Science,English,and math 8th

【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《As to DVD and TV, it’s all right for the single one. Why can we operate machine from a remote place?》

Not only TV, air conditioner but illumination in the room, we can operate them from a remote place at present. Then the remote controller is indispensable.

If pushing on the switch of the remote controller, a code for order is sent to the part which receives the order being built in a device like TV owing to invisible infrared rays.

Speaking of infrared rays, some people think of an electric Komatsu which emits red light.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology or electric appliance】

《As to DVD, and TV, it’s all right for the single one. Why can we operate the machines from a remote place?》

The one which is used for the electric kotatsu is far infrared rays, on the other hand, the one which is used for the remote controller is near infrared rays which is electromagnetic wave of short wave length.

A device which gives off infrared rays and other one, ic circuit which sends the code are built in the remote controller. We call the former device light emitted diode.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《As to DVD, or TV, it’s all right for the single one. Why can we operate those machines from a remote place?》

The codes on the remote controller have been set up on each of buttons one by one, of the remote controller which sends the information.

In the side which receives the information already grasps each code on the button is each of functions, and the data on the code is memorized.

If pushing the button, the code is sent with the infrared rays, it’s received and the code is decoded, so the electric source is turned…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《As to DVD, or TV, it’s all right for the single one. Why can we operate those machines from a remote place?》

…so the electric source is turned on and off, the channel on TV is changed, or the temperature goes up or down, the devices have mechanism which follows directions.

There is a single remote controller to a single electric appliance alone. We can’t control the electric appliance with other remote controller, for the code on infrared rays is different among those electric appliance.

Each number on codes of the…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《As to DVD, and TV, it’s all right for the single one. Why can we operate those devices from a remote place?》

Each number on the code of the electric appliance made by companies are already fixed by the association of the electric companies. The codes have been managed by each of the companies each other so as to prevent the code from using repeatedly.

As a result, even if pushing the buttons on some remote controllers at the same time and infrared rays fly around in the air, the room isn’t confused by malfunction 誤作動.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《We have been comfortable through a whole year. Why does an air conditioner make the room become both warm and cool?》

When wanting to the room become warm or to become cool, the air conditioner makes use of nature that taking a large amount of thermal energy from around place and cool before the liquid evaporates.

When adding the thermal energy to the liquid from the outside, the molecules on the liquid which are connected loosely start to move violently, and divide. They change into air which fly without restriction.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can the air conditioner make the room become warm and cool?》

We call the thermal energy which is used then the heat of vaporization 帰化熱. For example, when giving an injection to the arm, the place where alcohol based sanitizer is applied feels cool, for when the alcohol vaporized, the alcohol based sanitizer takes the heat from the skin where the alcohol was touched.

The liquid which makes its circulation do efficiently is called refrigerant 冷媒, and Freon gas is mainly took advantage of it. The heat which is taken…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can an air conditioner make the room become warm or become cool?》

The heat which is taken moves without disappearing. The one which is in charge of moving the heat is the Freon gas.

If gas is cooled and is compressed, the gas has nature of changing into liquid easily. First of all, the gas for refrigerator is high temperature and high pressure by compressor. After that, making the gas cool and make it release the thermal energy and changes it into the liquid.

The liquid is made to be low temperature and low pressure.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can an air conditioner make the room become warm and cool?》

When evaporating, a large amount of thermal energy is absorbed. The refrigerant changes from the gas into the liquid repeatedly in the air conditioner, and warm air and cool air are caused. Two of them are sent to the room by the fan.

Cooling and warming is done by reversing the circulation on the refrigerate gas, and changing into from the warming, changing into from the cooling is possible.

As to cooling, taking the heat from the room, and releasing the…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can an air conditioner make the room become warm and cool?》

…taking the heat from the room and releasing it from the room. As to warming, it’s opposite to the cooling. Absorbing the heat from the outside, and sending the heat into the room.

But when it is cold in the room, needless to say, it is also cold the outside the house. Then where is the heat absorbed? I’m not sure of it.

The system of inverter can control the rotation speed on the motor of the compressor with ease, so the air conditioner has evolved into the…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can an air conditioner make the room become warm and cool?》

…so the air conditioner has evolved into the one which has high degree ability and can adjust the temperature, moreover the one which can use through a whole year.

Inverter changes direct current into alternate current and controls the frequency on the electricity.

