Science,English, and math 9th

【Thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean】

《Thunder in summer caused by violent updraft current》

Being local when comparing it with the one in the side of the Japan Sea is the feature on the thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean. The time when the thunder causes on afternoon of a beautiful day that the surface on the ground is the hottest. The thunder is caused on the hottest day than any other mild days, but the thunder in the beautiful day? Though there is a proverb of bolt out of the blue 晴天の霹靂…

【Thunder on the side of the Japan Sea】

《There’re lots of thunder on the side of the…》

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【Thunder on the side of the Japan Sea】

《There’re plenty of thunder at the side of the Japan Sea in wintertime》

I expressed the thunder which causes at the side of the Pacific Ocean during summertime in the last time, but in fact the feeling of season of thunder during summertime doesn’t always apply for the whole Japan.

It was the meteorological station at Kanazawa city in Ishikawa prefecture which observed thunder than any other meteorological station in Japan during one year of 2005. Its number on observation of thunder reached no less than 72, and 35 of thunder was observed in winter…

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【Thunder on the side of the Japan Sea】

《There’re lots of thunder on the side of the Japan Sea in wintertime》

…and 35 of thunder was observed in wintertime from December to February. In the same way, each prefecture on the side of Japan Sea like Fukui, Toyama, and Niigata, the number of thunder which is observed during winter is more than the ones which are done during summer.

As to the mechanism of causing thunder, both of sides on the Pacific Ocean and the Japan sea are the same, but there is difference between the causing mechanism on a large scale of cumulonimbus which causes thunder.

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【Thunder on the side of the Japan Sea】

《There’re lots of thunder on the side of the Japan Sea during wintertime》

The updraft current which climbs up on the slope of mountain vigorously on the side of the Pacific Ocean, It causes cumulonimbus there. The surface on the ground is warmed so much by strong solar radiation during the summer the influence on the updraft current becomes powerful one.

On the other hand, as coldness goes into so much overhead of the Japan Sea from Siberia high pressure, there is difference between temperature on the sea water of the Japan Sea and the coldness.

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The difference between temperature on the sea water of the Japan Sea and coldness causes updraft current, so the cumulonimbus is also caused over vast area.

『Thunder in winter is caused by difference on temperature of the cold wind from Siberia and temperature on the Japan Sea』

When coldness from Siberia high pressure is extremely strong, the atmosphere becomes unstable owing to difference between temperature on the Japan Sea and coldness, so the updraft current generates over wide range. The updraft current causes the cumulonimbus

and thunder is born. If comparing the thundercloud on…

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If comparing the thundercloud on the side of the Japan sea with the one on the side of the Pacific Ocean, the former one has feature which spreads over low in wide range.

『Column, Ice floe 流氷 surrounds Shiretoko. Why does it freeze?』

Shiretoko peninsula is famous for the place where being able to see an ice floe in the world. The ice floe changes the Okhotsk Sea into a field of ice from the north side gradually and in the middle of January the ice floe reaches even the Shiretoko peninsula. The place around the peninsula is covered with the ice February.

Shiretoko is southernmost in north…

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『Column, the sea of ice floe surrounds the Shiretoko peninsula. Why does it freeze?』

Shiretoko is southernmost in north hemisphere as a place where the ice floe drifts and washes up on the shore, but the Japan Sea and the side of the Pacific Ocean which is the same latitude as the Shiretoko peninsula don’t freeze. Why does the Okhotsk Sea alone freeze?

In the first place the one which makes the Okhotsk sea freeze is severe coldness of which temperature is no less than minus 40 degrees from Siberia, but the whole Okhotsk Sea doesn’t freeze with the coldness alone. Surface sea water on the…

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『Column, sea of ice floe surrounds the Shiretoko peninsula. Why does it freeze?』

The surface sea water of the Okhotsk Sea which is cooled by coldness tries to be replace with lower warm water, but the surface sea water of which salt is extremely thin on account of water which flows in from the Amur River, so the surface sea water doesn’t become heavier than warm high salty water which flows below and can’t sink downward.

So the convection doesn’t happen in the layer of water of low salty alone, and the surface sea water is cooled suddenly and starts to freeze.

