Let’s enjoy English 14th

【Jerusalem has been certified as capital?】

《Why is Jerusalem the sacred place?》

Muslims feared that the rock was exposed to the direct sunlight, wind and rain and collapsed, so they built the dome protecting the rock in 692, and at the time of Ottoman Empire it’s changed into the decoration like the one at present.

The dome isn’t the object for prayers but the building protecting the holy rock. The mosque which Muslims prayed to Mecca was built near the dome for the holy rock. It means the mosque in the distant town.

As a result, the holy shrine on the hill which is the holy place for the…

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【Jerusalem has been certified as capital?】

…the holy shrine on the hill which is the holy place for the Jews becomes the sacred place for Muslims as well. As it’s the holy place for three religions, if being the capital in a specific nation, a dispute would break out, so it was the international management, but the wisdom from the old people has been destroyed.

【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

The world was bothered by then the President Trump’s every action. Japan was the same one but it seemed to be China which found it harder than any other country.

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

After Trump was elected the President, he answered the call from the President Thailing-wen in Taiwan and talked with him over the telephone. The Chinese authorities must be shocked at it, for America used to receive the concept of the single China on which China insisted in the past, and avoided talking with the President in Taiwan direct.

The single China means that Taiwan isn’t an independent nation, and China is the single nation as people’s republic of China. China has insisted on like that.

Then the President Nixon…

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

Then the President Nixon visited China in 1972 and the diplomatic relation between America and China becomes ordinary, then America expressed it acknowledged the insistence on China.

It's a delicate expression that America didn't agree with China positively, but understood what China insisted. After that, America has taken care of Taiwan, tried not to handle it as nation.

On the other hand, Trump has never been worried about it. Do we have to be worried about the single China?

Trump said like that. There is one thing ..

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

There is one thing which we should pay attention. Trump doesn't think that as Taiwan is a democratic nation, he should take care of Taiwan.

Why did he talk with the President in Taiwan over the telephone? When being asked his real intention, Trump answered like the next.

When receiving the telephone on celebration from a regular customer who bought a large amount of weapons made in America, it's natural for us to answer the phone.

It's exactly the judgement when doing the business. Trump who was always angry with the...

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

Trump was always angry with the trade deficit against China, but if China receives the insistence from America in the trade with America, Trump may have allowed the concept on the single China. It's just that Taiwan is one of bargaining tools for Trump. We should think like that.

What did he insist on to China?

China has maintained the Chinese yuan which is the home currency for China low, and has made big money in the trade with America. A large amount of cheep goods made in China came into America, and the goods made ...

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

…and goods made in America isn’t sold very much in America and employment has been lost as well, so America would appoint China as the nation which controls foreign exchange and impose a tariffs as revenge. It’s the insistence from Trump, but what is the situation actually?

After Trump won the Presidential election, the Chinese yuan becomes low, but its real reason why the Chinese yuan is low is owing to Trump.

As the Trump government was born a large scale of investment for arrangement on infrastructure would be done….

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

…so the economy in American would improve, wouldn’t it? Or abolishing the financial regulation and the financial institution would be able to make a big money again, wouldn’t it?

As everyone expected like that so much that the stock market in New York rose sharply, and funds flowed into America from all over the world and the strong dollar advanced, but as a result, the currency of each country dropped.

If criticizing making the Chinese yuan low intentionally is outrageous, the criticism is unreasonable.

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

《China has desperately tried to stop making the Chinese yuan low》

It is sure that China used to fix the foreign exchange on the Chinese yuan and made use of the weak Chinese yuan and expanded its trade. Though it’s the fact, as having been criticized from America, China has tried to advance the strong Chinese yuan slowly from around 2005, but the economy in China has slowed down recently. Its economic growth rate dropped and its export value was below the previous year. The situation continues.

As the domestic economy…

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【The reason why…】

《China has desperately tried to stop making the Chinese yuan low》

As the domestic economy in China got depressed the investment from foreign countries has decreased. As the cost of employees rose factories which learned not to be able to produce in low cost like before ran away to foreign countries like Vietnam, Myanmar, or Bangladeshi.

As a result, the Chinese yuan forced to be low, but there have been worse things still more. Affluent people or companies who were anxious about the future on the economy in China have brought out their assets overseas.

One party…

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

《China has desperately tried to stop making the Chinese yuan low》

One party dictatorship by the Communist Party continues in China, and if the Communist Party changes its policy, the affluent people and companies wouldn’t be able to bring out their asset overseas. They are also worried about it, so they are going to bring out while they can.

