Science,English, and math 9th

【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the volcano erupt?》

There is the central part of the plate which divides left and right, and there is a pool of magma at the depth from several to dozens of kilometers from the place which divides into the left and right. The magma rises from there and repeats the eruption and forms a volcanic area. Thus a new ocean ridge is born.

The plate which is formed on the ocean ridge has moved for a long time of some hundred million years, including the water which has lots of mineral. Moreover a large amount of sediment including water is piled up.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the volcano erupt?》

When coming across the plate on the land and sinking into the underground, the water is wrung out of the sediment, and it rises. When adding the water to the olivine, the olivine melts in low temperature easily, and the magma is formed, then the magma is accumulated in the pool.

When going over its limit or receiving a pressure, the magma goes up. When rising, its pressure decreases, its volatile content like the water and carbon dioxide is separated from the magma and foaming, changing into gas. When the water…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the volcano erupt?》

When the water changing into steam, its cubic volume increases extremely, changing into a hundredfold. The pressure on the magma which is shut up in a small place increases more and more and caused the eruption on the volcano.

As to the hot place in Hawaii, it’s the place where a large amount ascending current appears on the surface on the ground.

The deeper on the center of the earth is, the hotter it becomes, and the heat is carried to the surface on the ground, and the current on the energy becomes the convection.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《The Japan island has come into active stage. What makes an earthquake cause?》

While the land area accounts for no more than 0.3% in the whole world, earthquake on Japan makes up for no less than 10% in the world. Roughly speaking, the earthquake is classified into two types.

There are some plates on the surface of the ground, and the place where the two plate join, they move by the one going under the other. Then the plates are rubbed each other and a distortion is formed, but trying to return to the original form, but the plate is rebounded then…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《What makes the earthquake causes?》

… then the earthquake is caused. The other is the next one.

Distort by the movement on the plate increases so much that the active fault 活断層 on the bedrock shifts, so the earthquake is caused. We also call it epicentral earthquake, though there are many ways of calling it.

Some plates are concentrated on the Japan islands, so the lots of earthquake are caused. The country like Japan is rare in the whole world.

Hawaii islands are on the plate of the Pacific Ocean, and approaches Japan little by little every year.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space.】

《A lightning which runs through the sky. Why is the lightning formed like that?》

There is plus electricity at the upper place in the cloud, and minus electricity at the lower place. When attracted by the minus electricity and the plus electricity is accumulated on the surface of the ground, discharging electricity is caused from the cloud to the surface of the ground. It’s the lightning, though there is the one which causes among the cloud. It’s called blue jet. It stretches from the thundercloud, and is a blue lightning of which is long and narrow.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the lightning formed like that?》

First of all, the electricity is hard to run through in the air, but when the difference voltage between the electricity in the cloud and the one on the surface of the ground becomes big, the electricity learns to run through.

But the electricity is hard to run through in the atmosphere, so the moves ahead, looking for the easy course to run through as much as it can, so the form on the lightning becomes like that.

The air expands rapidly by the heat of electricity, and it shakes around the air violently.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

Then the thunder rumbles. When the discharge of electricity is done, it looks as if the cloud shone sometimes.

《Salt concentration is different, according to its place and depth. Why is sea water salty?》

Various salts are melted in the sea water. The salt is a chemical compound caused by neutralized reaction with base 塩基 and acid. The salt generates with water frequently. The salt is also called sodium chloride.

When making the seawater of which weight is 1 kilogram evaporate, the salt of which whole weight is some 35 gram is left.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the sea water salty?》

Minerals on various rock on the land have been exposed in the air and was weathered, then the salt was formed. After that the salt was mixed with the water in the river and was carried by the flow and is flowed into the sea.

Except for the salt, other material is carried, but the content on the salt is more than any other material, for it’s the most stable material chemically.

When the salt is melted in the water, the salt is accumulated in the water for a long time, so the small amount of salt which was flowing…

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【Chemistry on the earth and the outer space】

《Why is the sea water salty?》

…so the small amount of water which was flowed from the river was accumulated so much that it becomes salty.

The water in the liver left the salt in the sea and vaporized and returned to the land and carried the salt to the sea again. It seems that the sea water becomes more and more salty, but when the creature was born some ten billion five hundred million years ago, the salty concentration was the same as the present day, for its salty concentration has been maintained thinner than its saturation 飽和状態.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the sea water salty?》

There is the Dead Sea between Israel and Jordan, and the lake has so much salt that without doing anything, a person can float on the sea. Water is flowing into the lake from seven rivers, but there is no exit for the water.

