Let`s enjoy English eleventh
I`m wondering what times I`ve tried to build a new thread here, for I couldn`t contribute because my address for e-mail wasn`t registered, but this time it`s all right, I hope so.
I`m engaged in そうだったのか！ 日本現代史 at present, so I`ve wanted to finish it as soon as possible, after that building other thread, Science, math and English 4, and I want to concentrate on it.
Description on math is halfway. I have to finish it.
When expressing myself in English, I can forget something bad, so I`m forced to do it here.
To my joy, after that when trying to read English novel, I found it easy to read it. Expressing myself in English is useful for studying English, I`m wondering, even if it was full of mistakes.
When building a new thread, someone used to send me a message. I hope a good one.
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
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【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military and any weapon》
It will be asked in the argument on the constitution in the future. At first we have to know so as to argue. This book has been edited for the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military, and any weapon, the author said like that. Needless to say, I’m also one of them who don’t know anything.
【How much do you know about the self defense force?】
《How should be the Minister of defense? Its way of existing…》
【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military and any weapon at all》
The real ability on the self defense force has been argued on account of the threat on the North Korea. It may have been unhappy for the Japanese, but we must not overlook the group of organization which has powerful weapon.
Is there a minister who can command the organization well? We have to find out whether or not the minister has the qualities.
How should the self defense force exist? It will be asked in the argument…
【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military and any weapon》
The self defense force has learned to be paid attention recently when the very disaster relief operation was done. When suffering from unprecedented damage at the great earthquake in Eastern Japan, we were forced to take off our hats to the significant role by the self defense force by the self defense force. It is said that the ones who wanted to enter the self defense force increased when looking at the activity on them.
【Real ability for self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military and any weapon》
But the situation in which the self defense force is welcomed and pampered by everyone is the time when Japan is attacked from other countries and whether the nation can survive or not, or disaster dispatch operation.
In short, when the Japanese is in difficulty and Japan faces a confusion you are welcome. In other words, the Japanese nation is happy as long as you are the social outcast. I want you to endure it.
【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military and any weapon》
An editor on graduation album for the first generation in Defense Academy visited the private residence owned by Shigeru Yoshida. The former prime minister sent him the message then in 1957 like the next.
Without be thanked, nor welcomed by the Japanese, your job at the self defense force may have been over when being engaged in it. Your whole life may have been filled with scolding and criticism. I think it’s a hard work.
【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military, and any weapon》
Small flow in otherwise perfect object.
The self defense force has been a social outcast 日蔭者 for a long time since it was born, for an argument that the self defense force is against article five in constitution continued. Moreover there has been words by Shigeru Yoshida who was the former prime minister. He showed the organization of the self defense force direct. What kind of organization the self defense force is.
【Real ability on the Self Defense Force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military and any weapon at all》
…it’s discussed in a National Assembly, but when a battle started actually in combat, how long does it endure? It’s hardly discussed.
There is a 川柳 written by a member in the self defense force. He expressed the situation masochistically like the next.
たまに撃つ、たまが無いのがたまに瑕
They shoot real bullets in a military training sometimes, but as the budget is limited, they can’t shoot a large amount. It’s a small flaw in otherwise…
【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military, and any weapon》
We have to know it as well, for the self defense force is an organization which is maintained by our taxation.
How much money has been spent on the big mission defending Japan and the Japanese nation? Isn’t there useless spending? On the contrary, isn’t there insufficient fortify? We have to check up those things as well.
But those things have never been discussed easily. When trying to buy a new fighter aircraft, it’s discussed …
【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military, any weapon at all》
If being able to deal with the self defense force alone, the U.S.Army doesn’t need to take the field. It’s too much for the self defense force alone. Then the U.S.Army goes into action so as to support the self defense force. We must not misunderstand it.
Therefore we need to know the facts on the self defense force.
If a missile comes flying from the North Korea to Japan, what kind of action does the self defense force go into?
【Real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse】
《For the people who don’t know anything about the self defense force, military and any weapon》
It’s misunderstanding that if the Chinese Force lands on the Senkaku Islands, the U.S.Army takes the field at once. It never happens. It doesn’t always mean that the U.S.Army takes the field immediately.
As the Senkaku Islands belong to Japan, so if it’s invaded from other country, it’s the self defense force which goes into action first of all. At first, the self defense force is dispatched from Japan. If being able to deal with…
【The real ability on the self defense force. Ignorance is no excuse, written by Akira Ikegami】
《For the people who don’t know anything at all about the self defense force, military and any weapon》
Threat from the North Korea has been reported as news as if it were every day. Fishing boats and official ships which appeared around Senkaku islands became news before the threat from the North Korea.
If the Chinese Force lands on the Senkaku Islands, does the U.S.army defend us the Japanese? Some people seem to have the question like that, but there has been a big misunderstanding for it.
＞＞488
Remained labeled, no one treats me as an ordinary one, accepting the situation obediently. The ones who support me are the ones like that.
Beat the good guy who is in spot light arrogantly!
The ones who support me shout loudly, though they can’t usually do it. I have to come back and to send message them.
Even if others label me, I can’t be deceived. I’ll never underestimate myself. How about you?
【What I’ve thought】
He is a villain professional wrestler, though he has been sick in bed and undertaken rehabilitation for come back, but everyone like other patients, a doctor and a nurse has never thought it possible, except for the villain professional wrestler himself.
The villain professional wrestler said to other patients like the next.
I’m the one who is labeled as handicapped one. If once being labeled, getting rid of it is very hard. Villain, coward, rowdy, being lazy, liar, chicken, poor, skunk. Others call me like that.
Even if I said I’m not, no one removes the label for me.`
My condition isn’t so good that I can’t express myself in English here so much. I feel chill, tiredness, and my body temperature is high. Yesterday, it reached 39 degrees, but today it drops 37.2 degrees. To my joy, it seems that I’m going to advance to recovery.
【What I’ve thought】
The relationship among my family members including me is dependent each other. It’s just dependence. I’ve regretted it. I should have supported them. Though I’ve hated my father even at present, it’s other story. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
Even if my father is stupid, it doesn’t always mean that I have to be stupid. I’m stupid but it’s my own choice. I can’t blame anyone for it, and I can’t condemn my father. It’s meaningless. The hatred against him is in the wrong.
I have to be mature. I need to be a true grown up. Considering my age, it’s too late.
【Myself】
I have to be mature. I must to be a true grownup who is independent from my father, though it’s too late.
After being mature and a grownup who got over the hardship, I should have thought whether or not I hate him. Otherwise, I remain a kid forever.
I can’t blame him alone. I’m also in the wrong. I’m not an excellent one who can blame him alone.
By the way, why did my father blame his family members so severely? I’m sure he wanted to be connected with others. In a way he was also dependent on others even if he was hated from other family members so much. He was also lonely.
【Myself】
I suffer from Asperger Syndrome, so I’m different from others. On the other hand, my father wanted to be same with others desperately, so I had been condemned from his severely. It can’t be helped.
As for we men, even if father is so outrageous for their sons, it’s all right, I’m sure. The more outrageous fathers are, the harder their sons try to overcome the hardships, but the hardships make the sons improve, though I couldn’t get over the hardship while my father was alive.
Why did I hate him so much? I wanted to be connected with him. I depended on him, for I’m immature.
【My father 】
I hate my father though he was dead several years ago. I have to forget him as early as possible.
I have few memories from being praised from my father, for he said he wanted me to rouse myself by his criticism.
While he found fault with others including me, he hate to be criticized. If other family members, including me, blamed him for it, he said like the next.
As for me, it’s all right. You don’t have to said like that. Mind your own business alone. He was so selfish that he was forced to be isolated from other family members, but in general,a father tends to be like that.
【Flavor of some fish】
...so we don`t know even their names. Even if in Japan it was like that, it may be rare that there are fish and vegetable overseas which equivalent to the ones in Japan.
One more thing. There is difference between culture on eating meat and on eating fish. Speaking of beef, they are hard to please. Whether or not it`s veal, as to the distinction of sex and part of the beef.
On the contrary, they are indifferent to the fish. Even if deploring that smoke rising from sitirin was mackerel doesn`t look good, no one could understand in the world except for the Japanese.
【Flavor on some fish】
...but as to the mackerel, the Westerns knew it was a name of fish at least. They judged like that, but it seems that Mr.O has been worried about it whether or not it was right even at present.
But the English word of saury is hard to understand, and it`s changed into a mackerel pike in some of Japanese English dictionary lately.
There is a problem that there is no English phrase which was equivalent to the Japanese in the episode, but for example, if looking around at a market in Okinawa, there are lots of vegetable and fish which we`ve never seen, so we don`t know...
【Flavor on some fish】
Then Mr.O was in trouble. When cooking, making a fire on sitirin with lots of smoke and eating with grated radish. The fish was composed by a poet, Haruo Sato, and has been familiar with the Japanese. Should it be Mackerel? Is it all right?
Which one should he adopt, mackerel or saury? He was at a loss what to do, and consulting with other staff including native English speaker who was responsible for the translation.
In a word, the mackerel was adopted.
If the saury was adopted, no one knew an original title of the movie directed by Yasujiro Ozu, but as to the...
【Flavor on some fish】
...so Mr.O went to a member of staff who translated and was an native English and asked him whether or not it was in the wrong, and the native English said he knew it was in the wrong but he did it deliberately. He continued like the next.
There is an English word of saury in dictionary, but when hearing of the word, almost none of native English didn`t know what it was. They didn`t recognize it was even a kind of fish.
In short, the mackerel which was popular among the Westerns and what is called a blue fish was better than the saury, the member of staff thought .
【Flavor on some fish】
An encyclopedia has been published from Kodansha, and it tried to express all of Japanese things in English.
Mr.O who was in charge of the encyclopedia checked out a gallery of final proofreading. Then he happened to see a translation on a movie,秋刀魚の味, directed by Yasujiro Ozu. Its title was the flavor of Mackerel.
He was impressed with the translation in the beginning, for 味 was translated into the flavor, but he began to worried about that the mackerel wasn`t 秋刀魚.
When looking up it in dictionary, the mackerel was 鯖, and 秋刀魚 was saury, so Mr.O went to a staff....
【A thing which we can`t express in English】
...and he asked all the Americans around him 何代目？ Then an American who wasn`t worried about the order of the Presidents asked him on then the Japanese prime minister, 何代目？ The Japanese could not answer it.
None of us the Japanese are worried about it. This is an ending of the story.
By the way, as you know I belonged to a temporary company, but its shift on work is irregular, as a result, my day off was the same.
I`m mainly engaged in physical distribution 物流. Lots of goods are collected at a delivery center, and we the employees sort them.
【A thing which we can`t express in English】
...but the English Journalist said he liked how manieth 〜 personally, for it was a profound meaning of coinage like James Joyce.
By the way who was James Joyce? At first I`m not sure whether or not its spelling is right.
