Science,English,and math 8th

【A mystery on the lost continent】

《The continent used to be the single one two hundred million years ago》

Some people may have thought that the fragment on the continent which divided moved distance of thousands of kilometers and scattered all over the world, but the phenomenon has been under way at present.

The surface on the earth is made up with a bedrock. We call it a plate. The plate is mainly divided into two, the one ocean is plate which forms at the bottom of the sea, and the other the continent plate which mainly forms the continent.

Ocean plate is made up with the earth’s core…

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【A mystery on the lost continent】

《The continent used to be the single one two hundred million years ago》

Ocean plate is made up with the earth’s core of the ocean, and the continent plate is the earth’s core of the continent, but two of them are made up with different kind of rock.

The plate continues to move on with very slow speed, from several millimeters to several centimeters a year. The plate has continued to advance toward little by little in the long history.

It’s so slow that we can’t recognize it in our usual life, but considering the length of the time, the distance of the…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《The continent used to be the single one two hundred million years ago》

… but considering the length of the time, the distance of the movement reaches thousands of kilometers.

We can make the change on the continent from two hundred million to at present reappear with computer at present. The result on the simulation is showed with four parts.

Existent six continents like Eurasia, Australia, Africa, North America, South America, and the Antarctic gathered in single place, and is formed super tremendous continent. We call it Pangaea. It’s the one two…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《The continent used to be the single one two hundred million years ago》

Pangaea is two hundred million years ago, and it started to divide some hundred and eighty million years ago. It divided into Laurasia continent in the north hemisphere, and Gondwana in the south hemisphere.

Moreover two of them went on dividing, and each of continent moved, so the continent has formed at present. It has been thought like that.

A key on those simulation is data recorded on the rock of geomagnetism each place in the world.

Magma is flowed out with an eruption of volcano

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《The continent used to be the single one two hundred million years ago》

Particles of mineral which have magnetic power as if they were a compass inside of the magma. Directions on the magnet of the mineral are inconsistent in the magma of high temperature.

But when the magma is cool, and is an igneous rock 火成岩, the direction on the magnet is the same with the geomagnetism, so the directions are fixed.

After that the igneous rock moved with the plate, but analyzing the direction on the magnet of the mineral makes us inform the place where the rock was formed.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Pacifica continent is an illusion after all》

Did the Pacifica continent which the professors in America believed in exist really?

In conclusion, as data on geomagnetism becomes full and its precision becomes high, it turned out to be clear that the Pacifica continent didn’t exist.

According to the professors, the Pacifica continent used to be the south end of the Pangaea some two hundred and twenty five million years ago.

Pangaea divided into the presenting Australia continent and Antarctic some one hundred and eighty million years ago. Then…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Pacifica continent is an illusion after all》

Then the Pacifica continent also divided and changed into some tremendous plateaus, and the gigantic plateaus moved Asia, South America, and North America each other sixty five million years ago, the professors insisted like that.

But when going back in the past with trace of the plateau, the plateau didn’t collect at the end of the south on Pangaea.

By the way, how was formed the huge plateau in the Pacific Ocean?

The professors had thought the tremendous plateau was a fragment of the Pacifica Continent, but …

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Pacifica continent is an illusion after all》

…but it turned out that at least Shatsky plateau is remains of a huge volcano in the seabed that a large amount of magma gushed out, for a lump of basalt 玄武岩 which is characteristic on volcano in the seabed was discovered on the investigation by digging in the seabed.

The author said he is going to express the structure inside of the earth simply.

The earth is made up with three layers, crust 地殻, mantle, core, from the ground surface. The crust is surface of layer made up with rock which is covered with the…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Pacifica continent is an illusion after all》

The crust is surface of layer made up with rock which is covered with the ground surface.

Adding the crust to the part of solid rock on the upper place of mantle, we call it lithosphere. I adopted a word of the plate, and the plate means the lithosphere.

In the upper place of the mantle, there is the one which is deeper than the lithosphere and has liquidity. We call its solid part asthenosphere.

High temperature mantle is gushed out from under the seabed and it becomes hard. The crust on the seabed and …

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Pacifica continent is an illusion after all》

The ocean crust and volcano in the seabed are formed in this way.

As a result, as to the rock which makes up with the crust, there is difference between the ocean crust and continent crust.

Basalt is characteristic rock on the ocean crust and volcano on the seabed. The basalt is contained in the terrane as well, so, it proved that the terrane is originated from the volcano in the seabed.

What is the terrane?