〈Water of Amur River which…〉

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『Column, sea of ice floe surrounds Shiretoko. Why does it freeze?』

〈The water of Amur River which makes the sea of ice floe〉

Amur River flows out from Mongol highland through border between China and Russia and reaches Okhotsk Sea. Layer of thin salty water is formed on the surface of 50 meters on the Okhotsk Sea by the water supplied mainly from Amur River. The whole length on the Amur River is some four thousand four hundred kilometer. It’s called 黒竜江 in China.

〈A reason why it freezes. The Okhotsk Sea is the one like a pond〉

The Okhotsk Sea is surrounded by Chishima Islands…

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『Column, sea of ice floe surrounds Shiretoko. Why does it freeze?』

〈One of reasons why it freezes. The Okhotsk Sea is the one like a pond〉

The Okhotsk Sea is surrounded by Chishima Islands, Kamchatka Peninsula, Eurasia continent, and Sakhalin, so the sea water neither goes out nor comes in by the Pacific Ocean nor by the Japan Sea, and is the one like a pond. It becomes hard to destroy the double structure of the layer of low salty water and high salty one on the surface of the Okhotsk Sea. The Okhotsk Sea is comparatively shallow one, so the temperature on the water is hard to drop.

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【Abnormal weather】

《El Nino phenomenon which causes abnormal weather each place in the world》

The author has expressed Japanese weather or the one in the world until at present. The mechanism on weather which is formed with three elements like temperature, pressure, and steam functions normally every year, the weather happens.

But if the mechanism on weather is out of order, what happens?

For example, every year the surface on the ground or near the surface on the sea water around tropical area, trade wind always blows from the east to the west by the great circulation on the air.

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【Abnormal weather I】

《El Nino phenomenon which causes abnormal weather each place in the world》

Ocean current around equator always flows from the east to the west dragging by the trade wind.

As there is lots of solar radiation around the equator, the temperature on the sea water is also high. The sea water which is high temperature is apt to be gathered in the west side on the sea by the trade wind.

As a result, even if it’s the same sea water around the equator, the one on the west side on the sea is higher temperature, but the one on the east side of the sea becomes low. The area on…

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【Abnormal weather I】

《El Nino phenomenon which causes abnormal weather each place in the world》

The area on sea water of west side which is high temperature has lots of steam which is included in the air.

If there are lots of the steam, probability that a large amount of cumulonimbus is caused becomes higher. As a result, there is lots of rain in the offing of New Guinea, in the offing of Indonesia on account of the cumulonimbus.

In this process, if something unusual happens on the trade wind which drags the sea water to the west, and the influence on the trade wind becomes weak, what’s…

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【Abnormal weather】

《El Nino phenomenon which causes abnormal weather in the world》

…what happens then?

Area of warm water isn’t carried away to the west side on the ocean, and amount of rainfall in the offing of New Guinea, or the one of Indonesia decrease in the Pacific Ocean.

Instead, the temperature on the sea water in the offing of Peru becomes high and its amount of rainfall increases. We call this phenomenon El Niño. The influence over the El Niño isn’t limited around the equator. For example, the marine area where a typhoon generates more than any other area moves east, the course …

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【Abnormal weather I】

《El Nino which causes abnormal weather in the world》

…the course on the typhoon which reaches Japan changes. Furthermore, the tropical marine area of high temperature is one of driving force which makes the great circulation on the air move.

In short, something abnormal in the marine area causes abnormal weather each place in the world.

When El Niño phenomenon causes in the offing of Peru, abnormal weather will be observed each place in the world. There is lots of rain in some places, few rain in other places. Then the trade wind and ocean current on the north…

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【Abnormal weather I】

《El Nino phenomenon which causes abnormal weather each place all over the world》

Then the trade wind and the ocean current on the North Pacific Ocean weaken. Its influence reaches each place all over the world through the Westerlies. As a result, various abnormal weather causes each place all over the world though some of them aren’t always clear with regard to its casual relationship 因果関係 with the El Niño phenomenon.

El Niño means the son of the God in the Spanish. It originates from the time when the El Niño causes around Christmas.

As to Japan, if the El Niño…

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【Abnormal weather I】

《El Niño which causes abnormal weather each place all over the world》

If the El Niño phenomenon causes, Japan has tendency that it is warm winter, so the Japan meteorological agency observes the change on the temperature on the sea water from the central part on the Pacific Ocean to the offing of Peru.

