Science,English,and math 8th

【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Gluten is actually protein. Why is bread made from wheat?》

Wheat changes as if it were a chameleon. Its secret is in the gluten itself. The gluten is special protein in the wheat. The main component on the wheat is starch, and it accounts for some 70% in the wheat, and from 7 to 15% is two kinds of the protein.

When adding some water to the wheat and kneading enough, molecules on the two kinds are entangled each other and a tissue like a net is caused. Its the gluten.

Speaking of the wheat, there are three kinds, what is called 強力粉, 中力粉, 薄力粉.

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Gluten is actually protein. Why is bread made from wheat?》

Why is there difference between the three like 強力粉, 中力粉, or 薄力粉? The difference is in the amount of gluten included in the three kinds.

As to bread or macaroni, the 強力粉 which has lots of gluten and when completed, its dough is strong and somehow tough.

As for confectionery, the 薄力粉 which has a little gluten and when completed its dough is soft.

As to noodle like うどん, or ラーメン, it’s necessary both nice and chewy and soft, so 中力粉 which is the medium between the 強力粉 and 薄力粉 is suitable.

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Gluten is actually protein. Why is bread made from wheat?》

Yeast on bread is mixed with the 強力粉 direct so as to be a bread which is plump and delicious looking one. When increasing, a small amount of sugar is the source of energy on the yeast, and carbon dioxide gas is caused, and the gas makes the dough swell.

As to confectionery, adding sodium hydrogen carbonate, what is called 重曹, to the dough and the dough is heated, and carbon dioxide is caused. And the carbon dioxide makes the dough swell. Or beating a whole egg, or egg white, and adding either …

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Gluten is actually protein. Why is bread made from wheat?》

…and either of the whole egg or white egg which is beaten is added to the dough, and the dough is heated.

What is called かんすい is added to the wheat and the wheat is kneaded, then the noodle on the ラーメン is completed. What is the かんすい? It’s aqueous solution which is high salt and is alkaline.

When adding alkaline matter is mixed with the wheat and kneaded enough, a way of gathering molecules on the gluten changes, so what is called こし is in the noodle.

Thus, the wheat changes as if it were the…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Gluten is actually protein. Why is bread made from wheat?》

Thus the wheat changes as if it were the chameleon when the one which is adding changes. For example, when adding sugar with the wheat and is kneaded, the water in the dough is lost, the formation on the gluten is slow, and its viscoelasticity 粘弾性 decreases. Then the tissue which is soft and the one like a sponge is caused, so the dough is suitable for a cake.

The carbonate hydrogen gas makes the bread swell and the carbonate hydrogen gas is covered with a film of gluten then.

The yeast…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

The yeast on both of the bread and of beer belong to a microorganism which is a single cell, but we use different kind, according to the one in which we want to make.

《The raw material on what is called a chewing gum is sap. Why does the chewing gum become soft?》

Its original shape is tough like a plate, but when going on chewing over and over again, it becomes soft. The chewing gum is mysterious. Its base is a sap. The sap is from a tremendous tree which inhabits Central America like a western area in Mexico, Guatemala, or Honduras.

Maya and Aztecs…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A raw material on what is called chewing gum is a sap. Why does the chewing gum become hard?》

Maya and Aztec used to live there around the 4th century and scratched on the bark of the tree and gathered its sap. Then, they boiled down the sap and chewed it. It’s called chicle. The chicle means chewing in the Mexican.

Though Maya fell into a decline, the chicle was passed to the Mexican Indio, besides the chicle also spread over Spanish immigrants and started to be sold in the U.S.A. National chewing gum was sold in Japan as well from Taisho to Showa era

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A raw material on what is called chewing gum is a sap. Why does the chewing gum become hard?》

But the chewing gum wasn’t sold very much then, after the World War Ⅱ, the Japanese were stimulated by the one which the U.S.army chewed, and the chewing gum has spread over the Japan rapidly.

