Science,English, and math 9th

【Lifespan on the weather】

《When expressing the duration on the weather phenomena with a list, roughly speaking, it is a straight line》

…the weather phenomenon has a thing like the lifespan how long it continues. Its lifespan is various from dozens of minutes to several months.

There is a graph on the weather phenomenon in the book which I’ve shown. Its vertical axis is the scale, and horizontal one is the lifespan. The relation between the scale and the lifespan is a direct proportion. The bigger the scale is, the longer the life span is. The weather phenomenon has the tendency like that.

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【Weather in the world】

《England has higher latitude than Sapporo, but its temperature is higher than Sapporo. Why?》

There are characteristic weather at local places in the world. For example, in countries which are located in low latitude like Kenya and Thailand, rainy season when it rains and dry season when it doesn’t is separated clearly. Southwest wind carries a large amount of steam to inland and the steam makes it rain a lot in India in summertime.

The weather phenomenon in local place through a year is put together and we call it a climate, and the climate has something to do with…

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【Weather in the world】

《Though England is located higher latitude than Sapporo, its temperature is higher than Sapporo. Why?》

…and the climate is related to the circulation on the air and ocean current greatly.

By the way, I can’t understand the relation between the high latitude and its temperature until now, so I’m going to express it.

The sunlight shines from diagonal alone, so the temperature becomes low at the area of higher latitude. In general, the higher the latitude is, the lower the temperature is, so the lower the latitude is, the higher the temperature is.

For example, dry…

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【Weather in the world】

《Though England is located in higher latitude than Sapporo, its temperature is higher than Sapporo. Why?》

For example, a dry area like desert mainly spreads around the place of middle latitude. The air rose up in the equator, and went down the place of middle latitude by the circulation on the air, so any clouds aren’t caused, so it seldom rains.

In short, the desert is located in high latitude, so it doesn’t rain.

On the other hand, though the place around England is located in high latitude, its climate is mild. It has something to do with the current ocean from…

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【Weather in the world】

《Though England is located in higher latitude than Sapporo, its temperature is higher than Sapporo. Why?》

It has something to do with the current ocean from Mexican Gulf which flows from America offing.

An ocean current which is warmed in tropical Atlantic Ocean moves to westward through tropical area where trade wind blows and reaches the coast of American continent. The ocean current goes north along the coast of American continent, and gets to European offing through middle latitude where subtropical westerlies blow.

Then the amount of heat which is carried to…

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【Weather in the world】

《Though England is located in higher latitude than Sapporo, it has higher temperature than Sapporo. Why?》

Then the amount of heat which is carried to Europe is equal to the electric power which is spent in Japan for seventeen years. The circulation on the air, operation on the ocean current, and geographic feature by mountain is added, the climate all over the world is made.

《Why is the rainy season and dry season made in Africa?》

Kenya where savannah that prairie spreads over. The prairie is the one where there are small amount of trees. The weather phenomenon…

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【Rainy season and dry season】

《Why is the rainy season and dry season caused in Africa?》

The weather phenomenon which is typical of Kenya is the rainy season and dry season. It’s twice in a year, from April to May, from October to November. In the rainy season, it rains a lot in Kenya, and the rain makes the plant bring up. Then large mammal like gnu forms a group and moves for the plant.

Judging from the model on circulation of the weather on the book, the equator where Kenya is located is always low pressure, and updraft current is caused and cloud is made. As a result, a large amount…

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【Rainy season and dry season】

《Why is the rainy season and dry season caused in Africa?》

As a result, a large amount of rain falls in Kenya. As the sunlight shines almost vertically the equator is always low pressure. Aerial current rises up in the equator and becomes downdraft current around the north of 30 degrees and forms high latitude on the ground. We call it subtropical high pressure zone. As updraft current isn’t caused on this latitude, the weather doesn’t go bad there.

But the earth’s axis is inclined actually and the earth revolves around the sun, so it doesn’t always the…

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【Rainy season and dry season】

《Why is the rainy season and dry season caused in Africa?》

…so it doesn’t always mean that the sunlight shines the equator vertically. The place where the sunlight shines moves to north semi sphere from June to September, to south semi sphere from December to February. With its movement, the zone on the low pressure and the subtropical high pressure zone which is located in both north and south to the low pressure zone moves.

