Science,English, and math 9th

【Westerlies】

《Westerlies which moves from west to east》

…the time of an airplane which goes Tokyo from Europe is shorter by around 1 hour than its opposite course.

The great circulation on the atmosphere which means the trade wind plays a part of carrying the heat, but blowing from the west to east simply like the westerlies can’t carry the heat from the equator to the Arctic. In consequence, it could have been colder and colder around the Arctic as time passes, but it doesn’t happen actually. Why?

The westerlies blows as if it waved between north and south. When blowing from south to…

• 共感2

【Westerlies】

《Westerlies which blows from west to east》

When blowing from south to north, the westerlies carries the heat to the north side, and when blowing from north to south, it carries cold air.

Actually small scale of high pressure and low pressure occur, so exchange the air between the north and south is done under the westerlies in the middle of latitude.

【Polar easterlies】

《The wind blows from the polar region》

Not only the trade wind in the low latitude, and the westerlies in the middle latitude but the wind blows from the polar region in the high latitude. We call the…

• 共感2

【How is the weather formed? Polar easterlies】

《Wind blows from the polar region》

We call the circulation on the air the polar easterlies.

The air is cooled and becomes heavy in the cold polar region. The cold air goes south to 60 degrees in the both of the polar region as if it were exuded. Then receiving the force on the Coriolis, so the cold air changes its course to the right which is the direction of the wind blows. As a result, it becomes the wind which blows from north east to south west like the trade wind. We call the wind the polar easterlies.

After that, the polar easterlies…

• 共感2

【Polar easterlies】

《Wind blows from the polar region》

After that, the polar easterlies receives warm air from the westerlies and forms upward current and returns to the overhead of the polar region finally.

The current of air which is made by the polar easterlies is the circulation in the polar region. Three currents on the big air are expressed until now, and the polar easterlies has the strongest wind in the three.

It had been thought that the heat around the equation was carried.

• 共感2

【Polar easterlies】

《Wind blows from the polar region》

It used to be thought like that in the model which Hadley contrived in the 18th century, but complicated circulation on the atmosphere among the trade wind, westerlies, and the polar easterlies has been done actually.

Though it’s complicated, it is fact that the circulation on the big three circulation on the atmosphere carry the heat from the equation to the polar region.

Considering the force on the Coriolis, we need to think over the direction of the wind on the high pressure and low pressure.

The wind starts to blow which circles…

• 共感2

【Polar easterlies】

《Wind blows from the polar region》

The high pressure receives the power from the right, so the wind blows with the direction of clockwise, in the low pressure the direction on the wind is anti clockwise.

The place where the wind starts blow or the place where the wind starts to be blown shift influenced by the westerlies overhead.

『Column, Ocean current is made by the trade wind, westerlies and the force on the Coriolis』

One of phenomena which is caused by the wind like the trade wind and westerlies is an ocean current, but the force by the wind forms just a surface...

• 共感2

『Column, how is the ocean current formed?』

…but the force on the wind forms just the surface current mainly. Its depth is less than a thousand meters. The one which makes the deep ocean current of which depth is deeper than a thousand is difference on density of the sea water.

Westerlies and the trade wind is a big factor for forming the surface current, but there is one more big element for creating the surface current. It’s the force on the Coriolis.

The sea water is dragged by the strong wind by the trade wind and westerlies which blow opposite direction, and the force on the Coriolis…

• 共感2

『Column, how is the ocean current formed?』

…and the force on the Coriolis works the sea water, moreover the influence by the form on the land is added, so an ocean whirl is made. What’s the ocean whirl? The sea water circulates with the shape of ring. It’s the ocean whirl.

The ocean whirl is made at the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean in the north semi sphere and the south semi sphere.

By the way, a tremendous ocean current like Kuroshio current, and Mexican ocean current is in the west side of the sea. Why? A phenomenon is related to it. All of the ocean currents are…

• 共感2

『Column, how is the ocean current formed?』

All of the ocean currents are strengthened in the side of west on the earth.

All of the things do rotational motion against a vertical axis on the ground, but none of them can’t recognize it as long as they stay at the same place, for others around them do the same rotational motion.

