Let`s enjoy English eleventh

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉

While an area on the military base in Okinawa has decreased by 60% in the mainland, comparing it with the time when Okinawa returned to Japan, the military base has decreased by no more than 15% in Okinawa.

At first, there is a vast military base of America in Okinawa, the military base returned to America has been delayed by far more than the mainland.

Schools around a tremendous Kadena military base have been worried about noises from aircrafts such as a jet plane, a transport plane, and a helicopter. A class is often...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉

Classes are often interrupted on account of the noise. Okinawa has been worried about the military base.

On the other hand there has been a reality that lots of people who work in the military base or who do business with American soldiers. A distorted economic structure which is dependent on the military base continues.

A vice minister in the Pentagon collected a report on strategy in East Asia, and submitted it to the federal assembly February in 1995. In the report, it showed a plan of staying one hundred thousand ...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉

The plan showed us one hundred thousand of American soldiers in East Asia in order to stabilize the area of Asia and the Pacific Ocean. The center of one hundred thousand of the American soldiers are thirty seven thousand of American soldiers in South Korea and forty seven thousand of American soldiers in Japan, and needless to say, the center of the military force in Japan is Okinawa.

Even after the Cold War is over, America has showed a plan of maintaining the military base in Okinawa, so there is no prospect of...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉

...so there is no prospect of reducing the military base in Okinawa easily. What should we deal with the situation? How should we receive the voice of the people in Okinawa who have been sacrificed by Japan and America for a long time? It has been asked in the twenty first century.

In a prefectural rally against the case of raping the girl October in 1995, a school girl of the third grade in high school said like the next.

I don`t think I have to give it up absolutely at present, for giving it up just now causing a next...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉

...for giving it up just now would cause a next sorrowful thing. I hate to continued to live here being threatened by American soldiers and accidents caused by American soldiers and by being exposing the danger.

I don`t think I want to our children in the future to lead life like that. Please return us a quiet Okinawa. Please return us a peaceful island where there is no tragedy.

Okinawa war was about to reach a miserable end June in 1945. Minoru Ota admiral in Japanese Navy sent Japan a telegram immediate before...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉

Minoru Ota admiral who was a commander in Japanese Navy sent an under security of the Navy a telegram immediate before he committed suicide. He described actual situation that Okinawa was burned to the ground, and residents cooperated with Japan for the war in Okinawa so much.

He said at the last of the telegram like the next.

The residents fought in Okinawa like that, so I hope to consider for them in the future.

How much have the Japanese considered hardships which the residents went through in Okinawa after the war?

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈After that,what`s happened?〉

A raping case by American soldiers goes on and on after that, and every time a resistant movement by residents took place there. The wish of returning a peaceful island appealed by the school girl who was the third grade in high school in the prefectural rally in 1995 has never come true.

The plan of movement the airport from the Hutenma airport hasn`t gone ahead. In Nago city where the airport planed to move, the residents reclaimed land from the sea, and a movement which was opposed to construct the military base continues.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈After that what`s happened?〉

A large helicopter for transportation which belonged to the Hutenma military base dropped on the site of Okinawa international university and went up in flames August in 2004. No one was injured in the ones who were related to the university, but immediately after the accident, America blockaded around the university and carried away the body of the helicopter.

As a result, Japanese police couldn`t deal with it, so investigation on a cause of the accident wasn`t able to be done. Extraterritorial right 治外法権 has continues just now

【Japan was in uproar due to a revolution by students】

〈Females who returned from a north nation〉

Members of ex Red Army hijacked a plane called よど号 in 1970 and went to North Korea. Three of their daughters came back to Japan May in 2001. Though I said they came back, they came to Japan for the first time, so visit is suitable. They were born in North Korea, but were the Japanese, for their parents were also the Japanese, so they have Japanese nationality.

Their age was from twenty two from twenty three. They were in a press conference in the Narita airport then, and answered questions...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Females who returned from a north nation〉

They answered questions in Japanese clearly in a press conference in the Narita airport then. They seemed to be ordinary young females, for they said they wanted to go to Tokyo Disney Land.

However the accident on the よど号 was far in the past for the young Japanese who watched the press conference. It seemed that they couldn`t understand why the young females were in North Korea.

Besides Fusako Shigenobu who was a member in Japanese Red Army hid herself in Japan and was arrested November in 2000.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Females who returned from a north nation〉

The people who were over fifties were surprised that she was in Japan, and the young looked at the old were surprised at it with a blank look. There was the scene here and there in Japan then.

There used to be difficulties of student movement in Japan around 1970. There were some people who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world and went overseas, but the revolutionaries have been old at present, and they are being treated as if they had been a rare creature in Japan.

Then what...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Females who returned from a north nation〉

What happened in Japan then? The author said he was going to look back at the time when Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students.

〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 which started from Tokyo university〉

It was an opposition between a student self-government body versus the university in the medical department of Tokyo university which intensified the student movement.

After graduating university, there was a system of being an intern who was unpaid trainee, and students who belonged...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉

...and students who belonged to the medical department in a student self-government body put on an trial a professor with other students over a plan for reforming the system on intern January in 1968, and the students were suspended from school by a conference of professors in the medical department February.

Though one of the students wasn`t in Tokyo then, he was suspended. An accident of mistaking the fact occurred, so a resistant movement by students escalated.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉

Dozens of students belonged to the medical department occupied the Yasuda auditorium which is the symbol for Tokyo university June. The university was surprised at it, and requested the police to go into action, so the riot police excluded the students from the university, but it ignited the anger of students.

Students who thought university should be independent from a nation so as to protect the liberty and independence on learning were got angry, for they thought...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉

The students thought introducing the power on the police into university would threaten the liberty on learning in university.

Lots of people go to university nowadays, so the way of thinking may be hard to understand, but some students were driven out of university thanks to criticizing the government, and some professors were arrested because of the criticism before the war.

If the police go into university, the students felt repelled by it in university then.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉

Introduction the riot police into the university made the problem on the medical department spread out the whole Tokyo university.

The student self-government body in all the department of the university protested against the university and rushed headlong into an indefinite strike then. Students formed a conference of struggling together by all the students. It`s what is called 全共闘.

It`s different from the student self-government body in which all the students joined.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉

It was a flexible organization in which everyone who had a will for struggling could join, and every students could participated in it. After that the system spread out the universities all over Japan.

〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉

It was Japan university where the student movement arose greatly like Tokyo university. The Regional Taxation Bureau pointed out there was an expenditure unaccounted of which amount was more than two billion yen in Japan...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉

The Regional Taxation Bureau pointed out there was an expenditure unaccounted of which amount was more than two billion yen in Japan University then, and actual situation on careless management of the university was exposed.

It was said Japan university was the biggest one in Japan, and number of students were one hundred thousand, but there was a school house, but there was no compass, so educational facility was poor though the there were lots of the students, so anger exploded from...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉

...so anger exploded from students who were always dissatisfied with the university.

When a protesting rally against the university June in the same year was held, other students who were strong and belonged to an athletic club and were on the side of the university attacked the rally. Then about two hundred students were injured. It made all the departments in Japan university plung headlong into a strike.

While students in Tokyo university protested against an invasion on liberty ...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉

While students in Tokyo university protested against an invasion on liberty for learning, other ones in Japan university did against a principle that making money was the first.

A board directors in Japan university held a whole conference according a request from the students September in 1968. The students called it a collective bargaining in the general public.

The collective bargaining is a term for a labor union. It means a negotiation between a representative from labors and a...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉

It means a negotiation between a representative from labors and a manager in an equal position. The students call it the collective bargaining, so wanted to stress that students and the side of managing university were in an equal position.

This collective bargaining in the public was held in Ryogoku auditorium, and thirty five thousand students gathered then. It continued no less than twelve hours, and the board in directors of Japan university accepted all the requests from students.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉

The requests from students was an opening on the account, and retirement on the administration. The students were pleased with it because the university became normal with the requests.

〈The blockade was released because of the power on the riot police〉

However in the next day then the Eisaku Sato Prime Minister said he couldn`t accept the violence by a group in regard to the collective bargains, so it became a political problem suddenly.

The remark from Sato made Japan university ...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈The blockade was released owning to the power on the riot police〉

The remark from Sato made Japan university withdraw the promise with the students, and requested the riot police to go into action. Barricades built by students were got rid of one after another, and students movement was dropping gradually.

In Tokyo university, the riot police which received a request from the university excluded students who holed up in the Yasuda auditorium January in 1969.

Students threw a petrol bomb at the riot police from the rooftop, and the...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈The blockades built by students were got rid of thanks to the power on the riot police〉

...and the riot police opposed with a tear gas and turning water hose on the students. The offensive and defensive battle continued for thirty five hours, and it was broadcast on TV.

About three hundred students who holed up in the auditorium were arrested on the spot, but they didn`t belong to Tokyo university, for students in Tokyo university escaped from there until the previous day under the pretext preparing for a struggle after that.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Blockades built by students were get rid of by the power on the riot police〉

Even the people who sympathized with the students in Tokyo university criticized them, saying the students in Tokyo university run away in emergency.

In fact all the students in other university who were arrested then were prosecuted, and lots of them left the university because of a trial for a long time.

On the other hand, plenty of the students in Tokyo university who escaped from the arrest obtained a job in a big company, and walked a course for an elite.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Blockades built by students were got rid of by the power on the riot police〉

As a result of the offensive and defensive battle in the Yasuda auditorium, an entrance exam on Tokyo university in the year was called off.

