Science,English,and math 8th

【Dermatology】

《Method of treatment on atopic will make progress extremely from now on》

Development on medicine which targeted at other cytokine has made progress at present, and it is said this medicine has high effectiveness on suppressing itch.

It seems that development on other medicine has also been under way, and the specialist said like the next.

I think the method on treatment of atopic dermatitis will go ahead more and more a decade from now on. There have been lots of patients who had no steps against atopic, but please look forward the method on treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Steroid drug is equal to water at fire scene》

Steroid drug has been used at dermatology as Therapeutic drug for various illness. Steroid drug is the one which corticosteroids 副腎皮質ホルモン is compounded chemically.

Adrenal glands 副腎 is an internal organ above the liver. Corticosteroids is secreted from around the adrenal glands, to be exact it is done from cortex. It can suppress inflammation and immunity.

By the way, the book says suppressing immunity, if so, the corticosteroids is bad for health? Or do I misunderstand it?

The steroid drug is very effective against inflammation

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Steroid drug is equal to water at fire scene》

For example, the steroid drug plays a role as water which puts out the fire at fire scene, but if using it for a long time, it causes side effect. As to the side effect when applying to skin, the skin becomes thin.

Moreover as it suppresses the immunity, if applying to the affected area, for example, to the athlete’s foot, the immunity on the skin drops, and it ends up urging increasing on the bacteria and virus. The specialist said like the next.

Each of medicine is so, the steroid drug has a strong point and a weak point…

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Steroid drug is equal to water at fire scene》

…the steroid drug has both a strong point and a weak point a little. When using it, consulting with a doctor at dermatology enough, and judging comprehensively is important.

《The one who is engaged in cooking soba as job suffers from allergy by soba》

The one who is engaged in cooking soba suffers from allergy by soba… it’s not a joke, but it is said it often happens actually.

The one who is engaged in cooking soba hit the soba with its own hands. Then component on soba goes into the body gradually, and immune reaction occurs.

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Steroid drug is equal to water at fire scene》

And at last it reaches an outbreak on allergy.

Thus an alien substance goes into from the skin and causes allergy. We call it 経皮感作. It causes even on ordinary skin, especially the one whose skin is very dry has to be careful.

Moreover as infants who suffer from atopic dermatitis drops the function on barrier of the skin, the alien substance goes into easily, so it is well known they suffer from food allergy easily.

Moisturizing is very important so as to prevent the 経皮感作.

As to parents whose children suffer from atopic…

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《The one who is engaged in cooking soba as job suffers from its allergy》

As to parents whose children suffer from atopic, it turned out medically that when being born immediate after, moisturizing the whole body on the children every day prevents the children from suffering from atopic to some extent.

But the moisturizing by oil made up with peanut should be prohibited strictly.

Though having a habit by protecting the skin of a baby with a moisture by peanut oil overseas, but it causes 経皮感作, alien substance goes into the body, and allergy is caused. When being a grown up…

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《The one who is engaged in cooking soba as job suffers from its allergy》

When being a grown-up, lots of children whose skin were moisturizing with peanut oil suffer from allergy by peanut.

《It’s not a mole but may have been cancer》

The doctor in dermatology sometimes handles sickness which is a matter of life or death. One of them is melanoma 悪性黒色腫. It means pigment cells on the skin becomes the cancer, and anti cancer therapy isn’t almost effective or spreading the cancer from one part of the body to another, and to the whole body finally. It’s one of tiresome skin cancers.

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《It’s not a mole but may have been cancer》

As to the melanoma, we sometimes happen to mistake it for a mole when beginning to suffer from melanoma.

The mole is usually below 5 millimeter and its shape is round or oval. On the other hand, the melanoma gradually becomes big and its color and shape is uneven.

A thing which is common between the mole and melanoma is both of them is dark brown because it includes melanin pigment.

As the anti cancer therapy isn’t almost effective, when diagnosis is determined, extensive range on the skin including melanoma should be cut off.

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《It’s not a mole but may have been melanoma》

It is done by a surgical operation, and there is no choice.