There is a geological strata which is different from others next to. We call it the terrane.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Pacifica continent is an illusion after all》

On the other hand, the characteristic rock on the continent crust is granite 花崗岩, so when looking for the trace on the continent, it means for doing for the granite concretely.

Considering the simulation on the movement of the huge plateau in the ocean, and the part of the tremendous ocean plateau is made up with the one which is the same with the ocean crust, there is high possibility that the Pacifica Continent didn’t exist.

Did the lost continent exist in the Pacific Ocean in the end?

A Japanese specialist…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Pacifica continent is an illusion after all》

A Japanese specialist said like the next.

There is still possibility. There are four tremendous plateau in the South Pacific Ocean, and they aren’t probably the remains of volcano on the seabed. Adding the four huge plateaus to other islands around the huge plateaus are called Zealandia. It has been thought the Zealandia is the seventh continent which exists actually.

《Seventh continent of which existence becomes clear》

Lord Howe, Norfolk, Chatham, and Campbell. Those four huge plateau distribute eastern area…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《The seventh continent of which existence becomes clear》

Those four huge plateaus distribute eastern area at Australia, in the South Pacific Ocean. Adding the four gigantic plateaus to New Zealand, New Caledonia, and it is called Zealandia.

But the part which gets out of the surface of the sea is no more than 6% on the whole Zealandia, and the rest of the 94% is on the sea. Why has it been thought the continent?

The Japanese specialist said like the next.

It has been thought the four huge plateaus in the ocean used to be the single one.

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【The mystery on the lost continent】

《The seventh continent of which existence becomes clear》

Judging from the feature on the geological strata, I’m forced to think so, in addition, fragments of granite have been discovered at some places in the Lord Howe plateau.

Even if being sunk into the sea, there is a thick layer made up with granite, it is frequently regarded it as the continent with the geological view of point.

The part which is covered with the seawater in the continent is called a continental shelf. Though Zealandia has high percentage on the continental shelf extremely, it’s…

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【The mystery on the lost continent】

《The seventh continent of which existence becomes clear》

…Zealandia may have been equivalent to the continent geologically.

Furthermore, if we call it the continent, it has to be big enough for the continent. Australia continent which is the smallest in six continents is some seven million and seventy thousand hundred square kilometers. Greenland which is the biggest island is no less than some two million square kilometers.

There is no definite numerical value which is different between the island and continent, but as to its size, even if we call the…

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【The mystery on the lost continent】

《The seventh continent of which existence becomes clear》

…even if we call the Zealandia the continent, there is no problem at all, besides, there is possibility that it used to get out of the surface of the sea in the past.

It turned out that there is possibility that the Zealand used to be more shallow place than as it is forty million years ago, according to the investigation on the rock. Judging from it, it has been thought the Zealandia sank into the sea slowly in forty million years.

Though it has never been clear the situation before forty…

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【The mystery on the lost continent】

《The seventh continent of which existence becomes clear》

Though it has never been clear the situation before forty million years, there is enough possibility that the Zealandia used to get out of the surface of the sea, the Japanese specialist said like that.

《As the continent was forced to be stretched, the Zealandia divided?》

How was the Zealandia formed? Zealandia used to be attached to the south end of the Gondwana until some eighty five million years ago, according to the latest data, being based on geomagnetism. It used to be Australia at present.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《As the continent was forced to be stretched, the Zealandia divided?》

It has been thought the Gondwana divided and the Zealandia was formed then, but it has never been clear why the division was done.

As to a mechanism of dividing the continent, two opinions have been well known mainly. There is an ocean plate under a continent plate, and the ocean plate recedes by some kinds of reason, the continent is stretched thinly, and it divides.

When the one is pulled from the other, the one tries to stay there, so the one is forced to be stretched, I’m wondering.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《As the continent was forced to be stretched, the Zealandia divided?》

The other theory is when a convection of high temperature mantle rises from a deep place on the earth, the plate is dragged, so the continent divides.

The high temperature of mantle rose and bumped the plate, and a crack is caused there. The mantle divided into opposite directions, and the plate also divided from the crack to opposite direction by dragging the mantle.

But the mechanism on division of the Zealandia has never been clear at present, so we’ve hoped still more its research.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Challenging the mystery on the Zealandia with drill ship》

As to Zealandia, lots of things have still been covered with mystery, and what is necessary so as to be make clear its whole picture?

The Japanese specialist said at first it is important to open a deep hole in the plateau, and to dig up the thick layer of granite.

