Science,English, and math 9th

Japanese climate is mainly controlled by four high pressure like the Pacific Ocean, mobile one, Siberia one, and Okhotsk one. As focusing on the change on the four seasons by the four high pressure, the author said it was going to close on the mechanism of Japanese climate.

【Four high pressure air】

《Four high pressure air influence over Japanese four seasons》

Change on four season is obvious in Japan. It snows almost every day at the side of Japanese Sea in winter, it’s fine over nationwide in summer, and the day of the highest temperature is over 30 degrees isn’t rare each place. There is…

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【Four high pressure air】

《Four high pressure air influence over Japanese four seasons》

There is a long rainy season before a full scale of summer, and a typhoon comes to Japan frequently from summer to autumn. Those changes on four season are greatly connected with the four high pressure air.

The Pacific high pressure air is caused in subtropical area which locates on southern sea of Japan, the Siberia one which is caused inside of the Siberia continent, Okhotsk one which is caused in Okhotsk Sea, and the mobile one which is caused in southern east in China.

Four of them are different…

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【Four high pressure air】

《Four high pressure air influence over Japanese four seasons》

Four of the high pressure is different on the mechanism and the place where they are caused, so each of nature is different. The change on temperature through four seasons is different so much between the continent which is heated and cooled easily and the sea which is heated and cooled hard.

The difference between two places change the influence on the four high air pressure, to be concrete, the scale and strength on the wind and causes change on the climate.

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【Siberian high pressures air】

《It is cooled in Siberia and the Siberian high pressure air is caused》

Siberian ground is cooled by radiative cooling in winter, and the air around the ground is also cooled and becomes heavy, then the high pressure air is caused. As it is caused in the continent, there is a little amount of steam in the high pressure air, so the wind blowing from the high pressure air is forced to be cold and dry, but when blowing over the Japan sea, the steam is vaporized from the sea, so the water is supplied to the high pressure air.

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【Mobile high pressure air】

《Mobile high pressure air and low pressure air develop on account of difference between temperature》

High pressure air and low pressure air develop easily in southern east of China and its off due to difference between temperature. Both of the high pressure air and the low pressure air are flowed by Westerlies which blows overhead and comes to Japan, especially the high pressure air is called the mobile one. The low pressure air absorbs heat and steam from what is called Kuroshio and Tsushima current, so clouds develop then.

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【High pressure on the Okhotsk Sea】

《High pressure on the Okhotsk Sea is caused at the cold Okhotsk Sea》

When the solar radiation becomes stronger gradually in the north semi sphere in autumn, the difference between temperature on the Okhotsk Sea where a cold current flows and lands around the Okhotsk Sea which becomes to be warmed easily becomes big. Then in the Okhotsk Sea where the temperature is low relatively a descent current is caused and high pressure is also done above the cold current. It’s so cold and has lots of vapor. Therefore, the wind from the high pressure is cold and humid

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The high pressure on the Okhotsk Sea frequently develops from June to July.

【The high pressure on the Pacific Ocean】

《The high pressure on the Pacific Ocean is caused by a great circulation in the air》

As a part of ascent current which goes up around the equator is cooled and becomes a descent current, so the high pressure air is caused. It causes by a large scale reason like the great circulation in the air, it’s very stable. As it’s caused above the tropical sea, it’s so warm and has lots of vapor. As a result, the wind from the high pressure is warm and wet. Both of the ascent current…

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Both of the ascent current and descent current stop in summertime and then high pressure air is formed south to Japan.

【Haru ichiban】

《Warm spring wind which shows us spring. Haru ichiban》

In the middle of February, the coldness which continues until then softens a little, instead of north wind, warm spring wind blows over the whole Japan for some days. We call the south wind Haru ichiban.

The high pressure air in Siberia makes strong northern west wind blow near Japan during winter, especially Japan is exposed on the strong northern west wind then.

