Science,English,and math 8th

【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Three things which we should do for the decommissioned nuclear reactor》

It means that it is from 2041 to 2051 when the decommissioned unclear reactor ends.

Roughly speaking, there are three things which we should do so as to decommission the nuclear reactors from the first to the fourth.

First, taking out of the nuclear fuel from the pool for spent nuclear fuel. The second is the next. The nuclear fuel is stored at the bottom of the reactor container from the first to the third of the nuclear reactor. Gathering them perfectly.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster】

《Three things which we should do for decommissioned nuclear reactor》

We call the nuclear fuel stored at the bottom of the reactor container of the nuclear reactor fuel debris.

Third is solving the problem on polluted water which continues to store at present. The author said he was going to watch at the present situations of each three from now on.

《The spent nuclear fuel is being taken out little by little》

The first thing which is proceeded in the process of the decommissioned nuclear reactor is taking out the nuclear fuel from…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Three things which we should do for the decommissioned nuclear reactor》

The first thing we should do is taking out the nuclear fuel from the pool of the spent nuclear fuel.

There is the pool for the spent nuclear fuel which was used for power generation for a long time, so the amount of generating heat dropped, and unused nuclear fuel in the upper story on the building.

The nuclear fuel in the first nuclear power plant in Fukushima prefecture is like the next.

Carbon dioxide uranium was made hard and was into the shape of column.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Spent nuclear fuel is being taken out gradually》

The column of which size on both of the horizontal and vertical is no more than 1 centimeters. We call it a pellet, but its both of the horizontal and vertical size are the same, it’s a dice rather than a column, I’m wondering.

The pellets are stuffed in a pipe made with alloy of zirconium and some sixty of pipes were bundled and were put in a square box. We call the unit a collective fuel assembly.

Each of the nuclear reactors used 548 of the collective fuel assembly when…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Spent nuclear fuel is being taken from little by little》

When generating electricity, each of nuclear reactors used 548 of the collective fuel assembly, though 300 for the first nuclear reactor. 3108 of the collective fuel assembly were stored in total at the pool for the spent nuclear fuel from the nuclear reactors from the first to fourth at the time when the disaster broke out.

As to the decommissioned nuclear reactors in the first nuclear plant in Fukushima prefecture, taking out the collective fuel assembly from the pool.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster】

《Spent nuclear fuel is being taken gradually》

After being taken from the pool, it would have to be stored in separated two ways. The one is done in a shared pool, and the other is being cooled by convection of the air and being stored in a container in which the collective fuel assembly is stored. We call the container a cask.

The pool in the fourth atomic reactor was the least fuel debris and the lowest radiological dosage in the atomic reactors, so the taking out the nuclear fuel has started from the fourth reactor November in 2013.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Spent nuclear fuel is being taken from gradually》

1535 of the collective fuel assembly was stored in the fourth nuclear reactor, and all of them has been taken from there December in 2014.

After that, a crane for taking out the collective fuel assembly was set up in the building of the both of the second and the third nuclear reactor February in 2018, taking out has already started at the third atomic reactor from April in 2019.

566 of the collective fuel assembly was stored in the third atomic reactor, and 91 of them was taken …

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Spent nuclear fuel is being taken from little by little》

…and 91 of the collective fuel assembly was taken from the nuclear reactor the first day March in 2020.

As to taken out from the second nuclear reactor, it is planed to start from 2024 to 2026, and as for the first one, it’ll start from 2027 to 2028.

We’ve aimed at finishing taking out all of the collective fuel assembly at 2031, the author said like that.

『Tritium becomes a problem. What is the tritium?』

The atomic nucleus on usual hydrogen atom is made up with a single…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

『Tritium becomes a problem. What’s the tritium?』

The atomic nucleus on usual hydrogen atom is made up with a single proton, but there are other hydrogen atoms. Deuterium 重水素 which is made up with the proton and a single neutron, and tritium 三重水素 which is made up with the proton and two neutrons.

Water is usually made up with atom of two hydrogen and a single oxygen, but in the nuclear power plant, the water is changed into other one by the reaction of neutron from the nuclear fuel. One of hydrogen is replaced with tritium.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

『Tritium becomes a problem. What’s it?』

In short, the water used for the nuclear power plant is made up with the oxygen, hydrogen, and tritium, and the tritium is radioactive material which gives of beta ray, and the beta ray is radiation.