The one which was discovered from the plateau at Lord Howe was fragments of granite mixed with sedimentary rock. Digging up the upper place of the layer and dredging the rock with the net.

It is necessary to dig up a lump of granite in…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Challenge the mystery on the Zealand with drill ship》

It is necessary to dig up a lump of granite so as to demonstrate the Zealandia is a continent geologically. And if digging up to the strata of eighty five million years ago, it will be clear whether or not the Zealandia used to be the continent, for if the Zealandis used to get out of the sea, red rock which was oxidized by the air could have been discovered.

The strata of eighty five million years ago has been thought be the seabed under some a few kilometers. As the efficiency on the drill ship has…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Challenge the mystery on the Zealandia with a drill ship》

As the efficiency on the drill ship has been improved recently, it is said there is high possibility to dig up the red rock from the strata.

For example, an exploration vessel for the deep place on the earth belongs to Japan can dig up the seabed under seven kilometers. A day when the mystery on the Zealandia is unraveled may have been close to us unexpectedly.

《A legend on the lost island which used to be in Japan》

As to its scale, it’s different from the continent, but there is a legend on sunk…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《A legend on the lost island which used to be in Japan》

…but there is a legend on the lost island sinking into the sea in Japan. One of them is Uryu island which is said to be at Beppu gulf in Oita prefecture.

According to the legend, the Uryu island used to be bustling with many people from each place of Japan, but an earthquake of which seismic center 震源 was the Beppu gulf broke out in 1596, and the island sank overnight. It is said like that.

The outbreak of the Beppu earthquake itself has been left in a record as formal history, but the record in…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《A legend on the lost island which used to be in Japan》

…but the record in which the Uryu island existed and sank into the sea on account of the earthquake is limited in data written by a local historian in 1699, but investigation on the seabed at the Beppu Gulf was done by Oita university in 1977, then a trace of a large scale of landslide was discovered. It has been thought it was evidence that the Uryu island sank into the sea.

If the Uryu island was made up with a sediment from the Oita river, it is estimated its ground was made up with sand including…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《A legend on the lost island which used to be in Japan》

…it is estimated its ground is made up with sand including lots of water, so the liquefaction of the ground by the earthquake happened, and the ground sank into the sea, it has been thought like that.

A discussion whether or not the Uryu island existed actually continues at present.

《Atlantis continent which is a legend on the Atlantic Ocean》

The history on the lost continent from Mu, Pacifica, to Zealandia in the Pacific Ocean has been expressed until now. What about the Atlantic Ocean?

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Atlantis continent which is a legend in Atlantic Ocean》

Is there the lost continent at the seabed of the Atlantic Ocean?

It is said there used to be the Atlantis Continent which is famous for as the lost continent in the Atlantic Ocean. Plato who is a philosopher in the Ancient Greece referred in his book on the Atlantis continent which was prosperous empire.

Nine thousand years before from the time of Plato, there was an empire called Atlantis which was prosperous extremely, but Zeus in Greek myth caused earthquake and flood in order to punish the people.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Atlantic continent which is a legend on the Atlantic Ocean》

As a result, it is said the Atlantic continent sank into the sea in a day. Is it only a legend? Atlantis used to be a colony for Mu continent, Churchward said like that in his book, Mu continent which was lost.

He said Atlantis continent sank into the sea because the gas pool fell in like the Mu continent, but the trace on the outbreak owing to the fall of gas pool has never been discovered, so it has been thought the Atlantis continent expressed by Plato didn’t used to exist, but…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Atlantic continent which is a legend on the Atlantic Ocean》

…but though it’s not the legend Atlantic continent, there is a geographic feature which seems to be fragments of the continent sinking into the Atlantic Ocean. It’s Rio Grande plateau which is to southeast to Rio de Janeiro. It’s one thousand and five hundred kilometers away from Rio de Janeiro.

《Is Rio de Janeiro plateau the trace of the continent?》

Rio de Grande plateau is one of the biggest plateaus. The most important thing to investigate whether or not the Rio de Grande is the fragment of…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Atlantic continent which is a legend in the Atlantic Ocean》

The most important thing to investigate whether or not Rio de grande is the fragment of the continent is whether or not being able to discover a lump of granite.

American drill ship researched on the Rio de grande plateau in 1980, then basalt which is characteristic to the volcano in the seabed was discovered, so it became almost certain it was made by a huge volcano in the seabed then.

