Science,English,and math 8th

【Delve into creature which is close to us】

《Why is plant green?》

The green sea weed in the shallow place evolved into the one which has a root, stem, and leaves, and green algae 緑藻植物 which meets the condition on advancing into the land went into the land.

As the color on the plant which advanced into the land for the first time was the green, its descendant is also the same color at present. The plant is earlier than animal with regard to the time each of them advanced into the land. Animal of which staple food was the plant also advanced into the land attracted by the plant.

When doing…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is plant green?》

When doing the photosynthesis, absorbing the wavelength on the light of blue and red alone from the sunlight, so the green alone is left. The plant leaves the wavelength on the light alone which it doesn’t use. As a result, the color on the leave is green even if we look at it from one side and from other side.

The leaves look green, but it doesn’t always mean that the leave itself emits light. If it does, when looking at it in the dark, it must have been looked green, but it doesn’t.

When the light shines on the leave…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is plant green?》

When the light shines on the leave, the leave looks green at the time alone.

The ordinary light like the sunlight and the one from electric light is called white light. Seven colors are included in visible light like the ones in the rainbow. Roughly speaking, those seven colors are classified into three colors, blue, green, and red.

In short, the three kinds of light like blue, green, and red are mixed in the white light.

There is a question that why the plant looks green, and the question is changed into other phrase.

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《Why is plant green?》

The question is changed into the other, when three kinds of light like blue, green, and red shine on the leave, the leave looks green. Why?

The one which receives the light mainly in the leave is chlorophyll. When the light shines on the leave, the chlorophyll recognizes those colors on the light, and absorbs the blue and red alone, and reflects the green, and makes the green alone come through.

If looking at the leave from upper side when the light shines on the leave, the leave looks green, for the blue and red are…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is plant green?》

…for the blue and red are absorbed in the leave, those colors don’t reach our eye, so the leave doesn’t look either red or blue.

But even if we look at the leave from other side, it looks green, for the part of green on the light which shines on the leave doesn’t reflect but comes into the leave and comes through the leave, so the color of the green on the leave reaches our eye, the leave looks green.

The color of red and blue is absorbed, so those colors don’t reach the lower side. The chlorophyll absorbs the light of red…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is plant green?》

In short, the chlorophyll absorbs the light on blue and red, and reflects the green alone. The light on the blue and red which is absorbed in the chlorophyll is made use of the photosynthesis efficiently.

Oxygen absorbs the ultraviolet rays and changes into ozone, and the ozone is so unstable that it returns to the oxygen easily, but the ultraviolet continues shining on the oxygen, so the oxygen goes back to the ozone again one after another.

《Various flowers bloom in four season. Why does a flower come out?》

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《Why does a flower come out?》

A cell division is done actively on the tip of the both of the stem and the root of the plant so as to maintain its nutrition. We call the place where the cell division is done actively a growth point.

The plant has two growth points. The one continues to stretch to the heaven as if it freed itself from the gravitation on the earth. The other goes down to the gravitation as if it slipped into the center on the earth.

The growth point which is against the gravitation is left is the stem, and the other which is…

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《Why does a flower come out?》

…and the other which is pulled to the gravitation is left is the root.

In the process that the stem stretches, the growth point forms a new organ. It’s a leave. The stem and root are straight like a stick. They continue.

On the other hand, the leave is arranged with a certain interval. Each of them are separated. It’s formed on the stem, and it has two sides, 表 and 裏 in Japanese. Its form is the one like a plate.

When the leave and stem grow, the youth for the plant comes. As to the leave on the plant which comes…

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《Why does a plant come out?》

As to the leave on the plant which comes to the youth, it has chlorophyll and photosynthesis is done actively. The leave doesn’t only prompt its growth but makes oxygen and carbohydrate 炭水化物 which are indispensable for us the human being.

After that, the growth point reaches the limited time. It’s a flower. Its size and color changes from the stem and the leave, and its nature itself changes.

The growth point which maintains the nutrition is more important than any other until then, but it changes into reproduction.

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《Why does a flower come out?》

The growth point changes into reproduction which maintains its race. Thus, the growth point changes and the stem and leave are left and there is different things altogether. We call the phenomenon a flower.

There is a botanical hormone which makes the flower come out. Its existence was suggested and announced in 1936, but it has been a mystery for a long time, but analyzing molecules on the gene has made us understand the material which makes the flower come out in the 21st century.

It’s a globular protein 球狀タンパク質.

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《Why does a flower come out?》

The flower recognizes how long the daylight hours is with the circadian clock 概日日時計 and the information on the sunlight, so the hormone which make the flower prompt its growth is sent, then its flower bud is prompted.