If the melanoma spreads over to the whole body, anti cancer therapy is done.

We can see the melanoma with our own eyes. It’s different from other cancers. If there is a part on the body which we’re worried about, taking a picture once a year at least, and we should make sure of its shape, color and size. If taking the picture, we can understand its change easily.

《Circumstance on dermatology in Japan is different from overseas》

As emergency case isn’t so much…

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Circumstance on dermatology in Japan is different from overseas》

As an emergency case isn’t so much comparatively in dermatology, its work style is stable, so it is said being able to keep balance between the job and the private life easily.

Moreover, the dermatology in Japan, there are lots of women patients overwhelmingly when comparing with other clinical department.

As to the number of the doctor who is engaged in dermatology in Japan, there is no regulation in the whole Japan. Any doctor who wants to be the one in dermatology, it can.

On the other hand, the number of…

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Circumstance on dermatology in Japan is different from overseas》

On the other hand, the whole number of doctors in dermatology is determined in lots of other countries. Besides, the doctors in dermatology are more popular among than the doctors in other clinical department. Excellent ones alone can become the doctors in dermatology. It is said everyone knows it overseas.

When going to an academic society overseas, the ones in dermatology look the most arrogant. The specialist said and laughed at it.

There are questions and answers between patients and a doctor like the next.

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Questions and answers in dermatology》

１A patient asked. Even if moisturizing, suffering from itchy. What should I do?

A doctor answered.

In general, it is necessary to moisturize enough actually, but when being worried about itchy so much still more, cooling will be effective, but why did you feel itchy? It has to be clear, so you should go to see the dermatology.

２The patient said. One leg alone sometimes becomes athlete’s foot. Why isn’t other foot infected?

The doctor answered. I don’t think it doesn’t always infected. If looking at the long term, it may be infected…

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Questions and answers in dermatology》

2 The doctor continued like the next. If examining it carefully, it may have already been infected.

3 The patient asked. Is a soap of mild acidity good for the skin?

The doctor answered. I think there has never been scientific ground whether or not it’s good, but the skin of a healthy person is mild acidity, and the skin of a patient who suffers from atopic allergy inclined to be alkalinity. As to the skin which inclines to alkalinity, stratum corneum 角質層 peels off.

Considering washing with the soap of mild acidity may be better than…

• 共感2

【Dermatology】

《Questions and answers in dermatology》

…washing with a soap of mild acidity may be better than doing with the soap of alkalinity, but the soap is washing out at once, so it may have been nothing to do with the skin.

【Psychology on business】

《When wanting consumers to buy goods, what should we do?》

We buy something in daily life and lead out every day life. Flea markets have been popular among us recently in the internet, and ordinary people often sell goods there.

If wanting consumers to buy goods, selling wonderful goods is important than anything, but being aware of…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《When wanting consumers to buy goods, what should we do?》

…but being aware of psychology on consumers and makes them think the goods wonderful is also important. The author said he is going to introduce psychological effect on the scene hidden when selling and buying goods.

Lots of people may have been when watching a display that the goods is on sale for limited time, without thinking anything, they buy it. Then a psychological effect works. We call it scarcity principle. The less the goods is, the more we think we feel like wanting it. Why do we feel like that?

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《The less goods are, the higher it’s evaluation is》

An American psychologist gathered one hundred and forty six female college students, dividing into two groups, A and B, and made an experiment for evaluating the taste for cookies in 1975.

As to the experiment, its condition was so complicated that the author said he was going to express it simply.

The psychologist gave a bottle to each people of the both groups, and there were cookies in the bottle. There were two cookies in the bottle for the group of A, and there were ten for the group of B. The cookies were…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《The less goods are, the higher its evaluation is》

The cookies are the same ones, though the number in the bottle is different. After taking out one of the cookies and making them eat and asked each of them some questions.

Did they want to eat the cookies again? How much were the cookies attractive for them? The attraction for the cookies was shown with ranks from 1 to 9. The less the number is, the more it’s attractive.

As to the evaluation to the cookies, the people in A group who were given the bottle in two cookies were higher than the others in B group.