However しんかい6500 which is a manned submarine researched in 2013, and reported it discovered the granite.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Atlantis continent which is a legend in the Atlantic Ocean》

As a result, there is possibility that Rio de grande plateau is the fragment of the continent.

The continent of Africa and South America divided and the Atlantic Ocean was formed some hundred million years ago. Until then, though it wasn’t so big as the Atlantic continent, it has been thought the continent sank into the sea then.

But even if there was the report of discovery on the granite, it’s just that taking a picture on the granite which was among the sediment. It doesn’t always mean…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Is Rio de grande the trace of the continent?》

It doesn’t always mean that digging up the strata was done actually. The Japanese specialist said like the next.

It is regrettable but looking at the granite alone isn’t enough evidence. When researching by digging up and being able to take up the lump of granite, we may have proved that Rio de grande is the fragment of the lost continent.

《Existence of the eighth continent which ascended on the Mediterranean Sea》

It was reported on the outcome of a research that the eighth continent used to exist after...

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Existence of the eighth continent which ascends in the Mediterranean Sea》

It was reported on the outcome of the research that the existence of the eighth continent used to exist after the Zealandia. It’s a great Adria continent announced by university in Holland.

The origin of Adrian Sea is one of the areas of sea over the Mediterranean Sea and is between the peninsula of Italia and Balkan.

The team for study in the university made the movement on the plate reappear by simulation with a computer, being based on data of geomagnetism.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Existence of the eights continent which ascends in the Mediterranean Sea》

The data of geomagnetism was taken from rock of 2300 places around the Mediterranean Sea.

But almost all of the part on the great Adrian continent seemed to be continental shelf which sank under the sea. It has been thought the great Adrian continent slipped into under the European continent with movement of the plate some 0.12 million years ago.

When slipped into under Southern European continent, the upper part on the continent was shaved as if an apple had been peeled.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Existence of the eighth continent which ascends in the Mediterranean Sea》

It is said the peel of the continent forms a part of mountain range each place in Europe like Alps. Besides, it is said some of fragments of the great Adrian continent attach to part of Italy like Turin, and Venice, to part of Croatia.

《Amasia which is a new supercontinent will be born some two hundred years from now on》

Destination on the lost continent was controlled by the movement on the plate which was made up with the surface of the ground, and the plate continues to move slowly

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Amasia which is a new continent will be born some two hundred million years from now on》

The continent where we live at present will change its shape in the far future.

The movement on the plate is so complicated and irregular that it seems to be hard to foresee a precise shape on the globe in the future, but to make an assumption that the characteristic on the movement of the plate doesn’t change at all from now on, we can foresee the shape on the globe in the future to some extent.

The continent which is two hundred million years from now on was simulated

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Amasia which is a new continent will be born some two hundred million years from now on》

There is an illustration on the simulation on the book. According to the illustration, a supercontinent is formed in the north semi sphere. The continent of Eurasia, North America, and Africa gather and the supercontinent will be formed. We call it Amasia. It was advocated by a Canadian in 1990s.

Pangaea which used to be the supercontinent was born some three hundred million years ago, but until then it has been thought the continents were placed separately each other.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Amasia which is a new continent will be born some two hundred million years from now on》

The continent has repeated a separation and collection over and over again. It turned out at least it was done three times in the past, each year from some five hundred million to eight hundred million years, whenever the supercontinent was formed.

There is no shape of the Japanese archipelago in the simulation two hundred million years ago from now on, for it seems to be absorbed in the supercontinent as if it were put in between the continents of Eurasia and Australia.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Africa will be divided into two in the future》

Besides, there is a place where the continent is divided at present by the movement of the plate. One of them is the Great Rift Valley which is about to divide Eastern Africa into two south and north.

There is the Red Sea between the Arabian peninsula and the African continent at present, but the sea didn’t exist before, and two lands used to be connected then.

It is said that a convection of high temperature of mantle in the deep place of the earth made the ground tear up, and it changed into the sea.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Africa will be divided into two in the future》

It has been thought that the same thing is breaking out at the Great Rift Valley in Eastern Africa just now. Eruption of volcano and earthquake have frequently occurred around the Great Rift Valley recently.

A crack which reached no less than several kilometers suddenly formed in Kenya in 2018, so it is said the local people feared it so much. Though its cause has never been clear, it is said it has something to do with an earthquake and a heavy rain.

The Japanese specialist has investigated on division of…

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Africa will be divided into two in the future》

The Japanese specialist has investigated the division on Africa continent with an university in Ethiopia jointly at present and said like the next.