Moreover, strength on the drought and little rain make the water evaporate quickly, so the element on the water becomes thicker and thicker. Even if the water flows into the lake, the water evaporates so violently that the surface of water doesn’t become high at all.

There is an ice free lake in…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the sea water salty?》

There is an ice free lake in the Antarctica, and the amount of salt is six times as much as the sea water. It is said its water is the saltiest in the world. Its main element on the salt is calcium chloride 塩化カルシウム. On the other hand, in general, the salt in the water is sodium chloride 塩化ナトリウム, though, I don’t know difference between them.

By the way, deep ocean water seems to have come up a lot in TV and magazine recently, but it’s the sea water and is salty, so we can’t drink as it is. Making use of reverse osmosis…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the sea water salty?》

…so taking advantage of reverse osmosis membrane method 逆浸透膜方 and removing the salt. If adopting the way, we can get rid of molecule which is bigger than the one on the water.

《Underground is as if it were a chemical plant. Why is petroleum in the underground?》

Why has petroleum been buried underground? There are various opinions, but the most influential one is it is done by organic matter, and the influential one is still more classified into three, and one of them is expressed. Oil mining is done, being based on it.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the sea water salty?》

When a creature is dead, its polymer 高分子 organic matter which made up with the creature is carried to with various ways, and it’s accumulated at the bottom of the sea or at the bottom of lake. Some people insist that it becomes petroleum as it is, but the one which I’m going to express is different.

The polymer organic matter is brought up by microorganism. The polymer becomes monomer which composed of polymer like sugars and amino acid, receiving hydrologic cleavage 加水分解.

By the way, unfamiliar phrase appears one…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why has petroleum been buried in the underground?》

…unfamiliar phrase appears one after another, so when expressing, it is unclear for me even if I myself expressed, so I’m going to express one by one.

What is the polymer? It’s a tremendous molecule in which more than thousands of atoms are connected. On the other hand, an ordinary molecule is the one in which from a few atoms to dozens atoms are connected.

The polymer has various strong points. One of them is light, and its process is easily done, so we can change it into various shape at ease.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why has petroleum been buried underground?》

What is the hydrolytic cleavage? When a chemical compound reacts with water, reaction of breaking up happens. We call it the hydrolytic cleavage.

The monomer like sugars and amino acid which composes polymer unite again, the polymer organic matter of which shape is different is formed again. The chemical reaction is repeated, and the petroleum is completed. Though the process is written, but to my sorrow, it’s too hard to understand it for me, so I’m going to omit it.

《A relation between a person and…》

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《A relation between a person and the fire continues some a million years. Why does the fire burn?》

Explaining a phenomenon that the fire burns used to be a difficult problem for chemistry for a long time, for Aristotle who is a philosopher in the Ancient Greece used to say like the next because it was so hard to express.

There is an element on fire in the wood or in the oil originally, so when burning, it comes out with the shape of the fire. The way of thinking was influential in Europe until at the beginning of 18th century, but it was…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the fire burn?》

…but the way of thinking which was influential was turnovered at the end of 18th century at last.

A French chemist made an experiment, measuring weight on every stage precisely, and discovered the the amount of metal which burned increased and the amount of the air which decreased was equal.

After the metal burned, it became heavier than before. Why? The chemist thought the part of air connected with the metal, and named the part of air oxygen. As to the phenomenon of burning isn’t fire comes out of the oxygen, but …

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the fire burn?》

…but the thing connects with the oxygen. The chemist advocated like that.

But when burning, there is no smoke with regard to a charcoal. Why? The charcoal was made in a furnace of which the air doesn’t swap, so the water in the charcoal and the air which burns come out of the charcoal together.

As there is no air which becomes the fire in the charcoal, so without causing the fire, the charcoal brightens red.

When burning, there is the light and the fire. Then atoms unite together each other, extra energy emits. The extra…

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【Chemistry on the earth and the outer space】

《Why does the fire burn?》

The extra energy is given off with the shape of heat and light.

Oxygen makes up for 21% in the atmosphere. If it increases by no more than 4%, the whole creature on the earth will burn up. Plants make the oxygen concentration maintain.

Without having been supported by plants, our ancestor couldn’t use the fire nor develop the civilization, but we’ve burned so much that carbon dioxide has also increased. If global warming is caused, the earth will become the situation on the Venus where no one can live.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the fire burn?》

How ungrateful we are! The author deplored like that.

The chemist who made the experiment was in charged of a work of collecting tax, and the people hated him. When French Revolution broke out, he was made to go to guillotine and was dead.

A candle burns with a fire, for the wax on the solid melts and becomes the liquid, and the liquid goes up through its core, then the liquid is heated still more and changes into the air. The air burns and changes into the fire.

