Let`s enjoy English eleventh

【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】

『Column, return Okinawa to us』

Return Okinawa to us, return Okinawa to us.

〈A movement for return Okinawa heightened〉

Okinawa which was cut from the mainland in Japan and was surrounded by the military force in America.

A combat plane of America crashed near the military base during a military training, or crimes by American soldiers frequently occurred in Okinawa, so the residents suffered from sadness by controlling of the military force in America every day.

A legislative organ which was a representation from the residents and a head of...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A movement for returning Okinawa heightened〉

A legislative organ which was the representation from the residents and the head of the administration just had a limited authority, so a movement for wanting to return to Japan heightened, so a conference for Okinawa returning to Japan started in 1960.

Its symbol was the sun-rising flag. Immediately after the military force in America occupied, the flag was prohibited to raise, so raising it itself means a resistance against the control by the military force in America.

As the Vietnamese War was intensified...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A movement for reviving Okinawa heightened〉

As the Vietnamese War intensified February in 1965, America started an air raid to North Vietnam. A bomber plane of B52 of America attacked from Kadena military base in Okinawa to North Vietnam direct September. Okinawa became the military base for the air raid against North Vietnam then.

A tremendous body of the combat plane of B52 took off and landed on with a roaring sound every day. Okinawa was covered with the shadow of the war.

A movement for wanting to return to the mainland in Japan where there was the...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A movement fro reviving Okinawa heightened by the residents in Okinawa〉

A movement for wanting to return to the mainland in Japan where there was the peaceful constitution so as to realize a peaceful Okinawa intensified.

A leader in the temporary government was chosen from the conservative political party close to America by America until then, but as the movement of reviving Okinawa strengthened, a voice for requesting for an autonomy by residents arose.

America introduced into an election by popular vote by residents for the leader in the temporary...

【Though Okinawa has returned ...】

〈A movement of reviving Okinawa by the residents in Okinawa started〉

America introduced into an election by popular vote of the residents for a leader in the temporary government direct in 1968, with a form by forcing the public opinion in Okinawa.

The election was done November in that year, and the percentage of voting reached no less than 90%. A wish from the residents appeared as the number.

Tyoubyou Yara who put up unconditional whole revival for Okinawa at once was elected with a cooperation of a progressive political party.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, Chobyo Yara』

After Okinawa was cut from the mainland of Japan and was under control by America, Chobyo Yara was a headmaster in high school, and he formed a conference of teaching staff in Okinawa and became its first president, then tackled the movement of reviving Okinawa.

He was elected the first leader in the temporary government which was elected by popular vote direct, and with rerunning Okinawa to Japan, he took office as first governor.

After that he continued to ask for a withdrawal the military base of America and retired in 1976.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉

A car driving by a soldier in the U.S.army hit a Japanese who worked in the military base and the Japanese was injured in Koza city at early dawn December in 1970.

When Military Police in the military force of America rushed there and started an inspection on the scene, the residents began to gather there in order to look at it.

Before nine days, other American soldier hit a Japanese woman by car in Itoman city and she was dead, but the military court in America sentenced that the American soldier wasn`t guilty.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉

Lots of the residents who gathered there were afraid that the same thing would happen.

In Okinawa which was under control by America, a case or an accident by American soldiers happened one after another, but the Americans weren`t guilty or a petty offense in the trial by the military force in America, so the residents were frustrated it so much.

Then other American caused an accident near the city again, and it ignited the feeling of the residents then.

The Military Police who feared crowded of the residents...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉

The Military Police who feared the angry crowded of the residents fired a warning shot, and it caused a riot then.

The crowded residents increased to five thousand, and began to turn over a car parked in the middle of the road or to set the fire on other.

Almost all of the cars parking there belong to the military force in America or an American soldier. No less than 82 automobiles were set on fire in total .

A part of the crowded residents rushed to a gate of Kadena military base, and American soldiers aimed...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The residents` anger exploded〉

...and American soldiers aimed guns which were loaded at the residents then. If the crowed of the residents went into the military base any more, it was about to develop an indiscriminate shooting.

The crowded people stopped there, so a tragedy was avoided at a critical moment.

It was the riot in Koza. Though no one was dead, 61 Americans were injured, and 27 Japanese were. Anger of the residents every day exploded in the riot.

At the same time the riot informed that America couldn`t treat Okinawa at will with the way it...

【Though Okinawa has returned】

〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉

At the same time, the riot informed that America couldn`t treat Okinawa at will with a way it adopted until then any more.