But in the current whirl, a part of the whirl in the east side goes south, and other part in the west side goes north.

The sea water which comes from the north does a stronger rotational motion of anti clockwise than the one which comes from the south potentially.

• 共感2

『Column, how is the ocean current formed?』

So the ocean current which comes from the north goes against the other which goes south, and weakens the ocean current.

On the other hand, when the sea water goes north with the ocean current, the sea water which originally hardly does the rotational motion goes into the sea water which does the rotational motion of clockwise. If looking at it from other ocean current, it looks as if the sea water did the rotational motion, as a result, even if it doesn’t do the rotational motion, it strengthens the ocean current of the clockwise.

Thus the…

• 共感2

『Column, how is the ocean current formed?』

Thus, the current on the west side of the sea becomes stronger than the one which is the side of east.

By the way, those sentence is done my own, but to my sorrow, I can’t understand the mechanism on the ocean current very much. I hate to express what I can’t understand as if I could understand very well. I’m sorry for it. I’ve read it over and over again, but to my sorrow I can’t understand. I’m wondering how the ocean current is formed.

【How is the weather formed? Upward current.】

《Upward is the one which disturbs the weather》

Causing the

• 共感2

【Upward current Ⅰ】

《Upward current is the one which causes a bad weather》

When the upward current is caused, the air around the surface on the ground is carried away over sky. Then the temperature of the air which goes up drops, sometimes forms a cloud, and it occasionally causes rain or snow.

After that, not only the two elements of temperature and pressure, but steam become important. I’m going to approach the mechanism of raining from now on, the author said like that. I hope I can keep up with it.

It starts from the upward current. How does it generate? There are big five reasons there

• 共感2

【Upward current Ⅰ】

《Upward current is the one which causes bad weather》

The first one is a front. When warm air and cold air come across, there are a border between two of the air. We call the border the front. It’s expressed as 前線 in Japanese. Then the cold air tries to crawl into under the warm air, so the warm air rises with the form of being raised by the cold air.

When the warm air comes across the place where there is already the cold air, the warm air becomes calm upward current as if it pushed its way to the top of the cold air.

The second reason is related to the land form.

• 共感2

【Upward current】

《Upward current is the one which causes a bad weather》

When wind is blowing against mountain, the wind goes up along the mountain. It is often said the weather in the mountain changes easily, for when the wind blows, the upward current is causes at ease.

When the surface on the ground is heated strongly, the air around the surface on the ground is heated and goes up. It’s the third reason.

Moreover then a low pressure is caused on the ground, and wind from a high pressure blows into the center of the low pressure. The wind which blows into the low pressure loses its…

• 共感2

【Upward current】

《Upward current is the one which causes a bad weather》

The wind which blows into the low pressure loses its place to go, so changes into the upward current. It’s the fourth one.

We’ve sometimes heard a commentary on weather forecast that the atmosphere becomes unstable. When the cold air of low temperature goes into the overhead, the atmosphere around the surface on the ground starts to go up because of difference the temperature, even if not being warmed up. It’s the fifth one.

Actually, those five reasons are combined and the upward current is caused in varied places.

• 共感2

【How is the weather formed? Formation on cloud】

《Air which contains lots of steam was heated and went up and is cooled overhead, and cloud was formed》

When upward current is caused, cloud is formed and it rains. Droplet of which diameter is some 0.01 millimeter gathers and the cloud is formed. How are the droplets formed?

Let’s suppose there was a mass of air which is about to went up just now. The higher it is, the lower the pressure is, so the higher the mass of the air is, the more it expands.

There is one thing which we have to be careful here. Without receiving any heat, the mass of…

• 共感2

【How is cloud formed?】

《Air which contains lots of steam is heated and goes up, and is cooled overhead, then cloud is formed》

Without receiving any heat, the mass of air goes up in almost all of cases.

Let’s think over a balloon. Adding heat and it makes the balloon goes up in the air, but the mass of air which is gone up by the upward current rose without receiving any heat and expands on account of difference on the temperature between the surface of the ground and overhead.