《It’s one of necessary articles in the dinning table in summer. Why can a fridge can cool?》

Changing liquid into gas repeatedly like an air conditioner, a fridge can make it possible to go on…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a fridge cool?》

…a fridge can go on cooling semi permanently.

First of all, making the compressor on the fridge start up and compress the refrigerate 冷媒 gas. Then the refrigerate gas has heat of which temperature is 80 degree.

There is a radiator at the back of the fridge. It’s also called a condenser, and the refrigerate gas passes through there, and is cooled by the air, then its temperature changes into 40 degree. After that, it’s compressed and is changed into liquid.

The refrigerate gas which becomes the…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a fridge cool?》

The refrigerate gas which changed into the liquid passes through very thin tube and is cooled more still, and receiving resistance from the wall of the thin tube makes its pressure drop, and goes ahead to an evaporator inside the fridge.

As its pressure drops, the refrigerate gas evaporates into the air easily, and when reaching the evaporator, it swells suddenly, changing into the air, and taking a large amount of thermal energy. Then dropping the temperature on the fridge.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a fridge cool?》

Thus, compression, condensation and evaporation is repeated, so the fridge can maintain cool its inside.

Freon gas used to be the main stream in the past. Freon is a material which is compounded chemically and artificially. It’s changed into the liquid easily, and is poisonous which affects on the human body is low, so it has a strong point.

But as it was recognized that the Freon gas destroyed the ozone layer, the production on the fridge which used the specific Freon gas has been abolished totally

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a fridge cool?》

Alternative Freon which is less destructive comparatively used to be adopted, but it becomes a factor which prompts the global warming, so the fridge which uses the alternative Freon has to be collected and be disposed.

The fridge which uses non Freon gas has spread all over the society at present. The non Freon gas is the one which is added isobutane to the Freon gas. As the non Freon gas doesn’t destroy the ozone layer. As to the global warming potential, it has the same nature as carbon dioxide.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a fridge cool?》

As a result, the non Freon gas is more ecological than the alternative Freon gas.

The global warming potential shows us how much it prompts the global warming. Its base is the carbon dioxide.

Isobutane is a kind of hydrocarbon 炭化水素.

《Without using fire, we can cook. Why can we heat with a microwave?》

Using an electric wave, and food is heated by microwave. The electric wave is also called the microwave. The device is called by the name which radiates the electric wave, I’m wondering.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can we heat with a microwave?》

There is a diode vacuum tube 2極真空菅 which causes the microwave in the apparatus which heats the food. Electrons are caused from the cathode 陰極, and magnetic field adds to the electrons. Without reaching anode 陽極, electrons rotate around the magnetic field and vibrate.

The vibration makes resonate on the anode, then causes the microwave. The microwave is guided to the food which is set in the device which heats the food so as that the microwave hits the food.

Lots of food include water…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can we heat food with the microwave?》

…and the microwave has an appropriate nature which heats molecules on the water. The molecules on the water have both cathode and anode, irradiating the microwave over the food, the molecules on the water vibrate, and rotate. Its speed on the rotation is no less than two billion and four hundred million times a second!

When going on doing exercise quickly, our body temperature goes up. Likewise, as the molecules on the water vibrate with high speed, the food is heated more still.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Can we heat food with the microwave?》

We call the way of heating induction heating 誘導加熱. Without using any water, the device heats the food cooks food in short time, so there is less loss on water and vitamin group which is easily affected by heat.

But heating food with the microwave, there is unevenness on the food. The microwave has nature of going straight like laser beam. In addition, the device which causes the microwave is fixed in one place alone, a part which isn’t irradiated over is caused.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can we heat food with the microwave?》

There is the round plate in the center of the device which heats food, and the round plate rotates as if it were a turn table, for it prevent the unevenness from causing, and make the microwave cover to the food completely.

Moreover, the microwave has nature which is poisonous to the human body, so there is device which prevent the microwave from leaking to the outside. Its door is made up with metal with a mesh pattern which stops the microwave.

The mesh is a smaller hole than…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

Each of mesh is a smaller hole than the wave length of the microwave, so the microwave can’t pass through the mesh.

《It takes two hours and a half between Tokyo and Osaka. Why is a bullet train speedy?》

Tokaido line for bullet train has started since 1964, the bullet train continues its development and evolution. Its fastest speed is 320 kph on Hayabusa in Tohoku line.