There was an English editor who was a direct descendant from a famous Admiral Nelson.
When asking him 何代目? He said fourteenth or fifteenth.
Those contents were included in essay published from 文藝春秋, and a Japanese who studied abroad America contributed like the next.
When reading the essay, he found it interesting, and ...
【A thing which we can`t express in English】
Then an English journalist happened to be in the editorial office, and he said like the next.
As to the expression of which president was Lincoln, the Americans who were always conscious of American Presidents may understand what it meant, but when the English listened to it, it would take three seconds to understand the question.
As to what number president was Lincoln, it was easily to understand. As to other interpretation, where in the order of American presidents does Lincoln come?, it was too wordy, but he thought how manieth 〜 was better...
【A thing which we can`t express in English】
It seems better than how manieth.
The translator said the interpretation of what number presidents was the most frank, but he found that the what-th President was Lincoln was interesting.
However an American editor who belonged to a publishing company of 講談社インターナショナル, which offered me this topic, said there seemed to be more suitable one.
He said, which president was Lincoln?
But others said, did it make sense really? The editor said it was all right, and it was the best interpretation as English. He was full of confidence.
【A thing which we can`t express in English】
And there was one more, and it was by far more simple.
What number president was Lincoln?
Does the phrase make a sense? If so, the predecessors didn’t have to take pains at all. Mr. Takashima said like that.
As there wasn’t any way of saying 何代目 in English, none of the Americans nor the English have consciousness on 何代目, don’t they? His essay came to an end like that.
It seems that there are varied appropriate ways of saying. A translator for Japanese literature said like the next.
The what-th president was Lincoln?
It seems to be better...
【A thing which we can’t express in English】
...there was a phrase how meanieth in the dictionary no one had never seen until then. It was published in 1928.
As there was none of appropriate phrase for it, Mr. Saito was forced to invent the phrase, so it was his coinage. In general, it had never been allowed to use it. He added annotation like that.
Mr. Takashima said how the Japanese English dictionary expressed the phrase lately. Two of the Japanese English dictionary were at hand, and the one saying, where in the order of American presidents does Lincoln come?
And there was one more,...
【A thing which we can`t express in English】
But an appropriate way of saying occurred to no one then. Though I`ve expressed, it was in my electric dictionary. It`s not my own expression.
As no one was sure how to express it, they asked Shozaburo Saito who was called like the God in relation to English then, but any suitable phrase didn`t occurr to him as well.
He said he was making a Japanese English dictionary then, and he would include the phrase at any cost.
He completed the dictionary after three years, and the dictionary was published. When looking up the phrase in the dictionary...
【The one which we can`t express in English】
I`m going to express a content on a book, 続•これを英語で言えますか？ in English. It`s the first chapter.
〈何台目？〉
A popular essay has been published in a weekly magazine, 週刊文春, and its columnist, Toshio Takashima said like the next, though it`s a summary.
When teachers who were in charged of English class were having a chat in Japan long ago, how we should express an order on each Presidents in America.
For example, as to Lincoln, as having wanted to ask, it seems that we do like the next.
Where does he stand in the order of American presidents?
【Weblio】
As to the questions of Weblio, the name of a town, and the name of a comedian in a foreign counties have been prepared. I`ve never heard both of them until I started Weblio. What is the use of learning it? Maybe it`s useless.
There is a question of an old woman. What does it mean? I couldn’t answer it, and its answer was your wife. I couldn’t help laughing it.
My score is at best around 240, so my status is twenty eighth. Its perfect score is 300, and the highest status is thirtieth but, to my sorrow I find it hard to win both of them.
But I don`t think I want to give it up.
【Weblio】
There are twenty five questions, and they are varied from a basic one to a technical term, and others belong to shallow knowledge on a wide variety of subject.
It is marked on a maximum score of 300 points, but even if all the questions are correct, it doesn`t always mean getting a perfect score.
When answering questions, the faster, and more correct, the better, but I find it hard.
There is a time limit. Ten seconds per question, and even if its answer is right, without being able to answer within ten seconds, it isn`t regarded as the score. Weblio resembles a quiz to some extent
【I`m in trouble...】
I`ve wanted to build a new thread but I can`t, for my e mail address has never been registered in this bulletin board, but I could built this thread before without registering my e-mail address, but I can`t do it this time. Why?
It`s just that I have only to send what is called 空メール, but I don`t know how to do it, so I`m going to go to au shop tomorrow and asked a salesclerk how to operate the iPad. Though it is shameful of me to ask such a thing, but it can`t be helped.
I`ve been into Weblio lately, especially ability on judgement of vocabulary. I find it interesting.
こんにちは、主です😄
主のスレを応援してくれてる方々、有難う御座います。😊
英語だと上手く感謝の気持ちが伝わらないので、日本語でお礼申しあげます。
英語は好きだし、一つの事に熱中するとそれに夢中になってしまい、長らく続けてきました。
暖かい励ましの言葉をかけてもらう事も度々あり、有り難く思ってる次第です。
コロナ関係の、へこむニュースばかりで、気が滅入る毎日ですが、頑張って乗り切っていきたいものですね。
皆さん、有り難う御座いました😌
【What I`ve thought】
I wanted to show others who support me a gratitude in Japanese in the next response though it`s a thread for English, but if using English, I`m afraid I can`t make myself understood.
My English grammar was in the wrong sometimes, I used to be criticized in the past like that, and it may have been so, but I make much of expressing my intention exactly. Though the grammar is important, but if being worried about too much, I`m afraid I can`t express myself in English any more.
Without of being afraid of making a mistake, I`ll do my best from now on.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
As to sending the Self Defense Forces overseas, Komeito used to be cautious when being in opposition party, but it`s learned to accept it easily.
When the coalition government continues for a long time, its aim is apt to continue the political power, and the ones who were in charge of the political power tend to lose original aim, which they accomplish their policy of their political party through the coalition government.
そうだったのか！日本現代史 was over, and I`m going to show others who support me a gratitude in Japanese.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
There have been the lots of Diet members in the Liberal Democratic Party like that at present. What was the criticism against Komeito in the past?
On the other hand, Komeito joined hands with the Liberal Democratic Party and made most of the position of the ruling party. It made the Liberal Democratic Party accept policies which were welcomed by the nation like issuing ticket promoting local area or benefit of fixed amount, so it`s tried to be advantageous for itself in election.
Komeito used to be cautious in regard..
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
...the Liberal Democratic Party felt repelled violently by it, and criticized that Komeito and the religious group which supported Komeito had a relation of unity of religion and politics.
However the Liberal Democratic Party found it hard to manage National Assembly by single Liberal Democratic Party, it started the coalition government with Komeito easily.
In a small electoral district on the House of Representatives, without cooperation from Komeito nor the religious group, it is doubtful whether or not they elect.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈To the one which has been requested for the time in coalition government〉
An election is a judgement from the nation, so after the election, if the seat on the political parties which were in charge of the political power, changing political power with changing the policy should be done. It`s the rule in democracy on the time of the coalition government, the author said like that.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
After that a coalition government continued in Japanese politics.
When Komeito joined the Hosokawa coalition government, the Liberal....
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈The one which has been requested for the time in the coalition government〉
...we should prepare for and decide to face the time of the coalition government, and each of political parties which is representation from the nation would agree if there is a thing which they can agree.
The political parties should repeat political reference enough and establish system in which they join hands each other.
Though calling its names each other In the middle of election, after the election they formed the coalition right away. They have made fun of the nation
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈The one which has been requested for the time in coalition government〉
But there has never been that kind of announcement until now. While the political power changed, the policy didn`t.
As we the Japanese have never had experienced the full scale of the coalition government, we thought the coalition government was irregular and temporary. The coalition government was a temporary resident for a political party which formed the coalition.
However it has been the time of full scale of the coalition government at present, so we should prepare for...
【To the time of a coalition party】
〈The one which has been requested for the coalition government〉
...and the coalition government of the Liberal Democratic Party and varied other political parties. Though its combination changed one after another, its policy has never changed basically.
Every political power insisted on a succession on a policy, if but the policy was succeeded to the next political party, the political power doesn`t have to change, does it?
Changing the political power means announcing no to the policy by the political party which was in charged of the political power.
【To the time of a coalition government】
...it has a tendency that we can`t understand the difference between a political party which had experienced a ruling party and the present ruling party easily.
〈The one which is requested for the coalition government〉
When looking back on the coalition government until now, it turned out that varied combination of political parties appeared actually, but Japanese politics has never changed basically.
The political power changed from the single political power by the Liberal Democratic Party to non Liberal Democratic Party, and combination of...
【To the time of a coalition government】
...it is the time of full scale of the coalition government at present.
Even if the combination of political parties changed, the coalition government would continue from now on.
As to characteristic on the coalition government after the Hosokawa political power, except for the Japan Communist Party, all the political parties had experienced a ruling party.
Once having experiencing the ruling party, its policy became realistic like the Socialist Party, it has a tendency that we can`t understand the difference between the political party which had...
【To the time of a coalition government】
Both of the title and the sub title were the same, so I omitted the subtitle.
After the Hosokawa Cabinet, even if its combination changed, the coalition government continues.
After the Pacific War, before the Hosokawa Cabinet, the coalition government used to be. For example,Tetsu Katayama Cabinet, Hitoshi Ashida Cabinet, and the coalition government was also formed in the second Nakasone Cabinet once, but all of them were short term.
On the other hand, after Hosokawa Cabinet, the possibility of single political power becomes lower, it is the time...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A Prime Minister who put up reform and was Henjin turned up〉
Immediately after the Koizumi Cabinet was formed, its approval rate was over 80%, and was the highest in the past, and was higher than the Hosokawa Cabinet.
When answering in National Assembly, he avoided reading a manuscript prepared by bureaucrats as it was as much as possible, he tried to express with his own words, using gestures.
National Assembly changed so much. It used to be synonyms of low audience rating on TV, but changed into high audience rating on TV it had never been.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A Prime Minister who put up a reform and henjin showed up〉
The one who Makiko Tanaka said a strange one became the Prime Minister. She said he was a henjin. 変人 means a strange man, but he said 変人 was the one who changes, so his slogan was a reform.
He appealed a post intraparty faction 派閥.
When choosing a minister, a candidate from each of intraparty factions was appointed as minister until then, but Koizumi refused it. He appointed Makiko Tanaka who was popular among the nation the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Immediately after the Koizumi...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈His inappropriate remark caused a doubt on his nature as Prime Minister〉
Ehime Maru which was a practicing ship for fishery belonged to Uwajima Fishery High School was bumped into a submarine belonged American Navy off Hawai and sank into the sea February in 2001.
Though Mori received the information, he continued to play golf, so he was criticized severely, and it was a decisive blow for him and he resigned from the Prime Minister as if he had been pulled down from his position, and Junichiro Koizumi took office as Prime Minister April in 2001.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈He made an inappropriate remark, and was doubted his nature as Prime Minister〉
When Obuchi was in hospital, Yoshiro Mori took office as the Prime Minister as successor. Immediately after being installed as Prime Minister, Mori repeated making an inappropriate remark. He said Japan was a country of God of which center was the Emperor.