『Column, Eisaku Sato』

He was born in Yamaguchi prefecture. After graduating from the former Imperial University, he started to work in the Ministry of Railway which was combine the Ministry of Transport and the National railway.

When the Minister of Railway changed into the one of Transport, he became the Chief Cabinet Secretary in the second Yoshida Cabinet from an administrative vice-minister.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, Eisaku Sato』

He took office as Prime Minister in 1964, and maintained the longest political power for seven years and eight months. He was a real young brother of Nobusuke Kishi in the time of security treaty.

He started the three nonnuclear principles when being the Prime Minister and was evaluated his deed that returning Okinawa to Japan was realized, so received the Nobel Peace Prize.

〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉

Eisaku Sato who took office as Prime Minister November in 1964 put up returning Okinawa as ...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉

Eisaku Sato who took office as Prime Minister put up returning Okinawa as the biggest political subject in the middle of the movement of returning Okinawa to Japan heightened.

When visiting America for the first time January in the next year of 1965, he applied for then the Johnson President to return Okinawa to Japan

He visited Okinawa for the first time as incumbent Prime Minister August in the same year, and said clearly without realizing returning Okinawa to Japan, after the war wasn`t over.

【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】

〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉

A movement of returning Okinawa to Japan started.

Returning each island of Ogasawara was decided within a year at the top-level meeting between Japan and America November in 1967, for Ogasawara was also under control by America then. It was returned to Japan June in the next year, and became Ogasawara village at Tokyo prefecture in Japan.

Returning Okinawa to Japan within a few years was done, but to be exact, returning Okinawa to Japan when to start within a few years was done.

【Though Japan has returned...】

〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉

Though the actual time for returning wasn`t decided, a concrete talk on returning Okinawa started from then.

A conference between Japan and America on returning Okinawa started May in 1968, and the returning was decided in a meeting between Sato and Nixon November in the next year of 1969.

〈Okinawa has returned to Japan〉

A siren and a steam whistle echoed all over in Okinawa from all the public offices, factories, and ships altogether 0：00 a.m. on the fifteenth day May in 1972.

From then...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Okinawa returned to Japan〉

From then Okinawa has returned to Japan. It was after twenty seven years from by controlled by America.

We`ve call it returning of Okinawa, but it`s an authority of administration was returned to Japan precisely.

When Okinawa was cut from Japan, potential sovereignty for Japan to Okinawa was allowed. Though it`s a Japanese territory originally, the military force in America does its politics, America adopted the form. Returning the authority on politics to Japan, it`s the authority of administration was returned.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

When Okinawa returned to Japan, a biggest heart of matter was how we should treat a nuclear weapon.

When being under control by America, lots of nuclear weapons were brought into Okinawa and were saved. It`s said its number reached about eight hundred around 1960 when it was the most.

Then the Prime Minister Eisaku Sato expressed the three nuclear principles, neither we possess, made, nor being brought into the nuclear weapon in Japan in National Assembly as policy on nuclear weapon in Japan in 1967.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

The three nonnuclear principles were decided in National Assembly in 1971, so we must not have the nuclear weapon in Japan.

When Okinawa returned to Japan, there were nuclear weapons in Okinawa. What should we do then? It was a problem.

Then if applying for the three nonnuclear principles, we had to remove the nuclear weapons of the military force of America. It was the biggest problem in the conference between Japan and America.

There were lots of opposing opinions on removing a nuclear missile from...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

An opposing opinion on get rid of a nuclear missile from Okinawa was strong within the military force in America, but the time was changing.

America began to change into an operation of loading a nuclear missile on a nuclear submarine and making it waiti for deep at the bottom of the sea each country then.

If having a military base for the nuclear missile on the ground, it is easy to be a target from an enemy, so when breaking up a war actually, it would be aimed at in the very beginning, and it would...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

...so having a military base for the nuclear weapon on the ground would be disadvantageous, America began to think like that then, so the nuclear missile in Okinawa was becoming old fashioned then.

In short when Okinawa returning to Japan, America agreed with Japan of getting rid of the nuclear weapon from Okinawa.

Japanese government expressed it Okinawa was the same as the mainland in Japan concerned having not the nuclear weapon, but in an agreement on returning Okinawa between Japan and America...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

...but in an agreement on returning Okinawa between Japan and America a removal on nuclear weapon wasn`t shown clearly.