On the other hand, the fastest speed in conventional line is 130 kph. Why can the bullet train run so speedy? There are some points on the secret of the…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why is a bullet train speedy?》

There are some points on the secret of the speed on the bullet train.

The first point is its power is dispersed. As to the power on an ordinary train, it’s is in the front train alone, and moves forward, pulling other passenger trains.

On the other hand, as to the bullet train, the power isn’t only in the front one but in a part of other passenger trains. Needless to say, the power is in several trains is by faster.

Moreover, the bullet train has succeeded in saving weight on trains.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why is a bullet train speedy?》

Changing the weight on the rail into light is an important element so as to move fast. When the bullet train started to run, the weight to the rail used to be 15 ton, but the train of adopting aluminum alloy, it’s 11 ton at present.

As to the rail on which the train moves ahead, the width between the two rails are bigger to some extent, the more stable, so the train moves ahead speedy easily.

There are two kinds of track gauge, the width between the two rails, the one in the conventional one…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why is a bullet train speedy?》

As to the width between two rails, the one in the bullet train is wider than the one in the conventional line.

The form of the bullet train is a beautiful streamlined. The more speedy the bullet train is, the stronger resistance against the air becomes, so the front part of the front train on the bullet one is the form like that. It’s a contrive so as to decrease the resistance against the air and to be more speedy.

If moving ahead more than 200 kph, needless to say, its centrifugal force…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why is a bullet train speedy?》

…the centrifugal force 遠心力 is big. There is two contrives so as to prevent if from being derailed. The first is the straight line on the rail has been made as much as possible, and the curved line on the rail has been done as less as possible.

The second is there is difference between both left and right rails with regard to each of height in the part of curved line on the rail.

Pure aluminum is light but soft metal, so alloying with copper or manganese, and heightens its strength.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

JR East Japan has aimed at coming true 360 kph, and continued to study at present.

《It’s one of necessary items for disaster prevention. Why can a battery save electricity?》

There are various electric appliances which are indispensable for our everyday life like personal computer, smart phone, digital camera, and clock. A battery makes those electric appliance start up.

Without connecting to an outlet, we can use them owing to the battery, and carry them with us to the place which is away from our home.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a battery save electricity?》

Roughly speaking, there’re two kinds of battery. The one is changing natural energy like heat and light into other energy like photovoltaic Power 太陽光発電. We call it a physical battery.

The other is making use of chemical reaction between materials. We call it a chemical battery, and the chemical battery is classified into three. The one is a dry cell which we use up, the other is charging electricity which is the one for automobile, and another is a fuel cell which is close to a power…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a battery save electricity?》

…the last one is a fuel cell which is close to a power generation. In general, there is the one which we call the battery, and it’s the dry cell which the electricity is used up and the one which the electricity is charged for automobile.

The author expressed an easy way of making the battery like the next.

First of all cutting a lemon in half, and sticking two of coins of 10 yen and 1 yen which are connected with a voltmeter into the lemon. Then the needle of the voltmeter moves.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a battery save electricity?》

The voltmeter is the one which measures voltage. The basic construction on the battery is a combination of two kind of different metal and aqueous solution 水溶液 in which ion is solved.

The copper on 10 yen is equivalent to anode プラス極, and aluminum on 1 yen is cathode マイナス極, and the lemon is the aqueous solution.

As to the metal which is used for the battery, the one is easy to melt in the aqueous solution in which ion is solved, and the other is hard to melt. 1 yen which is made up…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a battery save electricity?》

I yen which is made up with aluminum is easier to melt in the aqueous solution than 10 yen which is made up with copper.

Atom on the aluminum releases electron and becomes ion, and the ion melts into the aqueous solution. If connecting an electric wire, electron which can’t become ion moves forward into the electric wire.

If going on discharging electricity, electrons are generated from the metal which is easy to melt more and more. When the metal melted out, the reaction is over.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a battery save electricity?》

The role on the battery of the dry cell in which the electricity is used up is over there, but the one in which electricity is charged for automobile isn’t. Its direction on electric currency is reversed, the positive pole and negative pole until then is turned, and the electricity is charged, and the situation is returned to the original one.

《Why can a car navigation find up the car where it is?》

The car navigation is originally the Global Positioning System which is a technology.

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a car navigation find up the automobile where it is?》

The phrase on GPS is familiar with us, and it’s an abbreviation of the Global Positioning System. It’s a technology which makes use of artificial satellite and has been developed on military purpose.