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《The less the goods are, the higher its evaluation is》

Though the cookies were the same ones, the people in A group who were given the bottle of two cookies evaluated higher than others in B group who were given the bottle of ten cookies.

《We tend to want the limited items easily》

The more it’s valuable, the more we learn to want it. It has been thought the influence over rarity value is heightened by psychological reaction.

For example, when having been prohibited doing something we can’t always obey it sometimes, on the contrary we are apt to feel like doing it.

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《We are apt to want the limited item easily》

There seem to be lots of people who used to have an experience like that.

Oh! I made a mistake again. It’s not reaction but reactance, psychological reactance.

Thus when being shown an order from others, we feel like doing something opposite. We call it the psychological reactance.

It is well known the psychological reactance is causes when a freedom is about to be taken from us. Basically, we have the freedom for taking into action in varied ways. For example, when having a breakfast, it’s all right we can choose…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《We tend to want the limited item easily》

…it’s all right that we choose rice or bread at our will, but when our action is limited, forbidding to eat rice, we think our freedom is taken away. Then we feel like making sure we have freedom again, so we try to do the thing which we are limited. It’s a reason why the psychological reactance is caused.

As to the breakfast, eating rice makes us make sure we have the freedom for eating rice.

The relation between rarity principle and psychology reactance is expressed like the next by an American psychologist.

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《We tend to want the limited item easily》

When feeling rarity is high, we imagine a possibility of being unable to get it. We feel as if we felt being taken away freedom of getting it when we want to do.

As a result, then the psychological reactance is caused, so we feel like making sure we have the freedom of getting it, so we feel like wanting it.

As to the limited item, when we are said we can buy it just now alone, or we can buy it here alone, our freedom of being able to buy it when we want is limited, so we feel like buying it.

《There is big difference…》

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《There is big difference between 2000yen and 1980yen》

We often come across goods of which price was 1980 yen. The price has been well known among us as abbreviation of イチキュッパ in the Japanese, but when considering, why is its price half baked? It’s mysterious, for psychology has been put into practice for its price.

Other American psychologist made three kinds of catalog on mail order business of winter clothes for women in 1996. There are 196 goods in each catalog. The goods are the same ones, but each of price in three catalog is different a little.

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《There is big difference between 1980yen and 2000yen》

Though the goods are the same ones, the price on the catalog is ＄14.99, the price ends with the number of 99. In general, the price ends with 99 in America.

The price on the other catalog is ＄15.00, it ends with the number of 00, and ＄14.88 in another catalog, it ends with the number of 88.

Three kinds of catalogues had been delivered to thirty thousand people, and other American psychologist researched the number of goods which were sold and the amount of money on sales in total. What result is it?

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《There is big difference between 1980yen and 2000yen》

The first catalog in which the price ended with the number of 99 is better than other two catalogues in relation to the number of goods which were sold and the amount of money on sales in total.

The third catalog which had the lowest price didn’t reach the first catalog, but the number of goods which were sold as the same as the second catalog which had the highest price. Why?

《As to the half baked price, we feel as if it were discounted》

When setting the price with the half baked number, the goods are sold…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《As to half baked price, we feel as if it were discounted》

When setting price with the half baked number, goods are sold easily. We call it effect on half baked number.

When looking at the half baked price like 1980yen, what kind of psychological movement is caused among consumers? It’s two kinds of things mainly like the next.

When catching a glance at the price, as its price wasn’t over 2000 yen but it’s within 2000yen, so we felt the price within 2000yen is lower than the one over 2000yen, besides as to the half baked price, we felt the goods managed to be…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《As to half baked price, we feel as if it were discounted》

…we felt that after the price managed to be discounted anyway. Those two factors made us buy the goods of which price is half baked without thinking.

In the experiment, the goods of which price was 88 wasn’t sold as well as the ones of which price was 99, its reason was unclear. A professor in Japanese university said like the next.

As to 99, as having received strong impression that it was discounted from 00, on the other hand, 88 was far away from 00 a little, so awareness of being discounted may not…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《As to half baked price, we feel as if it were discounted》

…so awareness of being discounted may not have worked then.