《A step against the strong radiation is indispensable when collecting the fuel debris》

Not only taking out of the nuclear fuel but collecting the fuel debris from the pool of the nuclear pool have to be done in parallel way, but as to collecting the fuel debris, the way of collecting has never…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster】

《A step against the strong radiation is indispensable when collecting the fuel debris》

The way of collecting the fuel debris has never been decided concretely.

A specialist who is engaged in the structure on atomic reactor and its harsh accident said like the next.

Investing the situation in the atomic reactor and how much the inside the container where the fuel debris is stored is polluted at present. Grasping the distribution on the fuel debris, and the places where the radiological dose is strong, after that, a procedure of..

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《A step against strong radiation when collecting the fuel debris》

…after that a procedure of collecting the fuel debris by robot will be decided, the specialist said.

Cameras of remote control entered inside of the second and third nuclear reactor until now, and the image on inside was pictured, in particular as to the second nuclear reactor, it turned out that sediments which seems to be the fuel debris spread out as if it had been gravel directly below of the pressure container in the research January in 2018, and February in 2019.

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《A step against strong radiation is indispensable when collecting the fuel debris》

Besides, it has been made sure of being able to move the part of the sediment by the robot.

The first nuclear power plant in Fukushima prefecture adopted the nuclear reactor of boiling water. There is a structure which makes the control rod move at the bottom of the pressure container, so there are lots of thin places.

It has been thought the nuclear fuel which did melt down melted the thin part and poured down direct below.

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《A step against the strong radiation is indispensable when collecting the fuel debris》

There is fatal dose when being exposed to the radiation.

The radiological dosage in the place where the fuel debris is stored is so serious that the radiological dosage there will be over the fatal dose from a few minutes to an hour easily.

The radiation is so strong that even the electric circuit on the robot doesn’t operate normally, so a step which prevents the equipment from being exposed to the radiation is indispensable.

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

According to the latest work schedule, taking out the fuel debris would start from the second nuclear reactor in 2021.

《Polluted water which continues to increase》

The third process for decommissioning nuclear reactor is dealing the polluted water. What is the polluted water?

The water which was poured into the nuclear reactor so as to cool it, or rainwater and groundwater which flowed into the building and were mixed with the other water inside the building, and the polluted water includes radioactive material.

Immediately after…

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Polluted water which continues to increase》

Immediately after the nuclear power accident, a large amount of seawater was poured into in order to cool the pressure container and the pool for nuclear fuel. Moreover, the place of the underground of building of the first nuclear power plant in Fukushima is lower on the water level than other area around the building, so the rainwater and ground water poured into constantly.

To make matters worse, the polluted water of high concentration happened to flow into the sea in the past.

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Polluted water which continues to increase》

As walls have been built which prevent sewage from flowing out into the sea and the ground water from flowing in from outside on the both side of the sea and the land, polluted water is almost stopped flowing out into the sea at present.

In addition, polluted water was caused by being poured into the pressure container, but the polluted water was got rid of, and the pressure container has been used again for pouring water. The system for recycling is completed.

In the process of the…

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disease…】

《Polluted water which continues to increase》

In the process of recycling, even if other polluted water of high concentration is caused, a device which deals with the polluted water of high concentration has operated.

But the groundwater flowed in the building can’t always be prevented perfectly, and even the system of the recycle can’t remove the radioactive material like tritium.

As a result, the water including tritium has generated eighty cubic meter a day.

When emitting beta ray, the tritium is dangerous radioactive material.

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Contaminated water which continues to increase》

When giving off the beta ray to some extent, it changes into helium, and helium doesn’t give off any radioactive material. Roughly speaking, changing tritium into helium takes twelve years.

A neutron collides with a part of molecules on water in the nuclear reactor, then a chemical reaction of causing tritium happens. The polluted water contains the tritium, its chemical reaction isn’t different from other ordinary water.

The recycling system makes use of the chemical nature on material…

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Contaminated water which goes on increasing》

The author said the recycle system takes advantage of the chemical nature like that, it can’t get rid of the molecule of tritium. To my sorrow, I can’t understand why it can’t. Anyway, tritium can’t get rid of with the latest technology.

The water including tritium is put in tank and continues to be stored within the site of the nuclear plant, but there is a limit to the space on the site, so goes on increasing tanks is impossible.

If goes on increasing tritium with in this pace, it’ll…

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Polluted water which continues to increase》

…it’ll reach a limit around summer in 2022. How should we deal with the polluted water? It becomes a problem. Concretely, some ways have been proposed.