Every time he made an inappropriate remark, he repeated its not his real intention, if having been misunderstood, he was very sorry for it, so his nature as Prime Minister was doubted.
Ehime Maru which practiced...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A coalition government was formed again, but this time...〉
...and formed a coalition government was formed again. It was made up with the Liberal Democratic Party, Komeito, and the conservative political party.
The Liberal Democratic Party has shown us it made much of being the ruling party rather than having an idea on its policy clearly, very easily to understand.
〈He made an inappropriate remark, so his nature as Prime Minister was doubted〉
The President Obuchi came down with the cerebral infarction and soon was dead April in 2004. When...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A new coalition government was formed again, but this time...〉
Besides, the Liberal Democratic Party built up a campaign of anti Komeito, anti Soka Gakkai in the time of Hosokawa government and Murayama government, but it joined hands with Komeito as well.
After that, the political party led by Ozawa left from the coalition government and several people were left from the political party led by Ozawa and a conservative political party was formed, and the Liberal Democratic Party joined hands with the conservative political party, and formed...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A new coalition government started again, but this time...〉
...and it was below the majority in the House of Councilors, so the single Liberal Democratic Party couldn`t make a bill pass in National Assembly, so it suddenly approached the political party led by Ichiro Ozawa and Komeito, for if forming a coalition government with either of them, it would win the majority.
The Liberal Democratic Party was in a position of anti Ozawa then, but it changed its plan easily. Furthermore, it built up a campaign of anti Komeito, anti Sokagakkai in the time...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An ordinary man became the Prime Minister〉
On the other hand, Obuchi tried to make Japanese economy escape from depression and issued a large amount of deficit covering bond, and Japanese financial situation became worse extremely.
Then he called himself who went into debt than any other people in the world.
〈A new coalition government started again but this time...〉
The Liberal Democratic Party decreased its seats so much because the Hashimoto government was defeated in the election of the House of Councilors, and its seats were below the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An ordinary man became the Prime Minister〉
He called anybody up easily, so everyone called him not push phone but Bucchi phone.
In the beginning, a magazine in America described he was a cold pizza, and approval rating for the Obuchi Cabinet was low in Japan, but its approval rate rose gradually on account of Obuchi`s open-hearted character.
Beat Takeshi who is a Japanese comedian expressed it was a ramen shop in seaside. It means that it seemed it wasn`t good but it was good unexpectedly, and Obuchi was pleased with the expression very much.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An ordinary man became the Prime Minister〉
Obuchi won the battle owing to the power of number on members of Diet belonged to Hashimoto side, and won the position of the Prime Minister then. The ordinary man became the Prime Minister.
He went to listen to other people who were in every field from their opinions so easily that Hiroyasu Nakasone who used to be the Prime Minister called him a vacuum Prime Minister.
It means like the next.
Vacuum means there was nothing in the content, empty, for he could absorb everything around him because he was empty
【To the time of a coalition government】
『Column, Big Bang on finance in Japan』
...so it was called the Big Bang on finance in Japan then.
〈An ordinary man became the Prime Minister〉
An election for the president who was a successor of Hashimoto in the Liberal Democratic Party was done, and three people of Keizo Obuchi, Seiroku Kajiyama, and Junichiro Koizumi ran for and competed.
Makiko Tanaka made a comment on that it was a battle among an ordinary man, a serviceman, and a strange man, and her expression was so wonderful that it became a vogue word then.
Obuchi won the battle owning...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A position of Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
Hashimoto took the responsibility for the defeat in election and retired from the Prime Minister.
『Column, Big Bang on finance in Japan』
Big Bang is a big explosion when the cosmos started. English economy started not only a liberalization on the industry of securities but deregulation on the financial industry altogether, and it was called the Big Bang then, and after that English economy has developed.
Hashimoto aimed at coming true the reform in Japan, so it was called the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A position of the Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
Hashimoto was criticized like that on the reform of financial structure.
Both of brokerage firms of Sanyo and Yamaichi and Hokkaido Colonial Bank collapsed their management one after another autumn in in 1997, and the reform on the financial structure was frozen.
Stalling on the economy made the depression severe, and an election of the House of Councilors was done in the middle of the depression June in 1998, and the Liberal Democratic Party lost it.
Hashimoto took the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A position of the Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
...so went ahead with the deregulation of the financial industry like America and Europe.
Besides, as to the reform on financial structure, Japanese finance was about to fall into critical situation thanks to increase of deficit covering bond, so consumption tax was raised from three to five% so as to improve the situation, so the nation had to pay more money for the consumption tax.
The reform made the Japanese economy which was recovering then go into a stall again.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A position of the Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
It was just an adjustment on number. There was a criticism like that, but it was certain that a structure on the central ministries and agencies which was formed after the war was changed greatly then.
The reform on the financial system was called a Big Bang in Japan. A law controlling on management of foreign exchange was reformed, and liberalization of a fee on exchanging securities was moved forward.
Making a fence between banks and stock brokerage firm low, so...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A position of the Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
...the coalition government formed by the three political parties continued, so Hashimoto tackled a reform within the frame of the coalition government.
His reform was reorganization on the central government ministries and agencies, reform on financial system and financial structure.
Reorganization on the central ministries and agencies which Hashimoto tackled was carried out from January in 2001. It was just increasing the number on ministries and agencies. It was an...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A position of the Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
After that, the Socialist Party changed its name and its leader changed from Tomiichi Murayama to Takako Doi. The new political party took a position as anti Liberal Democratic Party again and annulled the coalition government then.
Hashimoto was different from Murayama, so he expected a day when he became the Prime Minister some day and prepared for it in relation to his actions.
Even if Murayama retired from the Prime Minister....
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A position of the Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
Though the Liberal Democratic Party lost the political power once on account of the formation of the Hosokawa coalition government, it returned to the position of the political power again.
With the inauguration on the Prime Minister by Ryutaro Hashimoto, the Socialist Party changed into a position where it cooperated with the Liberal Democratic Party outside the Cabinet.
While it stayed in the coalition government, any Cabinet Ministers weren`t from the Socialist Party.
【To the time of a coalition government】
『Column, AIDS caused by transfusion of HIV-tainted blood products』
Introduction of heated and safe blood product was delayed due to the Ministry of Health. There was a voice among the patients, so Naoto Kan who was then the Minister of Health responded to the voice. He accepted the responsibility on the Ministry of Health and apologized the patients for the delayed.
〈The Prime Minister returned to the Liberal Democratic Party〉
As Tomiichi Murayama expressed resignation from the Prime Minister suddenly, Ryutaro Hashimoto took office as Prime Minister.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and an alliance in a large scale〉
A ruling party was called 与党 and a opposition party was called 野党 in Japanese, but the Japan Democratic Party didn`t belong to both of them, so it was in the middle of them, ゆ党, the cynical remark was like that.
『Column, AIDS caused by transfusions of HIV-tainted blood products』
Though patients on hemophilia 血友病 used blood products for their treatment, virus of AIDS was contained in the blood products, so lots of the patients contracted AIDS and were dead. Introduction of heated...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and an alliance in a large scale〉
...so they were often opposed over their policy inside the political party, so it was a political organization which had a possibility of division.
Moreover the Japan Democratic Party of which representative was Naoto Kan adopted a way of presenting realistic measures rather than confrontation against the Liberal Democratic Party direct, but it was unclear whether it was the ruling party or the opposition party, so it was made a cynical remark like the next.
The ruling party is ...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and alliance in a large scale〉
Its total number on Diet members were one hundred thirty one, and its representative was Naoto Kan. The Japanese Democratic Party was such a big political party that it wasn`t the third existence any more then.
It became a big political influence which played a part of two of the powerful political parties like the Liberal Democratic Party and the Japan Democratic Party, but varied Diet Members who were from different political parties such as the Socialist Party, Shinto Sakigake etc...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and an alliance in a large scale〉
...and other members who used to belong to Komeito made up other group. Another members formed a new political parties in variety, but each of them was too small to have enough influence, so they thought they joined the Japan Democratic Party and formed a big political party which was opposed to the Liberal Democratic Party.
A New Democratic Party was formed April in 1998 made up with ninety three of members of the House of Representatives and thirty eight of the House of Councilors.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and an alliance in a large scale〉
They removed members who promoted the coalition government made up with the Liberal Democratic Party, the Socialist Party, and Shinto Sakigake. Thus Japan Democratic Party was formed September in 1996.
Its name was the same as the one which joined the Liberal Party and formed the Liberal Democratic Party, but it was other political party altogether.
Shinshinto disbanded suddenly at the end of the next year, and Ozawa formed a new political party, and other members who used to...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and an alliance of a great scale〉
Then Kan looked closely into the responsibility on the Ministry of Health over AIDS caused by transfusions of HIV-tainted blood products, and apologized for its patients as the Minister of Health and was supported from the nation so much.
Hatoyama and Kan didn`t allow the whole Socialist Party and Shinto Sakigake as organization, and adopted a way of joining the new political party by each of the Diet Members personally.
With the way, they got rid of members who promoted the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and alliance of a large scale〉
Diet Members who had a critical opinion had a sense of impending crisis then, and their thought caused a movement of looking for a formation on the third political influence.
The third means it wasn`t the confrontation between the Liberal Democratic Party and Shinshinto. It was other political influence, and its center was Yukio Hatoyama who was one of executives in Shinto Sakigake.
Hatoyama called Naoto Kan to be the center of forming a new political party. Then Kan searched...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and an alliance of a large scale〉
As to the plan of joining hands with the Liberal Democratic Party, Diet Members who had a critical opinion appeared among in both of the Socialist Party and Shinto Sakigake.
Confrontation between the Liberal Democratic Party and Shinshinto continued, so existence on other political parties would be unclear and remain unknown to the society, so the supporters would left from them gradually. As a result, they wouldn`t compete in the next election in this situation.
The Diet Members...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
The Murayama Cabinet retired and immediately after a convention of the Socialist Party was held January in 1996, and the political party changed its name from the Socialist Party to the Social Democratic Party.
Changing the name on the political party caught up with changing its policy. In other words, the political party accepted changing its policy as changing the name of the political party.
〈Japan Democratic Party was formed and alliance of a large scale〉
As to the plan of joining hands with the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
Why had the Socialist Party struggled since the 1955 system? Why did it join the coalition Hosokawa government of anti Liberal Democratic Party?
There is a proverb that 一将功成りて万骨枯る
The Prime Minister was from the political party, so the proverb was suitable for the situation, for the Prime Minister was from the Socialist Party, and the Socialist Party took the political power which was it`s heart`s desire, but it connected with the collapse on the political party.