Actually the Japan meteorological agency announced it made sure the generation on the El Niño phenomenon November in 2006. It expected the temperature would be higher than every year until the spring in 2007. In fact it became warm winter which was record breaking.

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【Abnormal weather I】

If being normal, in the offing of New Guinea is warm but the one of Peru is cold.

Warm water near the surface of sea water blows up to the west side which means the offing of New Guinea by the trade wind from the east around equator in the Pacific Ocean. As a result, the temperature on the sea water in the offing of New Guinea is higher by five degrees than the one in the offing of Peru.

When the offing of Peru becomes warm, El Niño phenomenon causes. Then the trade wind weakens and the surface of warm sea water isn’t blown up to the west. In consequence, the….

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【Abnormal weather I】

In consequence, the temperature on the sea water in the offing of Peru becomes higher from 2 to five degrees than a normal year. With it, the place where there are lots of rain moves to the east.

『La Niño phenomenon』

La Niño phenomenon is also the one which causes abnormal weather all over the world like the El Niño phenomenon. Inshore of Indonesia is high temperature and it’s strengthened so much that the La Niño phenomenon occurs. Then the sea water of high temperature which is higher than usual gathers inshore of Indonesia and the trade wind blows strong.

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【Abnormal phenomenon I】

《La Niño phenomenon》

With those two factors, updraft current becomes active around Indonesia and there are lots of rain more than ordinary time. La Niño phenomenon is opposite against the El Niño. La Niño means a girl in the Spanish.

【Abnormal weather II】

《Change on the temperature of the sea water in the Indian Ocean causes abnormal weather all over the world》

The temperature on the sea water at the tropical area in the Pacific Ocean causes the El Niño phenomenon and La Niño one, so the abnormal weather is also caused all over the world, but it isn’t always…

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【Abnormal weather II】

《Change on the temperature of the sea water at the Indian Ocean causes abnormal weather all over the world》

…but it isn’t always limited to the Pacific Ocean which the change on the temperature of the sea water in the tropical area has great influence over the weather in the world.

It has been discovered that similar phenomenon exists in the Indian Ocean by professor in Tokyo university recently and it’s named dipole mode phenomenon in the Indian Ocean.

Difference on the temperature of the surface of the sea water reveals clearly. It was in the both of the east and…p

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【Abnormal weather II】

《Change on the temperature of the sea water at the Indian Ocean causes abnormal weather causes abnormal weather each place.》

It was in the both of east and west of subtropical area in the Indian Ocean, difference between temperature on the surface of sea water revealed like a shape of dipole 双極. It’s the origin on the dipole mode phenomenon.

In general, on the Indian Ocean, the more being east, the higher on the temperature of the water is, but in the dipole mode phenomenon, the temperature on the sea water drops on the east of the Indian Ocean. On the contrary…

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【Abnormal weather II】

《Change on the temperature of the sea water in the Indian Ocean causes abnormal weather, and it makes abnormal weather happens each place》

On the contrary, the temperature on the sea water goes up from the central to eastern part in the Indian Ocean.With it, eastern wind is strengthened on the equator, moreover difference on the temperature of the surface of the sea water in the both east and west in the Indian Ocean is also strengthened.

In general,dipole mode phenomenon causes from May to June, and its peak is around October, and comes to end December.

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【Abnormal weather II】

《Change on the temperature of the sea water in the Indian sea causes abnormal weather each place》

The Dipole mode phenomenon causes drought on the eastern coast of the Indian Ocean like Indonesia and western part on Australia, on the other hand, the phenomenon causes flood to some countries at Eastern Africa on the western coast of the Indian Ocean.

Besides, from northern India to Indochina peninsula and southern China suffer from heavy rain. Extreme heat attacks Far Eastern Asia including Japan and Mediterranean countries in Europe, some study said like that.

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【Abnormal weather II】

Change on the temperature of the sea water in tropical area causes abnormal weather all over the world. Both of El Niño phenomenon and the dipole mode one cause it.

『Influence over each country in the world caused by the dipole mode phenomenon』

The dipole mode phenomenon causes in the Indian Ocean in summertime and it has been thought its influence doesn’t stay only around the Indian Ocean but reach over the weather on each country in the world.