But in spring, the northern west wind…

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【Haru ichiban】

《Warm spring wind which shows us spring, Haru ichiban》

In spring, the northern west wind from the high pressure air in Siberia weakens and westerlies goes up a little. Then low pressure air passes through the Japan sea frequently. Every year after the first day of spring according to the lunar calendar, a wind blows from high pressure air on the side of the Pacific Ocean to the low pressure air. The first wind is called the Haru ichiban.

When the high pressure air in Siberia weakens, it means that the winter is over, so the Haru ichiban is used as synonym for a border…

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…so the Haru Ichiban has been so often used as synonym for a border between winter and spring as it is.

【Foehn phenomenon】

《Haru ichiban causes wind which has high temperature and dry on the side of Japan Sea》

The wind which blows from the Pacific Ocean to the low pressure air on the Japan Sea has to pass over mountain range which run through Japan Islands as if it were a backbone in Japan like Japan Alps, Ou mountain range, or mountains on Chugoku area.

Then the temperature on the air which goes up the slope on the mountain goes down with the drop on the air pressure, so clouds are caused

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【Foehn phenomenon】

《Haru ichiban causes wind which is dry and has high temperature on the side of the Japan Sea》

Then it rains.

Before the cloud is formed, the temperature in the air goes down 1 degree per 100 meters, but water has nature of releasing heat when changing from steam to water drops. As a result, when forming clouds, the water is warmed by the heat, so the ration on dropping the temperature per 100 meters becomes 0.5 degree.

The air which passes over the ridge of mountain loses vapor owing to the rain, so it is often dryer than the side of the Pacific Ocean. In consequence…

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【Foehn phenomenon】

《Haru ichiban causes wind which is dry and has high temperature at the side of the Japan Sea》

In consequent, when blowing down to the side of the Japan Sea, the clouds disappear from the beginning. Without any clouds, the temperature goes up by 1 degree when going down every 100 meter.

When going up or down with the same height, the change on the temperature which goes down at the mountain range in the side of the Pacific Ocean is smaller than the one on the temperature which goes up on the side of the Japan sea.

So the wind which blows at the side of the Japan…

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【Foehn phenomenon】

《Haru ichiban causes wind which is dry and has high temperature at the side of Japan Sea》

So the wind which blows at the side of Japan Sea is dryer and higher temperature than the one which blows at the side of the Pacific Ocean.

It is called the foehn phenomenon. Foehn originally means a local wind which blows down from Mt.Alps. The foehn phenomenon is also caused at the area of Alps mountain range in Europe, or at the east side of Appalachia mountain with the same mechanism, the local are has something peculiar with regard to the season and humidity. As to Japan…

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As to Japan, an avalanche is sometimes caused by the warm wind.

【Rainy season】

《A band of long and big cloud connect is in a row from Bangladeshi to Japan in winter》

Except for Hokkaido prefecture, Japan Island is in rainy season from early June to late July. The rainy season is a climatic phenomenon so as to balance influence between the high pressure on the Okhotsk Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

Wind which blows from the high pressure air on the Okhotsk Sea collides with a storm which blows from the high pressure air of the Paccific Ocean above the Japan Island. Then a border is caused….

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【Rainy season】

《A band of big and long connection of cloud is in a low from Japan to Bangladeshi from early June to late July》

Then a border is caused by the two collision of the influence. We call the border the rainy season.

When the influence on the wind from two directions is equal, both of the wind lose the place to go and become ascent current. Cloud is caused by the ascent current, so it rains in wide range.


As long as the influence is equal, the ascent current goes on staying at the same place. The wind blowing from the high pressure of the Okhotsk Sea is done from the north.

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【Rainy season】

《A band of big and long connection of cloud is in a row from Japan to Bangladeshi from early June to late July》

So the wind from the north is cold. The wind from the high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean is blowing from south, so it’s warm. Both of the wind blow above the ocean, so it’s feature of absorbing enough steam until they reach Japan, especially lots of steam on south wind.

Thus as the steam is supplied without stopping, the rain continues so long.

