Science,English,and math 8th

メイちゃん、ありがとう😊

【The fossil of the most ancient of the fungi】

The most ancient fossil of the fungi which exists at present is the one which was some four hundred million years ago, but more ancient fossil of the plant was discovered, so it has been thought the fungi was born a thousand million years ago at least.

A group of professors at university in Belgium observed a rock which was gathered from Kongo. Then they found the fossil of the fungi. Its diameter was no more than 5 micrometer. It’s two hundredth of 1 millimeters. The group of professors analyzed the element of the fossil in detail

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【The fossil of the most ancient of the fungi】

It turned out that it’s the most ancient as the fossil of the fungi which exists at present. Besides there is high possibility that there used to be a lake near the rock which was analyzed.

It has been thought the fungi which was discovered seemed to inhabit in the mud of the bottom of a lake.

The group of professor said the discovery of this time makes the researchers understand the birth on the fungi and plant more profoundly.

The expression is paleontology 古生物学. In the next, it’s an engineering.

【A robot of bird type which has genuine wing】

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【A robot of bird type which has genuine wings】

《Imitating the structure on the wing of a bird, and the complicated movement on the wing has been come true》

An airplane has various wings like aileron 補助翼, and a elevator 昇降舵, and the combination of each movement makes the posture and direction on the airplane change when it flies.

On the other hand, a bird transforms its wing skillfully and comes true elegant and efficient flight.

Professors at university in America has developed a flight robot imitating the wing on the bird, and investigated the ability on the flight. Its framework was…

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【A bird of robot type which has genuine wings】

《Imitating the structure on the wing of a bird and complicated movement on the wing has been come true》

Its framework was made by 3D printer, and is made up with forty of flight features which is in living pigeon actually.When the single feather moves, others do by connecting movements.

The bird has a wrist and a fingers in the upper place of the wing, and joints on the wrist and on the base of the each finger.

It turned out that minimum movement on the two kind of joints makes the shape of the wing transform dynamically.

The simple…

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【A bird of robot type which has genuine wing】

《Imitating the structure on the wing of a bird and complicated movement on the wing has been come true》

The simple structure on the wing makes the complicated flight come true, it turned out to be by the investigation.

The professors said if imitating the structure on the wing of the bird, they will be able to make a simple flight robot. In the next, I’m going to express on chemistry.

【Nuclear waste quickens corrosion the container which stores the nuclear waste】

《When collecting the nuclear waste and making hard, after that the nuclear…》

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【Nuclear waste quickens the corrosion on the container which stores the nuclear waste】

《After collecting the nuclear waste and making hard and being sealed up, the corrosion on the container was accelerated》

The nuclear waste which was produced by nuclear power generation was mixed with glass and ceramic. Then it becomes stable solid matter chemically, it is sealed up in a metallic container.

Burying the container in the underground deeply for a long time and waiting for that radioactivity which is released from the nuclear waste decreases.

The way of dealing with the nuclear waste has…

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【Nuclear waste quickens the corrosion on the container which stores the nuclear waste】

The way of dealing with the nuclear waste has been proposed, but when making the nuclear waste touch the metallic container for a long time, there is a fear that the container may have been damaged.

Researchers at State university in America made material of the nuclear waste for test hard, and making the material of the nuclear waste touch with stainless steel for a month and investigated how much the stainless steel corroded then.

As a result, whichever the researchers adopted ceramic or ceramic for…

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【Nuclear waste quickens the corrosion on the container which stores the nuclear waste】

As a result, whichever the researchers adopted glass or ceramic for the nuclear waste, it turned out that the part where the nuclear waste touched corroded at an increasing tempo.

The researchers said when choosing the container for the nuclear waste, thinking over the corrosion because of the touching with the nuclear waste for a long time is indispensable.

I’m going to express on neuroscience.

【Drinking and smoking makes the brain become old】

A relation between drinking, smoking, and the growing…

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【Drinking and smoking makes the brain old】

A relation between drinking, smoking, and making the brain old was investigated from image data.