As to a botanical resin 樹脂 like the chicle, after gathering, it was boiled in the local place, and when water makes up 30% in the sap, it’s sent to Japan. The sap of 30% of water is mixed with calcium carbonate and ポリ酢酸ビニル and is kneaded enough. Then a basic chewing…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A raw material on what is called chewing gum is a sap. Why does the chewing gum become hard?》

Then a basic chewing gum is completed, and the ポリ酢酸ビニル plays a part for making the hard chewing gum become soft.

A large molecule made up with small molecules is called polymer material 高分子物質 like a starch or protein. As to the polymer material, when the temperature is low, it’s hard like glass, but the temperature is high, it changes into a thing like a gum. We call the phenomenon glass transformation, and the temperature which happens the change is called …

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A raw material on what is called chewing gum is a sap. Why does the chewing gum become soft?》

…and the temperature which happens the change is called the temperature on the glass transformation.

As to the ポリ酢酸ビニル, its temperature on the glass transformation is between the room temperature and the body temperature, so when chewing in the mouth over and over again, the hard chewing gum becomes soft.

A continuation on the way of making the chewing gum was described like the next. The basic chewing gum was made to change into small grains, and the…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A raw material on what is called chewing gum is a sap. Why does the chewing gum become soft?》

…and the small grains are mixed with sugar, glucose 葡萄糖, sweet syrup made from corn, fragrance, and softener enough. After that it’s changed into a shape like sheet, and powder sugar is sprinkled over the sheet, and the sheet is cut into the size of the chewing gum which we usually eat. At last the chewing gum is completed.

Lately, kinds of oligosaccharides and san woolen are added to the chewing gum so as to prevent us from suffering from having a cavity.

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Something characteristic in wintertime, a sweet potato roasted on hot pebbles. Why is it so sweet?》

Speaking of digestion, we are apt to think that food is absorbed from the mouth to the esophagus 食道, and changes into nutrition, but putting into the food to digestive organs, its nutrition isn’t absorbed in the body. The nutrition like starch of carbohydrates, fat and protein isn’t absorbed as it is.

Therefore, the human body secretes enzyme within the digestive organs so as to digest. The enzyme makes the nutrition melt in the water easily, after…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Something characteristic in wintertime, sweet potato roasted on the hot pebbles. Why is it so sweet?》

…after that it is broken down and is changed into small things, and the small things are taken into the body. We call the process of breaking down a chemical digestion. The food of large lump has to be broken into pieces and to be mixed with digestive juice so as to help the chemical digestion. We call the process a mechanical digestion. When eating food, we chew it with the teeth and swallow. It’s included in the mechanical digestion.

The nutrition…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Something characteristic in winter time, a sweet potato roasted on pebbles. Why is it so sweet?》

The nutrition is digested and absorbed in the digestive organs and is taken into the cell of the body by the blood. We call it digestion outside of the cell.

As to the digestion outside of the cell, starch, fat and protein is broken down by digestive enzyme, but but digestive enzymes which work each nutrition is different, for instance, the digestive enzyme called amylase does the starch, and the starch is broken down into molecules of sugar.

In fact…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Something characteristic in wintertime, a sweet potato roasted on the hot pebbles. Why is it so sweet?》

In fact, the amylase exists in the sweet potato. Digestive enzymes which break down not only the starch but the fat and protein is included in various plants. It’s useful for germination for seeds and its growth. Its chemical reaction in which the digestive enzyme works is done within the cell on the plant, but to my surprise, the chemical reaction is the same one which is done in the digestive organs in animal.

As to the amylase included in the…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Something characteristic in wintertime, a sweet potato roasted on the hot pebbles. Why is it so sweet?》

As to the amylase included in the sweet potato, the temperature in the sweet potato becomes around 50 ℃, resolution on the starch is active. As the resolution went ahead, its sugar which makes us feel sweet increased, so its sweetness increases. The longer the time when the sweet potato is heated continues, the more sweetness on the sweet potato heightens.

There are various enzymes in the body of creatures, and the enzyme has nature in which a...

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《Something characteristic in wintertime, a sweet potato roasted on hot pebbles. Why is it so sweet?》

…and the enzyme has a nature in which a specific one works against a specific matter.