The circadian clock is a rhythm among creature. Twenty four hours is one cycle. It has been thought that the creature has won the basic biological phenomenon so as to adapt the environment on the earth. It seems that almost all of creatures have the rhythm on the circadian clock.

The plant can’t move…

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《Why does a flower come out?》

The flower can’t move around at will, so luring insects and offering honey to them, and making them carry the seed as a way of reproduction, so the flower comes out.

The botanical hormone is an organic matter which is made in the body of the plant. It’s very small amount, and prompts its growth and restricts various physiological function.

《As to the age of tree on Jomon cedar, it’s four thousand! Why does a tree grow big?》

The plant has a first growth and a second growth. The first growth is a cell division is…

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《Why does a tree grow?》

The first growth is a cell division is done actively in the growth point where there is the tip of the stem and root. When stretching vertically, the growth point increases the length toward the gravitation.

On the other hand, increasing the number on the cell in the direction horizontally, and trying to make the stem and the root grow is the second growth. What’s the raw material which makes the cell increase or make the cell become big?

It’s a glucose ブドウ糖 which is made in the leave by photosynthesis, and inorganic…

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《Why does a tree grow?》

…and inorganic matter and water which are taken up from the root. The glucose goes down through the part of outside bark, and the water and inorganic matter goes up the inside the bark.

There is a place where the cell division is done between the elevator which goes up and down the raw material. We call the place a cambium 形成層.

The cell is increased in the cambium horizontally and makes the cell on the trunk. The cell divides in the cambium. The one cell becomes a mother cell which creates new ones, and the other is…

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《Why does a tree grow?》

…and the other is sent to either inside or outside the bark and becomes the bark or woody part. The woody part is the place where there is the vascular bundle 維管束, and the vascular bundle is made up with a conduit 導管 and phloem 師管.

Nutrients and water which are taken up from the root go through the conduit, and other nutrients which are made in the leave is carried over the whole body through the phloem. Each of them gather so much that they make up a bundle.

There is sometimes the cambium 形成層 between the bundle on the…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why does a tree grow?》

There is the cambium between the bundle of the conduit 導管 and the one of phloem 師管. The vascular bundle 維管束 runs through the surface of the leave and we can see it as line from the outside. We call it a leaf vein.

By the way, there is a point on the theme here. It’s the cell which is sent to the woody part. Without dividing, it grows for itself. After accomplishing its growth, it reaches the limit, and the cell is dead.

In fact, the death on the cell is an significant element with regard to the growth on the tree.

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《Why does a tree grow?》

When the cell is dead in the tree, it starts to make the wall of cell of which size becomes several times. We can’t see such the change in other any plant, as a result, the tree becomes strong and its trunk changes into tough, so it can endure both wind and snow for no less than hundreds of years, and continue to survive.

Though there is an exception among them, in general, the cell on the tree has a short lifespan. In the process of its growth, the death is incorporated and the cell wall becomes thick in the short cycle.

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《Why does a tree grow?》

Being big and tall makes the tree advantageous when the sunlight shines on it, so it becomes bigger and stronger, and can survive longer still more.

There is difference between the grass and tree. The growth on the grass stops at the first growth. It grows vertically alone. On the other hand, the tree increases its cell horizontally.

《It’s the feature in summertime in Japan. Why does a firefly glow?》

A firefly which glows brilliantly in the riverside at night in summertime. There are some forty kinds of firefly in Japan.

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《Why does a firefly glow?》

But it doesn’t always mean that all the fireflies glow. The ones which glow in Japan are no more than some ten kinds, though it’s limited to an imago 成虫, so if it’s either a larva or an egg, all kinds of firefly glow.

When does the firefly glow? There are three cases. The one is a sign for corpulation 交尾. The other is done by a stimulation, and another is menacing.

Almost all of the fireflies which glows when flying at night are males, and lots of females are emitting small light quietly in the shadow of grass.

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《Why does a firefly glow?》

Though some of females emit light which resembles other ones and lures the males and eat them.

As to an luminous organ on the firefly, it’s in the back part on the insect. It glows because of two kinds of material. The one is luminous material and the other is luminous enzyme which urges the luminous material glow. The luminous material is made up with protein.

Some 97% of the energy which is urged by the luminous enzyme becomes the light, but the light doesn’t heat.

An electric energy on a light bulb is a few percent

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《Why does a firefly glow?》

The rest of the electric energy on the light bulb changes into the energy on the heat. Considering it, we find that the energy on the firefly is so efficient.