It is said the brain grows old because not only hereditary factors but drinking and smoking, but the concrete relation between drinking, smoking and growing the brain old has been unclear.

Various data originated from a person is stored at a bio bank in England so as to study for sickness. Image data on the brain from some 17 thousand of subjects whose age was from 45 to 81 were used for the research by professors at California university in America.

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【Drinking, and smoking makes the brain grow old】

The professors analyzed the relation between the age on the brain and drinking, smoking from the image data on the brain. The age on the brain is an index on the aging brain which is calculated from the structure on the brain.

As a result, the less the drinking and smoking were, the less influence on the aging brain was.

On the other hand, it turned out that the ones who drink or smoke every day have high age on the brain.

According to the analysis, intaking alcoholic beverage increases every 1 milligram a day, the age on the brain…

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【Drinking and smoking makes the brain grow old】

…the age on the brain grow old 0.02 years.

In addition, every time the amount of smoking increases by a packed of cigarettes in average a day, it is said the age on the brain becomes old by 0.03 years.

The aging on the brain is related with various factors, so they have to analyze lots of data so as to grasp the factors clearly why the brain becomes old. The professors said like that.

But when comparing the amount of drinking with the amount of smoking, its influence is so different, I’m wonder.

No more than amount of 1 gram of alcohol…

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【Drinking and smoking makes the brain grow old】

No more than amount of 1 gram of alcohol increases every time, the brain grows old by 0.02 years. On the other hand, the amount of 1 package of cigarette increases in average a day, the brain becomes old 0.03 years. No more than 1 gram of drinking and no less than smoking of the package of cigarette. Is the data correct actually?

I’m going to express on paleontology in the next time.

【New kind on dinosaurs. It’s the god of death】

A new kind of Tyrannosaurus was discovered in Canada after fifty years.

Tyrannosaurus is a carnivorous which…

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【New kind of dinosaurs. It’s the god of death】

Tyrannosaurs is a carnivorous dinosaurs which used to inhabit in the North America. A dinosaurs of which name was Tyrannosaurs Lex appeared in the movie of Jurassic Park.

The fossil on the Tyrannosaurs which were discovered on the north of the North Africa was limited to at the end of the Cretaceous period 白亜紀. It was from seventy seven million years from sixty six million years ago, but Tyrannosaurs seems to belong to the older period.

When analyzing the head of the fossil on the dinosaurs which was discovered in Canada, it proved that it’s…

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【New kind of dinosaurs which is the death of the god】

…it proved that it’s a new kind which used to live in some seventy nine hundred and a half million years ago. It’s estimated it was about 8 meters. Tyrannosaurs Lex which was some 12 meters, so the new kind was smaller than the Tyrannosaurs Lex.

The new kind was the most ancient one among the Tyrannosaurs which inhabited the north area in North America. The new kind was named Thanatos after the god of the death in Greek Myth.

It is said that the discovery in this time is precious proof that the dinosaurs which belonged to Tyrannosaurs…

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【New kind of dinosaurs which is the death of the god】

It is said the discovery in this time is a precious proof that the dinosaurs which belonged to Tyrannosaurs began to reign over the top of the ecosystem in the North America some eighty million years ago.

I’m going to express on astronomy in the next.

【A planet ahead of a hundred light years which is suitable for existence on creatures】

Fix star of which center is small and there is little harmful radiations. As the area is appropriate distance form the fix star which shines for itself like the sun, there is some water as liquid on…

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【A planet ahead of a hundred light years which is suitable for existence on creatures】

…there is some water as liquid on the surface on the planet, so the area is called a habitable zone.

An observation by NASA proved that there are three planets around a fixed star which is ahead of a hundred light years in the direction of the Swordfish カジキ座, but it has been thought that the three planets aren’t included in the habitable zone.

But it proved that the fixed star is a smaller one than our expectation in the past, so the habitable zone has also changed from the expectation from in the past.

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【A planet ahead of a hundred light years which is suitable for existence on creatures】

In short,there are three planets which revolves around fixed stars, and the most outside one is located in the habitable zone. The one which is the most outside is 1.2 times as big as the earth, and the period on the revolution is 37 days.