An atomic clock is loaded on the artificial satellite, and the atomic clock sends extremely correct information to the ground. There is slightly time difference until the information is sent from the atomic clock.

Considering the slight time difference…

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【We can understand chemistry on technology and electric appliance】

《Why can a car navigation find out an automobile where it is?》

Considering the time difference, calculating the distance from the artificial satellite to the car navigation, so the the location on the automobile is identified, but its not enough, for buildings cause an accident error 誤差, the data from the atomic clock is matched with the map on the car navigation, so the car navigation can identify its location.

By the way, what’s the atomic clock? I’ve never heard it until now. What kind of feature does it have?

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【Atomic clock】

Even if speaking of the atomic clock, I find it hard to imagine, but it’s an indispensable key item for our society and our every day life at present, an expression on the internet said like that.

Roughly speaking, there’re three kinds of clock, either of three, the mechanical device, quarts, or the atom. In general, what kind of feature does the clock have? I’m going to look at it so as to understand the atomic clock.

The power on the clock of the mechanical device is a clockwork ゼンマイ. If the clockwork is wound, it tries to loosen, and the movement is conveyed to the hand …

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【Atomic clock】

…and the movement is conveyed to the hand on the clock, then the function on the clock is caused. We have to wind the clockwork which is the power on the clock and to supply the power to the clock so as to function the clock.

As to the clock on mechanical device, it has two kinds. The one is manual winding, and the other is automatic one. As to the manual winding is winding the clockwork by hand, and the automatic winding is by an activity in daily living like swinging arm, the power is supplied to the clockwork like that.

Its strong point is its structure is analog…

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【Atomic clock】

…so we can repair almost all of them. Lots of expensive watches have adopted the mechanical device, so its asset value is also high, and it’s one of the strong points.

Its weak point is being lack of accuracy, and supplying power to the clockwork is indispensable, and its inside structure is so complicated that it’s vulnerable to magnetism, or impact, and when repairing, it costs too much.

The power on the clock of quarts is electricity. Making the quarts vibrate in the digital circuit, and identifying it, so the function on the watch is caused.

Its merit is high precision.

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【Atomic clock】

In addition, it’s strong to magnetism.

Its demerit is the digital circuit is adopted, so we can’t frequently repair it. Basically, even if exchanging its battery, it doesn’t function accurately sometimes. Then we need to buy a new one.

The power on the atomic clock is also the electricity. Identifying electric wave from the atom by the digital circuit inside of the clock. To be exact, there is a subtle gap on the time of the quarts clock and accurate time, but the atomic clock can correct the gap, so the atomic clock shows more precise time than the quarts clock does.

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【Atomic clock】

Its merit is its precision on the time is extremely so high that there is hardly the gap on the time. The gap is a second in thousand years, though no one can live so long, how do we know it?

Its hard ware must have been is broken until there is the gap on the time in the clock.

Its weak point is it costs too much, and producing small one is hard.

《Principle on the atomic clock》

If comparing the atomic clock with other ones, it turned out that the atomic clock is by far more accurate. How does the atomic clock identify the time? Its secret is in the feature in the atom.

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【Atomic clock】

《Principle》

What is the standard on the time in the world? How has it been set up? Its standard is the time when the earth rotates once, and one second is set up with the standard, but it turned out that the time of the rotation on the earth isn’t fixed on account of the gravitation on the moon, so cesium is adopted.

Each of the atoms has its own frequency which resonates, so the atom has nature which absorbs or release the light and microwave from the peculiar frequency alone.

As to the cesium, when being irradiated by the specific microwave alone, its situation on energy…

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【Atomic clock】

《Principle》

…then the situation on the energy of the cesium changes, so the frequency on the microwave is same as the cesium, so the microwave is adopted for the standard on the time, the expression on the internet said like that.

As you know, I have little knowledge on science, but the frequency on the microwave which is irradiated on the cesium isn’t always indispensable, isn’t it? Instead of it,it’s just that the frequency on the cesium itself is to be adopted, I’m wondering.

《How has the atomic clock been used for?》

The atomic clock has been used for in varied place.

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【Atomic clock】

《How has the atomic clock been used for?》

The precision on the atomic clock has made the clock itself adopt in varied places.

Some of them has loaded the atomic clock actually, and others have received the information on the time from the atomic clock indirect. As a result, the atomic clock is the indispensable key item in the modern society.