The Murayama Cabinet retired...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
...changing the plans made members in the Socialist Party who continued activity steadily each place for a long time feel disillusioned. As a result the people who left from the Socialist Party and others who stopped supporting the political party increased, especially a criticism handing over the place of the Prime Minister to Ryutaro Hashimoto who was the president in the Democratic Party and helped the Liberal Democratic Party to revive was sent.
Why has the Socialist Party....
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
Thus an evaluation on the Murayama Cabinet has been divided.
Shigeru Ito who supported the Murayama Cabinet belonged to the Socialist Party said like the next.
The Murayama Cabinet accomplished an outcome for a short term which a conservative policy couldn`t, but it allowed the Liberal Democratic Party to revive for a medium term, and the Socialist Party split and fell into a small scale of political party.
While there was a policy which came true because of the Prime Minister in the Socialist Party...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
I`ve accepted it as historic fact modestly in order not to repeat to make a mistake in the future, and expressed an reflection acutely here newly, and expressed apology from the bottom of my heart here.
Murayama said like that and his talk has been taken over as Murayama talk in the Cabinet of the Liberal Democratic Party after that.
If Japanese government was sought for an opinion of the responsibility on the war by Japan, a expression of along the point of Murayama talk has been used.
Thus evaluation...
【It was the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
Murayama recognized the responsibility on the war by Japan clearly in the talk and said like the next.
Japan made a mistake its national policy once in the past when it wasn`t so long ago and moved forward to the war, and the Japanese fell into a crisis of life or death. Lots of countries were damaged by controlling colonies and invasion of Japan, especially the people in each nation of Asia were damaged and suffered from it a lot.
I`ve accepted it as historic fact modestly in order not to repeat to...
【It was a time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on Murayama Cabinet〉
A law on protection of atomic bomb which was a long pending problem was established, and a special system for benefit to the victims on the atomic bomb in Nagasaki and Hiroshima was made by the responsibility of the nation.
Relief measures on patients by Minamata disease was arranged by the nation, and the Murayama Cabinet made an effort to form a law which promoted culture on Ainu race expressing having a respect the culture on Ainu.
In addition the government announced a talk fifty years after the war.
【It was the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
Changing plans were done one after another. Should we call it marvelous or merciless?
The nation was taken aback because the plans until then were changed easily, and criticized severely the political party changed its plan easily because it won the political power.
On the other hand it was certain the Socialist party carried out things which the political power on the Liberal Democratic Party couldn`t do as usual.
A law on protection for atomic bomb victim which was a pending problem for a long...
【It was the time of a coalition government】
〈Pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
It wasn`t the Prime Minister alone who changed the traditional way easily. It was Koken Nosaka who took office as the Minister of Construction as Cabinet Minister. He decided to start to use the dam at the mouth of the Nagara River as the Minister of Construction.
The Socialist Party was in position which was opposed to the dam in the mouth of the Nagara River until then, and Nosaka joined force with a movement on signature opposed to against its construction.
Changing of plans were done one after...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Advantages and disadvantages on the Murayama Cabinet〉
His judgement of that made him say the Self-Defense Forces wasn`t against the constitution, and it was welcomed by the Liberal Democratic Party.
On the other hand the people who supported the Socialist Party criticized the Socialist Party severely, for he changed the policy relation to the significance on existence of the Socialist Party easily, without doing by a proper procedure on the Socialist Party, but Murayama himself changed it in his speech or in his answer in National Assembly at will.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Advantages and disadvantages on the Murayama Cabinet〉
As to the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, he tried to say maintenance in Japanese, 維持, but he
made mistake, stick to it, 堅持 in Japanese, though it`s just something more to the change on the Socialist Party, and it isn`t so important, it`s was just a mistake.
The Prime Minister was the supreme commander in the Self-Defense Forces, so if he said the Self-Defense Forces was against the constitution, it was clear that the whole Japan would be confused so bad.
His judgement made him say the Self...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈The pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
...but when listening to a speech in National Assembly by Murayama, the nation was by far more surprised then.
The Socialist Party continued to insist the next things.
The Self Defense Forces was an existence which was against the constitution, pretermination on the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, and they didn`t recognize Kimigayo and the rising sun flag as the national anthem and the national flag.
The Socialist Party denied its insistence until then
Murayama tried to say maintenance on the Japan ...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈When looking up at the sky of the first day of the year, he decided to resign〉
Instead of the Socialist Party, there was a movement of forming a new political party, so Murayama was worried about the political party which he belonged to. It was impossible for him to do both of the job as the Prime Minister and the chairperson on the Socialist Party at the same time. He couldn`t bear a strong pressure on the job as the Prime Minister.
〈The pluses and minuses on the Murayama Cabinet〉
Everyone was surprised at the Murayama Cabinet itself, but when ....
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈When looking up at the sky of the first day of the year, he decided to resign〉
The great earthquake broke out at Hanshin and Awaji area, but Murayama couldn`t deal with it in the beginning quickly, so he was criticized severely. Besides Aum Shinrikyo which was a big social problem then was also a heavy pressure for him.
To make matters worse, after he became the Prime Minister, the Socialist Party changed its basic plan one after another so a serious confusion was caused inside the Socialist Party then.
There was a movement of forming a new...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈When looking up at the sky of the first day of the year, he decided to resign〉
The sensational Murayama Cabinet went on for a year and a half, and then the Murayama Prime Minister expressed his resignation suddenly on the fifth day January in 1996. It was immediately after the new year. He said when looking up at the blue sky of the first day of the year, he decided.
Actually he was tired out so much that he was made up his mind to resign from the end of the previous year.
The great earthquake broke out in the Hanshin area and Awaji island in the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Shinshinto which was anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
...its members who thought they wanted to struggle a election as not the member of Shinshinto but as the one of Komeito increased.
Ozawa formed a new political party again January in 1998, and became its leader, then the new political party gathered Diet members whose thought were equal to the one on Ozawa completely. It was the political party for Ozawa himself alone.
〈When looking up at the blue sky on the first day of the year, he decided to resign〉
Murayama...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Shinshinto which was anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
Instead of the Liberal Democratic Party, Shinshinto aimed at being a political party which was in charge of the political power disappeared all too soon.
Though it has been unclear why Ozawa disbanded Shinshinto, it seemed it was influenced by increasing Diet members thought who wanted to take into action on politics being away from Shinshinto. Or a religious group belonged to Komeito supported Shinshinto, but its members who started to think they wanted struggle in...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Shinshinto which was anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
A group led by Hata left from Shinshinto at last and formed a new political party December in 1996. Ozawa and Hata used to call themselves by nickname each other, so it seemed to be intimate once, but they broke off the relationship finally.
Its leader on selection for Shinshinto was done December in 1997, and Ozawa was elected again then, but he made Shinshinto disband right away.
Instead of the Liberal Democratic Party, Shinshinto aimed at the one which was in...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Shinshinto which was anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
An election on the leader of Shinshinto was done December in 1995, and its candidates was Ozawa and Hata, then Ozawa won, and from then there was a crack on the relation between Ozawa and Hata.
Besides Diet members who thought managing the political party by Ozawa was forcible increased. A confrontation was repeated between Ozawa and Hata in the time of the Liberal Democratic Party or Hosokawa coalition government, and it was done again in Shinshinto.
A group led by...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Shinshinto which was anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
It was better than fighting among themselves by each of candidates from small and medium political parties.
Moreover Komeito who was good at an election, so members of its religious group supported them. It appealed to them. An election on the House of Council was done July in 1995, and its outcome appeared at once, for Shinshinto made a great advance in the election, and secured forty seats in the House of Council then.
An election on the leader of Shinshinto was...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Shinshinto which was anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
A system of a single-seat constituencies and proportional representation would be adopted in the next electtion on the House of Representation because of a reformation on system of election.
The small electoral district system is advantageous for a big political party, so each of political parties joined and made be a head on clash between their unified candidate and the one from the Liberal Democratic Party and tried to win the election. Opposing party thought so.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A political party of Shinshinto which was anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
...and then a music of a song for joy composed by Beethoven was played on the meeting place, so it was a showy event. Cameramen on the press were guided to a place where they could look around the whole meeting place so as to take a photograph on the situation beforehand. It was a direction being aware of the time of TV.
A single-seat constituencies and proportional representation 小選挙区比例代表並立制 would be adopted in the next election on the House of...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A new political party on anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
Ozawa who belonged to the opposition party gathered influence on anti Liberal Democratic Party supporting the Hata Cabinet, and made a start Shin shin To. Its leader was Toshiki Kaifu who used to be the Prime Minister and left from the Liberal Democratic Party then and the Chief Secretary was Ichiro Ozawa.
A general meeting for its forming party was held at Yokohama. Its participants spread a giant flag on which Shinshinto was painted in the meeting place, and...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈They would do everything for returning to the ruling party〉
They would overlook almost all of everything so as to return to the the ruling party.
While the Prime Minister on the Murayama Cabinet was from the Socialist Party, as to the number of its Cabinet minister, thirteen from the Liberal Democratic Party, five from the Socialist Party, two from the Shinto Sakigake, so the Cabinet actually belonged to the Liberal Democratic Party.
〈A new political party on anti Liberal Democratic Party was formed and was disbanded〉
Ozawa who belonged to the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈They would do everything for returning to the ruling party〉
I was forced to surprised at their thoughtless action of accepting a document on agreement by the Socialist Party and Shinto Sakigake without investigating it minutely, and I thought it`s no an exaggeration that I found an actual situation on the Liberal Democratic Party there.
He argued down that the Liberal Democratic Party wasn`t a political party which maintained and carried out liberal democracy but being in the ruling party, being the political power, they found their value on them.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈They would do everything for returning to the ruling party〉
Shusei Tanaka who used to lead the agreement on policy belonged to Shinto Sakigake then said like the next.
When the Murayama Cabinet was formed, the Liberal Democratic Party looked modestly and obedient so much that I found it strange. I admired to see they could endure anything so as to return to the political power.
After saying ironically like that he criticized the Liberal Democratic Party like the next.
I was forced to surprised at their thoughtless action of accepting on...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Earthshaking event! A coalition government〉
It was a completion of encircling net on Ozawa.
〈They would do everything for returning to the ruling party〉
When forming the Murayama Cabinet, the Liberal Democratic Party accepted the agreement on policy the one done by the Socialist Party and Shinto Sakigake as it was.
While the Liberal Democratic Party occupied majority among the three political parties overwhelmingly, it didn`t tried to get a leadership on agreement of their policy.
Shusei Tanaka who used to lead the agreement on the policy...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An earthshaking event! A coalition government was formed〉
The Liberal Democratic Party appealed to the Socialist Party on condition making a leader in the Socialist Party the Prime Minister, and formed a coalition government of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party.
Then Shinto Sakigake made two of the political parties connect, playing a part in a glue, for two of them didn`t get along well together like oil and water. It`s the coalition government of the Liberal Democratic Party, Socialist Party, and Shinto Sakigake. An encircling...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An earthshaking events! A coalition government was formed〉
On the other hand, a feeling of the Diet Members on the left wing party`s anti Ozawa was stronger, so they thought as Ozawa left from the Liberal Democratic Party, so the political party was in position of protecting constitution rather than Shinseito controlled by Ozawa.