A joint statement from a meeting between Sato and Nixon expressed like the next.

The Prime Minister explained a special feeling on the nuclear weapon from the Japanese and a step the Japanese government took behind the background in detail to the President.

Then the President showed the Prime Minister a deep understanding, without harming a position of American government in regard ...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

...without harming a position of America in regard to a system of talking on the security treaty between Japan and America beforehand, making sure to the Prime Minister returning Okinawa to Japan would be done without being inconsistent with the Japanese policy.

Though the sentence was hard to understand, the Japanese government said without having the nuclear weapon, returning Okinawa to Japan the same as the main land in Japan was promised in the joint issue.

Without being inconsistent with a policy...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

Without being inconsistent with a policy of the Japanese government, it was done, it means of having a respect for the three nonnuclear principles of the Japanese government and getting rid of the nuclear weapon from Okinawa.

The system of talking on the security agreement between Japan and America beforehand in the sentence is like the next.

When trying bring a nuclear weapon into Japan, America and Japan are to talk on it together beforehand, it was in the security treaty.

Japan can refuse America...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should deal with a nuclear weapon〉

We can refuse America to bring into the nuclear weapon formally when talking on it together in the security treaty, but there is a phrase, without harming a position in America. We can receive it like the next.

If America applies for a talking together beforehand, and said wanting to bring the nuclear weapon into Okinawa, Japan has to accept it.

So there was a criticism that bring into and saving the nuclear weapon would be allowed in emergency, and the Japanese government denied it, but a secret ....

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should deal with a nuclear weapon〉

...but there was a secret agreement, the late Kei Wakaizumi who was a professor in Kyoto industry university and was in charge of the negotiation disclosed it.

When returning Okinawa, the Japanese government paid the cost on movement of American assets one hundred seventy five million dollar, the cost on personnel management for seventy five million dollar, and removal on the nuclear weapon for seventy million dollar, in total paid three hundred and twenty thousand million dollar to America.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉

Actually it cost on removal and carrying away for the nuclear weapon a lot, and in the item of movement on assets was almost the cost on removal for the nuclear weapon.

『Column, a secret agreement on Okinawa』

The late Kei Wakaizumi who played an active part behind the scene on the negotiation of the returning Okinawa as a secret messenger from Eisaku Sato published a book in 1994.

He disclosed there was a secret agreement between Eisaku Sato and Nixon in the book.

According to the book, with...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, a secret agreement on Okinawa』

According to the book, with returning Okinawa, the nuclear weapons in Okinawa would be carried away from Okinawa, but if America judged it was necessary, America would bring the nuclear weapon into Okinawa again, talking to Japan beforehand that the nuclear weapon would pass through Okinawa, and Japan has to allow it at once.

However the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan has denied the existence of the secret agreement.

〈Dollars changed into yen in Okinawa〉

Immediately before Okinawa returned to Japan, 1dollar...

【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】

〈A dollar changed into yen in Okinawa〉

Immediately before Okinawa returned to Japan, 1 dollar was 360 yen which continued fro a long time changed into 1 dollar was 308 yen. It was a strong yen and a weak dollar.

With returning Okinawa, as to the currency used in Okinawa, it changed from the dollar to yen. How much should it change? It was a problem.

If exchanging 1 dollar with 308 yen, the value of dollar which the residents had would drop. The Japanese government thought the residents in Okinawa who thought of I dollar as 360 yen would damage.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A dollar changed into yen in Okinawa〉

As to dollar which the residents in Okinawa had alone, 1 dollar was exchanged with 360 yen, but if it was leaked out in advance, it was expected a movement by foreign people who tried to exchange the dollar with high price, so the plan went ahead with as top secret.

All the financial institution in Okinawa prefecture were closed suddenly October in 1971, a stamp of vermilion ink pad 朱肉 was put on all the bills of dollar which the resident possessed alone.

As to the bills with the stamp alone, it was exchanged 1...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A dollar changed into yen in Okinawa〉

As to the bills with the stamp, it was exchanged with a rate that 1 dollar was 360 yen. It was an operation of strict secrecy.

〈Politics also becomes the one like the mainland〉

With returning Okinawa, the Self Defense Force of Japan was deployed in Okinawa, and six thousand and four hundred members were stationed there.

However there was a voice of opposition from prefectural residents who went through a hardships by the ex military force of Japan in the war of Okinawa.