In Tokyo educational university in which a strike by student who were opposed that the university moved to Tsukuba stopped its entrance exam, except for a department of physical education which had nothing to do with the strike.

〈Student riot expanded all over Japan〉

While the struggle was dropping in Tokyo university ...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈A student riot expanded all over Japan〉

While the struggle was dropping in Tokyo university and Japan university, rebellions by students started in other universities one after another, even if a theme for the struggle was different.

Students plunged into a strike in one hundred and sixty five universities in Japan in 1969. An university which didn`t rush into the strike was rare.

The struggle spread out for high schools, and even the high schools were blockaded by students one after another each place.

What is called 全共闘 gathered....

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Student riot spread over all over Japan〉

What is called 全共闘 gathered from fourth six universities in the whole Japan September in the same year, and an alliance on the 全共闘 in the whole Japan was formed. A student from 全共闘 in Tokyo university became its chairperson, and a vice chairperson was from the same organization in Japan university.

A convention for its organization was held in Hibiya, and students who were over twenty thousand gathered there with wearing colorful helmets, being divided into university, and political party.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on street〉

Rebellion by students spread over the whole Japan and the alliance on 全共闘 in the whole Japan was formed, but the student movement was divided into a group of a political party gradually from then.

After the security treaty in 1960s, a political party which was opposed to in a position of the course adopted by Japan Communist party, and aimed for communism being based on original interpretation for Marxism-Leninism was born one after another.

Lots of those political parties criticized China...

【Japan was in uproar due to rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on street〉

Lots of those political parties criticized China and Soviet as Stalin principle. They called themselves a new left wing. It means they were different from the old left wing like the Socialists party and Communist Party in Japan.

Mass media called them a group of anti Japanese Communist Party in Japan, or an anti group of Yoyogi, because there was an office for the Communist Party in Japan was in Yoyogi, but the Communist Party in Japan offered each company on mass media like the next.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle in a street〉

Those political groups have nothing to do with the Communist Party in Japan, so the Communist Party in Japan wanted the mass media not to use its name and Yoyogi.

On the other hand, the police called them the left wing group of extremely violent, and the mass media did extremists soon.

Lots of those extremists learned to adopt a way of thinking that a part of organization which had to come their senses unfurled a struggle which became radical against the national power, and making the ...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉

...and making the inactive public open its eyes.

As a result, an aggressive group wearing a helmet and having a squared timber repeated a collision against the riot police. The aim for attack was different for each of the extremists. One of them aimed at the Prime Minister`s Official Residence, and other the Diet Building, and another the Defense Agency. A riot was often caused by them in Shibuya and Shinjuku then.

Each of group was separated by color of helmets, and their originality was...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉

...and their originality was competed with the color of helmets.

When fighting against the riot police, the squared timber was used, and it was called ゲバ棒 in Japanese. The ゲバ originates from Gewalt in German. It means violence.

Struggles were unfurled on a street with various theme like security treaty, anti war for Vietnam, a request for returning Okinawa, and objection against construction for Narita airport.

The riot police which tried to prevent the struggle responded with tear gas.

【Japan was in an uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉

It often used to linger the smell of the tear gas at busy streets in Tokyo for a long time then.

The equipment of the riot police became to enrich in a flash. In consequence, the rebellions by student has made the police have a powerful power.

Student movements arose each place in the world then.

The police and students clashed in the Latin Quarter which was a students` quarter in Paris, and the student movement was active in Germany, England, and Italy. Students took into action...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉

Students took into action for anti Vietnamese War in America and some students were shot to death.

In China next to Japan, the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution by the Red Guards broke out.

Why did the rebellion by students break out in the world at the same time? Though various analysis was done, but its cause wasn`t clear in the least.

Immediate after the war, we the Japanese led our life so desperately that we couldn`t afford to the student movement, but as a result of the rapid ...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉

...but as a result of the rapid economic growth, students could think of varied things, except for leading their own life.

There were lots of problem like environmental pollution, and the youths who had a strong sense of justice couldn`t endure them.

Lots of the youths who were born in the time of baby boom became the students in university, until then the students in university were occupied by a part of elite, but after that going to university was brought into widesparead.

Old...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉

Old universities couldn`t respond to the change of consciousness on the youth.

There was no system of taking into consideration on a request and dissatisfaction from the youths and students in university.

The youths were opposed against the old generation. Except for them, we can analyze for other reasons.

Then the military force in America continued an air raid in North Vietnam, and fought against guerrilla anti government in South Vietnam then. Combat planes took off from an airport in...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉

Combat planes took off from an airport in Okinawa direct. Soldiers of America who were injured in the Vietnamese War carried away in hospital of Japan one after another.

There used to be a factory which repaired a broken tank. Freighters loaded American supplies left for Vietnam from Japanese ports.

The Vietnamese war used to be close to the Japanese. In fact it raised the students` consciousness for risk.