Moreover, even if being able to sell or buy the right of using the land in China, but being unable to possess the land itself there, so the riches have spent money freely on the real…

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【The reason why…】

《China has desperately tried to stop the Chinese yuan weak》

…so the riches have spent money freely on the real estate overseas.

They have to sell the Chinese yuan which they possess and to buy dollar or yen so as to invest overseas. If the movement of changing the Chinese yuan into other currency becomes strong, it is natural for the Chinese yuan to be weak on account of the relation between the demand and supply.

If going on the Chinese yuan weak, the movement of changing it into other currency before it becomes weak becomes strong, so the Chinese yuan could be weaker.

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【The reason why the trade war between America and China has started】

《China has desperately tried to stop making the Chinese yuan weak》

It’s the central bank in China which panics. Without making the exchange rate stable, wealth would flow out overseas from China, if the Chinese yuan becomes weak, Trump would criticize China, leading the Chinese yuan low on purpose.

China is unable to move owing to the contradictory verbal attack from Trump.

【Denying the global warming mitigation measure】

No one can expect what Trump stats to say. When starting to make a plan which is opposed to…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris agreement】

When starting to make a plan which is opposed to everyone’s expectation, it’ll be a big news. It’s a good way to show its strong presence. Why is it unclear what he tries to say?

Because there is the confrontation between the right and the left inside the Trump government, and which side is Trump in, right or left? The position on Trump will change the situation greatly.

The typical one in the right wing inside the government was Stephen Bannon, who is the top of the Breitbart news which is a news media.

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris agreement】

The Breitbart news is the right wing. Trump asked him to join in the Trump camp in 2016 and he accepted it. He wrote the sentence on the Presidential decree forbidding to come into America from the Islamic world, and continued to say to Trump to keep his campaign pledge during the election.

On the other hand, the typical one in the left is Jared Kushner who is the husband of Ivanka who is Trump’s daughter. He used to be the supporter for the Democratic Party. He continued to put a brake on the policy of the…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

Jaren continued to put a brake on the extreme policy of the Trump government. Though Trump pledged he’d withdraw from the Paris Agreement if being the President during the election campaign, he didn’t carry it out right away, for it is said Ivanka and Jared prevented him from doing, saying the global warming measure was necessary.
But in the tug of war between the right and left, the right won. Trump announce America’d withdraw from the Paris Agreement June in 2016.

The Paris Agreement was adopted December…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

The Paris Agreement was adopted December in 2015, and America and China ratified at the same time September in 2016. The meeting in which the Paris Agreement was adopted was cop21 which was held at Paris. The cop 21 means that it’s the twenty first meeting by the countries which contracted the agreement.

Though we usually use the word of the global warming, but it’s expressed weather change in the United States. If the global warming advances, cooling on the earth makes a progress temporarily or unusual…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

…or unusual weather continues. The weather changes by the man-made activity sometimes, so they call it the weather change overseas.

In short, the Paris Agreement is the 21st meeting held by countries which contracted the international agreement so as to prevent the earth from warming. Speaking of preventing the earth from warming, COP 3 which was held in Kyoto in 1997, which is familiar with us.

The target of reducing the greenhouse gas which promotes the earth to warm like the carbon dioxide or methane.

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

It’s what is called 京都議定書. But the countries which was imposed the duty of reducing the greenhouse gas limited developed countries alone. Even if giving off the large amount of the carbon dioxide, the duty wasn’t imposed on developing countries like India or China.

Then comparing it with the year in 1990 which was the criteria, how much can developed countries reduce the greenhouse gas for five years from 2008 to 2012? The target was set up then. EU 8%, America 7%, Japan 6%. Why was the 1990 the criteria?

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

The estimate value on the total amount of the carbon dioxide giving off in the world was calculated for the first time in 1990.

《Is the influence on the withdrawal limited?》

Then the President in America was Clinton in the Democratic Party. The protocol at Kyoto was put together by the energetic attack of Al Gore who was the Vice President and was enthusiastic on the environmental measure, but he was defeated in the next election.