The left wing party of the Socialist Party chose to join hands with the Liberal Democratic Party. Ironically, after the 1955 system collapsed, a feeling of anti Liberal Democratic Party had not been then.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An earthshaking event! A coalition government was formed〉
...and repeated coming in touch with the Socialist Party in secret.
The Socialist Party should go on the coalition government with Hata or they should connect with the Liberal Democratic Party? There was difference a way of thinking between the right and left wing party.
Diet members on the right wing party didn`t reject Ozawa rather than the left, for Kubo chairperson thought that the Socialist Party returned to the coalition government as long as the Hata Cabinet resigned entirely.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Earthshaking events! A coalition government formed〉
Thus an operation for returning to the ruling party by the Liberal Democratic Party started. Its target was the Socialist Party.
The Liberal Democratic Party had a grudge against Ichiro Ozawa because Ozawa left from them, so the Liberal Democratic Party fell into the opposition party.
On the other hand, the Socialist Party thought Ozawa was hard on them when the political party was in the coalition government.
The Liberal Democratic Party took advantage of a feeling of anti Ozawa, and repeated...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An earthshaking event! A coalition government was formed〉
The Liberal Democratic Party couldn`t interfere with an adjustment of the budget any more. A group for petitioning from a local area decreased sharply. Lots of the Diet members complained of their lots of time increased in the Member`s Hall.
Then they started to be worried about the next election. They were haunted by the fear whether or not eligible voters would desert them, for they voted them until then because they belonged to the ruling party, but they didn`t then.
Thus an operation ...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈An earthshaking event! A coalition government formed〉
The Liberal Democratic Party which fell into an opposition party underwent a sorrow as the opposition party.
When being in the ruling party, if wanting to know something and calling up the central bureaucracy, a bureaucrat rushed so as to explain it to him at once. At the time of a budget committee, negotiations between officials of the Ministry of Finance were done.
However the moment being in the opposition party, bureaucrats changed their attitudes. They didn`t come for an explanation easily.
【To the time of coalition cabinet】
〈The entire Hata Cabinet resigned〉
...but if making the House of Representatives disband then, he couldn`t carry out a new election system because it didn`t have enough time, for the election would be done with the former multi seat district conscience system, and there was a criticism that it would go against the political reform.
〈An earthshaking event! A coalition government was born〉
However the situation moved forward an unexpected direction, for the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party formed a coalition government then.
【To the time of a coalition cabinet】
〈The entire Hata Cabinet resigned〉
Hata made his entire Cabinet resigned for himself and tried to restore a good humor of the Socialist Party and after that he was going to build a coalition government including the Socialist Party again, for Wataru Kubo who was the chairperson in the Socialist Party insisted that the Hata Cabinet resigned voluntarily as condition that the Socialist Party returned.
On the other hand he considered an option disbanding the House of Representatives and increasing Diet members who supported the coalition cabinet, but if...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈The entire Hata Cabinet resigned〉
Political foundations on the Hata Cabinet was so weak that it came to a deadlock at once. Though a budget bill was formed, at the same time the Liberal Democratic Party which was the opposition party proposed a bill of no confidence against the Cabinet July in 1994.
If it was taken a vote, it would be approved, so the Hata Cabinet was forced to resign entirely before it was adopted. It was just for sixty four days when Hata held the Prime Minister. It was the third shortest Cabinet.
Hata tried to make his Cabinet...
【To the time of a coalition party】
『Column, Ichiro Ozawa』
Instead of his father, Ichiro ran for an election, and was elected a member of the House of Representatives when his age was twenty seven. He belonged to Tanaka faction in the Liberal Democratic Party.
Lots of people evaluate he was a statesman who carried through his convictions even if he was in difficulty. On the other hand he was poor at explaining to others his own conducts, so it was fact that other people who took into action together defected from him.
〈The entire Hata Cabinet resigned〉
Political foundation on Hata...
【To the time of coalition party】
『Column, Ichiro Ozawa』
He was from Iwate prefecture, and went to Tokyo when he was in junior high school. His father was a Diet Member who was from Iwate prefecture, and was the Minister of Transport, or Postal Service one after another. His father was an influential person in politics.
He is well known to carry out a New Year`s card with a lottery number when being the Minister of Postal Service.
Ichiro was graduated from Keio University and aimed at being a lawyer, so was studying for a bar examination, but then his father was dead. Instead of his...
【To the time of Coalition government】
〈Socialist Party left from Hata political power〉
...it`s all right even if the Socialist Party left from the coalition government.
As a result the Socialist Party thought Ozawa schemed to get rid of the Socialist Party from the coalition government as Hata political power started, so the Socialist Party was indignant and left from the coalition government.
Therefore, except for the Socialist Party, Hata political power was forced to start, supported by minor ruling party below two hundred Diet Members.
『Column, Ichiro Ozawa』
He was from Iwate...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Socialist Party left from Hata political power〉
Ozawa insisted that Japan should become an ordinary nation. His word of ordinary means that Japan should adopt a course that Japan became a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council and the Self Defense Forces joined the military force in the U.N.
It was different from the way of thinking by Socialist Party so much, and Ozawa pressed the Socialist Party to change its principle, as if he had said, if the Socialist Party refused it, it was all right even if the Socialist Party left from the...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈The Socialist Party left from Hata coalition political power〉
...so the Socialist Party became powerless. Moreover without consulting with the Socialist Party, it was done. It was a conspiracy, the Socialist Party thought like that, and its plan was thought up by Ichiro Ozawa, though it wasn`t actually.
In the time of Hosokawa Cabinet, Ozawa was in center of the political power, and he was often opposed to the Socialist Party, for his way of thinking was different from the Socialist Party with regard to the Self Defense Forces and the United Nations.
【To the time a coalition government】
〈Socialist Party left from Hata political power〉
...that its adjustment often took more time than usual.
Then if making up a group which was more powerful than Socialist Party, the power relation among coalition government would be reversed, so it was a movement of setting up a encircling net around Socialist Party within coalition government.
Socialist Party was angry at the movement immediately after Hata political government was formed. Forming a group which was more powerful than Socialist Party and controlling coalition government, so Socialist...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Socialist Party left from Hata Political Power〉
As to the number of Diet member on the new group was one hundred and thirty and it was more than Socialist Party of which number was seventy.
Though the number of Diet member on Socialist Party used to be more than any other political party in the coalition government, so it had the most powerful voice until then, so other political parties always had to have a respect for an intention from Socialist Party.
However as to a policy, Socialist Party was different from other political parties so much...
【To the time of coalition government】
〈Socialist Party left from Hata political power〉
...but an unexpected thing happened then. The coalition government was formed with Socialist Party and other political parties. Except for Socialist Party, and Komeito, other political parties were combined as a single group.
Though they were separated political party outside National Assembly each other, they take into action as a single political party within National Assembly. Except for Socialist Party and Komeito, a new group was formed in the coalition government.
The number on the Diet member ...
【To the time when a coalition government】
〈Though they used to enemies each other they joined hands〉
Their feeling of hating Ozawa was added and a political power of anti Ozawa was born. Why did it happen? We have to return the time when the Hosokawa Cabinet collapse.
〈Socialist Party left from the Hata Cabinet〉
Morihiro Hosokawa gave up his political power suddenly April in 1994, the political power of anti Liberal Democratic Party was confused. The political party of which leader was Tsutomu Hata was the center of the coalition government, so Hata was elected as Prime Minister, but ...
【To the time a coalition government】
〈Though they used to be enemies each other, they joined hands〉
As watching it, lots of the Japanese seemed to think both of the political parties were on good terms. They had been connected each other in secret. An image that everything was all right with regard to the coalition government in Japan spread out among the Japanese.
It may have been Ichiro Ozawa was the one who rendered the most distinguished service to the formation on the Murayama Cabinet. Both of the Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party hated Ichiro Ozawa, and their thought was...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈Though they used to be enemies each other, they joined hands〉
Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party continued to confront under the 1955 system for a long time, but allied themselves and Liberal Democratic Party supported Socialist Party which was less than Liberal Democratic Party in relation to the number of seats in National Assembly.
On the day when the Murayama Cabinet was born, executives of Liberal Democratic Parry and Socialist Party had a pleasant chat each other on TV. As watching it, lots of the Japanese thought both of the...
【To the time of Coalition Party】
『Column, Tomiichi Murayama』
The political party of Murayama confronted and divided into right and left wing party then Murayama belonged to the left.
His eyebrow was so long and characteristic, and when being in the Prime Minister, there was a TV program of letting a talent cut his eyebrows, but he accepted it easily. He had an episode like that.
〈Though they used to be enemies each other, they joined hands〉
Everyone was surprised when the Murayama Cabinet was born, for Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party continued to confront under the 1955...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan?〉
When looking at his parents` house, it proved to be that he had nothing to do with a plutocracy and had lived in honest poverty.
『Column, Tomiichi Murayama』
He was born at a fishing village in Oita prefecture.While working in daytime, he graduated from Meiji university in the evening. After returning his hometown, he was engaged in a democratic movement in the local fishing village. After municipal and prefectural member of assembly, he became the member of the House of Representatives.
The political...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan〉
As a result, Murayama was persuaded to be a candidate as successor of Yamahana.
The political party of socialism repeated a confrontation, divided into right and left wing party inside the political party, and Murayama belonged to left wing party, but his sincere character was accepted by everybody. Even the members of Liberal Democratic Party trusted in him.
His parents` one storied house in Oita prefecture was made of wood and leaned to one side. When looking at it, it proved to be he is the one who...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan?〉
Without running for the election of the House of Representatives in the previous year, he was going to retire from the political world. He decided to devote himself to take care of his sickly wife.
However there was the election all of sudden and his successor wasn`t fixed, he was forced to run for the election then. The political party of socialism suffered a heavy losses in the election, so Sadao Yamahana who was then the chairperson took the responsibility for the defeat in the election and retired.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan?〉
So it`s all right whenever the person becomes the Prime Minister, for it`s prepared for everything.
On the other hand, I have never thought I tried to be, and I didn’t think I can, but I was all of sudden. What should I do?
As being appointed as the Prime Minister, I couldn`t say I couldn’t do. Others said I went into the official residence but it was as if I had taken up posts with my bag alone in another city, leaving my families behind my hometown.
Without running for the election on the House of...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan?〉
...but after he worked his way through college, he went into the political world, and he clawed his way up the central political world, through a member of municipal, prefectural of assembly and a member of House of Representatives, so at last became the Prime Minister.
Murayama himself said like the next.