【After rainy season and cold summer】

《When the influence on the high pressure air of the Pacific Ocean is strong…》

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【After rainy season and cold summer】

《When the influence on the high pressure air of the Pacific Ocean is strong, the rainy season prolongs and summer becomes cold》

The balance between the high pressure on the Okhotsk Ocean and the Pacific Ocean is equal, so the balance makes the rainy season front stagnate, so the rain continues long.

But when summer approaches and the high pressure air on the Pacific Oceans becomes strong, the balance is broken. Then with the shape of pushing back the wind from the high pressure air on the Okhotsk Ocean, the seasonal rainy front goes north.

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【After rainy season and cold summer】

《When the influence on the high pressure air of the Pacific Ocean is weak, the rainy season prolongs and the summer becomes cold》

Then the rainy season over the place around Japan is over. The end on the rainy season usually starts from the middle of July.

The high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean is done by circulation on the air, so it’s very stable. As a result, being under strong influence of it, sunny weather continues for a long time. A summer which is fine and humid arrives to Japan then.

But sometimes the influence on the high pressure air…

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【After rainy season and cold summer】

《When the influence on the high pressure air of the Pacific Ocean is weak, the rainy season prolongs and the summer becomes cold》

But sometimes the high pressure air between the two ocean is balanced during the summer. Then the place around Japan continued to be covered with rain clouds and the solar radiation becomes weak and the summer becomes cold.

As the pattern on the cold summer, the influence on the high pressure air of the Pacific Ocean leans on the southern area alone, and wind from northern east blows the whole Japan, and the temperature is low

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【After rainy season and cold summer】

《When the influence on the high pressure of the Pacific Ocean is weak, the rainy season prolongs and the summer becomes cold》

It’s 全国低温型.

On the other hand, the rainy season stagnates between the influence from the high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean and Okhotsk, or low pressure air passes through Japan, so northern east wind blows over north Japan and the rainy season isn’t over there. It’s 北冷西暑型.

The high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean was so weak that the seasonal rainy season stagnated until the middle of August in 2003, then summer was cold

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【Typhoon I】

《Typhoon which causes a serious damage in Japan》

Typhoon is a climatic phenomenon which causes a serious damage each place in Japan from summer to early autumn. Its homeland is above the tropical ocean which is high temperature and high humidity like off the coast of Philippine.

No less than 27 typhoon are caused there a year on average and three of them hit Japan. Sometimes ten of typhoon attack Japan and caused enormous damage in Japan like in 2004.

Tropical ocean area until the north latitude 20 degrees has lots of amount of solar radiation that the temperature on the sea…

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【Typhoon I】

《Typhoon which causes a serious damage in Japan》

… that the temperature on the sea water is very high, so the atmosphere above the sea is high temperature and has lots of humidity. When the atmosphere rises from some reason or other, cumulonimbus 積乱雲 is caused, and its swirl gathers and stronger swirl is caused sometimes. Thus a tropical cyclone is caused. As to its maximum wind speed, the speed per second is over 17.2 meter is called a typhoon.

The strength on the typhoon is expressed with the maximum wind speed. Strong one is from 33 to 44 meter per second. Very strong one …

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【Typhoon I】

《Typhoon which causes serious damage in Japan》

Very strong one is from 44 to 54 meter per second. Violent one is over 54 meter per second.

Warm ocean where the typhoon is caused is Caribbean Sea, Indian Sea, and South Pacific Ocean. It’s called hurricane or cyclone, but they are the same climatic phenomenon as the typhoon essentially.

The derivation on the typhoon has various views, and has been unclear. One of them is strong wind which hits Taiwanese area. The force on the rotation of the earth is necessary for the revolution on the typhoon. The force is so weak around the…

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The force on the rotation of the earth is so weak around the equator that the typhoon isn’t caused there. How is the typhoon caused? It is expressed in the next time.

【Typhoon II】

《Scenario on the birth of the typhoon and structure on its cross section》

There is a tropical sea which has high temperature and a large amount of humidity. When an updraft current is caused by some chance or other, steam is carried overhead by the updraft current and cumulonimbus is caused then.