As its activity is comparatively calm, flare which emits harmful gas like radiation isn’t observed for eleven months in the past, so it has been thought that the most outside planet has surrounding in which creatures can live easily.

It has been unclear whether or…

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【A planet ahead of a hundred light years which is suitable for existence on creatures】

It has been unclear whether or not the most outside planet has atmosphere, but it has been expected it will be given a clear explanation by the observation in the future.

I’m going to express on medical science in the next.

【A reason why gray hair increases thanks to stress】

Cells which create pigment 色素 seems to die out owing to the stress.

It has frequently been said from a long ago when receiving stress, gray hair increases, but its mechanism has never been unclear.

Professors at Harvard university…

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【A reason why gray hair increases on account of stress】

Professor at Harvard University in America have showed clearly that stem cell on pigment decreases by the stress. The stem cell on pigment exists in a place called niche near the hair of the head.

The stem cell on pigment becomes other cell before long. The other cell envelopes the root of the hair and makes melanin which is the pigment on the hair.

When receiving stress, the sympathetic nervous system 交換神経 becomes so active that a large amount of substance is gushed out. The sympathetic nervous system exists in the niche. When the…

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【A reason why gray hair increases due to stress】

The sympathetic nervous system also exists in the niche, so when the large amount of the substance gives off by the stress, a large amount of the stem cell on pigment changes into other cell and moves to other place.

As a result, the stem cell on pigment which makes pigment goes away, so the pigment is unable to be made. Then the hair becomes gray.

The professors said the outcome in the study at this time has a significant meaning when solving influence on the stress reaching other parts on the body.

I’m going to express on earth science…

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【The most ancient crater on the earth】

A meteorite collided on the earth some two billion and two hundred million years ago, and there is a possibility that the weather on the earth has changed then.

The geographic feature on the surface of the earth has changed by an erosion, eroded by water or wind. Therefore, even if a meteorite collided with the earth billions of years ago and a crater was formed then, it is hardly left at present.

There is a Yarrabubba crater in the Western Australia. Its diameter is no less than some 70 kilometers. It is said it was formed by the collision with the…

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【The most ancient crater on the earth】

It is said that the crater was formed by the collision of the meteorite some two billion and six hundred million years ago, but no one knew exactly when it broke out.

Specialists in NASA measured the era in detail through mineral which was made by the impact when the meteorite collided with the earth and pinpointed the crater was formed some two billion and two hundred twenty nine million years ago.

As a result, it turned out that the Yarrabubba crater is the most ancient crater which exists at present on the earth.

When the meteorite collided, the…

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【The most ancient crater on the earth】

When the meteorite collided, the earth was in the Glacial Period, so when being collided, it’s estimated a large amount of steam from which eighty seven trillion kilogram to five thousand trillion was released in the atmosphere.

After the meteorite collided, the Glacial Period was over, so there is a possibility that the collision with the meteorite changed the weather on the earth so much.

I’m going to express on biology in the next time.

【A mystery on a whale which dives into the sea deep】

There seems to be a whale which looks for its food so as…

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【A mystery on a whale which dives into the sea deep】

There seems to be a whale which looks for its food so as not to be discovered by the natural enemy.

There are some whales which catch their food at the deep sea alone, and when returning to the surface on the sea, it goes back slowly. It takes a lot time on purpose when returning. It’s アカボウクジラ.

When trying to catch its food, the whale usually tries to do as many food as possible in limited time, so it has been thought the whale adopts an efficient way. As a result, in general, it has been thought the whale doesn’t take an action like…

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【A mystery on whale which dives into the sea deep】

…it has been thought the whale doesn’t catch its food like the アカボウクジラ.

A group of professors at a university in Spain installed a sensor to 26 アカボウクジラ and recorded its voice and the way of swimming and analyzed them.

As to its voice, it was expressed with 鳴き声 in Japanese, but I’m not sure how to translate it into English, so I’ve expressed the voice.

To tell the truth, I didn’t think the whale issued the voice until now.