Thus, the creature which glows isn’t limited to the firefly alone. チョウチンアンコウ which lures little fish in the deep sea and eat it, or jellyfish which drifts around the sea glowing.
There are varied luminous creatures in the world.

Luminous by the firefly has hardly heat, for the luminous material is oxidized by catalyst 触媒.

《Why does a chicken lay lots of eggs?》

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《Why does a chicken lay lots of eggs?》

Speaking of a egg on creature, we think of a birth on creature, but eggs which we usually eat in the meal are called unfertilized eggs. It doesn’t always mean it is laid so as to prosper its descendants.

Even if we heat eggs which are sold in a supermarket, a chic isn’t laid from the eggs, for those eggs aren’t fertilized eggs.

The unfertilized egg is equal to ovulation 排卵 for people. It means that even if a hen doesn’t mate with a rooster, the hen lays eggs. Furthermore the reproductive organ on chicken…

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《Why does a chicken lay lots of eggs?》

The reproductive organ on the chicken is arranged so as to lay eggs continuously. There is almost a perfect egg is already in a place which is near the exit in the body of the chicken, and other one which is made up with york and white, and another which is york alone. They are lined in order. The route to the perfect egg is arranged as if it were arranged on the belt conveyer.

It is said that the original race on the chicken inhabits the tropical rainforest in Southeast Asia. Wild birds usually lay eggs…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why does a chicken lay lots of eggs?》

Wild birds usually lay the number of eggs for chics which they can bring up, but when the eggs are stolen by other wild life like a snake, the wild birds lay other eggs. The more the eggs are stolen, the more the eggs increase. It isn’t limited to the original race. The whole birds have the nature like that.

People who were aware that the eggs on chicken were tasty paid attention to the nature, no sooner had the chicken laid eggs than they learned to take the eggs from the chicken

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《Why does a chicken lay lots of eggs?》

Though there is a limit to the number on the eggs which the chicken can lay. If the chicken which lays the egg isn’t healthy, it can’t do so much eggs.

As a result, people made a comfortable place for the chickens where the chickens could maintain excellent condition for its health and the people gave high nutritious bites to the chicken.

Thus the chicken has learned to be kept like that, and it has the nature that after the chick is hatched from the egg, it’s protected by parents and stays in the nest.

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《Why can a chicken lay lots of eggs?》

Thus, selective breeding 品種改良 is done, the chicken has learned to lay eggs almost everyday through a year.

When dinosaur was rampant, mammal could survive, and we the human race are descendant on the mammal. The chicken is the descendant on the dinosaur. We eat its egg. It may have been the law of nature, the author said.

《Why can a deep sea fish endure water pressure in the deep sea?》

The deeper the sea is, the higher the pressure is. Whenever going into the water every 10 meters, one atmosphere increases.

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why can a deep sea fish endure water pressure in the deep sea?》

In the sea of which depth is over 200 meters, its water pressure is more than twenty atmosphere. Any of the people can’t endure there.

There is description on the relation between the depth on the sea and creature.

In the depth of 200 meters, the light hardly reaches, so any of photosynthesis isn’t done.

In the 1000 meters, the fish is able to be caught by fishery industry.

In the 3000 meters, a sperm whale マッコウクジラ can dive there.

In the 4000 meters, the cell on a person…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why can a deep sea fish endure the water pressure in the deep sea?》

In the 4000 meters, the cell in a person starts to transform on account of the water pressure.

In the 8000 meters, the deepest place where the existence on the fish is recognized.

Even if the human being can’t endure the water pressure there, there are lots of deep sea fish which can survive there. It is said some of them can survive in the depth of ten thousand. Why aren’t they crushed by the water pressure?

Ordinary fish has a thing like a buoyancy bag in the body.

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《Why can a deep sea fish endure the water pressure in the deep sea?》

The fish adjusts the amount of the air in the thing like the buoyancy bag and controls on its body when sinking and floating, but the deep sea fish doesn’t have any of the buoyancy bag.
Its body has hardly air, and is made up with almost water.

The pressure on the sea water and the pressure on the deep sea fish is the same, so the deep sea fish can survive there.

The air is greatly influenced over the pressure. For example, a vessel which has lots of air like…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why can a deep sea fish endure the water pressure in the deep sea?》

For example, when a vessel which has lots of air like styrofoam 発泡スチロール for cup noodle in the sea of which depth is thousand, its size changes into a quarter.

Coelacanth has an air bladder as well, but the air bladder is filled with oil which doesn’t change by the pressure on the atmosphere so much.

There is other which is covered with a hard shell like ダイオウグソクムシ so as to protect from the high pressure on the water.