Air pressure above sea goes down by the updraft current and strong low air pressure is caused.

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【Typhoon II】

《Scenario on the birth of typhoon and structure on its section》

Then the air in lower place around the air pressure blows in the low pressure and loses the place to go and rises. When the steam becomes water drops and cumulonimbus is caused and heat is released. It makes the air around the cumulonimbus warm. The warmed air begins to rise and a new cumulonimbus is caused.

This cycle is repeated and the cumulonimbus is caused one after another. When some of cumulonimbus are caused, wind continues to blow in the first cumulonimbus with the direction in anticlockwise.

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》226

It was extracted from Newton which is a scientific magazine, and I’m going to express its content in English, for this is an English thread.

【Let’s appreciate the beautiful regularity which appears in the answer on 111….×111】

When being asked suddenly the answer on 11111 × 11111, can you answer it at once? Even if we can’t answer it immediately, when looking at the beautiful regularity under the sentence, we’ll answer it right away from now on.

The number which is made by lining up 1 like 1, 11, and 111, is a repunit number. The numbers below the sentence is the answers by each of…

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＞＞226

【Let’s appreciate the beautiful regularity on the answer on …】

The numbers below the sentence are answers multiplying by each of the repunit number. The answers are line up. When looking at it, aren’t you aware of something?

As to each of answers, its biggest digit starts from 1, and increases one by one. The middle number becomes the biggest one, after that it becomes smaller one by one. The smallest digit ends with the 1. The middle number is equal to the digit on the repunit number.

If knowing the regularity on the repunit number, we can answer the question on 11111 × 11111.

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＞＞229

【Drawing lines alone makes us understand multiplication】

It’s the way of seeking for the answer on 132 × 211 by drawing lines alone. Drawing horizontal and vertical lines and numbers on the cross points adding diagonally, it turns out that its answer is 27582. The way is the same as the column addition 筆算 on the multiplication.

By the way, each of number is under 10. When it’s bigger than 10, it means increasing in digit 繰り上がり. Then, how should we calculate with the lines? It isn’t expressed, so a simple calculation is all right, but otherwise, I find it hard to do.

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【Typhoon II】

《Scenario on the birth of typhoon and structure on its section》

Then other cumulonimbus around join the flow of the blow and rotate in the way of anti clockwise as well and central cloud around other cumulonimbus are gathered by centrifugal force 遠心力 of such the strong rotation that the eye of typhoon of which diameter is no less than dozens of kilometer is formed.

Once the typhoon is generated, steam is sent to its center from the sea one after another. As a result, the cumulonimbus continues to be made by the sending steam, so the typhoon becomes enormous one.

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【Typhoon Ⅲ】

《How is the course of typhoon is set?》

The typhoon which is generated in the tropical ocean area doesn’t always attacks Japan. Some courses of lots of the typhoon are away from Japan island, others hit Japan. Then how is the course on the typhoon set?

It is the high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean which sets the course on the typhoon which continues to be huge. The wind continues to blow from high pressure air on the north semishphere with the way of anti clockwise.

The typhoon is born and immediate after it goes westward by trade wind. The trade wind blows south to high…

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【Typhoon Ⅲ】

《How is the course on typhoon set?》

After that the typhoon goes northward by the wind which blows west from the high pressure air. When being in mid latitude region north of north latitude 30 degrees the typhoon receives Westerlies which blows from the west and changes its course to east.

When the influence on the high pressure air of the Pacific Ocean is weak and the force of the wind which blows is also weak, the typhoon isn’t sent to around Japan and changes its course on the southern ocean.

When the high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean has influence to some extent…

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【Typhoon Ⅲ】

《How is the course on typhoon set?》

…the typhoon hits Japan from July to October. After hitting Japan, what happens to the typhoon?

The typhoon is made up with the cumulonimbus, and the cumulonimbus is made from steam which generates from the surface on the ocean. Therefore when passing over either the land or the ocean of which temperature is low, the steam isn’t supplied enough, so the typhoon becomes weak suddenly.