According to the outcome on the analysis, after diving into the depth of 400 meters, the アカボウクジラ issued the voice.

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【A mystery on whale which dives into the sea deep】

It turned out that after diving into the sea deep more than 400 meters, the アカボウクジラ issued the voice little by little, and grasped its surrounding, then starting to look for its feed.

Moreover when surfacing the shallow, it did without issuing the voice, it did in the place where it caught the feed away from more than 1 kilometer.

As to the アカボウクジラ, its most dangerous natural enemy is a killer whale シャチ, which discovers the whale by catching its voice, but the killer whale can’t dive deep more than 200 meters.

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【A mystery on whale which dives into the sea deep】

The professors have thought the whale looks for its feed so as not to be discovered by the killer whale.

By the way, I’ve expressed on various topics, and all of them have been issued in 2020, so maybe they are the latest information, I’m sure, but to be exact, it’s not the latest in the least, for when the latest information was issued, science continues to develop, so it becomes old.

Where is the latest information?

Soichiro Tahara who is famous for an emcee on TV program, 朝まで生テレビ said it’s in the brain of scientists which have studied.

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【An experiment】

When cutting aluminum foil thinly extremely, and sending electric current into it, the aluminum foil shone brightly with the light of orange. Then next things were ready.

1 aluminum foil. 2 two of battery of which size is AA 単3電池. 3 A holder for the battery. 4 a lead with clip. 5 a stand. 6 a pair of tweezers ピンセット. 7 a skewer くし made of bamboo.
8 a ruler, scissors, and Scotch Tape.

The aluminum foil is 8 centimeters long and 4 centimeters wide. Folding it vertically three times and changing it into the shape of bar, so it size 8 cm long and 5 millimeters wide. Two of the…

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【Experiment】

Two of the aluminum foil of which size was same were ready.

Folding the tip of each of the aluminum foil by 5 millimeters, and fixing on the stand with the Scotch tape. There is a space of 5 millimeters between the two of aluminum foils.

Connecting the holder in which the battery of AA with the tip of the aluminum foil by the lead of clip, but electric current wasn’t sent then

Cutting the aluminum foil of which length was 2 cm as many as possible so as to make them thin. Choosing one of which width was below 5 millimeters and its width is uniform, and making it into a filament

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【Experiment】

Two of aluminum foil were stuck out of the stand and each of tip was fold by 5 millimeters, so its shape is v, and putting the filaments on the place of the v of each of the aluminum foil, and sending electric current, then watching the filament.

If going well, the filament becomes hot and red. If it doesn’t shine, press the filament with the skewer made of bamboo or move the position of the filament a little, but if it fails, there is a possibility that the filament is too thick, so please change it with a thin one.

When folding the aluminum and putting filament made of…

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【Experiment】

When folding the aluminum foil and putting the filament made of the aluminum foil which was cut as if it had been a thin thread, and sending the electric current, then the filament became hot and red. It shone. The filament was made of the aluminum foil.

On the other hand, there are the aluminum foil which were fixed on the stand. The filament shone but the one which were fixed on the table didn’t. They are the same aluminum foil. Why did the filament made of thin aluminum foil shine?

Sending the electric current is hard, it’s an electric resistance, so the thin aluminum…

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【Experiment】

In short, the electric current made the thin filament shine.

While the electric current sends the thick aluminum foil easily, it doesn’t in the thin aluminum foil. Water flows in a thick tube easily, but it doesn’t in a thin tube. The electric current resembles it.

The electric currency is the movement of continuous electrons, so if the electric current tries to be sent in the thin aluminum foil by force, the electrons collide with the molecules of the aluminum foil one after another.

The collision causes a fire, and the temperature goes up, and when it was over 500℃, red…

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【Experiment】

When its temperature was over around 500℃, red light begins to give off. The higher the temperature is, the whiter the light becomes, and it continues to shine until it burns up.

Its principle has been used for the filament of incandescent 白熱 light bulb. As for an ordinary light bulb at present, tungsten which is the metal to resist the heat has been used for the filament, and special gas which isn’t burned easily is sealed up so as to be stood long use.