As Kenya is surrounded by the low pressure zone in spring and autumn when the sunlight shines vertically, it goes on raining, but…

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【Rainy season and dry season】

《Why is the rainy season and dry season caused in Africa?》

…but Kenya is under control by the subtropical high pressure zone in summer and winter, so the days when it doesn’t rain continue. Thus the rainy season and dry season are caused there in a year.

【Weather on monsoon】

《Himalaya blocks the monsoon from Asia and causes the rainy season in the south of Himalaya》

When going near a seashore at a beautiful day in summertime, moist wind blows with the scent of the sea. The wind which is blowing from the sea to the land is called sea breeze.

The one which…

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【Weather on monsoon】

《Himalaya blocks the monsoon from Asia and causes rain in the south area of Himalaya》

The one which the sea breeze becomes a big scale is the monsoon. It’s a seasonal wind.

While the water is hard to be warmed and to be cooled, so the continent is easy to be warmed when comparing it with the ocean. When receiving strong sunlight, updraft current is caused inside of the continent, so the low pressure is caused there. Then wind blows from the ocean where there is high pressure.

The wind blowing from the ocean includes a large amount of steam absorbed in the ocean.

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【Weather on monsoon】

《Himalaya blocks monsoon form Asia and causes rainy season the south area of Himalaya》

When the wind including a large amount of steam collides with a tremendous obstacle like the Mt. Himalaya, the steam loses its place to go, and it rains near the Himalaya. India is influenced over the mechanism on the weather from the end of June to August. We call the weather the climate on monsoon.

The monsoon is high temperature and high humidity. It’s south wind, so it’s warm. Though it’s not so much as India, the whole east Asia becomes the same climate in summer.

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【Seasonal wind in Eastern Asia】

《Himalaya blocks land breeze from the continent and cold wind blows in Eastern Asia》

There is a land breeze against the sea breeze. For example, the temperature goes down at night in summer owning to radiating cooling 放射冷却 on land. On the other hand the temperature on the sea doesn’t drop drastically like the land. As a result, updraft current is caused on the sea where the temperature is high relatively, and changes into the low pressure, then the wind blows from the land to the sea.

There is the one which the land breeze becomes a big scale. For example…

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【Seasonal wind in Eastern Asia】

《Himalaya blocks the land breeze and cold wind blows in the Eastern Asia》

For example, Taklamakan desert and Siberian plain spread over north to the Mt.Himalaya. A large amount of the radiating cooling is caused in the desert or in the plain in the morning of a beautiful day in wintertime, the temperature goes down at once there.

As a result, the atmosphere near the ground becomes heavy and changes into high pressure, and the cold air is carried from the the desert and plain with the wind, but as there is the Mt.Himalaya, the cold air can’t move to south.

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【Seasonal wind in Eastern Asia】

So, it changes its direction and cool and cold northern west wind blows against China and Japan which is located east to India.

【Climate on the Mediterranean Sea】

《The Mediterranean Sea is a thing like a huge bath, so the temperature on the sea water and around it is almost constant》

Italia where ancient culture like Roman Empire was cultivated. As to its climate, it is hot but dried in summer and it rains but warm and mild in winter, so it is easy to live there. People love the climate. How is the climate caused there? Its secret in the Mediterranean Sea.

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【Climate on the Mediterranean Sea】

《The Mediterranean Sea is a thing like a huge bath, so the temperature on the sea water and around it is almost constant》

As it takes time until the hot water becomes cool, when once being hot, the sea which is warmed doesn’t become cool easily. Though there is a little difference with regard to the area on the sea, the temperature on the surface of the sea which is warmed by a strong sunlight during summertime doesn’t drop so much in wintertime. It goes down five degrees at most.

Italian peninsula is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea on three sides.

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【Climate on the Mediterranean Sea】

《The Mediterranean Sea is a thing like a big bath, so the temperature on the sea water and around it is almost constant》

Italian peninsula is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea which doesn’t change its temperature so much on three sides.

There is any big scale of flow on ocean current in the Mediterranean Sea, neither cold ocean current nor warm one flow in there. Its temperature is kept as if it were a gigantic bath, so the Italian peninsula which is influenced over the circumstance doesn’t become cool so much even in wintertime.