By the way, when changing the digit on the price, effect on half baked is more effective. For example, comparing to buying goods of which price is 10000 yen, buying goods of which price is 9800yen, we feel sense of less resistance, don’t we? Psychologists call it 台割れ効果.

《When there are choices, we tend to choose something acceptable》

When buying goods, we may have thought we want to choose after comparing goods as much as possible, but when…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《When there are choices, we tend to choose something acceptable》

…but when choosing from some goods of which price is different, we are apt to choose middle price unconsciously. There is the psychology tendency. We call a law on 松竹梅.

By the way,though I want to express 松竹梅 with the English, but there is no grade like that in Europe, and America, so it’s hard to express, dictionary in the internet said like that.

To return to our main topic, let’s suppose there were course menu on restaurant. A course of which price is 4000yen. It’s 竹, the one of which price is…

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《When there are choices, we tend to choose something acceptable》

…the other of which price is 3000yen, it’s 竹, and another of which price is 2000yen, it’s 梅…

Oh! I made a mistake again. The one of which price is 4000 isn’t 竹 but 松. I’m sorry for it.

Then 竹 which we choose more than other two.

As 松 is expensive, if we’re not satisfied with it, we’ll be discouraged at it. On the other hand, 梅 is such the low price that there is a big possibility that we can’t be satisfied with it.

Thus we tend to choose the middle one so as to avoid the loss rather than to get gain

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《When there are choices, we’re apt to choose something acceptable》

It is well known we have nature of avoiding loss rather than aiming at getting gain.

By the way, three choices seems to be the most appropriate. If there are lots of choices, it will be hard to choose, and buying goods itself becomes hard.

American psychologists made an experiment in 2000 like the next.

They lined up six kinds of jam on display at the sampling corner in a supermarket one day, and did twenty four kinds of jam other day. When customers pass by there, asking them to taste the jam.

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《When there are choices, we’re apt to choose something acceptable》

American psychologists researched a ratio on the people who stopped and other ratio on the ones who bought the jam.

When there were six kinds of jam, they asked 260 people to buy the jam. Then the ones who stopped were 104 people. It was some 40% in the whole number, and the ones who bought the jam were 31, it was 30% in the whole number.

On the other hand, when there were twenty four kinds of jam, they asked 242 people to buy, and the ones who stopped were 145 people. It was some 60%.

• 共感2

【Psychology on business】

《When there are choices, we’re apt to choose something acceptable》

If comparing it with the case of six kinds of jam, it was higher, but the ones who bought jam were four. There were no more than four in the 145. It was just 3%. It turned out that it isn’t always good that the more, the good.

There may have been someone who thinks of trying to sell something in the internet, using the content this time as reference, but the important thing is setting up a price which is suitable for goods.

It is desirable for both the ones who buy and the others who sell are…

• 共感2

It is desirable for both of the ones who buy and others who sell are convincing pleasantly, the author said like that.

【I wasn’t drunken too much yesterday, but I suffer from hangover today. Why?】

It doesn’t always mean I’ve suffered from hangover just now, it’s just a heading, though the ones who know me enough may not have thought like that.

Alcohol is a generic term on chemical compound which has ヒドロシル基. ヒドロシル基 is an union of atom on hydrogen and oxygen.

We intake alcohol as sake, and it is broken down by enzyme in our body, then the hydrogen disappeared, and アセトアルデヒト which is…

• 共感2

【I wasn’t drunken too much yesterday, but I’ve suffered from hangover today. Why?】

…and アセトアルデヒト which is strong poisonous is left in the body. It caused the hangover. It is said the アセトアルデヒト is harmful material which causes by far stronger biological reaction than alcohol like headache or nausea.

But it's usually oxidized in liver and is changed into acetic acid 酢酸, and the acetic acid is broken down, and is changed into water and carbon dioxide. They are harmless, so we don’t have to be worried about it.

But if the amount of intaking alcohol too much, drunken too much, アセトアルデヒト isn’t…

• 共感2

【I didn’t drink too much yesterday, but I’ve suffered from hangover today. Why?】

…アセトアルデヒト isn’t broken down enough. Then we suffer from hangover.