For your information, the typhoon rotates with the direction of anti clockwise and it receives influence over the wind from the high pressure air on the…

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…the typhoon receives the influence over the wind which blows from the high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean, so the wind on right half which is east side is strong. The wind on the semicircle is so strong that we call it perilous semicircle.

【Weather on autumn in Japan】

《Mobile high pressure makes the sky over Japan the one on autumn which is changeable》

It is said the weather on autumn in Japan is changeable. In fact, sunny day didn’t continue more than six days in Tokyo from September to November after 2000 until this description was expressed. Why doesn’t the sunny days continue?

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【Weather on autumn in Japan】

《Mobile high pressure air makes the sky over Japan the one on autumn which is changeable》

Influence on the Pacific Ocean which causes high temperature and humidity declines. It's related to that the sunny days continue.

The high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean overhangs greatly just south to Japan islands during summer, and Japan receives wet wind which blew from the high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean in the direction of south.

Then Westerlies overhead weakens when comparing it with springtime and goes up north, in addition the low pressure air which…

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【Weather on autumn in Japan】

《High mobile pressure air makes the sky over Japan the one autumn which is changeable》

…in addition the low pressure air which comes from Chinese continent with the Westerlies also weakens and passes north to Japan Island. It’s a reason why there are lots of sunny days during summertime.

But the amount of solar radiation decreases in autumn, instead that the high pressure air on the Pacific Ocean weakens, the Westerlies strengthens and goes south, so the high and low pressure air come from Chinese continent to near place to Japan Islands.

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【Weather on autumn in Japan】

《Mobile high pressure makes the sky over Japan the one on autumn which is changeable》

The high pressure air doesn’t stay at the same place like the one on the Pacific Ocean, it moves to east with the Westerlies, so we call it the mobile high pressure.

Both of the mobile high pressure and low pressure come from the Chinese Continent, sent by Westerlies. Then the low pressure air passes over warm currents like the Kuroshio or Tsushima current which flows in the Japan sea, it absorbs heat and steam from over the ocean, and cloud is formed, and the cloud goes on…

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【Weather on autumn in Japan】

《Mobile high pressure air makes the sky over Japan the one on autumn which is changeable》

…and the cloud goes on developing.

When the low pressure air comes around Japan with the Westerlies, the weather goes bad by developing clouds, but when the mobile high pressure comes, the weather recovers, for the weather on autumn is changeable. The weather on spring is also changeable with the same reason.

『Developed high and low pressure come to Japan as set with Westerlies』

Updraft current is caused in the place of high temperature and the low pressure is caused.

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Then the high pressure air is caused in the place of low temperature relatively so as to cause a place where the air blows into. Both of the high and low pressure air are caused by the difference between the temperature, and both of them come to Japan with the Westerlies. It’s the feature on the weather on autumn in Japan.

【Heavy snow on the side of Japan sea】

《Great cold air mass is caused in Siberia in winter and it causes heavy snow on the side of Japan Sea》

Height on the sun during daytime becomes low, then it means the winter comes to Japan. Shadows on the people and building…

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【Heavy snow on the side of Japan Sea】

《Great cold air mass is caused in Siberia in winter and it causes heavy snow on the side of Japan Sea》

Shadows on the people and buildings stretch long and the time on daytime becomes short, especially at night when there is no cloud, radiative cooling develops so much that the heat on the ground escapes into the outer space direct. Thus the cold becomes severe gradually.

Inland area of Siberia in winter, a little amount of solar radiation and the radiative cooling make the surface on the ground cool extremely. Under its influence, the layer of the…

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【Heavy snow on the side of Japan Sea】

《Great cold air mass is caused in Siberia in winter and it causes heavy snow in Japan》

Under its influence, the layer of the air of which height is 1 from 2 kilometers is cooled and becomes heavy. Days on the temperature around the surface on the ground are below minus 35 degrees. Those days aren’t rare. High land like the Tibetan Plateau in the south becomes the wall and prevents the cold air from flowing outwardly, so the mass of air becomes wide and heavy little by little. Thus the high pressure air in Siberia is made up.