Though the expression said the liquid goes up, but liquid…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the fire burn?》

…but the liquid doesn’t go up, it goes down. I don’t know why it is expressed the liquid goes up. When the wax on the candle melts, the wax goes down. I’ve never seen the wax go up.

《We’ve taken advantage of the sunlight from a long ago. Why does the sun shine?》

The energy on sunlight always shines on the earth where we live from the sun. We the human being have made use of the sunlight in varied ways from the ancient time and led our everyday life, for example, sundial 日時計, making a thing dry, or sterilization.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the sun shine?》

There is no core which is made up with rock in the sun unlike the earth. The whole sun is made up with high temperature gas. Its weight is three hundred million and thirty thousandth as heavy as the earth.

The central part on the sun is very hot. Sixteen million degree. It has been thought the temperature on the surface is six thousand degree.

There are abundant atomic nuclei which include proton 陽子 on the hydrogen at the center of the sun. The proton is one of particles which forms the atomic nucleus, and has a positive…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the sun shine?》

…and the proton has a positive charge 電荷.

Protons integrate each other in the sun and chemical reaction of creating a single atomic nucleus on helium from four protons occurs in the sun.

The single atomic nucleus is lighter a little than the four protons on the hydrogen, so when the chemical reaction occurs, a small amount of energy is lost a little. It releases as energy, and it’s an energy source that the sun shines.

The energy on the atomic nucleus which is released from the nuclear fusion goes through inside the sun…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the sun shine?》

The energy source goes through inside the sun from the center part, and reaches the surface on the sun in a million years. It releases the space around the sun as the light. As a result, the sunshine which we always see was created in the center part of the sun a million years ago.

The stronger its energy is, the higher its speed becomes, I’m wondering. Why does it take such the long time?

The sun rotates in 27 days. Its activity goes down and goes up. It’s repeated and the number of sunspot 黒点 increases or decreases.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the sun shine?》

A strong magnetic field rises on the surface of the sun, and it blocked hot plasma, so the temperature goes down, then it looks dark. It’s the sunspot 黒点.

The sunspot increases or decreases, according to the period of the 27 days. The period of 27 days is related with the amount of cloud and a change on the thunder on the earth.

As to increasing and decreasing the sunspot, there is other long periods. One of them is 11 years. A magnetic field on the sun inverts in the period of 22 years. As to the period on the sunspot…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the sun shine?》

As to the period on the sunspot, there are other period which is longer distance, like two hundred years, a millennium, one hundred and forty million years.

The sun was born some five billion years ago. It was born before other planets like the earth were born, and it is said the sun will be dead after five billion years from now on.

Sometimes the number of the sunspot wasn’t enough from the 17 to the 18th century. It continued for about a half century. Then the temperature went down and Europe had poor wheat then.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

It is said there is the possibility of going down the temperature at present. On the other hand, there is the global warming by the carbon dioxide, but the mechanism on both of the generation is different.

《I wish I could see until I’m dead. Why is aurora made?》

Not only sunlight but gas which changed into ion and radiation which was born from nuclear fusion are sent around the earth as solar wind, and the aurora is caused from the solar wind.

Phenomenon of explosion happens on the sun. It is said the explosion on the surface of the sun is the…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is aurora made?》

It is said the explosion on the surface of the sun is the most violent phenomena in the activity on the sun. The explosion causes various phenomena of high energy, for example, a large amount of X ray is radiated or particles of high energy is generated, which is called solar cosmic rays. Or enormous cloud made up with gas which changed into ion is released, or a shock wave is rushed.

If those things are reached to the earth as they are, most of creature on the earth will be dead, but magnetic field on the earth prevents it.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is aurora made?》

The magnetic field is formed on the surface of a planet like the earth and satellites.

When the solar wind comes across the magnetic field on the surface of the earth, the size of the magnetic field sometimes shrinks to a half size. Then ion, proton, and electronics stored in the magnetic field on the earth is attracted to the both pole of the south and north. In short they are pulled to both to the Arctic and Antarctic.

Those electronics are pulled to the polar region, collided with oxygen and nitrogen in the air on the earth.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《How is aurora made?》

Then electrons glow with characteristic color on the atom. It’s the aurora. The aurora is seen in the Arctic or Antarctic, so it’s sometimes 極光 in Japanese, but it’s seen in the area of low latitude like Japan when a magnetic storm which means geometric disturbance occurs. We’ve called it far red right in Japan for a long time.
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The author said like that, but I’ve never heard it until now, and nor have seen it.