The one who would be the Prime Minister is different from ordinary people like me on a way of making up its mind to be the Prime Minister. Its feeling is ready for it. It`s gathered staff for it.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan?〉
While the Katayama Cabinet was formed because the political party of socialism was the first political party in the election of the House of Representative, Murayama Cabinet was formed though the same political party suffered a crushing defeat in the election.
Murayama would have retired from statesman and enjoyed himself with his grandson rather than have been the Prime Minister.
He was born to the house of fisherman and after that he should caught sardines for dried small sardines in Oita prefecture...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan?〉
...Clinton said it was the talk which he`d wanted to listen to than any other things then.
Tomiichi Murayama who was a chairperson in the political party of socialism took office as Prime Minister June in 1994. He was the eighty first Prime Minister.
Tetsu Katayama was the Prime Minister from the political party of socialism in 1947, and no one was the Prime Minister from the political party of socialism until Murayama
While the Katayama Cabinet was formed because the political party of socialism was...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan〉
...and joined the political party of socialism, after that he continued a political movement, and his model was labor movement in America, but the Cold War was over so the time also changed, so without being seized by any ideology, he should go ahead with politics. He spoke for a long time.
Clinton who met Murayama for the first time seemed to be moved by his talk, though the talk between two of leaders took much time, so it wasn`t over as planned, but Clinton said it was the one which he`s wanted to...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈The government of socialism was born〉
...a summit was held at Naples in Italy, and Murayama attended at it, met then the Clinton President in America for the first time then, and Murayama told the American President his personal history until then.
Articles on myself were on newspaper in a foreign country, but they were in the wrong, so I`m going to say on myself with my own will, and he started to speak.
He was born into a fisherman`s house, and worked his way through college. He decided not to cause the war again and joined the political party...
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born〉
...some of mass media in Europe reported like that when the Murayama Cabinet was formed, for Tomiichi Murayama who became the new Prime Minister was a chairperson in socialism party, but needless to say, it wasn`t like that actually.
While the Prime Minister was from the Socialism Party, it was the Liberal Democratic Party which supported the Murayama Cabinet, and a new political party, Sakigake, played a part in connecting two of the political parties then.
Immediate after taking office as Prime Minister...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
...especially without adopting any useful measures, American government watched Lehman Brothers which was an investment bank go bankrupt, and distrust against financial institutions spread out.
The author said he thought as if he had watched Japan in the past, for America couldn`t lenan any lessons from the failure in Japanese economy.
I`m going to go into a new chapter from now on.
【To the time of a coalition government】
〈A government of socialism was born in Japan〉
A government of socialism was born in Japan, some of ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
...but the public fund was infused into financial institutions, so mild recovery on Japanese economy continued after 2000.
However the bubble on housing burst in America in 2007, and financial instability spread out among America, but the Bush government continued to adopt a plan on a small government that the government didn`t intervene in economic activity by private companies.
As a result, American economy became by far worse, and the financial instability changed into an international scale in the next year, especially...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Why could no one go ahead with the aftermath on the bubble smoothly? 〉
It didn`t change anything from a relation between soldiers and officers in the front of the Pacific War, from a relation between officers and the General Staff Office in the war.
The bubble was born, expanded and at last burst, therefore we have to learn a lesson from it so as not to repeat the same failure. It`s a responsibility which we should take in the history.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
The bubble burst and financial instability spread in Japanese economy, but public fund...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Why being unable to go ahead with the aftermath on bubble smoothly?〉
...there are empiricist who made much of experience in the past were so arrogant that they tried not to learn anything from a failure there.
Bankers who were engaged in their business could say nothing even if they thought something odd. Executive officers who obeyed intention from the authorities alone didn`t take any responsibility. The authorities which didn`t have any strategy of broad economic outlook and postponed its decision.
It didn`t change anything from a relation between ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Why being unable to go ahead with the aftermath on bubble smoothly?〉
They tried not to deal with the aftermath drastically, and the problem was postponed, besides, both bureaucrats and economic world expected not seriously that if the economic condition was restored again, the price on land would start to go up, so everything would be solved.
They couldn`t escape from a curse of mythology on lands, the price on lands would go up. There was irresponsible principle of conceding anything to avoid trouble, there were empiricist 経験論者 who made much of their...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Why being unable to go ahead with the aftermath on bubble smoothly?〉
The people who tried to stop a way of adopting by financial institutions they belonged to were transferred to other related companies long ago.
On the other hand, bureaucrats didn’t try to take any responsibility. Bureaucrats on the Ministry of Finance move to other post within a few years. Without any problem when being in their position, they can promote smoothly.
In the situation, the people are weak creatures, so they fell into a principle of conceding anything to avoid trouble.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Why being unable to go ahead on the aftermath for the bubble smoothly?〉
All the people in financial institution who were leaders on expansion for unreasonable finance in the time of bubble promoted and occupied on their management side. If accepting a negative legacy in the time of bubble, and going ahead with bad bonds by the bubble means accepting their own errors.
As a result, they couldn`t start a drastic measure on the aftermath, so dealing with the problem was put off inch by inch.
The people who tried to stop a way of adopting by financial...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Why didn`t the aftermath on the bubble go ahead smoothly?〉
...but the responsibility for statesmen and economic bureaucrats who made a mistake on management for Japanese economy was by far heavier than any others.
After the bubble, Japanese economy was floundering at the bottom, and we sometimes call the situation a lost decade. It means that it was a decade when we lost a chance of solving a problem before our eyes.
By the way why being unable to deal with the aftermath on the bubble? Circumstance inside on the financial institution was like the next.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Why didn`t the aftermath on the bubble go ahead smoothly?〉
When everyone was absorbed in making money enthusiastically, withdrawing from there is extremely difficult. Without being aware it, lots of people were swallowed down by a whirlpool of the bubble, or giving their hands to an outbreak on the bubble.
After the bubble burst, they were conscious for the first time that it was the bubble.
We can`t ignore a responsibility for the people who enjoyed the bubble enough, but the responsibility for statesmen and economic bureaucrats who made a mistake on...
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, convoy system』
After the war, the Ministry of Finance regulated actions on each bank in order to defended a bank of which efficiency on management was the worst, so its management went well, and it was called convoy system.
The financial institution learned to think that if being in difficulty, the Ministry of Finance would help, and neglected to make an effort for self help and lost its ability for management.
Some people pointed out like that.
〈Why didn`t the aftermath on the bubble go ahead smoothly?〉
People are the weak creature. When...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Japanese economy fell into a deflation〉
It seemed that we the Japanese had to pay for something so much more than we received.
〈A way of convoy system〉
It is said that Japanese economy was protected with a way of convoy system for a long time. The convoy system is a term which was used in the middle of a war. Warships which protect troopships moved forward with the speed of a troopship which was the slowest among them.
After the war, the Ministry of Finance regulated actions on each bank in order to protect a bank of which efficiency on management was...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Japanese economy fell into a deflation〉
No one tried to buy goods, and making the price on goods drop again, so its profit decreases, and income on employee also drops, and no one tried to use any money, so no one tried to buy any good more and more, and prices on goods drop more and more.
Thus a vice circles continues, and we call it a deflation spiral. The economic situation becomes worse more and more with a circulation. Once being fallen into the vice circle, it`s hard to escaped from it.
We the Japanese used to enjoy the bubble, but we had to pay...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Japanese economy fell into a deflation〉
As to a ground on deflation, the author showed it his readers with numbers, but to my sorrow, I can`t understand the numbers mean, so I`m going to omit it. I`m sorry for it.
Deflation means a shrinkage, and it means that the whole economy shrinks. On the other hand, inflation means expanding, so economic situation expands.
Going down on prices of goods itself isn`t bad, but deflation doesn`t stop there, so everybody hates it.
When prices on goods dropped, consumers thought they would wait for until it goes down more
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The government introduced the public fund in a large scale〉
Obuchi pushed forward his policy, everything was ok so as to improve the economic situation. Its fund was prepared with a deficit-covering government bond, a debt from the nations.
He sneered at himself, for he was the worst one who got into debt more than any others in the world, and the debt was left to the next generation in Japan.
〈Japanese economy fell into deflation〉
Japanese government showed an opinion that its economy was in a slight deflation March in 2001. Actually its price index on...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The government introduced the public fund in a large scale〉
Obuchi prepared for the public fund of which total amount of money was sixty trillion yen, and nationalized two of financial institutions of which management were at standstill and prevented the financial instability from braking out.
Two of the financial institutions which were nationalized dealt with the bad bonds with the public fund and become other banks. The one was Aozora bank and the other was Sinsei bank. Obuchi Prime Minister pushed forward his policy, everything was ok in order to make...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Depression became serious due to the financial instability〉
...so the consumption was floundering at the bottom and no one tried to buy anything, so it spurred on the depression. Then the Ryutaro Hashimoto was beaten in election of the House of Council because his policy caused the situation, so his cabinet was forced to retire July in the next year.
〈The government introduced public fund in a large scale〉
Keizo Obuchi Cabinet which started July in1998 and tackled an economic policy so as to do away with the financial instability. He prepared for the...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Depression became serious due to the financial instability〉
The Bank of Japan declared it would lend as much money as possible without collateral to financial institutions because of the serious situation, and the uproar calmed down at last, but the financial instability made mental states on consumers very cold.
The consumers were surprised at the failure on banks which were a pronoun of being security absolutely, and collected confidence from the nations, and felt anxiety in the future. They didn`t feel like going shopping except for necessities of life...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈An anxiety became serious due to the financial instability〉
Hashimoto increased a shoulder on the nations and started to rebuild the budget on Japan in the same year the calling to the nations was done.
As a result, the economic condition went up once, but went into a stall altogether, and a depression attacked Japanese economy again, and it connected with the financial instability at last.
After the bubble burst, Japanese economy couldn`t start an appropriate economic policy, and reached November.
The Bank of Japan declared it would lend fund to ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, running on a financial institution』
It means that lots of depositors rush to a financial institution altogether in order to withdraw their deposits. Banks usually don`t prepare for money in cash, so if lots of depositors rushed to the banks, there is a fear that they fall into being lacking in fund, and it connects with going bankrupt on banks direct.
〈Anxiety became serious due to the financial instability〉
Then the Ryutaro Hashimoto abolished a reduction on tax for income, and raised the consumption tax from three to five %. He increased a...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble collapsed and it caused a financial panic of Showa in the past〉
There was a rumor that some banks were on the verge of going bankrupt, and a press conference in which executives on banks denied the rumor were held each place.
Then the Hiroshi Mitsuzuka Ministry of Finance called to the nations under a joint signatures with the president of Bank of Japan, please take into action for yourself in cool manner.
The financial panic was barely avoided then.
『Column, running on a bank』
It means that lots of depositors rush to a financial ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble collapsed and it caused a financial panic of Showa in the past〉
After the remark on Kataoka was reported, running on financial institutions spread out over the whole Japan, 32 banks were forced to suspend each of business, finally about no less than five hundred banks went bankrupt.