When the enzyme which breaks down アセトアルデヒト works enough, we don’t suffer from hangover.

It turned out that the enzyme works enough in the body of the European, but it doesn’t work in the body of the Asian so much, especially in the Japanese. It means that the enzyme which breaks down the alcohol has little, so we the Japanese get easily drunk, according to a professor in Tsukuba university in 1983. Why is there difference between the two of them?

• 共感2

【I didn’t drink too much yesterday, but I’ve suffered from hangover today. Why?】

It means that without being able to being drunk, the European couldn’t survive. They used to live in the serious environment, didn’t they?

On the other hand, even if we the Japanese got drunk easily, we could survive, for the environment around us may have been happy.

But there is something else which causes the hangover. We get sick because of alcohol itself, the balance in our body collapses. Moreover, the flavor and individuality on the liquor is decided by additive, and the additive causes the hangover.

• 共感2

【Preface, from a matter to chemical matter】

When leading our lives, we sometimes happen to think, why is it? For example, is the seawater salty? Or why does TV work?

Gathering those simple questions and trying to answer with chemical eyes. An aim on this book is like that, the author said.

There may have been someone who insists that those simple fundamental didn’t occur to it at all, but even if popping into one’s head, the one may have been suppressed it at once.

The author said he wanted the one like that to read, being away from everyday life, to have room in its mind for anything.

• 共感2

【Preface, from a matter to chemical matter】

Possibly it may find a way of avoiding being busy making ends meet. Its fun may increase perhaps. When diving into the sea, if you know why the seawater is salty, you may have a good time better than when you didn’t know? When watching TV, if you know why TV works, you can enjoy it more much?

By the way, the author said there is difference between matter and chemical matter.

Without grasping matter as we look at with our own eyes, studying its composition and trying to think of its role on every composition, it changes into the chemical matter.

• 共感2

【Preface, from matter to chemical matter】

The change happens at once, said the author.

For example, as to water, when thinking of it as the one which is broken down by hydrogen and oxygen, it changes into chemical matter immediately.

Instead of looking at with own eyes as it is, trying to grasp invisible things, it’s chemistry, so when thinking of the simple question which we can look at with our own eyes, the chemistry is a desirable tool for solving the question.

But the tool presents us a terrible problem, for it trying lead us from visible world which is easily to understand with…

• 共感2

【Preface, from matter to chemical matter】

…for it trying to lead us from visible world which is easily understand with our own eyes to invisible world which is hard to understand with our own eyes, so it becomes hard to understand automatically.

Overcoming the problem and changing into a musical instrument which enjoys others depends on the skill of the musician. Whether or not this book is interested is the skill on the author. He said. At the same time, it depends on my English skill.

Basic concept on this book is solving out mystery on every day life with chemistry, so the author said…

• 共感2

【Preface, from a matter to a chemical matter】

…so the author said he’s tried various measures so as to make readers read with interest and asked them to enjoy themselves with their cooperation politely.

【If its temperature is 100℃, we’ll suffer from a large burn, but we don’t in sauna. Why?】

It is so hot in sauna that its temperature is usually from 90 to 110℃. If being poured over our body with the hot water of the same temperature, we’ll never fail to suffer from a large burn, but we don’t in sauna. I find it something mysterious.

Roughly speaking, there are three reasons why we don’t …

• 共感2

【If its temperature is 100℃, we’ll suffer from a large burn, but we don’t in sauna. Why?】

…there are three reasons why we don’t suffer from the large burn in sauna.

The first reason is sweat. When being in a hot sauna, we sweat so profusely there that the amount of the sweat reaches from 20 to 40 gram a minute. We dehydrate so much that we lose our weight, some 1 kilogram in the sauna in an half hour.

The large amount of the sweat makes a thin film over the skin of our body. The water has an ability of absorbing heat, we call it heat capacity, and the water has a large heat capacity and…

• 共感2

【If its temperature is 100℃, we’ll suffer from a large burn, but we don’t in sauna. Why?】

…and it is hard to make something become warm, so our skin protects from the high temperature in the sauna.