When catching the deep sea fish which has the air bladder…

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《Why can a deep sea fish endure the water pressure in the deep sea?》

When catching the fish which has the air bladder and trying to landing from the water to the ship, the gas swelled in the air bladder and the eye and the internal organ sticked out of the fish.

Then some of aquariums take a time so as to make the fish get used to the low pressure. Or getting rid of the gas from the air bladder by syringe in order to keep aquarium.

《A smelt ワカサギ doesn’t freeze under the ice. Why?》

When fishing, opening a hole in the surface of the lake by drill

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《Smelt ワカサギ doesn’t freeze under the ice. Why?》

But little fish like the smelt doesn’t freeze. Why?

Density on the ice of degree 0 is smaller than the one in the water of which temperature is four degree, so the ice becomes light and can float.

The density on the water is bigger than the one in the ice, so it sinks at the bottom of the lake. Even if the temperature on the surface of the lake is below zero, the little fish can inhabit there without freezing as long as it sinks down at the bottom of the lake.

Its point is molecule on the water.

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《A smelt doesn’t freeze under the ice. Why?》

The molecule on the water continues to move of flowing, but when the temperature goes down, the movement on the molecule becomes slow, and being under zero, its ability to move loses when being the liquid. It’s the situation of freezing.

Steam rises from the surface of the freezing lake in a fine day, for the temperature on the ice goes up by the sunlight.

《Its body of length is more than 30 meters. Why is a dinosaur tremendous?》

There have been several opinions for it, and some of causes lead the…

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《Why is a dinosaur so big?》

…and some of causes lead the situation that the dinosaur was so big. One of cause is the dinosaur belongs to reptile. The reptile on the immunity is higher than mammal and enjoys longer life than the mammal.

The size on the body is programming with regard to the mammal and birds, on the other hand, fish, amphibians 両生類, and reptile continue to grow through the whole life. The longer they exist, the bigger they become.

When being gigantic, if comparing its cubic volume with the surface area, the proportion on the…

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《Why is a dinosaur so big?》

…the proportion on the surface area increases, so its temperature on the body becomes high, then the rest of energy isn’t spent so as to maintain the temperature on the body. The rest of the energy is done for its growth.

Though the book says like that, the bigger it’s, the bigger the surface area is, I’m wondering.

I’m going to continue its expression.

It is said that physical limit on weight of animal on the land is some 140 ton. The biggest dinosaur is estimated around 42 ton, so it seemed that the dinosaur...

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《Why is a dinosaur so big?》

…so it seemed that the dinosaur didn’t have any physical restriction when being big. Environment around the dinosaur and ecological restriction was more important when being tremendous.

The time when the dinosaur existed, carbon dioxide in the air was ten times as dense as at present, so the growth on the plant became faster. The abundant botanical resource made the dinosaur become huge.

The faster a plant grows, the less its nutritive value becomes. It has the tendency like that. In short, the plant which grew…

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《Why is a dinosaur so big?》

…the plant which grows fast is its staple food, it should be taken a lot.

When a herbivorous 草食 dinosaur eating, without biting, swallowing down. A thing which was eaten was digested with bacteria and gastrolith 胃石 in its stomach and intestine for a long time. Creature has a stone in its stomach. We call it gastrolith.

Digesting lots of plant fiber takes a large amount of time and a big stomach is indispensable.
Growth on the stomach and intestine made its girth bigger, so the movement on the dinosaur was restricted.

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《Why is a dinosaur so big?》

As a result, its ability to turn in a small radius went down, so it needed to have a long neck which reached to its food even if the food was far away from the dinosaur. Moreover, its tail evolved into a long one in order to keep a balance with the long neck. Thus, the dinosaur became bigger so as to adapt its surrounding.

Thick legs are indispensable in order to support its heavy body, but its thickness under the body has a limit.

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《Why is a dinosaur so big?》

The dinosaur of which weight is 100 ton doesn’t exist actually.

The dinosaur was born when the supercontinent was formed. When the supercontinent divided, the dinosaur became varied.

The gastrolith 胃石 in the herbivorous dinosaur goes around with the food in the stomach, and the food becomes smaller. When its edge becomes round, it’s thrown up, and a new stone was swallowed again.

《When perching on an electric wire, a bird doesn’t get electric shock. Why?》

Lots of conductors on the copper for the electric wire...

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【Delving into creature which is close to us】

《When perching on the electric wire, a bird doesn’t electric shock. Why?》

Lots of conductors on copper for the electric wire are covered with insulator. Its one of reason why the bird prevents from getting electric shock, but there is other reason.

Electricity runs through the electric wire because there is difference between voltage. Electricity flows from high voltage to low voltage as if water ran there. We call the difference between the voltage potential difference 電位差.