《Steam on the side of…》

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【Heavy snow on the side of Japan Sea II】

《Steam on the side of Japan Sea causes heavy snow on the side of Japan Sea》

Anti clockwise wind starts to blow from the Siberian high pressure which continues to be tremendous. As the air is originally made in the continent so the amount of steam which is included in the air has little. As a result, it changes into cold and dry wind, and blows from the continent.

This wind absorbs a large amount of steam in the Japan Sea, so vast cloud of which shape is streak is made overhead of the Japan Sea in winter, and the cloud bumps against the mountain…

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【Heavy snow on the side of Japan Sea II】

《Steam from the Japan Sea causes heavy snow on the side of the Japan Sea》

…and the cloud bumps against the mountain ranges which run through the Japan Island as if it were a backbone, and it causes a large amount of snow on the side of the Japan Sea. This decreases the amount of the steam in the wind, and dried wind blows on the side of the Pacific Ocean. Then the cold air in the highland like Karuizawa is dragged down by the wind, so the dried wind sometimes becomes the one which has freezing cold. It’s a weather phenomenon what is called bora おろし.

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The phrase of the distribution of atmospheric pressure which is high in the west and is low in the east is often used in weather forecast. It’s the high pressure which develops in Siberia which locates in west and low pressure which locates east the wind blows from the Siberian high pressure.

『Cold wind drags out the cold air from highland』

The wind which blows from the Siberian high pressure absorbs steam from the Japan Sea, and almost all of the steam can’t go over any mountain range, so it becomes snow on the side of the Japan Sea, so the steam is lost from the wind.

After that…

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【Heavy snow on the side of the Japan Sea】

『Cold wind drags out the cold air from highland』

After that, the wind blows in the side of the Pacific Ocean, then it sometimes drags out the cold air from the high land. This local cold wind which is called the boar like Akagi boar is caused in this way.

【Thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean】

《In summer there are lots of thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean》

When hearing the word of thunder, which season do we think of? The number of thunder which meteorological stations in main cities in Japan observed in 2005 reached 1067 in total.

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【Thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean】

《In summer there’re lots of thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean》

524 thunder which is about half of the total number is caused in summertime from June to August. There’re are plenty of thunder at the side of the Pacific Ocean in summertime. On the other hand, there are lots of thunder at the side of the Japan Sea in winter.

First of all, the author said he was going to see thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean in summertime. Inside of Cumulonimbus is muddled by violent updraft current, and the thunder is caused. Except for water drops…

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【Thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean】

《In summer there’re are plenty of thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean》

Except for water drops, there is little crystal on the snow or hail exist in the cumulonimbus. When the crystal bumps into the hail, the crystal charges positively, and the hail
negatively. Why is the electricity charged? It has never been clear why it is at present, but the phenomenon will be made sure by experiments, the author said like that.

Soon, while the crystal which is light rises above the cumulonimbus, the hail which is heavy is gathered under the cumulonimbus.

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【Thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean】

《In summer there’re lots of thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean》

As a result, the electricity is charged negatively in the lower part on the cumulonimbus. Then the electric charge on the surface on the ground becomes positive alone
attracting by the negative electricity.

When the electricity is accumulated more than to some extent, the electricity is released between the cumulonimbus and the surface on the ground, it’s a lightning.

『Thunder in summer caused by violent updraft current』

In a day of summer when coldness goes into the overhead…

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【Thunder on the side of the Pacific Ocean】

『Thunder in summer caused by violent updraft current』

…then receiving strong solar radiation, or warm air climbs up on the slope of mountain vigorously, a large scale of cumulonimbus generates overhead, and thunder is born in the cumulonimbus.

Then the height on the cumulonimbus reaches an altitude which is higher than ten thousand meters. If comparing it with thundercloud on the side of the Japan Sea in wintertime, it’s from three to five times as high as the thundercloud. When comparing it with the one on the Japan Sea, it’s local. It’s the …

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