【Generation of heat by increasing electric resistance is various in a household】

As to the filament of the incandescent…

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【Generation of heat by increasing electric resistance is various in a household】

As to the filament of the incandescent light bulb, generation of heat by electric resistance is changed into light and is made use for, but except for it, almost all of them have been used as heat as it is.

For example, an appliance which generates heat by electricity like a hair dryer, an electric cooker, a toaster, and an electric carpet.

Nichrome wire has big electric resistance and resists against heat. A thin nichrome wire has been used as a heating element for the appliance.

On the other hand…

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【Generation of heat by electric resistance is various in a household】

On the other hand, an electric wire which has been used for being wired in a household is lots of bundles of copper wire which is little electric resistance. It sends the electric currency well originally, but a large amount of electric currency sends without stopping, there is fear of generating heat.

If using an electric outlet or a power code for lots of appliance, it’s very dangerous.

【WHO has declared pandemic, new type of corona virus which has spread over the world】

Basic knowledge on infectious which we…

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【WHO has declared pandemic! A new type of corona has spread over the world】

Basic knowledge on infectious which we should know. What’s the situation on inspection, medicine, and vaccination?

The bureau chief on WHO has declared the expansion on the infection from the new type of corona is pandemic. It means that the new type corona has spread over the world.

An essential theme at present is establishment on technical skill which can judge the infection by the new type of corona quickly and easily and development on medicine and vaccine which resists against the virus.

How do Japan and..

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【WHO has declared pandemic. A new type of corona has spread over the world】

How do Japan and each country overseas tackle?

Grasping basic knowledge on the character of the virus, the system on immunity, the mechanism on vaccine, and I’m going to give an explanation the situation and prospects on the new type of corona, the author said like that. It was the May issue of Newton in 2020, a graphic science magazine.

The number of people who has caught the new type of corona was over one hundred and twenty thousand in the world, and the deceased has reached almost four thousand and three hundred

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【WHO has declared pandemic. The new type of corona has spread over the world】

The number of the people who caught the new type corona and its deceased were as of the 11th day of March in 2020.

Japanese government has showed a way of thinking it requests for all the schools in the whole country like an elementary school, junior high school, and high school to close school temporarily.

Besides a self-restraint on opening for various events has been called. The influence by the disease has spread over the whole society.

《Insurance has been applied for an inspection using PCR,what’s changed?》

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【Insurance has been applied for an inspection using PRC. What’s changed?】

The inspection by using PRC is an way of inspecting whether or not a person is caught by the virus. The government has declared the insurance has been applied for the inspection, but it doesn’t always mean that all of the applicants can receive the inspection.

A doctor examines people who returned from overseas and the ones who contact with be caught with the disease, and when the doctor thinks the people need to inspect by PRC alone, the doctor can ask for a medical institution or private institution for inspection.

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【Insurance has been applied for an inspection using PCR. What’s changed?】

The medical institution and the private institution which are entrusted by prefectures alone are asked for the inspection by the doctor.

Without being through a public health center, no one can ask for the inspection until then, but no one need to ask for the public health center any more at present, so the process becomes easy.

【DNA increases repeatedly】

The inspection on PCR has been developed as a technical skill which increase a large amount of a specific DNA in 1985. It has been adopted widely for various field…

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【DNA increased repeatedly】

The inspection on PCR has been adopted widely in the various field of study like medical science, environmental studies, and agriculture.

An American biologist who contrived the PCR received Nobel Chemistry Prize in 1933.

If staff who are used to its process do, following its procedure, it’s not so hard to do. Even if a small amount of DNA, it can be increased, and it’s very effective way as inspection on virus.

But it needs lots of trouble, time, and cost so much that researching whether or not lots of people are infected quickly is limited. It takes from 3…

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【DNA increased repeatedly】

The inspection on PCR takes from 3 to 6 hours to a person.

A small tip for inspection on the flu has been adopted widely in hospital. It can judge the infection on the spot. It’s all right as long as the one like the small tip for inspection on the flu is made, lots of people may have thought like that.