Amylase is mainly secreted from salivary gland and pancrease.

《A mushroom, キノコ in Japanese originates from 木の子? Why do we call it like that?》

It is said that a word of キノコ originates from 木の子. 榎茸 generates on enoki alone, shiitake mushroom does on castanopsis 椎 alone, and Matsutake mushroom on Akamatsu alone, so we call them like that.

Those mushrooms play…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A mushroom キノコ originates from 木の子？ Why do we call it like that?》

Those mushrooms play important role on ecosystem in forests. When plants died, they piled up on the ground of forests, and their carbohydrates, nitrogen compound and starch are broken down by bacteria and mold.

In the next, the bacteria, mold and mushrooms break down cellulose, and hemicellulose, and mushrooms break down material called lignin, and the plants becomes inorganic finally, and is made use of for plants again.

Mushroom recycles forests, and parents of trees. The cellulose…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A mushroom キノコ originates from 木の子？ Why do we call it like that?》

The cellulose is dietary fiber, and the hemicellulose is a cell wall on vegetation on land.

Mushrooms are divided into three, according to a way of taking nutrition.

First one is symbiotic fungus. It forms a mycorrhiza 菌根 on the root of alive plants and receives sugar which is low molecules. Its mycelium 菌糸 receives water and various inorganic salt from the soil and organic matter, and it gives the water and the inorganic salt to the plants.

The second one is parasite. It parasitizes …

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A mushroom キノコ originates from 木の子？ Why do we call it like that?》

The second one parasitizes on alive plants or alive creatures, and absorbs nutrition from them in one-sided way. What is called 冬虫夏草 which parasitizes on insects or other bacteria is famous.

The third one is 腐生菌 which takes nutrition from the dead body on creatures. Cultivated mushrooms belong to the 腐生菌.

The one which is cultivated more than any other is shiitake mushroom in Japan. Its history on cultivation has started since the Edo era. Then making a cut logs on oaks with a hatchet.

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A mushroom キノコ originates from 木の子? Why do we call it like that?》

And the the cut logs on oak was left alone in the forest, waiting for scattering spores in the air to attach to the cut logs on oak, and cultivation started.

After trial and error, a patent on mushroom spawns that shiitake fungus was cultivated purely was taken in 1943 in the middle of the war. This way is so efficient that shiitake has grown absolutely, and it spread over the whole Japan.

Matsutake cohabitate with an alive Akamatsu. When cultivating artificially, the alive Akamatsu…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《A mushroom キノコ originates from 木の子? Why do we call it like that?》

When cultivating artificially, the alive Akamatsu isn’t only necessary but various conditions like the soil, weather has to be arranged well, it is said otherwise, its artificial cultivation is hard to do.

《After drinking, we feel like eating ramen. Why?》

When drinking, ethanol is taken into the body, and it also goes into the nerve cell. Then the ethanol prevents us from conveying orders from the nerve cells, so the activity in the brain becomes dull.

The brain demands our body to…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《After drinking, we feel like eating ramen. Why?》

So our brain order our body to take sodium ion which is efficient for conveying signal so as to recover the function on the brain. The one which includes the sodium ion than any other things is salt, so our brain issues our body to take the salt.

In addition, when drinking, our brain takes into action and glucose which is its source on the energy of the brain tends to decrease, so our brain also issues our body to take the glucose. The glucose is a component of carbohydrate. Our body is the state of…

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【How delicious! Mystery on nutrition】

《When drinking, we feel like eating ramen. Why?》

Our body is in the state of dehydration 脱水症状 then, so we need water as well. When adding salt, carbohydrate to the water, the ramen occurs to us, though it isn’t always limited to the ramen alone. Some people feel like eating rice bowl dishes, or confectionery, for the confectionery also includes both sugar and salt.

All the creatures always emit sodium ナトリウム and take into potassium カリウム. When receiving stimulation, the sodium goes into the cell, so there isn’t enough sodium outside of the cell then.