Without receiving any heat, the air expands, so it’s called Adiabatic expansion 断熱膨張. The air goes up with the…

• 共感2

【How is cloud formed?】

《Air which contains lots of steam is heated and goes up, then is cooled overhead, and cloud is formed》

The temperature on the air which was carried away with the upward current drops owing to the adiabatic expansion.

First of all the temperature is kinetic energy by molecules on the air. When the mass of air expands, its force worked outside and its energy was consumed, so the kinetic energy on the molecules drop. The action makes the mass on the air drops its temperature.

The amount of steam which is included in the air has a limit. As to the amount of the steam…

• 共感2

【How is cloud formed?】

《Air which contains plenty of steam is heated and goes up, then is cooled overhead and cloud is formed》

The higher the temperature is, the more the amount of steam is. The lower the temperature is, the less the amount of the steam is. It is well known.

Therefore, if the air which goes up contains steam, it changes into droplet with the drop of the temperature, so the cloud is formed. The steam is the third element among the three factors which change the weather, and the third element causes clouds.

《Three conditions on water》

Water has three conditions like…

• 共感2

【How is cloud formed?】

《Three conditions on water》

Water has three conditions like the steam which is the air, the water which is liquid, and ice which is solid. When each of conditions changes heat is released or absorbed.

In short when the steam changes into the water and the water does into ice, the heat is released. On the contrary, when the change from ice to water, and the one from the water to the steam, the heat is absorbed.

《When being expanded, the temperature goes down. Why?》

The higher it is, the colder the air is, so the steam is cooled and becomes the cloud, but it’s in the…

• 共感2

【How is cloud formed?】

《When being expanded, why does the temperature goes down?》

…but it’s in the wrong.

When being expanded, the energy is spent so as to push away the air outside. The energy is kinetic one which molecules have, so the temperature goes down.

When going on using a can of spraying, the can itself becomes cool, for the air within the can is released, and energy is given the outside.

Steam clings with minute dust from waves and it becomes a droplet. Actually, the steam alone doesn’t change into the droplet easily. When a spray was dashed up from the waves, there were...

• 共感2

【How is cloud formed?】

…there were grains of salt, and minute dust like the grains of salt becomes a nucleus, and steam clings to the nucleus, so it changes into the droplet.

【How is weather formed? Kinds on the cloud】

When looking up at the sky, there are various shape of cloud there. The size and the number on the cloud is decided with the amount of steam in the atmosphere and the direction on the updraft current.

Roughly speaking, the cloud is classified into two kinds. The one which spread horizontally, and the other which develops vertically. The difference between two of them is a…

• 共感2

【How is weather formed? Kinds on the cloud】

《Various shapes on the cloud is decided with the direction on the updraft current and the amount of the steam》

The difference between the two kinds of cloud is the way of rising the updraft current.

When the mass of the air rose diagonally slowly, adiabatic expansion 断熱膨張 is caused over extensive area, so the cloud developed horizontal way widely.

On the other hand, when the mass of the air rose right above as it was, the cloud develops vertically. The stronger the force on the air current is, the higher and the more wide the cloud develops in…

• 共感2

【How is weather formed? Kinds on the cloud】

《Various shapes on the cloud is decided with the direction on the updraft current and the amount of the steam》

The stronger the force on the air current is, the wider and the higher the cloud develops in both of the situations on the cloud. The typical ones are cumulonimbus cloud 積乱雲 and nimbostratus 乱層雲.

When the air spread over extensive area slowly, the nimbostratus cloud is caused. When it started to rain due to the cloud, the rain continues extensive area for a long time.

On the other hand, the cumulonimbus cloud is generated owing to a…

• 共感2

【Kinds on the cloud】

《Various shapes on the cloud is decided with the direction on the updraft current and the amount of the steam》

…the cumulonimbus cloud 積乱雲 is generated on account of a strong updraft current, the top of the cloud sometimes reaches the most upper layer on the troposphere 対流圏 of which height is ten thousand meters. This cloud generated in small area and makes it rain heavily.

Except for those two kinds of clouds, there is little amount of the steam which is included in the mass of air. As a result, though the cloud is formed, its layer is so thin that when looking up…

• 共感2

【Kinds of cloud】

《Various shapes on the cloud is decided with the direction on the updraft current and the amount of the steam》

…though the cloud is formed, its layer is so thin that when looking up at it from the earth it is see through. It frequently happens. In those clouds the droplet is so small that it seldom rains heavily.