As the Bush President in the Republican Party was born America withdrew…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure】

《Is the influence on the withdrawal limited?》

…America withdrew from the Kyoto protocol then. The Bush government supported by the petroleum industry didn’t try to do anything disadvantageous for the petroleum industry. The deadline on the Kyoto protocol was until 2012, but without being put together the agreement, the deadline on the Kyoto protocol passed, so the target of reducing the greenhouse gas was put off until 2020. It’s the second promised period on the Kyoto protocol.

Japan thought without setting up the target on reducing the…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

《Is the influence on the withdrawal limited?》

Japan thought without being able to set up the target reducing the greenhouse gas, it is outrageous that developed countries alone are imposed duty of reducing the greenhouse gas, so Japan also withdrew from the Kyoto protocol, so Japan has no duty of reducing at present.

But the global warming is an imminent problem, so it has been thought that both of developed countries and developing countries could set up the target, and the Paris Agreement formed.

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure…】

《Is the influence on the withdrawal limited? 》

The duty of accomplishing the target was exempted and each country set up its own goal which each of them can realize voluntarily. Japan’s target is reducing 26% comparing it with 2013 until 2030.

America would reduce from 26 to 28% comparing it with 2005 until 2025. EU would reduce 40% comparing it with 1990 until 2030. The value on target and the deadline are various.

China has set up the number of reducing from 60 to 65% comparing it with 2005 until 2030, but its number was for the GDP.

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

《Is the influence on the withdrawal limited? 》

The more GDP increases, the more the greenhouse gas increases as well, so it’s the expression of determination not to increase anymore like before, so it’s not pure decrease, but it’s significant to express the determination was done by lots of country together, wrestling so as to reduce the greenhouse gas.

But as to Trump, he made much of his next election rather than alignment among other countries in the world. As to his speech, the one which isn’t fact…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure…】

《Is the influence on the withdrawal limited?》

The one which isn’t fact is included in the speech of Trump. We don’t have to be surprised at it, and he made a speech like the next.

America under the Trump government is the cleanest on the earth, and continues to be the one which is the most friendly to the environment.

But the amount of emitting the carbon dioxide is in 2nd place in the world. Where is the cleanest in America?

America can’t develop a clean thermal power plant using coal under the Paris Agreement.

Trump said like that, but…

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【Denying the global warming mitigation measure. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement】

《Is the influence on the withdrawal limited? 》

…but there has never been the regulation on the internal policy in the Paris Agreement, it means that the Paris Agreement doesn’t forbid to develop at all.

To tell the truth, when the Paris Agreement becomes effective, there is the regulation any of country can’t withdraw for three years, with be noted after a year, it can withdraw, so America is allowed to withdraw from November in 2020. Then the result on the next Presidential election would be issued.

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If then Trump was elected and other President who makes much of the environment was born, America can return to the Paris Agreement, so America has returned to the Paris Agreement under the Biden government.

【What is the actual condition on racism toward African Americans? 】

The gun shooting incident broke out at the church for African Americans June in 2015, and it was symbolic on the racism for African Americans remains at present. The incident has made Google or Amazon take into action, unexpected influence has spread over America. It broke out like the next.

A Caucasian male…

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【What is the actual condition on racism toward African Americans? 】

A Caucasian fired at random at the city of Charleston of the state of South Carolina. It broke out at the church for African Americans. Then twelve African Americas who were at the church on the study session of the Bible and nine of them were dead. The member of Senators in South Carolina who conducted a church service was in the victims.

The church what is called for the African Americans has exists in America. It doesn’t always mean that they call themselves like that, and there are various religious groups, but almost…

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【What is the actual condition on racism toward African Americans? 】

…but almost all of the believers who were at church are the African Americans. They sing gospel and dance there. Their culture is unique

Church which was attacked was founded in 1816. It has a long history of two hundred years.

Revered King who tackled the movement on raising a position for African Americans made a speech there in 1962.

At the city next to Charleston, a policeman of Caucasian shoot to kill an African America who ran away from him. The policeman shot him from behind the African American May in the same year

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【What is the actual condition on the racism toward the African Americans? 】


The policeman was charged with murder.

The African Americans are frequently done police checkup from the Caucasian policemen, for it's just that they are the African Americans, so it develops into a trouble often.

There has been the atmosphere like that everywhere when going to the southern area in the U.S.A. the author said and continued like the next.

The thing which he felt something odd is the confederate flag　南軍旗 is put up with the flag of the state at the public facilities in the south of America.

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【What is the actual condition on the racism toward the African Americans? 】

He said he saw the scene for the first time some twenty years ago, and remembers he was surprised at it, for the American Civil War was over and more than a hundred years have passed from then, but the flag of the confederacy was put up then.