The solar wind envelopes the whole solar system including the earth, and hits backs space radiation coming from galaxy

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is aurora made?》

When the activity on the sun becomes weak, the space radiation coming from the galaxy invades into the atmosphere on the earth easily, and the space radiation makes the elements in the atmosphere change into minus ion, and low stratus 底層雲 is made at ease.

In addition, not only the light energy from the sun is reflected and temperature goes down, but the strong space radiation coming from the galaxy stimulates magma reservoir, and prompts a volcano to erupt. Japan at present where volcanic activity is so active that we should…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is aurora made?》

…that we should be careful.

Aurora has been observed in the Venus or Mars as well. If a planet has weather and its own magnetic world, it is said the aurora appears there.

《Why is the sky blue?》

The sunlight looks transparent, but it contains seven colors of rainbow like red, orange, yellow, green, blue, azure 藍 and purple. Each of seven colors has different wavelengths. For example, the blue light has a short wavelength, and the red light long wavelength.

The more it’s near to the purple, the shorter the wavelength is.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the sky blue?》

On the other hand, the more it’s near the red, the longer the wavelength becomes.

In short, the sky looks blue because the blue alone scatters in the air among the seven colors.

The sunlight reaches the ground on the earth through the layer of the atmosphere on the earth. Molecules on oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide drift on the atmosphere. Those molecules in the atmosphere have feature which catch fine particle on the blue light alone and send other directions. In short they make the blue light alone scatter.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why is the sky blue?》

As a result, the blue light spreads over the whole sky, so the sky looks blue.

Why is the sunlight seven colors? Newton classified it into seven colors with a triangle prism made up with glass.

《It’s somehow eerie. Why does the moon sometimes look red?》

Sometimes the moon looks red. It’s seem to be ominous harbinger, but it’s caused by the color of the light like the color on the sky. The color of red is such the long wavelength that it reaches on the ground of the earth.

On the other hand, the color on blue scatters easily.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the moon look red sometimes?》

As a result, the longer the distance where the blue color passes through the atmosphere, the harder it reaches to the ground on the earth, so it is hard for us to look at it.

The thickness on the atmosphere around the earth is almost the same, but if looking up at it from the ground, it’s different according to its direction.

The nearer to the horizontal direction like the horizon, the thicker the atmosphere is. In consequence, the light from the sun or the moon pass through the thick atmosphere.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

So the moon sometimes looks red. Both of the sunset and sunrise also look red, for it is the same reason with the moon which looks red sometimes.

By the way, the theme on chemistry is over. I’m going to express on weather in the next time, being based on a graphic science magazine, Newton. The book says we can understand more and more. Its key is thermometer, pressure and steam, according to the book. I’m going to start from its preface.

【Preface】

Our life has been greatly influenced over the weather, so we’re interested in it from long ago.

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【Preface】

What is the weather like tomorrow? Is this winter warm one? Is this summer cool one?

From the one on the short term to the long term comparatively, we’ve looked up at the sky and forecast from long ago. A weather forecast in which the supercomputer has made full use does both on the short term and the long term.

By the way, why does the weather change? Three elements are related to it. The three are both of temperature, pressure, and steam on the atmosphere.

I made a mistake in the last response. I should have expressed temperature, but I said thermometer. I’m sorry for it.

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【Preface】

As to the steam in the atmosphere, it means an amount of the steam in the atmosphere exactly.

When those three elements are added to the force on rotation of the earth and geographic features, and the weather is formed. Joining up those three elements and thinking of the weather, not only the way of blowing on wind, of falling on rain but the rainy season in Japan, the course on typhoon, the rainy season and dry season in Africa, the weather on the Antarctic, we could have understood all the phenomena on weather.

We often see a weather map in a weather forecast. If we can…

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【Preface】

If we can understand the weather map well, whoever looking at the weather map alone, it can imagine the weather each place.

The author said like that, but the weather forecast is sometimes wrong, I’m wondering.

【Prologue】

Satellite images which catch clouds every season and weather phenomenon which is typical on the every season are shown. How?

ひまわりwhich is a Japanese weather satellite took a picture from the overhead of which height was thirty six thousand km, and Newton which is the science magazine made an image on the geographic feature of the earth. The one which two of…

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【Prologue】

The one of which two are combined is shown in the prologue. When looking at it, we can understand various clouds are formed each place in the world, according to each season, and varied weather phenomena occur under the clouds each of the season.

How is it expressed? There is a circle which means the whole map on the world. There is a horizontal red line in the center. It’s equation. There is the Japan Islands above the equation and Australia continent under the equation.