For example, diluting tritium with water and releasing into the sea, making it evaporate and releasing into atmosphere, or putting it into underground deeply, those ways were proposed.

A subcommittee in the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry reported releasing into the sea would be carried out absolutely February in 2020.

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《Contaminated water which goes on increasing》

As the water including tritium is different from organic mercury which caused Minamata disease, without being concentrated within the body, it is discharged with the time of ordinary water as excrement.

If diluting below numerical value on environmental standard, even if releasing it into the ocean, it doesn’t become a big problem, it has been thought like that. Actually, as to nuclear plants in other countries, the water including tritium was diluted with water and was released into the ocean.

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【A decade has passed form the earthquake disaster…】

《Polluted water which goes on increasing》

If diluting the water including tritium hundredth times by water, it is satisfied with concentration standard on tritium for drinking by WHO.

It has been estimated releasing into the sea will come to an end in some ten years, but as to releasing into the ocean, there are various theme like harmful rumors.

《To the end of decommissioning nuclear reactor, and to the future ahead of it》

There are lots of unsettled themes before the decommissioning nuclear reactor. The progress on decommissioning…

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【A decade has passed from the earthquake disaster】

《To the end of decommissioning nuclear reactor and to the future ahead of it》

The progress on the decommissioning nuclear reactor has been late from the original plan. Developing robot for taking out the fuel debris has to be done from now on.

I’m forced to hope the end on decommissioning nuclear reactor as early as possible, and the bright future for the Fukushima prefecture, the author said like that.

【Internal body clock continues to out of order, aging the immune system goes ahead】

Irregular life causes a healthy problem.

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【When internal body clock continues to be out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

Irregular life causes a healthy problem. Its one of causes has been unraveled.

Lots of creatures including the human race have internal body clock of which cycle is some twenty four hours, and lots of things have been restrained like a rhythm on sleeping, blood pressure, body temperature, and secretion on hormone.

When the internal body clock continues to be out of order by an irregular life for a long time, aging immune system which gets rid of a pathogen goes ahead and a chronic inflammation is…

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【When internal body clock continues to be out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

…and a chronic inflammation on internal organs occurs. Those influence over the body becomes clear by experiments using by mouses in researching team. It was published on a academic journal online of which title is scientific report the 13rd day February.

It has been well known from a long ago it is bad for health to continue to lead an irregular life as experience.

Actually, lots of ones who are engaged in night work on shift system have suffered from life-style disease, depression, fatness and so on

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【When internal body clock continues to be out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

It has been shown clearly by research on epidemiology which collecting lots of data on clinical cases and analyzing. Those bad influence is called biological clock disturbance, and one of problems on health which is serious in the modern society.

But why is the disturbance on the internal body clock for bad on the health? Or what kind of mechanism leads to sickness? Those things have almost never been unraveled until now.

《Influence on health is difference, according to a cycle on light and shade》

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>> 177 【When internal body clock continues to be out of order, aging immune system will goes ahead】

《Influence on health is difference, according to light and shade》

The researching team made a long time of observation using mouses so as to verify influence caused by disturbance on the internal body clock.

Using the same ones of which sex, age, environment of living, meal, and genome are the same, but changing the cycle daytime which means light time and nighttime which means dark time and comparing two of them. Other influence was excluded. Needless to say, making the experiment against a…

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【When internal body clock goes on to be out of order, aging immune system will goes ahead】

《Influence on health is different, according to light and shade》

Needless to say, making the experiment against a person is impossible. Genome is the whole genetic information.

In the experiment, the mouses were divided into three groups. A group which lead regular life. Daytime and nighttime comes every twelve hours. B group is eight hours is late for every week, and C group is four hours become quick every four day. Each group is made up with twelve mice.

As mice are active at night, they took…

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【When internal body clock goes on being out of disorder, aging immune system will go ahead】

《Influence on health is difference, according to a cycle on light and shade》

As mice are active at night, they took into action at night and sleep during daytime. A group was like that, and was watched.

As to B group, even if the cycle of light and shade changed, they continued the life in which they took into action at night, the internal body clock seemed to adapt.

On the other hand, as to C group, mice took into action both at night and during daytime. It was watched their internal body clock…

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【When internal body clock goes on being out of order, aging immune system will goes ahead】

《Influence on health is different, according to a cycle on light and shade》

It was watched their internal body clock was out of order. As to the internal body clock, it is said a change which the internal body clock can adapt easily, and the other which can’t. It is a place where we’ve paid attention in this research, so we’ve made sure of it at first.