Moreover, a big high…

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【Climate on the Mediterranean Sea】

《The Mediterranean Sea is a thing like a big bath, so the temperature on the sea water and around it is almost constant》

In addition, a big high pressure generates at the Iberian Peninsula off the Atlantic Ocean which is in the west of the Mediterranean Sea in summertime. Why?

Canary cold current of which temperature is comparatively lower than inland on the Iberia peninsula makes the air around the surface on the sea water cool, so the air becomes heavy, so the high pressure is caused.

By the way, I’m going to express on the high pressure from now on.

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『Why is the high pressure and the low pressure caused?』

What is the air pressure? If expressed with a simple phrase, it’s the pressure in the air literally. Though we are usually unconscious of it, but the pressure is added to us, and as you know there is difference between the ground and overhead in regard to the air pressure.

The air has also weight. The air on the ground is heavier than overhead, so the air pressure on the ground is higher than overhead. The higher it goes up overhead, the lower the air pressure becomes.

Why is the high air pressure and the low one is caused?

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『Why is the high pressure and the low pressure caused?』

The current on the air makes the air pressure change, so the air pressure becomes big or small. It depends.

For example, the air goes down with some reason, it becomes the high pressure, on the other hand, it goes up overhead, it does the low pressure.

While the temperature becomes high, the air becomes light and swells, the temperature is low, it becomes heavy and shrinks. It has the nature like that.

In short, when the temperature changes, the air pressure also does.

For example, when the air is warmed, it becomes lighter and…

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『Why is the low pressure and the high pressure caused?』

…and its cubic volume swells, so the warmed air goes up overhead. We call the phenomenon updraft current, and when the warmed air which goes up overhead is cooled, it changes into steam and the steam forms clouds.

It’s the low pressure. As the clouds are formed it rains and snows easily, so the weather goes bad. The phenomenon shows us the next thing. As the temperature goes up, the air pressure goes down.

But the relation between both of the high pressure and low pressure and the temperature isn’t always simple like that. For example…

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『Why is the low pressure and the high pressure caused?』

… as to both of the high pressure and the low pressure, there is a case each of temperature in its center is high and low.

For instance, as to the high pressure, the Siberian high pressure which causes cold winter has the center which is low temperature, on the other hand, the high pressure in the Pacific Ocean which causes humid summer has the center of which temperature is high.

As to the low pressure, tropical cyclone has the high temperature, but the cold core cyclone low temperature. It has been thought it causes by the place…

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『Why is the low pressure and high pressure caused?』

It has been thought it’s caused by its place, and the place moves, for both of the high pressure and the low pressure almost move always, so the air pressure changes. Moreover several reasons are added to, so it seems to be hard to express the relation between the high air pressure, low air pressure and temperature simply.

I’ve thought I can express clearly as if I could cut the Gordian knot, but I can’t. If you’re discouraged, I’m sorry for it, for I have little knowledge on climate, so I can’t express enough.

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【Climate on the Mediterranean Sea】

《The Mediterranean Sea is a thing like such a huge bath that the temperature on the sea and around it is almost constant》

The high pressure caused by the Canary cold ocean current blocks the low pressure which moves from west through the Atlantic Ocean, so the low pressure can’t come in the Mediterranean Sea.

Furthermore, updraft current is caused at the side of India in Mt.Himalaya, and the part of the updraft current is cooled and comes overhead the Mediterranean Sea, and the updraft current changes into a downdraft current near the Mediterranean Sea.

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【Climate on the Mediterranean Sea】

The updraft current causes the high pressure in the Mediterranean Sea, so the weather doesn’t go bad easily there.

《The high high air pressure which develops prevents the low air pressure from intruding into the Mediterranean Sea》

Part of ocean current of the Mexican Gulf which goes north is cooled and changes into the Canary current which is cold ocean current and goes down north off Iberia peninsula. Temperature in the area of sea around the Canary current doesn’t go up even in summertime and it is relatively cold when comparing it with the inside...

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【Climate on the Mediterranean Sea】

…when comparing it with the inside of the continent and the high air pressure is caused. Then the high air pressure prevents the low air pressure which is caused in the Atlantic Ocean from coming into the Mediterranean Sea as if it were a huge wall.