When losing confidence on banks, and running on financial institutions breaks out, even if some banks` economic conditions weren`t so bad, they also would go bankrupt. The history has shown us it.
After seventy years in Japan, its nightmare was about to appear again.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble collapsed and it caused a financial panic of Showa in the past〉
...though the management of Tokyo Watanabe Bank was worse then, its management didn`t fail then, but the remark by Kataoka triggered the Bank to suspend its business.
Even if without his remarks, the failure on management was a matter of time, but the remark triggered the suspension on the bank, and it caused a large scale of financial panic, so it was called the financial panic by making a slip of the tongue.
After the remark on Kataoka was reported, running on financial...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble collapsed and it caused a financial panic of Showa in the past〉
...and the opposition party asked, whenever a bank was likely to go bankrupt, and the government helped it, a principle on a free competition would be broken soon, wouldn`t it?
Then the Naoharu Kataoka Ministry of Finance answered the government needed to go ahead with rescuing banks.
After that he said Tokyo Watanabe bank failed its management on that day actually.
Tokyo Watanabe bank was different from a small and medium sized bank, it was a kind of central bank, though its...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble collapsed and it caused a financial panic in the past〉
The collapse on bubble caused an anxiety among depositors, is it all right on a financial institution in which I`ve deposited money? So depositors ran on a bank, and small and medium sized financial institution collapsed as well in Taisho era.
Financial panic by making an inappropriate remark broke out March in 1927 at last.
A budget committee was held at the House of Representative of Imperial assembly which was equal to National Assembly at present. Then the opposition party asked ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble burst and it caused financial panic of Showa in the past〉
...and the government feared the economic condition became bad, so raised the interest rate and took a policy of stimulating economic boom then.
As a result, the economic condition was overheated, both of the price on land and stock rose rapidly. It was the bubble in Taisho era in 1919, but the bubble burst in the next year, for the price on stock rose so much that the ones who were cautious for it sold their stock, and it caused a sudden fall on the price of stocks.
The collapse on...
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, a struggle by Kohe Nakabo』
Then he confronted against companies which borrowed money but didn`t returned, and working hard to collect the bond, so the nations supported him.
〈The bubble collapsed and it caused a financial panic of Showa in the past〉
Why did it remind the author of financial panic in Showa? It used to happen in the beginning of Showa and financial institutions collapsed one after another then.
In the middle of the First World War, the whole Japan was excited over prosperity. After the war, the government feared the economic...
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, a struggle by Kohe Nakabo』
...and Nakabo used to be a president of alliance by lawyers in Japan. Not only the staff belonged to Jusen, but talented people were sent to the organization from the Ministry of Finance, the Public Prosecutor`s Office, the Bank of Japan, the Regional Taxation Bureau, the Police, and the Ministry of Labor, and they were engaged in collecting the bond.
Nakabo said even if being able to collect a small amount of bond, it would decrease burden from the nation, and took the lead in collecting bond, then confronted against...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈There was a long line for a withdrawing deposit〉
...or the report was put off.
The author said he felt something eerie for financial instability which spread out in the whole Japan. It`s a kind of vague anxiety. He was impatient and thought then, what would happen in Japan in the future?
It reminded him of a financial panic in Showa.
『Column, a struggle by Kohe Nakabo』
When Jusen was broke up, an organization which collected the bad loss as much as possible was established. Its president was Kohe Nakabo and he used to be the president of alliance by...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈There was a long line for withdrawing a deposit〉
...each of financial institution thought like that, and guided the depositors into a meeting room in the bank as a manual beforehand, and tried to keep the line within the building of the bank.
Sometimes they distributed numbered tickets to the depositors and asked them to come again in the designated time.
When the movement broke out in the whole Japan automatically, the mass media thought reporting it just out of curiosity, more serious panic was caused, so it was reported in quiet tone, or put off the...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈There was a long line for withdrawing for a deposit〉
As the failure of four financial institution continued one after another in a month alone, everybody thought a bank in which each of them deposited money was all right? An anxiety like that spread out among the whole Japan.
Depositors who were seized by uneasy feeling like that made a line at a teller`s window of banks, and began to withdraw its deposit. Running on a bank 取付騒ぎ started then.
If there was a long line outside a bank, lots of people would be aware of it, so the people were seized by uneasy...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈There was a long line for withdrawing a deposit〉
It was unbelievable, but the unbelievable situation broke up then, and after a week at last the management on Yamaichi which was one of four big stock brokerage firms was at standstill, and decided to give up its business voluntarily. Thus the press conference was done by Nozawa president of Yamaichi in the opening chapter.
Besides Tokuyo City bank of which headquarter was Sendai city in Miyagi prefecture collapsed within a month.
The failure of four financial institution continued in a month one after...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈There was a long line for withdrawing a deposit〉
Management on Sanyo of stock brokerage firm went bankrupt November in 1997. Its all amount of debt was about three hundred forty billion yen. Hokkaido colonial bank also collapsed in the same month in the same year, for unreasonable finance on real estate was done in the time of bubble, and it became a large amount of bad loans.
It was revealed gradually, so the colonial bank lost its confidence, and couldn`t finance. A major bank was at standstill due to being unable to finance, and it went bankrupt.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Confrontation over a shoulder on Jusen〉
However there was a limit on shoulder by banks. As being unable to shoulder which wasn`t theoretically, both of the financial institution of agricultural cooperative and parental organization of banks insisted like that, so there was burden both of them couldn`t shoulder. Its amount of money six hundred eighty five billion yen.
The deficit was made up by public fund. In short, the nation`s tax was used. It was the first case of using the nation`s tax for things after the bubble.
〈There was a line for withdrawing a...〉
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Confrontation over a shoulder on Jusen〉
If accepting the responsibility of the one who lent the money on the financial institution of agricultural cooperative, there were some of them which would go bankrupt. If they went bankrupt, it would have serious influence over farm houses after that.
After all with the pressure by the Liberal Democratic Party which backed up the farm house, the shoulder by the financial institution of agricultural cooperative was stayed to a minimum, and the rest of shoulder was on banks of parent organization which established Jusen
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Confrontation over a shoulder on Jusen〉
On the other hand, the financial institution of agricultural cooperative asserted they lent the money to Jusen in confidence, for Jusen`s parent organizations were banks, so the parent organization should pay.
Two of them confronted.
If a financial institution lent some money other, and the other`s management was at a standstill, the financial institution which lent the money in confidence took the responsibility for it, and it was natural for the financial world, but it wasn`t accepted in relation to Jusen then.
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, a problem on introduction of public fund』
...but if expressed using nations` tax, lots of the Japanese started to get angry, saying it must not be allowed.
〈Confrontation over the shoulder on Jusen〉
When it was decided that. Jusen was brought up, what should we deal with loss by Jusen? Who should pay the loss?
Banks which established Jusen insisted that financial institution of agricultural cooperative which lent the money to Jusen should pay.
On the other hand, the financial institution of agricultural cooperative asserted that they lent the...
＞＞331
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, a problem on introduction of public fund』
Mass media expressed it was an introduction of public fund to the loss by Jusen in the beginning.
Then the author was in charge of a news program for children on TV, NHK週間子供ニュース. He expressed like the next.
Jusen lost their money and its deficit would be made up for by our tax, and after that an expression of a problem on using for the nation`s tax was firmly established.
Even if the phrase of introduction of public fund was used, lots of the people didn`t ring a bell, but when expressed our tax...
【What I`ve thought】
I`ve sometimes had a comment on other thread and talked with a female. The place was limited to two of us, she and me. Some kind people pushed a button for sympathy, but she rejected it. She asked others not to push the button any more, so I`m sorry for the ones who were rejected, for they didn`t pushed the button from ill intentioned, but from a good will.
She used to have a bitter experience here, so she can`t trust anyone easily here except for me. Please forgive her and don`t be displeased with her. I apologize all of them on behalf of her. I`m verry sorry for it.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Jusen became a big problem〉
...so the money was entrusted to Jusen. The money from the agriculture cooperative was made use for the money for buying the land through Jusen, but the bubble burst and the price on land dropped sharply.
As a result the management on companies which were engaged in real estate were at standstill one after another and the money which Jusen lent became bad loans. There used to be eight companies on Jusen, but seven of them went bankrupt and brought up.
『Column,a problem on introducing public fund』
Mass media expressed that...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Jusen became a big problem〉
...but customers were taken away from Jusen, so Jusen was in difficult, and when being in the time of bubble, it lent money not only for salaried workers but the ones who were engaged in real estate.
When banks were limited to lend money to real estate, the ones who were engaged in the real estate rushed to Jusen. Besides, farming houses sold their lands and got a large amount money, and the money gathered to agricultural cooperative, but there weren`t any experts who could make use of the money efficiently there, so the money...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Jusen became a big problem〉
As a result, it was thought the loan on housing wasn`t a job for banks, so major financial institutions established as subsidiary company, but with the development of Japanese economy, building its own house arose a big fad among salaried workers, so the job on Jusen grew up smoothly.
Moreover as computer system on banks were arranged well, even if the money lent to a single salaried worker was small amount, it didn`t cost so much that major banks started a job on the loan of having house for salaried workers , but the...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Jusen became a big news〉
Jusen which was up to ears in debt December in 1995. How should we deal with Jusen? It was a big political problem then.
Jusen was a special company which lends money on housing for possessing its own home even a salaried worker easily, and it was established one after another in 1970.
As to housing loan, its amount of money was from ten million to twenty million yen originally, so its amount of money was small for banks, though even if it`s a small amount for banks it`s a large amount for ordinary ones like me.
As a result it...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Heaped of bad loans were left〉
On the other hand, when being unable to return and having high possibility of being unable to return were called bad loans.
When the bad loans increase, it hits management on banks direct. Banks lend money from depositors and make use of it and get interest, so it`s their profit, their income, but if the money which Banks lent wasn`t returned, and there was no income as interest, banks can`t have enough money which to return to depositors.
Thus increasing of bad loans undermined the ones who managed banks.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble was burst and vacant places were left〉
...and they`ve got income in cash at present, and it was a remain of the bubble.
〈Heaped of bad loans were left〉
The ones who were engaged in real estate who borrowed money with their lands as collateral were at a standstill on their business and went bankrupt one after another, so banks couldn`t return money from them. We call it bad loans.
A bond is a right of returning money from the one who borrowed the money. A situation in which the money they lent was returned smoothly was called a good loan.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble burst and vacant places were left〉
Vacant places which were on the way by forcing and buying up the land were left here and there in a city, for no one tried to buy the land, but even if no one bought the land, there was a tax on the land.
Land owners were so troubled that lots of them built coin operated parking in the vacant places. They gave up constructing a building for a while, instead constructed a parking area so as to change land where there was the parking area into a vacant lot at once in the future when it would be sold, and got...
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column,Onihe in Heise』
...and he was pleased with his nickname so much that he overdid on removing the bubble and caused depression. Some people pointed out like that.