A specialist who joined the research said like that.

The observation continued until two months old, and as to the group A and B, around 90% survived.

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【When internal body clock goes on being out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

《Influence on health is different, according to a shift on light and shade》

There was almost no difference between the group of A and B with regard to each of lifespan.

On the other hand, as to the group C, then about half of them were dead, so there is clear difference between the group C and other two groups in relation to the lifespan.

Both of lifespan and environment for life is different between the mice and people, so there is no meaning on the numerical value of survival rate itself, but it is…

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【When internal body clock continues to be out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

《Influence on health is different, according to a cycle on light and shade》

…but it is significant that when comparing the healthy mice with the other ones of which internal body clock were out of order, the latter has clear tendency of short lifespan.

It has been thought the internal body clock is maintained by dozens of gene work with a cycle of almost 24 hours. We call it a clock gene.

It is said that adapting the cycle on light and shade is possible to some extent, but an irregular life goes on…

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【When internal body clock goes on being out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

《Influence on health is difference, according to a cycle on light and shade》

…but if an irregular life continues extremely, it is impossible to adapt. When studying the brain cells on the mice of the group C, the clock gene which should work with the same rhythm did irregularly. It was made sure that the internal body clock was out of order.

《There is something unusual on the work on gene which is in regard to the immune cell》

When the internal body clock was out of order, what happened to the mice?

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【When internal body clock continues being out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

《There is something unusual on the work of genes which are in regard to immune function》

When the research team studied the work of genes in the liver and kidney of the mice which survived in the experiment at the time of the two months after birth.

As to the mice in the group of C, activity on genes which are relation to controlling immunity and sickness on the immunity rose unusually. In addition, in the spleen and lymph node, a kind of lymphocyte which…

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【When internal body clock continues being out of order, aging immune system will go ahead】

《There is something unusual on the work of genes which are in regard to immune function》

…in the spleen and lymph node, a kind of lymphoma which increases when immune function ages. It actually happened there.

Moreover, when watching the tissue on the liver of these mice with a microscope, as to the ones in the group C, there was feature showing chronic inflammation.

No doubt there is something unusual happened in the immune function, and it has been thought it caused the chronic inflammation.

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【When internal body clock goes on being out of order, aging immune function will go ahead】

《There is something unusual on the work of gene concerning immune function》

The specialist said like that.

When suffering from infection, we can resistant power from the infection. We call it acquired immunity.

In general, it is well known that when being old, the ability of acquired immunity becomes low, sickness on immune function happens easily, and chronic inflammation continues on the internal organization in the whole body.

Thus it has been pointed out that chronic inflammation heightens…

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【When internal body clock continues being out of order, aging immune function will go ahead】

Thus, it has been pointed out that chronic inflammation heightens risk on various sickness.

《Unraveling mechanism is theme from now on》

It turned out that disturbance on the internal body clock caused aging immune function and caused chronic inflammation on the internal organs, and there is fear leading to various sickness in the research this time.

But the mechanism from the disturbance on the internal body clock to aging immune system has never been clear, we the researching team want to unravel.

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【When internal body clock goes on being out of order, aging immune function will go ahead】

《Unraveling mechanism is a theme from now on》

The specialist said like that, and he continued.

Our society works with twenty four hour as unit, so we can’t get rid of jobs of all shift system. Given the fact that we have to live in the society, we think we have to unravel the mechanism on circadian rhythm disorder 概日リズム障害 at first.

The ones who are engaged in night work on shift system have suffered from the disorder, for example, life style related disease, depression, fatness, and so on.

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【Dermatology 皮膚科】

《A doctor who examines all the things which happened on the surface of body》

Dermatology is a clinical department dealing with sickness on the skin as its name showed, but the skin includes scalp, and inside the mouth, and nail. The range of dealing with by dermatology is large, from mild illness like pimple, and athlete’s foot 水虫, to skin cancer which is a matter of life or death.

There may have been some people who are worried about steroid which is medicine often prescribed in dermatology. The author said it asked various questions the doctor in dermatology.

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【Dermatology】

《A doctor who examines all the things happened on the surface of body》

When something unusual on the liver, the skin happens to be yellow sometimes. When suffering from an infection like syphilis 梅毒, hairs sometimes come off.

It means that something unusual in the body appears on the skin. It’s a reason why we call the skin is call the mirror for the whole body. A doctor in dermatology examines symptoms like that so as not to miss.