Some area have tendency of being low temperature and other have tendency of being high temperature. Some area suffer….

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【Abnormal weather II】

『Dipole mode phenomenon has influence over each place in the world』

Some areas suffer from drought like Indonesia or Western Australia and other areas suffer from heavy rain like Eastern Africa.

Far Eastern Asia including Japan which is far from the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean countries in Europe have tendency of being high temperature.

『Triangle relation on weather around Europe and Japan when the dipole mode phenomenon causes』

Some studies show us the next thing. When the dipole mode phenomenon causes, it causes dry and heat in the direction of Mediterranean.

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【Abnormal weather II】

『Triangle relation around Europe and Japan when the dipole mode phenomenon causes』

It means that Europe becomes dry and hot, but the phenomenon makes around Japan cause boiling heat, some studies said like that.

The route which causes boiling heat in Japan is from Europe with the westerlies, and the one which comes to Japan direct.

Europe suffered from the boiling heat in 2003. The dipole mode phenomenon may have caused it. On the other hand, Japan wasn’t so hot in that year. It has been thought Okhotsk high pressure developed in summertime so much that the high…

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【Abnormal weather II】

『Triangle relation between around Europe and Japan when the dipole mode phenomenon causes』

…that the high pressure in Ogasawara couldn’t go north. It has been one of reasons why Japan wasn’t so hot then.

【Abnormal weather Ⅲ】

《Cold summer in Japan was related to the weather in North Europe》

The author has expressed the air in tropical area and oceanic phenomenon which cause abnormal weather until now, but it turns out that the one which causes the abnormal weather isn’t limited to the influence from the tropical area alone by recent study.

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【Abnormal weather Ⅲ】

《Cold summer in Japan was related to the weather in Europe》

The author said he was going to express the abnormal weather in summer of which center was Japan.

The abnormal weather in summer in Japan often occurs when two kinds of stagnation high pressure’s position or strength are in one-side alone so much. As to the change on the high pressure of the Pacific Ocean, the influence by the tropical area alone was paid attention in the past.

But the development on the high pressure in the Pacific Ocean and Okhotsk which control summer in Japan has something to do with…

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【Abnormal weather Ⅲ】

《Cold summer in Japan is related to the weather in North Europe》

The development on the high pressure in the Pacific Ocean and Okhotsk Sea which controls summer in Japan has something to do with meandering 蛇行 on the westerlies overhead. It turns out recently.

With the meandering on the westerlies, the high pressure appears overhead. It’s called a blocking high pressure, and it causes abnormal weather over middle and high latitude including Japan.

It has been thought the meandering on the westerlies is caused by wave motion of the air in global scale.

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【Abnormal weather Ⅲ】

《Cold summer in Japan is related to the weather in North Europe》

The global scale of wave motion which cause the meandering on the westerlies is called Rossby wave.

It turns out recently that abnormal weather in some area works together the other one in other area by the wave motion on the Rossby wave. We call it teleconnection.

For example, North Europe was attacked by extreme heat in 2003. It was done by blocking high pressure overhead with the meandering on the westerlies. Its influence was conveyed to Japan by the Rossby wave along with jet stream.

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【Abnormal weather Ⅲ】

《Cold summer in Japan is related to the weather in North Europe》

The jet stream blew in subarctic area overhead. The influence over the extreme heat made high pressure in Okhotsk Sea which was far from Europe develop, and caused cold summer in Japan in 2003.

Moreover, low pressure developed with the meandering on the westerlies in North Europe in 2004, and North Europe suffered from bad weather and low temperature then. The Rossby wave made the westerlies which blew around north latitude 35 degrees meander in 2004, then high pressure in the Pacific Ocean developed.

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Then high pressure in the Pacific Ocean developed around Japan, and extreme heat attacked Japan.

【Abnormal weather Ⅳ】

《Phenomenon between low pressure like seesaw causes cold wave or warm winter in Eastern Asia and Europe at the same time》

The author said he was going to express abnormal weather in winter this time.

Abnormal weather in some area works together other one in other area, we call it teleconnection. Last time the the author expressed on the teleconnection in summertime.

It proved that there is a large scale of teleconnection in wintertime by recent study.