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《When writing, a ballpoint pen moves smoothly. Why?》

The most splendid point on device of a ball point pen is its tip of part, the ball. When the ball receives resistance against the paper and rotates, so the ink is drawn, and the rotating ball makes the ink transcribe on the paper, so the ballpoint pen is what we call a super minimum printer.

The ball which is at the top of the ball is pushed into by hammer, and the part of one third of the diameter on the ball is exposed outside. A fitting metal is fastened tight around the ball, and the…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《When writing, a ballpoint pen moves smoothly. Why?》

…and the ball is squeezed inward.

If being fastened too weak, the ball isn’t held, but if it’s too strong, the ball can’t rotate, so the being fastened has to be done appropriately. The ball and the place where the ball is held is called a tip, and the tip connects with a tube in which there is ink.

The diameter on the ball is from 0.5 to 0.7 millimeter. The ball has to be a true sphere so as to rotate smoothly and to get a comfortable writing taste.

What is the true sphere? It means an…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《When writing, a ballpoint pen moves smoothly. Why?》

The true sphere means an accurate, flawless perfect sphere, but it is said the true sphere doesn’t exist in any kinds of worlds, but there is the one which is extremely close to the true sphere like a steel ball for bearing.

But even if the steel ball for bearing, there is difference between the true sphere and the steel ball for bearing. Its degree on difference is expressed with the degree on the 真球度.

As to the 真球度 on the ball which is used for the ballpoint pen, it’s below three ten..

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《When writing, a ballpoint pen moves smoothly. Why?》

As to the 真球度 on the ball which is used for the ballpoint pen, it’s below three-ten thousandths. Its accuracy has to be more precise than the precision part of a wristwatch.

If drawing a line of 10 centimeters with the ballpoint pen in a second, if the diameter on the ball is 0.7, it rotates 45 times in a second. If the diameter is 0.5, 60 times in a second. Those rotations are quicker than the wheel on a bullet train 新幹線.

As a result, the one which is asked for the ballpoint pen is…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《When writing, a ballpoint pen moves smoothly. Why?》

As a result, the one which is asked for the ball in the ballpoint pen is the one which is strong against friction and good abrasion resistance.

On the other hand, its ink is like a gel which is thick, clear liquid substance. The ink is sent to the ball by the gravitation, so without the gravitation, no one can use the ballpoint pen.

The ink is a printing ink which is transcribed on the paper and a lubricant oil which avoids being worn away between the ball and the part which includes...

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《When writing, a ballpoint pen moves smoothly. Why?》

The ink doesn’t only play a role as printing ink which is transcribed on the paper but do as lubricant oil which avoids being worn away between the ball and the one which includes the tube of the ink, so the flow on the ink needs to be constant without changing for a long time.

《Almost all of erasers are made up with plastic at present. Why can we erase letters?》

We call it 消しゴム in Japanese, and it used to be made with natural gum in the past, but almost all of the erasers are made up…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Almost all of erasers are made up with plastic at present. Why can we erase letters?》

…but almost all of erasers are made up with plastic at present. Its raw material is vinyl chloride resin 塩化ビニール樹脂, plasticizer 可塑剤, and powder of ceramic. They are mixed up with ratio of 2 to 3 to 1 enough.

What’s the plasticizer? When making a plastic transform, in general high temperature or high pressure are necessary, but when processing it, a material is added so as to be able to do with low temperature or with low pressure. The material is the…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Almost all of erasers are made up with plastic at present. Why can we erase letters?》

The material is the plasticizer, and is just a supporting character, but the part of erasing letters by the eraser is in the supporting character.

Though it is said that the eraser is made up with plastic, the vinyl chloride resin doesn’t have any work of erasing letters. The vinyl chloride resin plays a role of holding the plasticizer firmly. Then how does the eraser erase letters?

When looking at the surface on the paper with a microscope, the paper is…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Almost all of erasers are made up with plastic at present. Why does the eraser erase letters?》

The paper is made up by tangling fibers on the paper. Particles of black lead of pencil lead is attached there, and the particles become letters. The oil on the plasticizer of the eraser has a strong power of connecting with the particles of the black lead. It’s hundredth times as powerful as the power that the molecules of the black lead attached to the paper.