〈Student movement fell apart〉

With the arise on the student movement, a ...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Student movement fell apart〉

With the arise on the student movement, a struggle between the political parties over leadership on a student council strengthened.

Attacking a political party which was opposed to the attackers by a squared timber often happened, and some of them were dead because of the struggle.

It`s gewalt, a violence against antiestablishment, and we call it what is called 内ゲバ, especially, 中核 革マル used to be a same organization, but it was divided owing to difference of course on movement, hating and murdering each...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Student movement fell apart〉

...hating and murdering each other as if they had suffered from a relative hatred. There was a violent internal strife from other political parties, so no less than twenty people were dead by the violent internal strife alone in 1975. Its victims reached eighty for thirteen years from 1970 to 1982 in total.

While introduction the riot police into university, and student movement was suppressed, the internal violence strife by activists in the political parties broke out one after another, so ordinary...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈Student movement fell apart〉

...and ordinary students withdrew from the movement. Student movement lost spreading over into the public.

〈The people who dreamed of a revolution in the world which broke out at the same time〉

While student movement which showed livelier lost spreading over in the public, a group which insisted more extreme course appeared. It was a group of the Red Army.

In an organization of having political aim, when discussing a way of a struggle, in general, the ones who insist on a stronger course tend to take...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of world which broke out at the same time〉

...they tend to take the leadership.

When a scale of the political party was small and as long as being discussed separated from the public, a phenomenon in the ones who insisted the strong course, an extreme one win is often seen regardless of the right wing or left wing.

An organization of alliance of Communism which adopted an extreme struggle changed into the sect of Red Army which done by far more extreme. The Red Army was named after ...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉

The Red Army was named after the one which was a center in Russian revolution.

They thought of rising up in arms at once in Japan, having an inactive labors` eyes opened, and trying developing into a great revolution, though they had no concrete way nor plan for the revolution, and dreamed of a struggle with the power alone.

However its main group planed to attack the Prime Minister`s official residence and did a military training at...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉

They planted to attack the Prime Minister`s official residence and did a military training at Daibosatsu pass in Enzan city of Yamanashi prefecture November in 1969, but the police raided there, fifty three were arrested, so they received a damage severely.

Then they didn`t think of anything on a development after the attack on the Prime Minister`s official residence a bit.

The rest members of sect in the Red Army thought of going to North...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉

They thought of going to North Korea, of going each place in the world, and of making a base for the revolution, of trying to break out the revolution in a scale of the world at the same time.

In spite that they lost a struggle at universities in Japan, far from Japan, they dreamed of the revolution in a scale of the world in one leap.

When expressing it, we find it ridiculous, and it`s just a play as soldier, we would have thought, but...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉

...but lots of students in Japan were attracted by the thoughts then owing to a mood in the time, wasn`t it?

What kind of nation was North Korea? Few Japanese knew it then.

It`s an original nation of socialism which was opposed to America or Korea, the students in the sect of Red Army thought like that.

They were dissatisfied with the society in Japan, and North Korea didn`t have any diplomatic relation with Japan, and was opposed to Japan...

【Japan was in uproar due to rebellion by students】

〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉

...but they found it favorable.

They thought of receiving a military training there and of the first step for organizing an original army. They considered Cuba as destination, but it was too far so they gave it up.

〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉

Nine members in the sect of Red Army hijacked a plane belonged to Japan airline which was going to fly from Haneda to Fukuoka March in 1970. There was a nickname for each plane one by one then.

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉

They hijacked an airplane calledよど号 which named after Yodo river in Osaka, so we call the case the case of Yodo go.

There were arrest warrants for the lots of members in the sect of Red Army for the cases in the past, so they couldn`t escape from Japan lawfully, and they thought of the hijack, moreover if doing hijack, it would be a propaganda for their organization.

After the case of Yodo go, the phrase of Yodo go learned to be used. A preventive measure on hijack was established, and if doing hijack...

【Japan was in uproar due to rebellion by students】

〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉

If doing hijack, they will be punished with a serious crime from then. When getting on a airplane, there was no inspection for their belongings nor body check for passengers until then, but both of them have learned to be done after that.

Takamaro Tamiya who was a leader the ones who hijacked collecting a proclamation on departure in the previous day. He expressed his action for himself, and concluded his announcement like the next.

Let`s make sure we are 明日のジヨー.

It`s a title of a popular comic book of...

【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】

〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉

It`s a popular comic book of which hero was a boxer then, and their action was like a comic book.

The hijacked airplane lubricated in Fukuoka airport once, and a part of passengers were released there, it left for North Korea, but a controller in South Korea pretended to be North Korea, and guided the plane to touch down Kinpo airport in South Korea.

However members of the sect on Red Army were aware that there was a passenger plane of America in the airport, so the disguised work was disclosed and...