The Confederate flag was exposed to the criticism in the incident, for the one who was the racist toward the African Americans and fired at random at church posted his picture in the internet before the incident and he had the confederate flag in his hand in the picture.

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【What is the actual condition on the racism toward the African Americans? 】

The Confederate flag is a red cloth and blue diagonal lines are painted there. Thirteen white stars are crossed in the diagonal lines each other, and the central one is one of thirteen

When the seven states in the south of America proclaimed they withdrew from America, after those four other ones joined in them, it symbolizes thirteen states which joined in the allies in the America.

The American Civil War was done from 1961 to 1965. Lincoln who was opposed to the slavery was elected the President in America, and...

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【What is the actual condition on the racism toward the African Americans? 】

…and each state which maintained the slavery reacted sharply against Lincoln, and South Caroline announced it withdrew from the U.S.A.at the very beginning.

《America has been divided into south and north even at present》

Allied Force in America and other states which didn’t allow them to withdraw from America in the south of America changed into war. It’s the American Civil War. The number of soldiers who joined in the north was some one million and a half and some ninety thousand hundred in the south.

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【What is the actual condition in the racism toward the African Americans? 】

《America has been divided into south and north even at present》

The deceased were no less than almost a half million, adding the North to South in total. In short, the north won and the slavery has been abolished in America, but deep-rooted racism toward African Americans has gone on in the south of America.

In addition each of states which were defeated in the war are being left for the nostalgia on the confederate army. There has been consciousness of admiring feat on their ancestor who won heroically on them.

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【What is the actual condition….?】

《America has been divided into south and north even at present》

It’s made them put up the confederacy flag. There are some states which put up the national flag of America, the one on the state and the confederacy one on the institution, and South Caroline is one of them.

As for the flag on the state, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida have adopted the design on the confederacy flag to the part of the flag on the state, but the flag symbolizing the south in America which tried to observe the slavery symbolizing the racism toward African Americans as it is.

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【What is the actual condition on the racism toward the African Americans? 】

《America has been separated into south and north even at present》

The governor in the state of South Caroline is a woman who is Indian American and belonged to the Republican Party when the book was written by the author. She used to defend the confederacy flag in the past, but couldn’t take the stance in the past with regard to the incident this time, especially after the incident, the national flag or the flag on the state at the assembly hall were hoisted at half-mast for mourning on the deceased, but the….

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【What is the actual condition…?】

《America has been separated into south and north even at present》

…on the other hand, the confederacy flag was put up as usual, so the criticism was rushed to the governor, so the governor asked the assembly to remove the confederate flag which was put un the place near the assembly hall. As the senator in the state was one of the deceaseds, the assembly agreed with the removal on the Confederacy flag, and it was removed.

The group which has requested for eradication on the racism toward the African Americans criticized the confederacy flag on other states….

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【What is the actual condition on the racism toward the African Americans? 】

《America has been separated into south and north even at present》

…and insisted that the confederacy flag was demon’s crest and removal from the state. Moreover the governor at the state of Alabama removed the confederacy flag which was put up near the place in front of the assembly hall of the state of Alabama.

It seems that the confederacy flags which are put up each place of states in the south of America is going to disappear.

The movement has expanded to the industry of internet shopping as well.

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【What is the actual condition…】

《America has been separated into south and north even at present》

Google, Amazon, and e-pay have announced they removed the goods in regard to the confederacy flag from the website managements. We’re surprised that those things were sold there, but lots of goods like clothes, knives in which the confederacy flag was adopted as design were sold.

When driving along the south of America, the author said he happened to see the cars which have stickers imaging the confederacy flag next to the number plate often. Is this scene going to disappear at last?

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The relic from the American Civil War has left even at present. It’s shown us the deep-rooted racism toward the African Americans.

【What is hiking in interest rate in the FRB?】

FRB is an abbreviation of Federal Reserve Bank in America, and it lifted the policy of zero interest rates at the end of 2015, and raised the set interest rates. The interest rates remained the same for nine years. It means that American economy has recover so much, but it has had influenced over the world. What does it mean that hiking in interest rate in the FRB?

When the economy isn’t doing well…

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【What is hiking in interest rate in the FRB? 】

When the economy isn’t doing well, the central bank in a country drops the interest rate. If the interest rate becomes low, we can borrow money from a banking facility easily, so companies can build a new factory and adopt new employees or each of us can get a housing loan, so it has been thought it’s useful for that the economy is going well.