As a result, when the plasticizer touches the particles on the black lead…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Almost all of erasers are made up with plastic at present. Why does the eraser erase letters?》

…when the plasticizer touches the particles on the black lead, it absorbs the particles from the fiber on the paper and get rid of them as if magnet made iron attach.

We tend to misunderstand of erasing letters by shaving paper, but erasing by absorbing, though the powder of ceramic which is one of material shaves the surface on the paper, and doesn’t damage the paper, and squeezes out the molecules on the black lead among the fibers.

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Almost all of erasers are made up with plastic. Why does the eraser erase letters?》

As powder of ceramic makes the plasticizer touch with the particles on the graphite enough, the vinyl chloride resin holds the plasticizer which erases letters appropriately. It’s the point on the function of the eraser.

As it is appropriate, when rubbing the letters, the plasticizer comes out and the letters are erased.

I made a mistake. There is a Japanese phrase, 黒鉛, so I’ve thought it was the black lead, but it’s not the black lead but graphite. I’m sorry

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Almost all of erasers are made up with plastic. Why does the eraser erase letters?》

The graphite is an elemental mineral which is made up with carbon. Before analyzing its element, it was thought it included lead, but the lead isn’t included at all.

It was in the 18th century when the eraser was invented in England. The eraser made up with plastic was invented in Japan in 1952, and spread over the whole Japan after 1965.

《It makes everything stick to. Why does a glue stick to other?》

The power on a superglue is marvelous. Theoretically…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《It makes everything stick to. Why does a glue stick to something other?》

Theoretically, it is said if sticking iron and iron with adhesive surface of the size of a stamp, even if a sumo wrestler hangs from there, the two of iron don’t separate.

Why does the superglue cling? It’s done by the power of inter molecule. Even if materials like paper or plastic look smooth and sleek, there is always unevenness of which size one-millionth on the surface.

The superglue flows into a cavity and becomes hard, making two things cling firmly. It is a …

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《It makes everything stick to. Why dose a glue stick to something other?》

It’s the work on both molecules of the superglue, and the molecules on the thing which is clung. We call it anchor effect.

The main ingredient on the superglue which is used for households is a compound. When it touches water, molecules of two of them hold hands instantly by hydrogen bond and become high molecule and become hard.

An ordinary glue touches the air and is dry, then clings to something. On the other hand, the superglue becomes hard by water.

It seems that…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《It makes everything stick to. Why does a glue cling to something other?》

It seems there isn’t any water in the paper nor plastic, but most of them have water, even if it’s little, and there is humidity in the air. The compound in the superglue responds with such the little water and becomes hard.

When thinking like that, we can understand why the superglue doesn’t become hard in its tube, for the exit on the tube is so small that it prevents the water from going into it, so it doesn’t become hard inside the tube, but the exit on the tube…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《It makes everything stick. Why does a glue cling to something?》

…but the exit on the tube is sometimes stuffed because even if it’s very small, the superglue reacts with the small amount of water.

By the way, if there are too much the superglue on something, it doesn’t become hard instantly, for when its amount is too much, it takes time for the chemical reaction.

If the superglue touches the finger by mistake, we can remove it with nail polish remover on manicure, or dipping in lukewarm water and massage the finger gradually, and it’s ok

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Even if being oil stained, it is got rid of well. Why can we remove dirt with laundry detergent?》

How is dirt on cloth removed by a laundry detergent? The work on the detergent is surface active agent 界面活性剤 and osmosis 浸透性.

Interface 界面 is a boundary where air, liquid or solid is touched. As to washing clothes, the boundary where the clothes and dirt on the oil of the clothes is touched, and the boundary where the water and the dirt is touched.

The surface active agent is a material which changes the situation on the interface and becomes…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Even if being oil stained, it is got rid of well. Why can we remove dirt with a laundry detergent?》

The surface active agent 界面活性剤 is a material which changes the situation on the interface and becomes active. Molecules on the surface active agent is made up with two parts. The two parts are combined with long and narrow way.