That’s right, but as to a strange virus like the corona, making the tip which has the same principle instantly and adopting for diagnosis takes lots of time.

The author said he was going to express in detail, if making the tip for inspection, a protein which…

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【DNA increased repeatedly】

…if making the tip for inspection, a protein which responds to the virus of new type corona is necessary. An antibody like that takes a lot of time if trying to make it.

Injecting particles of virus which lost the cause of disease to a mouse and trying to cause immune reaction. Or gathering the same virus direct from a patient who was infected and for some days.

As to the virus of new type corona, it is reported it needs three weeks.

Verifying whether or not the made antibody is able to be used actually, and arranging system for mass production have to be done.

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【DNA increased repeatedly】

Furthermore, it won’t be a product unless after it is passed through pharmaceutical affair examination.

In short, we have to rely on the inspection on PCR for a while.

A thing which is used for the inspection on PCR is the body fluid originated from a patient. A doctor rubs the throat or nose on the patient with a cotton swab, and the body fluid is treated properly with a medicine, and is put in a tube.

The body fluid is controlled under fixed temperature, and is sent to inspecting institution quickly. Then the inspection on PCR is done.

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【DNA increased repeatedly】

How is the inspection on PCR for the virus on the new type corona?

I’m going to its procedure from now on.

1 Gathering the body fluid on the patient from the nose, throat or phlegm 痰.

2 Extracting RNA from the body fluid.

When making protein, RNA plays various roles in the cell. There are some RNA, and an initial is added to each of RNA like t, m, and r. Each of the initials means each of different roles.

When being in school, there is the one who is in charge of library, or the one who is in charge of health problem. Each of the roles resemble them.

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【DNA increased repeatedly】

After 2, I’ve tried to express RNA, so I quoted from the internet, but I’ve erased it by mistake. Even if I tried to discover again, I can’t, so I’m going to skip it for a while, and to continue to express, being based on Newton.

I’ve tried to express on mechanism of increasing DNA by PCR test, but it’s too professional to understand for me. I’m sorry for it.

【When inspected in hospital whether or not being suffered from influenza, we can know its result at once. Why?】

If being inspected in hospital, you recognize it, I’m sure, if being doubted whether or not…

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【A way of inspecting influenza. We can know its result at once. Why?】

…if being doubt whether or not being suffered from influenza, we are received an inspection using kit for diagnosing influenza.

Rubbing inner part of the nostrils with a stick made up with cotton wool, and taking the specimen. Then putting the specimen in the medicine, we know whether or not we suffer from influenza in no more than some ten minutes with a visual inspection.

Those things for inspection on influenza have been on sale from several companies, so we can receive the inspection even at a small scale hospital.

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【A way of inspecting influenza. We can know its result right away. Why?】

An antibody against the influenza of both A type and B type is attached to the kit for inspection on influenza independently.

When the virus of the influenza on a patient connects with the antibody, the part where connecting issues some color. It is designed like that.

The antibody is like a cannonball made of protein. It is caused by immune system and excludes an alien substance like a pathogen from the human body.

The antibody gets rid of poison from the pathogen and makes immune cells active. Various antibodies…

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【A way of inspecting influenza. We can know its result immediately. Why?】

Various antibodies are made day by day in the human body. There is a copy on the antibody. It’s a kind of clone, and the clone from the antibody against the influenza is refined and is being a large scale of production, being based on the antibody from the patient who suffered from influenza. The patient was infected with influenza and after a while the antibody was taken, refined and the large-scale of production is done.

Other kits for inspection against other disease has been put into practical use. For example…

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【A way of inspecting influenza. We know its result at once. Why?】

For example, RS virus which causes infection on respiratory organs, and mycoplasma which causes pneumonia 肺炎. The kit for inspection against disease is used for those disease.

But when there are little pathogen, no one can diagnose accurately, besides there may have been a margin of error by visual inspection, but being able to inspect everywhere easily. It’s a strong point.

Needless to say, as to a new type of corona virus, the development on the kit for inspection has started. Though it has nothing to do with omicron.

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