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【Abnormal weather Ⅳ】

《Phenomenon between low pressure like seesaw causes cold winter or warm winter in eastern Asian and Europe at the same time》

Influence over low pressure in Aleutian Islands whether it’s strong or weak conveys to Iceland in North Atlantic Ocean beyond America as Rossby wave, both of Aleutian Islands and Iceland have remarkable reversal relationship. It turned out lately.

In short, when low pressure in Aleutian Islands becomes strong, the one in Iceland becomes weak, contrary to it, when the one in Aleutian Islands becomes weak, the one in Iceland becomes strong.

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【Abnormal weather Ⅳ】

《Phenomenon between low pressure like a seesaw causes cold winter or warm winter in Eastern Asia and Europe at the same time》

It’s a relation as if it were a seesaw.

Those low pressure which stays at the two oceans blows down coldness from continent to East Asia including Japan and eastern coast on the North America and causes severe coldness there.

On the other hand, those low pressure make strong wind blow from sea to Europe and western coast on the North America, and makes those area be mild. It has been well known.

The phenomenon between the two low pressure…

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【Abnormal weather Ⅳ】

《Phenomenon between low pressure like a seesaw causes cold winter or warm winter in Eastern Asia and Europe at the same time》

It turns out that the phenomenon between the two pressure like the seesaw causes cold winter and warm winter in Eastern Asia, North America and Europe almost at the same time.

In addition, it proved that accumulation on coldness in high latitude which causes cold winter in Japan is controlled by other phenomenon of the air like the seesaw. We call the phenomenon Arctic oscillation.

When the pressure in the Arctic area becomes weak…

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【Abnormal weather Ⅳ】

《Phenomenon between low pressure like a seesaw causes cold winter or warm winter in Eastern Asia and Europe at the same time》

…the low pressure in the middle latitude becomes strong. It’s a positive pattern on the Arctic Oscillation. On the contrary, when being high in the Arctic area, being low in the middle latitude. It’s a negative pattern on the Arctic oscillation.

Around Japan when the Arctic oscillation becomes the negative pattern, coldness goes south from Siberia and Japan is attacked by severe winter easily. Some study says wave motion is conveyed from north….

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【Abnormal weather Ⅳ】　

《Phenomenon between low pressure like a seesaw causes cold winter or warm winter in Eastern Asia and Europe at the same time》

Some study says wave motion is conveyed from the North Atlantic area and high pressure in Siberia is strengthened unusually.

Japan was attacked by a serious cold winter December in 2005. It has been thought the relation on low pressure between Aleutian and Iceland and unusual strengthening on high pressure in Siberia causes the serious coldness.

『Column, wanting to know more in detail! Phenomenon on heat island which makes area of cities hot』

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『Column, phenomenon of heat island which makes area of cities hotter』

When comparing average temperature in 1960s with the one from 2000 to 2003, the average temperature in Japan rises by 0.6 degrees, but the temperature on a big city has risen more than it. It’s 1.1 degrees in Kyoto, Osaka, and Nagoya, and 1.2 degrees in Fukuoka, the average temperature has risen like that actually.

The phenomenon that temperature in cities become high is called heat island. It is said the temperature in cities during daytime becomes higher than suburbs due to the heat island.

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『Column, phenomenon of heat island which makes area of cities hotter』

It is said the temperature in cities during daytime is higher than suburbs by some two degrees.

A big cause on the heat island is high rate on absorbing heat in cities and a large amount of exhaust heat. Structures in cities are made up with concrete or asphalt, and they have high rate of absorbing heat from the sunlight. They are made to remain heat.

As a result, even during night the heat is hard to be cool and sweltering night increases. The sweltering night is the one of which the lowest temperature doesn’t go…

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『Column, phenomenon of heat island which makes areas of cities hotter』

The sweltering night is the one of which the lowest temperature doesn’t go down under 25 degrees.

If the concrete and asphalt is filled with heat during night and dawn breaks, two of them are heated by morning light again. As a result, the temperature rises still more. Repeating it, the temperature in cities are heightened more and more.