A political party changed into the one like...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈Politics has also become the one like the mainland〉

Political parties in Okinawa have been like the mainland such as the Liberal Democratic party, Socialist one and Communist one, but the Public Socialist Party which was original in Okinawa alone adopted its original course.

〈Passing through of traffic way changed into the one like the mainland〉

After six years from Okinawa returning, traffic way in Okinawa has changed into the one like the mainland.

When being controlled by America, as to the traffic way in Okinawa, a car drives on the right side...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A traffic way on the road becomes the one like the main land〉

Driving a car was on the right side on the road, and a pedestrian was on the left side in Okinawa then. American way used to be adopted until then, but it becomes the same one like the mainland.

However if it was done immediate after returning Okinawa, its confusion was so much that it was done after five years, but changing the traffic way had influence over the residents unexpectedly.

It doesn`t always mean that it`s all right if both of a car and a pedestrian adopt the opposite side.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈A traffic way on the road becomes the one like the main land〉

For example, there was a store which sold a bait and a tool for fishing. When driving for the sea, the shop was on the right side on the road so as to a driver can make use of the shop easily.

When the traffic way changed, the driver would find it inconvenient, so lots of stores which changed its place into opposite road appeared one after another.

Even if changing the place on a bus stop, it had a great influence over the residents.

『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』

Then the...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』

Then the President Nixon in America decided to return Okinawa to Japan in the conference with then the Prime Minister Eisaku Sato in Japan.

During an election campaign before being the President, American textile industry was awed by Japanese one, so Nixon promised the Americans he made Japan regulate to export a textile goods for America.

When returning Okinawa, Nixon requested Sato to control the export on the textile goods in order to follow through on his campaign promise.

There was quite an outcry against....

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』

There was quite an outcry against the regulation on export of textile goods for America then in Japan, but Sato accepted the request from Nixon in a word, so the deal of exchanging the regulation on the textiles with returning Okinawa was made.

As a result, Sato was criticized that he exchanged a thread with a rope. The thread means the textile goods and the rope Okinawa.

When answering from the request from Nixon, Sato adopted a Japanese phrase 善処, and it is said it was interpreted he`ll do his best.

Sato...

【Though Okinawa has returned....】

『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』

As to Sato`s recognition, he would do what he could do, he answered like that bureaucratically, but America thought he made a promise.

After that, as Japan couldn`t carry out the regulation on the export of textile goods easily, Nixon was angry with that, and thought Japan broke the promise.

It`s a one of frictions between Japan and America over language. How difficult the language is!

〈Second measures against Okinawa〉

As to returning Okinawa it was expressed without a nuclear weapon, it becomes the one like...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The second measures against Okinawa〉

As to returning Okinawa, it was expressed without a nuclear weapon, it becomes the one like the mainland, but even if it was said it was like the mainland, as to the quality and the quantity on the military base of America, it isn`t like the mainland in the least.

Though it was like the mainland in relation to without the nuclear weapon, with returning Okinawa to Japan, with returning the military base from Japan to America was few, so its situation hasn`t changed actually then with regard to the military base.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The second measures against Okinawa〉

It is sometimes called the second measure against Okinawa, then what is the first one? It was when the government changed Ryukyu into Okinawa prefecture by force in the Meiji ear.

Ryukyu used to be divided into several areas, and to be controlled by several rulers before, and it was unified by Shohashi in 1429, and Ryukyu kingdom was born then.

After that while Ryukyu kingdom paid a tribute to Min which was China at present, it had a relation with Satsuma which was Kagoshima prefecture at present. It remained a ...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The second measures against Okinawa〉

Ryukyu remained the position as kingdom with the double structure. Syurijo was the castle for Ryukyu kingdom. There were both buildings for receiving delegations from Min and Satsuma in Shurijo. Chinese culture had had influenced over Shurijo greatly.

However Ryukyu was attacked by the army in Satsuma in 1609, and belonged to Satsuma after that, so continued to be exploited from Satsuma, especially it is said Satsuma was central influence in Meiji Restoration thanks to financial power of an exploitation from Ryukyu.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The second measures against Okinawa〉

The establishment of prefecture in place of feudal domains was done in the mainland of Japan in the Meiji era of 1871, and after eight years, Ryukyu was made to change into Okinawa prefecture by force.

The government mobilized the army and the police, and served notice to evacuate theShurijo, and made Shotaio who was then the king in the Ryukyu kingdom to retire . It`s the first measures against Okinawa.

Thus the history on Ryukyu dynasty for four hundred fifty years was over.