【The weather in England】

《When starting to rain, it stops, but starting again at once in England》

Even if starting to rain, it often becomes fine in dozens of minutes in high altitude Europe like England or Norway, and the sunny weather goes bad in dozens of minutes, and it rains for a short time again.

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【The weather in England】

《When starting rain, it stops, but starting again at once in England》

The repetition continues for several times. The high altitude area in England has the characteristic like that.

For example, Wimbledon Championship which is one of big tournaments on tennis is held in England, but it is sometimes forced to be interrupted owing to the rain. How is that weather caused?

The low air pressure of which shape is a swirl causes the bad weather. The cloud of which shape is the swirl and the sunny weather pass through successively, it is caused.

The low pressure is…

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【The weather in England】

《When starting to rain, it stops, but starting again at once in Europe》

The low air pressure is different from the one which is caused in a tropical area. It’s called extra tropical cyclone. Its mechanism is like the next.

The extratropical cyclone is caused area where the mass of warm air and the mass of cold air are touched between the north and the south.

The mass of air in the south is basically warm and light, and the one in the north is cold and heavy in north semi sphere. As a result, in the place where the two mass of air are touched the warm air begins…

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【The weather in England】

《When starting to rain, it stops, but it starts again at once in England》

…in the place where the two mass of air are touched the warm air in the south starts to move above the cold air in the north, and the cold one in the north does to move under the warm one in the south.

Then the earth’s rotation makes each of the mass of the air rotate anticlockwise, and the warm air rises up, then clouds are caused, so the clouds make it rain. Moreover the updraft current is strengthened so much that the revolution on the center of the air pressure goes down, so the…

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【The weather in England】

《When starting to rain, it stops, but starts again at once in England》

…so the extratropical cyclone develops. The extratropical cyclone is expressed 温帯低気圧 in Japanese, for it originates from the place where the low air pressure develops is middle altitude, where there are lots of countries of temperate zone.

Warm air causes clouds, and when the clouds are involved in the center of the low pressure, the clouds of which shape is swirl is made. Then the warm air forms the upper layer, and the cold air does the lower layer, so the situation in the atmosphere is stable.

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【The weather in England】

The extratropical cyclone disappears before long.

【Tornado I】

《Why is a tremendous tornado caused in America?》

There is a weather calamity which causes lots of victims every year in America. It’s a tornado. It’s peculiar to America. The cloud of which shape is funnel hangs down from the bottom of a huge cumulonimbus 積乱雲, and the tornado raises everything up in the sky.

The tornado which was observed in America in 2005 was over 1265, and the deceased reached 39.

When looking at the geographic feature in the North America, we’re aware of a big characteristic.

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【Tornado I】

《Why is a huge tornado causes in America?》

There is no big mountain range in America except for Mt. Rocky running north and south. There is none of big mountain range running to the direction from the east to west like Mt. Himalaya in Asia, and Mt. Alps in Europe.

Radiative cooling makes the ground cold in the high altitude area like Canada. Then the temperature on the mass of air which is touched the ground goes down.

On the other hand, the mass of air of high temperature which includes lots of steam is caused in the area of low altitude like the Mexican Gulf and Caribbean Sea

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【Tornado I】

《Why is a huge tornado caused in America?》

Then if a low air pressure is caused inside of the American continent, the two of mass of air blow in America both from the north and south. Without being weakened by any of Mt. range, they collide each other as it remains a big scale.

The large scale collision raises lots of warm air up to the upper layer and the steam in the warm air is cooled, then a tremendous cumulonimbus 積乱雲 is made. A storm around the ground is strengthened to the cumulonimbus, and the bottom of the cumulonimbus hangs down with some reason, it involves the air.

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【Tornado I】

The bottom of cumulonimbus involves the air around it. If the warm air remains in the lower part, the updraft current is strengthened with the form of taken up with the cloud. It’s the generation on the tornado. As to the area where the tornado frequently causes, Kansas, and Texas.

《Mechanism on the tornado which is covered with mystery》

The mechanism on the tornado is enigmatic, for its radius is so small and the time when it generates is so short that it can’t be detected by the apparatus on weather observation so often.