And there are some clouds in the map, according to every season. When seeing, we can understand it, but…

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【Prologue】

…but even if the author said like that, as you know, I have little knowledge on the weather, so I can’t understand each of them very much. The author said he was going to describe in detail later, so I hope I can.

【Four season. Spring】

The cold in wintertime has decreased gradually, and it’s the season when flowers announcing the arrival of spring start to come out, so it seems to have an image of calm season, but there is a strong wind and changeable weather, so it has violent weather phenomenon.

After the beginning of spring 立春, strong wind blows. It’s a pronoun telling us…

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【Four season. Spring】

The strong wind is a pronoun which tells us the arrival of spring. Furthermore, yellow sand is sent to the Japan Island with Westerlies 偏西風 from the Loess Plateau 黄土 region in China.

Every spring, yellow sand is observed in China. Dust at the Loess Plateau in the northern west area of China is wound up with low pressure in spring.

There is a photograph in which cherry blossom petals are blown and fell in strong wind in the book. The spring is the season which varied flowers come out, on the other hand strong wind blows. It’s the season when the strongest…

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【Four seasons. Spring】

It’s a season when the strongest wind blows in Tokyo.

There are some of clouds around the equator. Sunlight shines on the equator from right above in this season, so the air is warmed up and rises, then cloud is formed around the equator. The place around Japan is covered with migratory high pressure 移動性高気圧, so there are lots of places where it is fine in Japan.

【Summer】

《The hottest season in the whole year, and typhoon often visits Japan then》

After the spring and rainy season are over, the full blown summer has come. Japan is covered with high pressure system …

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【Summer】

《The hottest season in the whole year and a typhoon often visits Japan then》

Japan is covered with the high pressure system in the Pacific Ocean, and there are lots of days of clear weather fair sky, and is the hottest season in the entire year. Besides, the summer in Japan is so humid because of its high temperature.

In addition, a typhoon comes on land at Japan often from summer to autumn, and violent wind and rain attack there. Evening shower and thunder is weather phenomena which characterize as summer.

When the rainy season is prolonged, the summer is apt to be cold, but the…

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【Summer】

《The hottest season in the whole year and a typhoon sometimes approaches Japan then》

…but when the influence on the Pacific high pressure becomes strong, fierce heat is sometimes caused. Lately, Europe is attacked by the fierce heat.

A cloud which means a typhoon approached Japan in the round thing like the picture. Then solar radiation becomes strong in the north semi sphere so much in the season that lots of the typhoons are caused off the Philippines.

The typhoon which was born in the tropical ocean goes on land in the Japan Island from summer to autumn, and then the damage…

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【Summer】

…then the damage by a storm is caused. On the other hand, water scarcity stops.

【Autumn】

《The season when a fine autumn day continues through a long spell of rain in autumn》

Though a lingering summer heat remains, the temperature goes down gradually for the winter in the autumn. It’s a season on autumn leaves 紅葉 when the color on leaves changes. Besides, there is a period of a long rain in autumn like the rainy season between the spring and summer, so there are lots of the typhoons and torrential downpours.

When the long rain was over, its feeling like autumn more and more. Then…

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【Autumn】

《The season when a fine autumn day continues through a long spell of rain in autumn》

Then low air pressure and high atmospheric pressure come to Japan alternatively, the weather changes easily like the spring. After that, when it’s a feeling like autumn more and more, a fine autumn day continues due to the high atmospheric pressure, but sometimes the low air pressure develops, after that a cold wintry wind blows.

The sky in autumn is clear, for there is little water of drop and dust in the atmosphere.

There are lots of clouds around the equator in the same reason with the spring.

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Sunlight shines on the equator from right above then, and the air is warmed and rises, so the clouds are formed around the equator like the spring.

【Winter】

《In cold winter, it is fine and dry on the side of the Pacific Ocean, snow falls on the side of Japan sea》

The days are shortest in the whole year and it is severe cold in the winter. Snow frequently falls owing to north wind from cold Siberian high pressure on the side of Japan sea, on the other hand, it is fine and dry on the side of the Pacific Ocean.

When a strong cold air mass comes overhead, snow falls heavily on the side of…

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【Winter】

《In cold winter, it is fine and dry on the side of the Pacific Ocean, and snow falls on the side of Japan sea》

…snow falls heavily on the side of the Japan sea, and it is extremely cold on the side of the Pacific sea.

It is the last part of October when there is a first

snowfall in Hokkaido prefecture. It is by far earlier than the main land of Japan. Drift ices rush along the coast on the sea of Okhotsk every year, so the place becomes the world of ice as far as the eye can reach.

When it is winter in Japan, it is summer in the south semi sphere. Then water is warmed by the…

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