Moreover in the capital region, the population of some 34 million converges on area of which diameter is some sixty kilometers. If calculating simply, the amount of heat exhausted form…

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『Column, phenomenon of heat island which makes the area of cities hotter』

…the amount of heat exhausted from people reaches 3,4 million watt. Not only it, but other heat exhausted from engine of automobile, the one which computer has, the one which air conditioner exhausted are a lot.

It is said those total amount of exhausted heat is over twentieth time the one exhausted from the people easily.

In consequence, the more central part in the cities where the population or traffic, and building for office converge, the higher the temperature goes up.

《Is there measure against heat island?》

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《Is there measure against the heat island?》

Lots of big cities are constructed along the coast in Japan, and sea breeze plays a part of cooling cities, but in Tokyo, the flowing in by sea breeze has decreased.

As new high rise buildings are constructed in the coastal area like Shinagawa, or Shiodome, the high rise buildings prevent the sea breeze from blowing in the cities. The high rise building in the coastal area makes the hot cities by far hotter.

Moreover it is said that the heat island phenomenon causes local torrential downpour and thunder. If the heat island accelerates as it is…

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《Is there measure against the heat island?》

…it has been thought that the sweltering night continues every day, and in the area of cities a day of local torrential downpour occurs increases unmistakably.

As measure which restrain or does away with the heat island, it has been thought of making use of cooling effect by river in the cities, for river has cooling effect with the water, and is the most suitable as route for wind.

For example, Kyoto is a city of basin, so it’s apt to be the heat island easily in summertime. Therefore when constructing the city, its center is river like…

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《Is there measure against the heat island?》

…its center is a river like Katsura River or Kamo River, and thinking out a method or a way so as to do away with the heat in Kyoto. Furthermore, in Hiroshima prefecture, six rivers flow in there, and those rivers restrain the heat island.

In addition, big cities are dotted with parks which are zone of low temperature, so the parks are cool comparatively and are called cool islands. There are roads connecting the dotted parks. If planting roadside trees on the roads, the roads become routes for wind to pass. When connecting cool islands with the…

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When connecting the cool islands which means parks with the route for the wind, we can expect to restrain the heat island drastically.

【We’re convincing with it. Mechanism on the weather forecast】

The author has expressed various weather phenomenon in both Japan and the world. Those various weather phenomena decide weather of every day and it has great influence over our life.

Typhoon or heavy rain often causes a serious impact on economic activity. We’re worried about not only violent weather phenomenon but tomorrow’s weather. When looking at the weather forecast, we can know those …

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When looking at a weather forecast, we can get those information.

By the way, how is the weather forecast?

The author said he was going to interpret the mechanism on the weather forecast for us from now on.

【An apparatus for observation I】

《An apparatus for observation for measure of weather》

Various weather phenomenon have been expressed until now. We have to recognize the situation in the air so as to forecast those weather phenomena. How was the observation done?

Measurement on temperature, humidity overhead becomes very important in the weather forecast.

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【An apparatus for measurement I】

《An apparatus for observation for measure of weather》

The one who observes actually said like the next,

The flow on the air overhead is related to movement, development or decline on low pressure, as a result it has something to do with change on weather direct, so the flow on the air overhead is very important.

The one which plays a big part is measure of レーウインゾンデ. It’s a coined word by radio, wind and sonde. As to the sonde alone, I’m not sure of it.

In the measure of レーウインゾンデ, raising apparatus for weather with a balloon into the sky and measure…

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【An apparatus for measurementI】

《An apparatus on observation for measure of weather》

…and measures temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed. Moreover it's launched twice a day. It’s done in the world all at once. Then we’re able to grasp the situation in the air with a global of viewpoint then.

Japan can get more information with other instruments like WINDAS which observes the movement in the air overhead or observation by radar which observes the distribution on rain cloud.

WINDAS grasps a consecutive flow of air until the height of several kilometers overhead.

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【An apparatus for measurement I】

《Apparatus on observation for measurement of weather》

WINDAS displays its power on forecast for local heavy rain. On the other hand, observation by radar is able to observe a wide range like 300 kilometers with a single one, and it can grasp the situation on rain cloud of the whole Japan.

We’ve often heard a word of AMEDAS at the weather forecast in TV. It’s unmanned weather observation system, and observes amount of rainfall, temperature, wind direction, wind speed, and daylight hours.

The one who forecasst actually says like the next.

He makes use of…

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