Therefore, gathering data on the air pressure, and…

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【Tornado II】

《Mechanism on the tornado which is covered with mystery》

As a result, gathering data on the air pressure and the speed of wind isn’t enough, so the mechanism on the way of generating, on the way that the cloud is formed have been unclear.

Though the tornado is enigmatic like that, roughly speaking, it has been thought with the mechanism like the next.

Warm air which comes from the south and dry cool air which comes from the north collide, then the light warm air tries to move overhead, the heavy cold air tries go down near the ground. Then the updraft current is caused.

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【Tornado II】

《Mechanism on tornado which is covered with mystery》

Warn air is cooled from the updraft current overhead, and a tremendous cumulonimbus 入道雲 is formed. We call it supercell, and cooled air blows down from the supercell.

When a strong updraft current blows in the cumulonimbus, a swirling is caused in the cumulonimbus, then the swirling goes down to the ground with the shape of a funnel, but it hasn’t been clear why it goes down like the shape of the funnel.

In any case, if the warm air is left around the ground then, the strong updraft current which is the tornado is caused.

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【Tornado Ⅱ】

《Mechanism on tornado which is covered with mystery》

The tornado is formed with the shape that the warm air which is left around the ground is involved in the tornado.

While the tornado has a strong destructive force, it’s a local phenomenon extremely. It sometimes disappears in some fifteen minutes after its generation, and it doesn’t always mean that the tornado passes through a place where there is an observational equipment, so the meteorological data is hardly gotten.

A Japanese professor in Chicago university contrived a rough indication on the speed of the tornado.

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【Tornado Ⅱ】

《A rough indication on a tornado》

The rough indication on the tornado was judged from the situation how much it was damaged on buildings. The name of the professor is Fujita, so the rough indication is expressed with his initial together.

F0 is a subtle tornado and its speed of the wind is from 17 to 32 meters per second. A structure of light weight falls like an antenna for TV. A tree of which root is shallow sometimes leans.

F1 is a weak tornado. Its speed of the wind is from 33 to 49 meters per second. The glass of the window is broken and a tree of which weak root collapses

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【Tornado II】

《A rough indication on a tornado》

F2 is a strong tornado. The roof of a private house is stripped, and an automobile is blown away, sometimes a train is derailed. The speed on the wind per minutes second is from 50 to 69 meters.

F3 is a violent tornado. A private house collapses, the train is turned over. A huge tree on forest breaks or falls down. The speed on the wind per minutes second is from 70 to 92 meters.

F4 is a violent tornado extremely. The private house breaks and scatter into pieces. The train is blown away, and the automobile is blown away in the air.

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【Tornado】

《A rough indication on a tornado》

The speed on the wind of the F4 is from 93 to 116 meters.

F5 is a tornado of which scale is beyond imagination. The private house is blown away without any trace, and the train is blown away in the air. Its speed on the wind is from 117 to 142 meters.

『Column, a tremendous tornado which is caused even in Japan』

The tornado which is caused serious damage in America every year. It seems to be in America alone, but it isn’t. A developed cumulonimbus accompanied by cold front or typhoon sometimes causes the tornado in Japan. Around 20 cases on …

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『Column, a huge tornado which is caused even in Japan』

Around 20 cases on the tornado are reported in Japan every year, but the ones which are caused in Japan are such a small scale and so little time that the meteorological data isn’t got enough, so its research hasn’t advanced very much.

But a very strong tornado is caused at Saroma town in Hokkaido prefecture November in 2006. Nine people were dead, a number of people who were seriously and slightly injured is 31, and 109 of houses collapsed. It is reported that the amount of total damage was some five hundred and seventy million yen.

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『Column, a tremendous tornado which is caused even in Japan』

According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, the tornado which was caused at the Saroma town is presumed the one of which speed on the wind is from 70 to 92 meters. It’s equivalent to F3 in the Fujita scale.

F3 is the biggest scale in Japan, and the tornado was caused in Chiba prefecture December in 1990, in Aichi prefecture September in 1999. Both of them were caused by the supercell which was a big cumulonimbus. The gigantic tornado which attacked the Saroma town was caused by the supercell.