After the bubble collapsed in Japan, Japan of Bank dropped the interest rate and the policy of zero interest rate was continued, and it was the same as the FRB as well.

The economy was bad because of….

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【What is hiking in interest rate in FRB? 】

The economy was bad because of what is called Lehman‘s collapse, the interest rate level was dropped, at last the interest rate became zero, but it is to raised up.

FRB is the central bank in America. We adopted the way of saying like that. The central bank in Japan is the Bank of Japan. We say like that, but we don’t call the central bank the Bank of America. Why?

The central bank issues the bill of its country, or when a private bank is short of fund, the central bank relieves the private one. The role on the central bank is important.

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【What is hiking in interest rate in FRB? 】

So, when the country of America was established, there was the trial of establishing the Bank of America, but America hates the centralization. When the central bank was established, the central power becomes too strong. Lots of people were on their guard then, so the trial on the central bank didn’t go on for a long time in America.

As a result, private banks issued the bill each place in America respectively. But if some of those banks go bankrupt, lots of people are apt to be anxious about the bank which they deposit their money.

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【What is hiking in interest rate in America? 】

Is the bank we deposit our money all right? If lots of people think of it like that, they may have rushed to the bank so as to withdrew their money from the bank, and it would develop into a great confusion,.

So the private banks offered the fund each place in America, and the FRB has been established. It’s the bank which reserves the fund so as to relieve when each of private banks goes bankrupt. Private banks always prepare for their fund in the FRB over the jurisdiction in case of emergency.

But if founding the single bank, it’s too strong.

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【What is hiking in interest rate in America? 】

So they’ve established no less than twelve FRB in America in 1913. The name of federal is added to, but it’s not the national bank but the private one. Shareholders on the FRB are each of private companies which offered the fund.

When the FRB was established, it’s the time of railway. The one who was in charge of the private bank which was about to go bankrupt could reach within a day for the relief by railway. The place on the FRB is the one like that, so its number is twelve.

FRB controls private banks which straddle from the state to other.

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【What is hiking in interest rate in America? 】

《Changing into a powerful central bank》

As banks which prepare for funds were born, the organization which controls the whole one was established. It’s the FRB.

By the way, I’m confused the FRB with the banks which prepare for funds. To my sorrow, I have little knowledge on everything, including American economy, so I can’t be aware of it until now. I’m sorry for it.

As the twelve banks which prepare for funds are the private ones, the FBR is also the private organization, but its influence is so big that the chairperson on the…

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【What is hiking in interest rate in America? 】

《Changing into a powerful central bank》

…that the chairperson on the administrative board or administrative directors are appointed by the President after the President was given the acceptance from the Senator.

The administrative directors who form the administrative board are seven. They are professors at university or are from the economic world. Their term of office is fourteen years, for their term of office is so long that they don’t have been influence over the politics, trying to maintain its independence. Its present chairperson has….

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【What is hiking in interest rate in America? 】

《Changing into a powerful central bank》

The present chairperson has been inaugurated in 2018. Deciding the plan on the financial policy like raising or dropping the interest rate is done by FOMC, Federal Open Market Committee. It’s equivalent to monetary policy meeting in Japan.

The member on the FOMC are twelve people. The seven administrative director on the FRB , the governor on the bank offering fund for the private companies in New York, and others are chosen from other governors on the private banks which offer fund for the private banks.

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【What is hiking in interest rate? 】

《Changing into a powerful central bank》

Why is the governor on the bank offering the fund for the private banks in New York is the member on the FMOC which decides the plan on the financial policy like raising or dropping the interest rate?

It’s the bank offering the fund for the private banks in New York where there is the financial district called the Wall Street which is in charge of lax monetary policy.

FOMC is held eight times regularly a year, and discussing whether or not to continue the lax monetary policy, and the policy is decided there.

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【What is hiking in the interest rate in America? 】

《Changing into a powerful central bank》

The policy of zero interest rate was lifted at the committee December in 2015. How does the FMOC raise or drop the interest rate? Its way is as almost the same as the Bank of Japan.

Private financial institutions lend or borrow funds each other in a short term. If there are abundant funds at hand for the financial institutions, the ones which may lend the fund is more than the ones which may borrow, so the interest rate on the short term is low on account of the relation between the demand and supply.

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