The one part is lipophilic character 親油性 is high, and the other is hydrophilic 親水性 is high.
The former is repulsive against the water, but isn’t repulsive against the oil and the dirty. The latter is opposite.

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Even if being oil stained, it is got rid of well. Why can we remove dirt with a laundry detergent?》

The latter isn’t repulsive against the water but is repulsive against the dirt or oil. The two characters which are different altogether are combined is the power on the laundry detergent.

Dissolving the detergent in the water of a washing machine, and put the dirty clothes in the water, and we usually start washing clothes. Then the lipophilic character 親油性 goes into the boundary between the dirt and the clothes, and becomes active.

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Even if being oil stained, it is got rid of well. Why can we remove dirt with a laundry detergent?》

The lipophilic character drags out the dirt from the clothes, and the detergent surrounds the dirt as if it became a sphere. Then hydrophilic character 親水性is dragged to the water outside the thing like the sphere.

Molecules on the water move around in the water so much that the particles on the detergent of the thing like the sphere which takes the dirt is swayed, and the molecules on the detergent are driven off, so the water in the washing…

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【There are lots of mysterious things around us】

《Even if being oil stained, it is got rid of well. Why can we remove dirt with a laundry detergent?》

…so the water in the laundry machine looks white and becomes turbid 乳濁.

On the other hand, as to osmosis 浸透性, even if the water is usually sunk into the clothes, it isn’t thoroughly, so we can’t get rid of the dirt very much with the water alone.

The water is made up with small particles on the molecules of the water. The molecules drag each other, and try to gather as small as possible, trying to make its surface area small.

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【There’re lots of mysterious things around us】

《Even if being oil stained, it is got rid of well. Why can we remove dirt with a laundry detergent?》

We call it the surface tension 表面張力.

When the laundry detergent is dissolved into the water, the surface tension becomes weak.

In short, as the power of water drops trying to gather together becomes weak, without gathering together, the water drops try to spread, it is soaked easily, then the water drops become widespread to finely woven fabric.

As a result, the stain which is stuffed in the tiny space on the fabric of clothes is removed.

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【There’re lots of mysterious things around us】

《Even if being oil stained, it is got rid of well. Why can we remove dirt with a laundry detergent?》

It is an cleaning effect on the laundry detergent.

The surface active agent 界面活性剤 isn’t only used for the laundry detergent but for cosmetics, tooth paste, food, drug medicine, fiber, and concrete. It has been made use of extensively.

There is a moisture barrier 皮脂膜 in the hair or in the skin. It prevents water from running, and the skin from drying, and the surface active agent breaks the film on the moisture barrier. Using too much isn’t good

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【There’re lots of mysterious things around us】

《Why can Japan make jeans spread over the world?》

Jeans which are loved all over the world at present. The jeans used to be trousers which a dockworker wore. The dockworker is a labor who loads and unloads vessels in a port. The origin on the name of the jeans is like the next.

There was a thick cotton fabric when wearing for a job. It was woven in Genoa which is a port town in Italy. French craftsman call it Genes which means a cloth made in Genoa. It’s one of opinions, and there is other.

The other is it originates from a cloth for a sail.

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【There’re lots of mysterious things around us】

《Why can Japan make jeans spread all over the world?》

The sail was characteristic and was called blue Genes in Genoa which is an ocean kingdom. It’s the other one.

The time of gold rush started in America since 1948. Levi Strauss which has left its name in history as jeans maker which used to be engaged in grocery then. They were immigrants from Germany.

They dyed the cloth for tent of wagon with indigo and sewed, starting to sell it as work clothes then. It was sold well and when the material for the cloth was running out, the Strauss …

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【There’re lots of mysterious things around us】

《Why can Japan make jeans spread over the world?》

…the Strauss imported thick cotton cloth from Nimes in France which was a center on the fiber industry then. It becomes a basic material for jeans, and was named Denim. Though the jeans were popular among, it was regarded as cloth for job in America and Europe for a long time, but it has pushed up to one of fashionable style at present. Japan has contributed to it so much. How?

Stone wash process has been developed in Japan since 1978. Jeans were washed in an industrial washing machine…

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