There is expression on ten kinds of cloud. Its shape is decided with the direction on the updraft current and the amount of the steam.

Cumulonimbus cloud 積乱雲 generated between near the surface on the ground and the place at the height is ten thousand meters.

• 共感2

【Kinds on the cloud】

《Various shape on the cloud is decided with the direction on the updraft current and the amount of steam》

The cumulonimbus cloud develops vertically. It’s what is called 入道雲 in Japanese. Upper layer on the cumulonimbus is made up with grain of ice and lower layer is composed with droplet. The cloud makes it rain or snow. Sometimes it causes thunderstorm, hail and even tornado.

積雲 is made between near the surface on the ground and the place at the height of six thousand meters. When reaching at the height of ten thousand meters, it becomes the cumulonimbus cloud.

• 共感2

【Kinds on cloud】

《Various shapes on the cloud is decided with the direction on the updraft current and the amount of steam》

Upper layer on the 積雲 is sometimes made up with the grain of ice, but almost all of the upper layer is composed with the droplet.

巻き雲 is made above five thousand meters. It’s also called すじ雲 in Japanese, for its shape is a streak. The temperature is low in the upper layer of the atmosphere, so the grain on the cloud of the 巻き雲 is made up with the grain of ice. The grain of ice is blown from the cumulonimbus cloud, and 巻き雲 is sometimes formed.

• 共感2

【Kinds on the cloud】

The one which I’m going to express is made up with grains of ice or droplet. Its heigh is above five thousand meters or from three thousand to seven thousand. It seems to be ten kinds, and I’ve expressed two, so the rest of eight are the ones like that. When expressing, I don’t think I find it interesting, so I’m going to omit it.

《Unique clouds which appear under various weather conditions》

There were ten kinds of cloud expressed in the book, but the cloud isn’t so simple that we can’t classify into ten kinds alone. Everyone knows it from experience.

• 共感2

【Kinds on the cloud】

《Unique clouds which appear under various weather conditions》

Various clouds appear and vanish in the sky, changing each of shape every moment. There are expressions and photos on strange clouds on the book. For example, レンズ雲, or 肋骨雲 in Japanese. I’m going to express it.

肋骨雲 It seems to be kind of 巻き雲, and is stretched out lengthily a lot in same direction. It looks like ribs, so it’s named like that, I’m wondering, but it seems that the space between the ribs are too small a little.

After an airplane flied in the sky, some clouds are left. What’s called 飛行機雲 in….

• 共感2

【Kinds on the cloud】

《Unique clouds which appear under various weather conditions》

What’s called 飛行機雲 in the sky. 巻き雲 which stretched long in the direction of right angle a lot and they look ribs. When the 飛行機雲 develops, its shape sometimes changes like that. When spreading gradually, the weather goes bad.

By the way, without showing with any picture, I have to express on clouds like its shape, though there are some pictures on the book which I’ve expressed. To my sorrow, my English ability isn’t enough to make my expression so lively. I’m afraid I can’t make myself understood very much.

• 共感2

【How is weather formed? Kinds on the rain】

《It is said there is warm rain and cold rain. How are those rain caused?》

Why does a cloud fall? In fact, the cloud drops, but the grain on the cloud is too little to drop easily in the cloud which has updraft current. Its diameter is 0.01 millimeter.

Even if it drops, it evaporates in the dried air on the way before reaching the ground, but it looks the cloud is in the same position, for the steam continues to be supplied by the updraft current.

When the grain on the water drop is big enough to some extent, the speed of dropping is so big that…

• 共感2

【Kinds on the rain】

《There is warm rain and cold rain? How are those rains caused?》

…the speed on the rain becomes so big that it reaches to the ground without being evaporated. It’s the rain. Its diameter is more than 1 millimeter, and it is known there are two kinds of the rain. The one is cold and the other is warm. What causes the difference between the rains?

The difference is whether ice is formed or not overhead.

The steam is carried by the strong updraft current highly. It’s the start on the cold rain. The higher the air becomes and swells, the lower the temperature is.