For example, a radio controlled clock receives standard which is based on the atomic clock, and correcting the time, so it’s proud of accurate time, and the clock inside the electronic device has achieved benefit from the atomic clock.

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【Atomic clock】

《How has the atomic clock been used for?》

Clocks in the electronic device like PC, smart phone have got benefit from the atomic clock, so the atomic clock has plays an active role in the place which is familiar with us.

《Stock exchange》

At present is the time when infrastructure on information technology has been arranged well, even if only a second, it has serious significance in stock exchange.

For example, when selling or buying stocks at stock exchange both in America and in Germany at the same time, if the information on the time isn’t accurate, a discrepancy is caused

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【Atomic clock】

《Stock exchange》

Then discrepancy is caused on the information of the stock price.

As a result, being based on the time, receiving on the electric wave of the satellite of the atomic clock, selling and buying stock has been done in the stock exchange all over the world.

Even if it’s been done in different places in the world, it’s the same stock market owing to the atomic clock, so everyone can sell and buy the stock without being worried about.

By the way, I’m going to express chemistry on creature in the next. The single word chemistry covers lots of genres, I’m wondering

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【Delving into the mystery on creature which is familiar with us】

《A worry which is in common all over the world. Why is ムシ everywhere?》

There are lots kinds of insect, and the insect is everywhere in the world from a place which is close to us to an uncivilized place. Anthropoid 節足動物 includes the insect, crustaceans 甲殻類, spiders and centipedes ムカデ.

The surface of the body is covered with hard shell, and it has joints literally. The book said ocean creature like shrimp or crab belong to the insect, but in general we call the one which inhabits the land the insect.

The anthropoid has more…

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【Delving into the mystery on creature which is close to us】

《Why is an insect everywhere?》

The anthropoid has more than one million three hundred thousand kinds. It’s the biggest group in the creature. Some 85% of the creature is the anthropoid. The anthropoid accounts for more than three fourths in the creature. Why is there the overwhelming number?

Origin on the creature is five hundred million years ago, dating back to the ancient ocean. Advancing creature from the sea to the land was extremely hard, for when being on the land, the water evaporated from the body more and more.

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is an insect everywhere?》

Eventually, the insect ended up lacking of water overwhelmingly.

The water accounts for 60% in the body of the creature, so a chemical reaction for its surviving is formed. The less the cubic volume is in the body, the more water evaporates, especially in a dry day, the one of which size on the body is like the insect, it’ll be dead within a minute.

The arthropod has turned its body into water proof so as to overcome the unfavorable situation. It has a exoskeleton 外骨格 which is hard and firm made up with protein.

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is an insect everywhere?》

The exoskeleton is covered with secretory fluid 分泌液 which is a kind of wax. It’s played a part as wax for the waterproof. As the anthropoid has the skin of waterproof it can dive into the water as well.

Lots of the insects can fly in the air. They alone used to be the one which could fly in the air fifty million years ago until vertebrate animal like pterosaur appeared.

The insects which have become strong by the evolution has been varied that they can adjust themselves on the land, sea or the air. It has been …

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

The insects have been overwhelmingly prosperous among creature. It was the insect which advanced to the land from the sea after the plant from five hundred million to four hundred million years ago.

《The color makes our eyes soothe, why is plant green?》

Except for the season on autumn leaves 紅葉, or a foliage plant which has a special pigment, even if any kind of plant, it’s green. Why? Its green pigment makes the color on the plant looks like that. We call the green pigment chlorophyll 葉緑素, and it’s indispensable element for photosynthesis 光合成.

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is plant green?》

What is the photosynthesis?

In short, making use of water and carbon dioxide in the air and making oxygen, and its energy is the light from the sun.

Creature was born on the earth, and immediately after that, the chlorophyll evolved in the cell and was born. Then a bacteria which does the photosynthesis appeared.

The bacteria was prosperous in the sea greatly, and released a large amount of oxygen in the air, so primitive sea weeds were born. The primitive sea weeds changed the combination on the cell, and continued to…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is plant green?》

…and the sea weeds continued to grow in the sea, then the photosynthesis was also done. The oxygen was gone on releasing in the air, so it was accumulated gradually overhead.

The earth had been exposed on the strong ultraviolet rays which destroys the DNA which is the gene until then, but the oxygen formed the ozone layer as an umbrella. At last the preparation that creature advanced to the land was done by the evolution on the sea weed.

Brown sea weed inhabits a deep place, and the green one does a shallow place.

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