Almost all of tornados in Japan…

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『Column, a huge tornado which is caused even in Japan』

Almost all of the tornados which are caused in Japan is generated from the cumulonimbus accompanied by a cold front or typhoon, and it is said the tornado which was caused by the supercell like America is rare.

【Temperature in the North and South Pole】

《As to the temperature, the South Pole is by far lower than the North Pole. Why?》

Which is colder, the North Pole or the South Pole? Its correct answer is the South Pole.

Average temperature a year in Svalbard islands in the Arctic is minus 4 degrees, but Vostok base in the Antarctic..

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【Temperature in the North Pole and the South Pole】

《As to the temperature, the Antarctic is by far colder than the Arctic. Why?》

…but it is recorded the average temperature a year is minus 55.3 degrees in Vostok base in the Antarctic. The former is located 76 degrees north latitude, and the latter is 78 degrees in south latitude. Though both of them are almost the same latitude, the difference the temperature between them are some fifty degrees.

The difference is caused by the factor on geographic feature.

The large part of the Arctic is icebound, but there is an ocean under the Arctic.

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【Temperature in the Arctic and the Antarctic】

《As to the temperature, the Antarctic is by far lower than the Arctic. Why?》

The ocean which covers over fourteen million square kilometers is lunder the Arctic. This effect on keeping warm prevents the temperature on the Arctic from going down. In winter, the temperature in northern west in Siberia lower than the Arctic.

On the other hand, there is a continent which covers over 1360 square kilometers and average elevation is two thousand and three hundred meters in the Antarctic. It’s 36 times larger than the Japan islands. Radiative cooling …

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【Temperature in the Arctic and Antarctic】

《As to the temperature, the Antarctic is by far lower than Arctic. Why?》

Radiative cooling in the continent is caused winter and makes the temperature goes down drastically, so the temperature drops below minus 65 degrees sometimes. In winter, the temperature falls so low that the air around the ground becomes heavy.

As a result, high pressure air develops and wind blows to outside often. Moreover, the Antarctic continent is the shape as if a bowl was upside down, so the wind blows down from highlands to lowlands. Its speed is sometimes dozens…

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【Temperature in the Arctic and the Antarctic】

《As to the temperature, the Antarctic is by far lower than the Arctic. Why?》

The speed on the wind sometimes reaches dozens meters per second along the valley made of ice. The wind is called a Katabatic wind.

While the Arctic is surrounded by continents, the Antarctic is surrounded by oceans, so the climate on the Arctic is connected with Russia, Alaska, Canada or Greenland, but the climate on the Antarctic is solitary from other continents and original one.

《The wind which blows from the Arctic is weak》

Ice exists in Arctic Ocean in summer.

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【Temperature in the Arctic and the Antarctic】

《The wind which blows from the Arctic is weak》

The center on the existence of the ice is off American continent, but when comparing the Arctic where there is no continent with the Antarctic, the coldness on the Arctic is less than that of the Antarctic, so the scale of the high pressure air or the wind which blows from there isn’t so big as the one in the Antarctic.

The high pressure air is often caused at the off of Alaska, for the Pacific Ocean is different from the Atlantic Ocean, so there is little flow from the Pacific Ocean. As a result…

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【Temperature in the Arctic and the Antarctic】

《The wind which blows from the Arctic is weak》

As a result, the ice is caused from early time and the area becomes cold. Off Alaska is north far away from meandering from Westerlines so much that the warmth can’t be carried to the Arctic easily.

Furthermore, radiative cooling makes the inland like Alaska or Siberia become lower temperature in winter. The high pressure air is caused there and wind blows from there to Arctic Ocean where its temperature is relatively high and low pressure air is caused easily. The climate on the Arctic is related…

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The climate on the Arctic is greatly related with the continents around the Arctic.

【Four seasons. Mechanism on Japanese weather】

Attention was aimed on various climatic phenomena each place in the world until now, so the author said it was going to express Japanese climate. In Japan where we live a change on four seasons is clear. There is a big difference between Okinawa which has warm climate and Hokkaido which has cold one. It’s a big characteristic.

Japanese climate is mainly controlled by four high pressure air, Siberia high pressure, mobile high pressure, the Pacific Ocean high…

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