• 共感2

【Kinds on the rain】

《There is cold rain and warm rain？ How are those rains caused?》

When going upward, the steam changes into water drop, and ice. The ice absorbs the water drop from around place and becomes bigger gradually, and is formed a crystal on the snow.

The crystal on the snow is so big that it can’t be supported by the updraft current that it begins to drop. When passing through around the temperature of more than 0 degrees, the snow melts and becomes the rain.

Or when the temperature in the cloud is low, the crystal on the snow absorbs the droplet around its place and becomes…

• 共感2

【Kinds on the rain】

《There is warm rain and cold rain? Why are those rains caused?》

…and becomes bigger when falling. Thus hail is formed. Without being melt, both of the snow and hail drop. It depends on, according the temperature around two of them.

On the other hand, the warm rain which has a large amount of steam drops at islands in tropical area. When being the water drop in the cloud, without raising highly, it collides with a large amount of other droplets around the place and becomes big. What’s we call squall is this warm rain.

【Crystal on the snow】

《Crystal on the snow…》

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Crystal on the snow which changes its shape according to the weather condition》

The crystal on the snow is a tiny small grain extremely of ice of which diameter is 0.01 millimeter and develops its shape absorbing steam in the air. It is said it exists no more than a few hours from the time when it was born in the cloud to reach to the ground.

Its precise and complicated shape on the crystal of the snow is formed like the process in the next.

The grain of the cloud which forms the cloud isn’t frozen until minus forty degrees, but when colliding with a dust, it freezes

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Crystal on the snow which changes its shape according to the weather conditions》

It changes into spherical form on the crystal of the ice instantly then. It develops absorbing steam and becomes a short hexagonal column made up with ice. It’s an ice crystal. Basic form on the crystal of the ice is this ice crystal. Its size is below 0.1 millimeter.

As steam flows into the place which protrudes on the ice crystal easily, the place develops its size more than other parts. The more steam is absorbed, the more complicated its shape becomes.

The crystal on the snow…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Crystal on the snow which changes its shape according to the weather conditions》

The crystal on the snow develops in the cloud when dropping. Then difference a little on the weather conditions like the temperature and the amount of steam makes the shape on the crystal change greatly. Even if it snows at the same time, each shape on the crystal is infinite vary.

Roughly speaking, the shape on the ice crystal is divided into two. Some of them are two kinds of shape is combined. The difference on the shape is caused by difference on the temperature and the amount of…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Crystal on the snow which changes its shape according to the weather conditions》

The difference on the shape is caused by the condition on the development like the temperature and the amount of steam. The snow is made up with the ice. When looking at it with the level on molecules, it turned out that the molecules on the water are arranged regularly. Almost all of the crystal on the snow is hexagonal symmetry, for it caused by the structure on the arrange of water molecules.

I’ve said it’s divided into two shapes, but I’ve made a mistake, I’m sorry.

The ones…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Crystal on the snow which changes its shape according to the weather conditions》

The ones which change from the basic shape the other one on the column 角柱結晶,針状結晶, and the others which develop the shape on the plate 角板結晶, 樹枝状結晶. The shapes changes according to the temperature.

As to the crystal on the snow, the more the amount of the steam is, the more complicated shape it is, and the condition on the development changes according to the condition on temperature, so we can know the weather condition overhead from the crystal on the snow.

To tell the truth, almost all…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Crystal on the snow which changes its shape according to the weather conditions》
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
To tell the truth, almost all of the snow is made up with crystal which is randomly and asymmetric. No one can see the crystal which is symmetric and beautiful if coming across the one in a good condition.

For example, around the ground where the temperature is high, the crystal on the snow is melty, or it snows as large flake snow 牡丹雪 in which thousands of crystal are intertwined.
When snowing the crystal on the snow is…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

When snowing on the crystal is separate one by one is limited in place where its temperature is below minus ten degrees.

《Each of the shape on the crystal of the snow》

Speaking of the crystal on the snow, we tend to think of the one of which shape is something hexagonal, I’m sure, but some of them aren’t always hexagonal. 針状結晶 is long and slender shape with regard to the shape on the crystal.