When having done a geological survey on the local area February in 2020, it proved that the crust is divided by the convection of mantle like the one before. It has been thought there is high possibility that Africa is divided into two in millions of years from now on.

There is a possibility that some of continents sink into the sea after hundred million years.

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【Mystery on the lost continent】

《Africa will be divided into two in the future》

If it happens, the civilization after us may have passed down our every day life as a legend on the lost continent.

【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster in Tohoku area. The present situation at the first Nuclear power plant】

The present situation on assault for decommissioned nuclear power reactor and its hurdle which we have to overcome.

The earthquake broke out off the Pacific Ocean in Tohoku area and the tidal wave occurred after that, and it caused the nuclear power plant accident in…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

The earthquake disaster and the tidal wave caused the nuclear power plant accident March in 2011, and about a decade has passed from then.

While the work for decommissioned nuclear power reactor has been done little by little, it doesn’t always mean that everything goes well, for example, the work doesn’t make process as scheduled, dealing with the water including tritium.

The author said he was going to express the present situation on the decommissioned nuclear power reactor, which is said it takes more than four decade until …

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

It is said decommissioned nuclear power reactor takes more than four decade, and its present situation on the labor for the decommissioned nuclear power reactor, a theme which we should solve from now on and in the future. The author said he is going to express.

The accident on the first nuclear power reactor in Fukushima prefecture had influenced over wide area seriously, and has changed the future for Japan greatly as well. It was the large scale of the nuclear power accident no one never heard of until then. At first, its outline.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《What happened then?》

There are six atomic power reactors in the first Fukushima nuclear power plant. When the earthquake broke out, the ones of the first, second, and third were in operation, and others from the fourth to sixth weren’t due to a periodic inspection.

When detecting the quake, the atomic reactors from the first to third stopped automatically, but the equipment on the power plant was damaged by the earthquake and tidal wave so much that almost all of the power supply which should send the nuclear reactor was lost.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《What happened then?》

As a result, pouring water into the nuclear reactor and supplying water for the pool in order to keep the nuclear fuel were forced to stop.

In general, when a device called control rod is put in the reactor core, the reaction on the nuclear fission stops, but the control rod includes radioactive material and continues to give off heat, so the control rod goes on emitting heat. We call it decay heat.

As a function of pour into water stopped in the reactors from the first to the third, the water was evaporated.

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《What happened then?》

Then the control rod was exposed, so the temperature on the nuclear fuel rose. The nuclear fuel is covered with alloy of zirconium. The zirconium reacts with steam of high temperature and hydrogen was generated, or meltdown of the nuclear fuel melted.

The melted nuclear fuel melted the bottom of a pressure container made of steel and dropped on the floor of the reactor container. The pressure container had water and nuclear fuel.

It has been thought the melted nuclear fuel remains at the bottom of the…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《What happened then?》

It has been thought the melted nuclear fuel remains at the bottom of the pressure container at present.

A large amount of hydrogen generated in the first and the third nuclear reactor, and the hydrogen was stored within the building of the nuclear reactor, then caught fire with some cause, the explosion happened, so the upper part on the building was destroyed.

The hydrogen which was generated in the third nuclear reactor flowed in the building of the fourth nuclear reactor through a plumbing, and the…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《What happened then?》

…so the explosion broke out in the building of fourth reactor as well.

Steam should have been released outside immediately so as to avoid bursting the reactor container, but its function didn’t work enough.

As a result a large amount of steam including radioactive material released from upper part of the the reactor container, and explosion of hydrogen broke out. Then a large area was polluted by the radioactive material.

It’s the rough outline for a week from the great earthquake.

After that, cooling on…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《What happened then?》

After that cooling on the reactor core started again, so the situation improved gradually, and then the government announced that the temperature at the bottom of the pressure container becomes below 100℃, radiation dose in the border of site on millisievert per a year goes down less, so the government proclaimed the area was cold shut down state December in 2011.

It means that the temperature at the bottom of the pressure container for the atomic reactor is kept within 100 ℃ generally, and releasing the…

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【About a decade has passed from the earthquake disaster…】

《What happened then?》

…and releasing the radioactive material has been suppressed so much.

《Three things which we should do for the decommissioned nuclear reactor》

Without restoring, it has been decided that the nuclear reactors from the first to the fourth were decommissioned formally in 2012, and both of the fifth and sixth was done in 2014.

According to the latest work schedule which the government raised, the decommissioned nuclear reactor is finished after from three decade to four decade of the Cold shut down state. It means…

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