In spite that Okinawa escaped from the ...

【Though Japan has returned...】

〈The second measures against Okinawa〉

In spite that Okinawa escaped from the control by America, and returned to the mainland, the way that America adopting reminded the residents of the first measures against Okinawa, and they criticized it was the second measures against Okinawa.

〈The problem on the military base continues〉

After Okinawa returned to the mainland, the problem on the military base of America has still continued at present.

The case of raping a girl by three soldiers of America made a movement of getting rid of the military base from...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The problem on a military base continues〉

The case of raping girl by three American soldiers made a movement of getting rid of military bases from Okinawa heighten more and more, especially then the governor Masahide Ota in Okinawa denied a proxy signature on the land for military bases, and it was a big news then.

As to the military base of America in Okinawa, after Okinawa returning, the Japanese government entered into a leasing contract with a landowners, and made America use the land free from charge.

However there were lots of anti war landowners...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The problem on military bases continues〉

However there were lots of anti war landowners who were opposed to be used their land for the military bases, so a law was established in order to use their land as the military base.

Before returning, a land used as official one, though it was used for military use actually, was able to use as official one as it was for five years after returning.

After five years the period of using the official land is no longer valid, other law is applied for five years, and then after five years passed again, another law is ...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The problem on military bases continues〉

The law is renewed endlessly and the military bases remain. In the law, if landowners refuse to sign on the contract, instead a village mayor or town mayor on the land where there is the military base signed, and if both of them refuse, the governor in the prefecture did the proxy signature, and the Ota governor refused then.

Instead of the governor, then the Tomiichi Murayama Prime Minister signed. Murayama who was a chairperson in the Communist Party continued to request to get rid of the military base from...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The problem on military bases continues〉

Murayama was a chairperson in the Communist party which continued to request for getting rid of military bases from Okinawa, but he took steps so as to continued to exist the military base ironically.

The Prime Minister changed from Murayama to Ryutaro Hashimoto, and the new Prime Minister negotiated and agreed with America of returning Futenma airport which spread out Gino city returning to Okinawa prefecture within from five to seven years April in 1996.

Instead a military base for a helicopter had to be built...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The problem on military bases continues〉

Instead a military base for helicopters had to be built in Okinawa prefecture because of moving a part of function from Futenma. Henoko area at Nago city in Okinawa prefecture was the place proposed for the military base.

A summit was held in Okinawa July in 2000, and its meeting place was the Nago city. Then the Clinton President visited Okinawa and made a speech in a memorial tower, what is call 平和の礎 as the first President after Okinawa returned to Japan.

After mourning the people who were dead in the Okinawa...

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

〈The problem on military bases continues〉

After mourning the people who were dead in the Okinawa war, Clinton made sure the strength on the alliance between Japan and America, and emphasized that Okinawa had played an indispensable part to maintain the alliance.

America has shown it won`t part with the military base in Okinawa.

『Column, made a speech by Clinton』

Okinawa war was the most tragic battle. The memorial tower which was built for mourning the people who were dead in the war has showed us the strongest love for the whole human being.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, made a speech by Clinton』

A wonderful thing on the memorial tower what is called 平和の礎 is responding to sorrow from all the people.

While almost all of the memorial tower for the war is mourning the people who were one side in the war, 平和の礎 mourns not only both sides on the war but others who belonged to neither sides.

As a result, it`s not the memorial tower for a single war, but for all kinds of war and makes us feel that we the humban being are responsible for a war mutually, and that preventing the tragedy from happening to us again.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, made a speech by Clinton』

Both Japan and America have thought like that and cooperated with each other so as to do their duty in the past fifty years. Strength on the alliance between Japan and America was a great story in the twentieth century.

Roughly speaking Asia has been peaceful nowadays, for the alliance between Japan and America has given confidence the people in Asia of protecting and going on maintain peace there.

The alliance between Japan and America has existed so as to maintain the peace, therefore it has to continue to maintain.

【Though Okinawa has returned...】

『Column, made a speech by Clinton』

Needless to say, Okinawa has played an indispensable role in order to maintain the alliance between Japan and America.

Shotaio who was the last king in Ryukyu left from the Shurijo forever. He composed a poem then, and there is a hope for the future in the poem. His phrase has spoken to us over generations like the next.

A time of war is ending. Peace isn`t far away from us. Don`t give it up. Our lives are our treasure.

I hope his poem will guide us to the way of our friendship and effort for months for years from now on.