The potential difference doesn’t generate in a single place. When two…

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《When perching on the electric wire, a bird doesn’t get electric shock. Why?》

When two different things contact, the voltage between the potential difference is born. As to a bird which perches on the electric wire, both of its legs are on the same electric wire, so there isn’t voltage between the potential difference there.

If the bird perches with each of legs on the different electric wire, or touching with other bird which perches on the different electric wire, then the voltage between the potential difference is caused, so then…

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《When perching on the electric wire, a bird doesn’t get electric shock. Why?》

…then the electricity flows, so the bird gets the electric shock. If trying to prevent us from getting the electric shock, we have to stop causing the voltage between the potential difference.

I’m going to the next chapter. It’s first page is the more we know, the more we find it interesting.

【Chemistry on the earth and the outer space】

《The primitive earth used to be a fire ball? Why was the earth able to be born?》

The earth is unique in the solar system, for…

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【Chemistry on the earth and the outer space】

【Why was the earth able to be born?】

…for there is the sea uncovered on the surface of the planet as liquid.

Water has existed not only in the solar system but in the galaxy widely as ice.

The earth exists as star at present, but it used to be numberless astronomical object like rock, gas, dust, and all of those things were restrained by the gravitation and were condensed. Those things collided repeatedly and gathered one thing which becomes the star.

When the earth was born, there was magma which was hissing hot on the surface of the planet.

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【Chemistry on the earth and the outer space】

《Why was the earth able to be born?》

Then the earth was covered with material which became gas easily. We call it primitive atmosphere.

The earth which was just born was like a fire ball, but it released heat into the outer space and became cool gradually. When being cooled from the fire ball, a crust as if it had been a thin film formed on the surface of the magma.

When the primitive atmosphere became cool, steam which was included in the atmosphere was condensed, and was poured into the surface of the earth as rain. The rain continued pouring.

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【Chemistry on the earth and the outer space】

《Why was the earth able to be born?》

The rain continued to fall for some thousand years. Its amount of rainfall a year was 10 meters, and the sea was born. Then the whole earth was covered with the sea, and the situation continued for a while.

Hot water was gushed out from holes in the seabed, then a creature was born. As to the birth on the creature, its opinion has been influential, though there is a different view.

Then the water vaporized from the sea and was condensed in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide was melted into the atmosphere.

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why was the earth able to born?》

In the meantime, crust on the land was formed and appeared on the sea, so the circling mechanism which adjusts the amount of carbon dioxide in the air has been completed. The sea can continue its existence stably, the environment on the surface of the earth has also been stabilized, and primitive creatures were born in the sea

After for a while, a response on photosynthesis making use of the sunlight and getting energy making organic matter which is useful for itself has been completed. Then a biosphere was born and…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why was the earth able to be born?》

…and the earth where there is the sea and land and which is filled with creature at present.

Without being born the crust on the continent in the time of the planet of the sea, the sea would be vaporized because of the global warming on the carbon dioxide. It has been thought it actually happened in the Venus.

To tell the truth, I can’t understand why it had not been for the crust on the continent, the sea would have vaporized. Could someone please tell me why it would?

Europe is the name of the satellite on…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

Europe is the satellite on the Jupiter, and its surface is covered with ice, and the sea which is liquid has been concealed under the sea. The satellite on the Saturn is also the same. Activity on the volcano of the seabed in combination in cooperation with the sea, so there is strong possibility that there is a microorganism there.

《Japan has more volcano than any other countries. Why does the volcano erupt?》

Magma gushes out from the underground to the surface of the earth, so the volcano erupts. The magma is composed with the part of …

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the volcano erupt?》

The magma is made up with the part of high temperature liquid which includes lots of 珪酸 and other part of small amount of crystal which is mixed in the magma.

Rock is in the mantle which is in the deep underground melted and formed.

Let’s suppose that the earth was a soft boiled egg. The mantle is equal to the white, and the crust where we live is equal to the shell, the core is the yolk.

There is melted metal of iron in the core which is equal to the yolk, and the mantle which is equivalent to the white is made up…

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【Chemistry on the earth and outer space】

《Why does the volcano erupt?》

…and the mantle which is equivalent to the white is made up with olivine 橄欖岩, and the olivine is melted underground then the mantle is formed. There are three places alone where the magma is formed. The one is oceanic ridge 海嶺 which is a gigantic mountain in the ocean, island arc 島弧 like Japan island, and a hot spot.

The olivine which is deep in the underground becomes light owing to rising by mantle convection and divides into the left and right, and becomes the plate in the ocean. There is a central part which divides…

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