The second reason is humidity in the sauna. It’s dry in sauna unexpectedly, and its humidity is low. As a result, while its temperature is around 100℃, we don’t think we feel so hot there. We sweat profusely there, but the sweat vaporizes on account of the high temperature.

When something vaporizes, heat of vaporization is deprived. The heat of vaporization in water is so much. When 10 gram of…

• 共感2

【If its temperature is 100℃, we’ll suffer from a large burn, but we don’t in sauna, why?】

When 10 grams of water vaporized, it is said the heat of 6kcal is deprived from our body, so we don't think we feel so hot in the sauna.

The third reason is a layer of air. Our body is covered with the layer of air of which thickness is a few millimeters. It doesn’t move so much from our body. The temperature on the layer of air over our body is close to our body temperature, moreover it doesn’t separate from our body easily.

In the first place, the heat isn’t conveyed in the air easily, so the thin …

• 共感2

I failed to express the headline.

【What’s happened to our body? Chemistry on a human body】

《If its temperature is 100℃, we’ll suffer from a large burn, but we don’t in the sauna, why?》

…so the thin film of air protects our skin from the hot air.

By the way, when walking in the sauna, we feel something pricking us, for the the layer on the skin over our body doesn’t move so much, but walking makes the layer of the air disturb, so the pricking is causes.

If taking exercise violently there, the layer of the air is disturbed so badly that it can’t protect our skin enough, so we should stop it

• 共感2

【What’s happened to our body? Chemistry on a human body】

《If its temperature is 100℃, we’ll suffer from a large big burn, but we don’t in sauna, why?》

Even if losing weight in the sauna, it’s just that we dehydrate owing to the sweat, so drinking water, our body returns as it was.

Roughly speaking, the sweat has two functions. The one adjusts the body temperature, and the second is exhausting waste from our body.

《It doesn’t always mean that we think something obscene, but our penis sometimes stands erect, why?》

Erection on penis is caused by works on reflection or central nervous system.

• 共感2

【What’s happened to our body? Chemistry on a human body】

《It doesn’t always mean that we think something obscene, but our penis stands erect, why?》

Erection by work on reflection is caused by physical stimulation. Receiving information like physical stimulation, for example, touching it with our hand, or vibration on a vehicle, without using the central nervous system, the information is sent to a place what is called nervous system on erection direct, the erection is caused reflectively.

On the other hand, when watching a naked woman, or thinking something obscene, the erection is caused.

• 共感2

【What’s happened to our body? Chemistry on a human body】

《It doesn’t always mean that we think something obscene, but our penis sometimes stands erect, why?》

Then the erection is caused by psychological stimulation. The information like the psychological stimulation is sent to central nervous on sexual impulse through cerebral cortex 大脳皮質 in the central nervous system, and the order from there is sent to the central nervous on erection under autonomic nerves 自律神経.

When the central nervous on erection received the information on stimulation, the end of long protuberance which controls…

• 共感2

【What I’ve thought】

It doesn’t always mean that I’m interested in the penis so much, but there is an expression like that in the book, so I’ve tried to express it, but I find it boring and I don't think I feel like expressing it any more.

When starting expressing, I hate to make it unfinished, but it can’t be helped.

By the way, the central nervous on sexual impulse is in hypothalamus 視床下部, and the size on the hypothalamus on man is double the one on woman.

《The one who doesn’t get nerves, but its heart is pounding, why?》

The heart is made up with cardiac muscle 心筋, and it’s in the…

• 共感2

【What’s happened to our body? Chemistry on a human body】

《The one who doesn’t get nervous, but its heart is pounding, why?》

…and the cardiac muscle is in the heart alone, it’s the special muscle, and the toughest tissue in the all muscles in the whole body.

The cardiac muscle stretches and shrinks regularly, blood is sent from the artery, and is returned to the heart by the vein, so the blood circulates all over the body.

The heart almost repeats shrinking once a second, and even if when having some rest, some amount of 5 liters of blood is sent a minute. It’s from 7 to 8 ton a day.

• 共感2