Besides there seem to be lots of people who are worried about appearance so much that they go to see the dermatology. For example, patients who …

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【Dermatology】

《A doctor who examines all the things happening on the surface of the skin》

For example, there are patients who go to see the dermatology due to pimple, thin hair, and spot. A doctor who specializes in dermatology said like the next.

Though the spot and thin hair doesn’t always mean to be a matter of life or death, those things are very important for patients themselves.

《The whole body has been protected by the function of barrier on skin》

The skin is a barrier which protects the human body. For example, when having got tan greatly, the skin becomes black because pigment…

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【Dermatology】

《A doctor who examines all the things happening on the surface of the body》

…the skin becomes black because a material called melanin is released on the skin. The skin which becomes black accomplishes the function shutting out ultra violet rays from the body.

Some 60% on the weight of the human body is water. Both temperature and humidity become low so much in Japan in winter that the skin seems to be dry extremely, but it isn’t, for water has been always supplied for the cornfield layer which is the surface of the skin, so moderate water is maintained on the skin.

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【Dermatology】

《A doctor who examines all the things happening on the surface of the skin》

In addition, except for the skin on the palm and sole, there are sebaceous glands 皮脂腺 on the skin, so sebum 油脂 which is oil content is released on the skin. The sebum and sweat are mixed and the skin is covered with two of them. They prevent water from evaporating from the skin extremely.

While we can survive on account of the ingenious mechanism on the skin, it causes various troubles. For example, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are blocked, an inflammation is caused, or dryness causes chronic…

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【Dermatology】

《A doctor who examines all the things happening on the surface of the skin》

…or dryness causes to continue chronic itch or eczema 湿疹. Furthermore, if the water within the cornified layer too much, it’s not good, for the skin is easily infected with fungus, lbacteria, and virus.

《The feet is very humid. It may have been caused by fungus》

One of ten people who goes to see a doctor suffers from athlete’s foot. As a kind of fungus is infected with the foot, the illness is caused. As the bacteria of fungus clings to the skin for a long time, the one who wears shoes all day long…

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【Dermatology】

《The foot is very humid. It is caused by fungus》

…the ones who wears shoes all day long has to be careful of it.

To tell the truth, the illness which is alike the athlete’s feet is so many that even a dermatologist can’t tell the difference between them exactly.

The athlete’s foot has characteristic of which symptom changes every season. Its bacteria begins to increase in warm season, bristles are caused on the foot or the foot becomes very humid then, but the number of bacteria decreases in cool season, and it looks as if it got well then.

Moreover, even if suffering…

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【Dermatology】

《The feet is very humid, and it’s caused by fungus》

But even if suffering from the athlete’s foot, there are ones whose symptom doesn’t clear on the skin.

《Itch is a mechanism on the body which prevents our body from attacking by alien substance or external enemy》

Lots of patients in the dermatology complain their itch, but what’s the itch on the earth? The doctor in the dermatology said like the next.

Scratching is a function of protecting body getting rid of alien substance physically.

When being biting by mosquito, the part where the mosquito bit swells and feels itchy.

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【Dermatology】

《Itch is a mechanism on the body which prevents us from attacking by foreign enemy and external substance》

Itch is caused by material called histamine. It’s mast cell 肥満細胞 on the skin and itch is caused by the histamine is released.

Histamine appeals its surroundings, as a result, the blood tube is expanded, or itch is caused. When the blood tube expands, water collects a lot, and washing out the poison by the mosquito.

Blood circulation is good because of taking bath or doing exercise. It’s also the function by histamine. The histamine is active by heat easily.

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【Dermatology】

《Itch is a mechanism on the body which prevents us from attacking by foreign enemy and external substance》

Itch by the histamine is suppressed by anti histamine. On the other hand, there are other itch which anti histamine can’t suppress. It has been well known from long ago. One of them is itch by atopic dermatitis.

《Method of treatment on atopic will make progress extremely from now on》

Atopic dermatitis is illness in which eczema 湿疹 by itch continues for a long time. It turned out that the main cause on the itch is material which is released from immune cell among other…

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【Dermatology】

《Method of treatment on atopic will make progress extremely from now on》

It proved that the main cause by the itch is material which is released information from immune cell among other cells. The material is called cytokine.

When the skin was damaged, and the function on barrier was lost, then alien substance invaded on the skin, as a result varied cytokines were released. The cytokine causes itch and inflammation.

There has never been information on atopic dermatitis for some twenty years in the past, but a new medicine has appeared in 2018. The medicine has targeted at…

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