Both of the place on the upper and lower one develop lengthily greatly. Forming the crystal limits to temperature from minus 4 to 10, and there are…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Each shape on the snow of the crystal》

…and there are lots of steam comparatively. Its shape is like a stick or a cross, as long as the photograph on the book.

角柱結晶 is a shape of rectangle. There is a pattern on the surface. Its weather condition is also from below minus 4 to minus 10 degrees, but when developing in a condition of which temperature is minus 20 degrees, it frequently becomes the 角柱結晶.

角板結晶 is the shape of hexagonal, but it’s different from other hexagonal crystal on the snow. Roughly speaking, six things protrude from its center in the others.

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Each shape on the crystal on the snow》

On the other thing, the 角板結晶 is the shape of hexagon. Its shape is the one in which two trapezoid 台形 is put together. Then the one is upside down and the other isn’t. Its weather condition on the temperature is below from minus 10 to minus 20 degrees and there are little vapor comparatively. The shape of hexagon surrounds its center without protruding from inner place to the outside.

I’m going to express other type which six things protrude from inner place to outside, but I’m not interested in any of weather condition when…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Each shape on the snow of the crystal》

…but I’m not interested in any weather condition on the crystal of the snow when it forms, so I’m going to omit it from now on. I’ll do its shape mainly.

樹枝状結晶 is the one in which six things protrude from inner to outside. Each of shape on the six things is as if it were a tree which grew from the ground. There is a trunk and branches are symmetrically on the both side of the trunk. The six trunks protrude from the inner to outside.

十二花 is the one which two of the 樹枝状結晶 are combined, so it’s different from the 樹枝狀結晶 a little.

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Each shape on the snow of the crystal》

There are each of six big trunks which has branches, and each of six small trunks is between the bigger ones one by one. To put it the other way around, each of bigger ones is between the each of small ones.

扇状結晶（広幅六花）It’s also six things are protruded, but the things which are equivalent to the branch is different shape. It resembles a fan. A big fan is outside of the branch and two of small ones are each side of the big one. The big one looks like a head and the small ones resemble a hand on a person. The person stands and its…

• 共感2

【Crystal on the snow】

《Each shape on the crystal of the snow》

The person stands and two hands are each side of its head, for it’s not an arm but the hand. If it’s the arm, it’s higher than the head when stretching, but it’s the hand, so it can’t be stretched so high. It looks like that for me with regard to the 扇状結晶（広幅六花）

扇状結晶（扇状六花）It’s also the hexagon, but there are no space between six things. They are connected, so roughly speaking its shape is hexagon a little. If I express it in detail, I’m not sure how long it takes, and I’m not interested in it, so I’m going to omit it.　

• 共感2

【Third chapter, mechanism on the weather of the world, from the equator to the polar region】

Elementary weather has been expressed like the wind and cloud by now, being based on three elements of thermometer, pressure and steam.

There are characteristic weather phenomena each place in the world. For example, tornado in America, monsoon in India, or rainy season and dry season in Africa. What causes those weather phenomena?

I’m going to show various weather phenomena each place in the world, getting the mechanism on each of weather phenomena, being based on elementary the weather mechanism.

• 共感2

【Lifespan on the weather. Mechanism on the weather of the world, from the equator to the polar region】

《When showing the duration on the weather phenomena with a list, roughly speaking, it becomes a straight line》

When being a beautiful day in the evening of summertime, the sky suddenly becomes dark, downpour starts as if a bucket turned over. Sometimes there is even thunder then, but the rain usually stops in a few hours. Or if moving several stations by train, we can escape from the place where it rains.

On the other hand, the rainy season which is synonymous for early summer in Japan.

• 共感2

【Lifespan on the weather】

《When showing the duration on the weather phenomena with a list, it becomes a straight line, roughly speaking》

The rainy season is a long rain which continues several weeks. Its cloud which makes the rain continue long spreads not only from the whole Japan, except for Hokkaido prefecture, but to Bangladesh, as if it travelled across the southern east Asia.

Thus, there is a specific scale on the weather phenomena. From the local ones which are limited to a mountainside or a part of region to the other which spreads the whole Asia. At the same time, the weather…

• 共感2