the number of 66 then. It means that the D does the number of 66 divided by 13.

In short when the gear of the A which means the Jupiter goes around once, the gear of B and C does sixths fourteen, then the gear of the D which means the earth does sixths…

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《When dividing with the number of cog, we can understand the number how many the gear goes around》

…then the gear of the D which means the earth goes around sixths fourteen multiplied by thirteenths sixty six is equal to thirteenths one hundred fifty six…its equation is expressed under the illustration. Please look at it.

After all, the Jupiter goes around the sun in 11, 85 years in the model. Actually the period of revolution on the Jupiter is some 11.86 years. It means that the model of the four combination of the gears reproduces the revolution on the earth and the Jupiter correct.

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【Gears which work together divides whenever rotating】

《The gear is used for a clock or a bicycle. It’s analog computer》

The gear is the principal character in analog clock. When second hand goes around 3600 times the minute hand does 60 times, and the hour hand once. Those relation is made up with the division by the gear.

The gear is also applied for bicycle. Moreover before the computer spreads out, a hand operated calculating machine used to be adopted. It could do complicated calculation with the gear. The gear is exactly analog calculator.

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【Square root and cubic root】

《Even if a square or cubic, it’s obvious when looking at them with an illustration. What’s kind of mysterious feature in cubic number?》

4,9,16,25. Those are natural numbers and they have something in common. What’s it?

1=1×1, 4=2×2, 9=3×3, 16=4×4, 25=5×5.

Those numbers are expressed with multiplication of natural numbers by the same ones twice. It’s square. We call those numbers square ones.

Likewise, 1=1×1×1、8=2×2×2, 27=3×3×3, 64=4×4×4, 125=5×5×5.

Those numbers are expressed with multiplication of natural number by the same ones three times.

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【Square root and cubic root】

It’s cubic numbers.

Let’s suppose there was a block of which shape is dice. When arranging it with the shape of square of which line of vertical and side are the same, it’s total number becomes the square number.

When arranging it with the shape of cubic of which line of vertical, side and height are the same, it becomes a cubic number in total.

《When adding cubic numbers in turn, what’s happened?》

There is mysterious relationship between the cubic and square numbers. Let’s add 1 which is the first square number to 2 which is the second square one.

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【Square root and cubic root】

《When adding cubic numbers in turn, what’s happened?》

1＋8=9. It’s a square number. If adding it to 27 which is the third cubic number, it’s 36. 6×6. It becomes the square number again.

In fact, the sum of the cubic number from 1 to nth is the square number of the sum of natural number from 1 to nth. Why is the mysterious relation made up? If you are good at math, please challenge mathematical proof.

The author said like that, but I ended up giving up in five minutes. If continuing to think of something hard, I’m afraid my brain explodes.

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【Pi and irrational number】

《Pi = 3.141592…. When being visualized…》

The length of circumference divided by the diameter is Pi and is expressed with π. The π is equal to 3.141592…., so the number after the decimal point continues forever infinitively.

It seems there is ones who challenge to learn the number by heart. Some of them can say the number to ten thousand digits without looking at anything..

On the other hand, when changing a fraction of one-seventh into decimal number 小数, it becomes 0.142857142857…so the number after decimal point continues forever.

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【Pi and irrational number】

《Pi = 3.141592…when being visualized?》

By the way, instead of 6, 7 is included. I’m not sure why it is, for if there is 7, does it mean it’s divisible?

As to the one-seven, we don’t have to learn by heart thousands of digits, for as long as we remember six digits of 142857, we have only to repeat it.

As to one-seventeen, 16 digits of 0588235294117647 is repeated.

We call the decimal number which the fixed line of numbers is repeated like one-seven and one-seventeen recurring decimal 循環小数.

We call a fraction of which both of numerator and denomenotor…

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【Pi and irrational number】

《Pi = 3.141592…when being visualized?》

We call a fraction both of which numerator and denominator expressed with integral number a rational number.

When changing the rational number into the decimal number, it becomes the recurring decimal or finite decimal, but the finite number also continues 0 forever, so we can think of it as the recurring number.

《If changing Pi into decimal number, without recurring, it goes on forever》

But when expressing the pi with the decimal number, its number never recurs. When looking at the illustration, we can see…

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【Pi and irrational number】

《Pi = 3.141592… if being visualized?》

When looking at the illustration, we can see there isn’t any pattern in the line of number on the pi.

By the way, as to the illustration on pi, I can’t post, for after one-seventeen, I tried to do it, but the bulletin board said it’s a duplicate post. It looks the same one, but the numbers are different, but the bulletins board couldn’t recognize it.

As to the pi, both of the numerator and denominator aren’t able to be expressed with fraction of integral number. In short, it’s not rational number but irrational number.

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