〈The bubble burst and vacant lands were left〉
As no one could borrow money from banks so as to buy lands, people and companies who tried to buy lands newly disappeared. If there was no one buy the land, its price would drop. When the price on the land dropped, the ones who lost sold their stocks in order to make up their deficit, and the price on stocks also dropped. The bubble collapsed.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Column, Onihe in Heise〉
Yasushi Mieno who used to be a president of the Bank of Japan was called Onihe in Heise from Makoto Sataka who was a critic. Onihe is a hero on a novel in Edo era, Heizo Hasegawa.
He kept atrocious fiends like arsonists and robberies under strict control in Edo which was an old capital in Japan in the past, and he was so strict to the atrocious fiends and was feared from them so was called Oni.
Yasushi Mieno was the president in the Bank of Japan who promoted to do away with the bubble was compared with Onihe, but he was pleased...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A step on the price on land started〉
The official discount rate was raised rapidly from 2.5% to 3.25%, to 3.75%, to 4.25%, to 5.25%, and to 6%. Making the official discount rate raise made the whole bank account in Japan, so no one could borrow money from banks easily.
Not only the ones who concerned real estate but ordinary companies were hard to borrow money from banks, so the Bank of Japan tried to aim at letting overheat on the whole business condition calm down.
『Column, Onihe in Heise』
Yasushi Mieno who used to be a president in the Bank of Japan...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A step against price on the land started〉
In addition, a new taxation of its rate 0.3%, the tax on the price on land was introduced from January in 1992, and the fixed property tax from in the past was also raised, as a result, if having a large land, it was forced to pay a large amount of tax.
The Bank of Japan decided to do away with the bubble as well, so it started to raise the official discount rate. It made up its mind and started to raise the bank rate five times only three months and a year from May 1989.
The official discount rate rose from 2.5%...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A step against the price on land started〉
Average price on a condominium in the development project when starting to be sold in Tokyo reached about nine times as high as annual income on a salaried worker, so criticism was heightened against the step on the price for the land by the government.
The amount of money which banks lent the ones who concerned real estate increased violently until then, but the Ministry of Finance requested banks to stop it, saying to stop lending money real estate any more March in 1990.
Moreover the Ministry introduced a new...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A land shark was active behind the scenes〉
Some people took advantage of the exemption law and sold land in the center of city and got some money and bought a new house on suburb. They increased, so the price on land went up in the center of city alone, but it spread out suburb around the city.
〈A step against the price on land started〉
An ordinary salaried worker`s dream for having its own house disappeared because the price on land went up. Average price on a condominium in a development project when starting to be sold reached about nine times as high...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A land shark was active behind the scenes〉
The land was bought up by the land shark one after another and a place bought up became a vacant lot in an instant, and it was as if the vacant lot had been scattered in the residential lot, for the land shark intended to pressure the rest owners psychologically by the situation.
A community in the residential area existed for a long time started to collapse.
After selling the land we got some money, and if buying other land with the money, a tax is exempted. It`s an exemption law when buying other land. Some...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A land shark was active behind the scene〉
A land shark was active behind the scene in a place where houses were crowded in the center of a city. It was a necessary job to develop a land again, but when being in bubble it was overboard, and a gangster organization often intervened in the development.
The gangster organization sometimes intimidated the owner of a land and pressed it to sell the land. An outbreak of fire of which cause was unclear happened one after another. It happened sometimes in some places.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Banks were hot on looking for the ones who banks lent money〉
A banker who had a doubt on the way or the one who protested to the way were demoted. No one could put on the brakes.
〈A land shark 地上げ屋 was active behind the scenes〉
As to the land shark, it was expressed in English like the next.
A speculator who uses strong arm methods to buy up small parcels of land, driving out tenant, and then resells the land in a large block to a developer, usually at a tremendous profit.
The land shark was active behind the scene in a place where houses were crowded...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Banks were hot on looking for the ones who banks lent money〉
The way was adopted.
The ones who were in charge of finance at a branch office in a big bank on suburb were urged to look for an empty land. If finding the empty land, it appealed its owner to build an apartment there.
We are going to finance money with this land as collateral, I recommend you build an apartment with the money.
The banker said like that.
Banks started a job like a development on real estate in order to look for the ones they lent money. A banker who had some doubt on the way...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Banks were hot on looking for the ones who banks lent money〉
Banks were losing good ones who banks lent money. If being unable to lend money big companies as they did until then, they had to break a new ground. They had to look for small and medium sized companies with which they didn`t keep company until then.
However as the ones who were in charge of financing in big banks found it hard to judge whether or not each of small and middle sized company grew or developed.
As long as they owned a land, financing the money with the land as collateral. The way..
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Banks were hot on looking for the ones who banks lent money〉
It was a profitable way for getting fund for the companies. Besides, the top-rated companies issued their corporate bond and could get their fund. The corporate bond is a debt on a company.
A company issued the bond and gathered fund. When the bond falls mature, the company returned the one who bought the bond the money with an interest. If adopting the way, its interest is less than that of borrowing money from banks.
When gathering money, it doesn`t have to consult with banks about money.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Banks were hot on looking for the ones who banks lent money〉
When Japanese economy grew rapidly, big companies borrowed money from banks, expanded their equipments, and making a profit, returning the money to banks.
However in 1980s, without borrowing money from banks, top-rated companies could won a large amount fund as long as they issued their stock in the stock market.
If being able to get fund by issuing the stock, the companies have to pay some money for a dividend every year, but they don`t have to return the money. It`s a profitable way of...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈No one could raise the interest rate in order to stop the bubble〉
In short it was May in 1989 when the Bank of Japan raised the interest rate finally. Extremely low interest rate of 2.5% went on two years and three months. No one could prevent the bubble from swelling until then.
Consideration to America made the bubble worst rapidly in Japan.
〈Banks were hot on looking for the ones banks lent money〉
It is pointed out a structural factor caused the price on land to go up and the bubble was born.
When Japanese economy grew rapidly, big companies ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈No one could raise the official discount rate so as to stop the bubble〉
...and outflow of money from America went ahead then, the stock price dropped more and more in America, and it would have a serious influence over American economy, the Bank of Japan judged like that.
We can express the Bank of Japan thought over America in international way, or it hesitated to raise the official discount rate for America.
Without any hesitation, Germany raised the bank rate, so the bubble didn`t break out in Germany.
In short it was May in 1989 when the Bank of...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈No one could raise the official discount rate in order to stop the bubble〉
...so they would withdraw their money from the stock market in America, as a result the stock price dropped.
All of them thought the stock price would drop, so they tried to sell their stock before the stock price fell, but it caused to drop the stock price actually.
Though Japan waited for a chance to raise the official discount rate, but lost it thanks to the Black Monday. If raising the official discount rate, and raising the interest rate in Japan, outflow of money from...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈No one could raise the interest rate so as to stop the bubble〉
Why did the stock price drop sharply in America?
It is said that investors were worried about in America like the next.
Both of the Japanese and the German were excited because of the good times, but they wouldn`t be able to stand it any more, for the central banks which were afraid of overheated economy would raise the bank rate.
Then interest rate became low relatively in America, so American investors would invest their money overseas, so they would withdraw their money from the stock...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈No one could raise the interest rate in order to stop the bubble〉
The Bank of Japan started to consider to raise the official discount rate. If raising the official discount rate, a bank rate would rise when banks lent money to companies, so movement of borrowing money from bank in order to buy land and stock cool down. The Bank of Japan thought like that.
However stock prices dropped sharply in America then. Average stock price plunged to the lowest price in the past at the stock market in New York October in 1987. It was called a black Monday.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A phenomenon on CIMA happened〉
Both the Ancient Roman Empire and British Empire collected rich from the world when its economic power was in peak. The bubble in Japan resembles it, but it doesn`t always mean that money was used so as to protect art.
Downtowns were alive at night so much that we couldn`t catch an empty taxi easily in Tokyo at night. A store which was open until midnight was born one after another, a bus ran in midnight, the time for the last train went to suburb was postponed. The whole Japan made merry owing to the bubble then.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A phenomenon on CIMA happened〉
As aiming that the price on paintings went up, a large amount of money was used again.
Ryoei Saito who was an honorary president of company on paper manufacturing won both of works painted by Gogh and Renoir in an auction overseas. Their price was over ten billion yen. It was extremely unusual deed.
He said after his death he wanted both of paintings to burn with his body, and the ones who concerned art in America and Europe criticized him he appropriated the treasure which was in common for humankind.
Both of the Ancient...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A phenomenon on CIMA happened〉
An art dealer said on the situation then like the next.
At first, I bought a painting at a gallery in Ginza. Its price was millions yen. When walking around there, we came across other gallery at once, then we sold the painting we bought a short while ago. Then we could make money about three million yen in a few minutes.
When selling and buying paintings in Japan, its price is always unclear. As lots of money was used for paintings, every time selling and buying, its price went up. Aiming that the price went up, a large ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A phenomenon on CIMA happened〉
...people who were in a mood being rich increased so much that they bought that high quality car. Other people analyzed like that.
Membership on a golf course in Koganei country club which was a long established golf course on suburb in Tokyo reached no less than three hundred thirty million yen.
As watching the membership on the golf course was sold at high price, salaried workers who borrowed money and bought the membership for 財テク increased.
When selling and buying paintings, lots of money were used for it. An art...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈A phenomenon on CIMA happened〉
Japan economy newspaper sent out questionnaires to businessmen in 1989, which car did they want to buy? then CIMA was in the first rank.
Why did the high priced car sold like that? There were varied disputes on it.
The price on land was so high that lots of people gave up buying their own houses, but they prepared for money to buy the house, so they used the money for buying CIMA. Some people thought like that.
As the price on land and on stock went up rapidly, people who were in a mood being rich increased so much that..
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up the price on land to going up the price on stock〉
...and caused a big fad on luxury items and traveling abroad among the Japanese, for if comparing them with the price on land and stock in Japan, it looked like the expense on the luxury items in foreign countries and traveling abroad were by far lower.
〈A phenomenon on CIMA happened〉
Thus the bubble swelled.
Nissan which is an automobile company started to sell CIMA January in 1988, though it was a high quality and its price was five million yen, it was sold like hotcakes. Japanese economy...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up the price on land to going up the price on stock〉
...but lots of the Japanese enjoyed it enough, for a ratio of having its own house was over 60% in Japan, if adding the ones who can expect an inheritance from parents, almost 80% of the Japanese have a right for the land, and its price went up violently, so their feeling must have not been bad.
The greater part of the Japanese pretended to hate the price on land went up, but they were pleased with it in secret, feeling we were also rich.
It reflected on consumption soon, and caused a big ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up the price on land to going up the price on stock〉
The amount of a national assets a Japanese was four times as big as an American, five times as an English. Japan became rich because strong yen and the price on land and stock went up if showing the rich with numbers alone.
As the price on land went up, assets on the one who owned the land increased sharply, but the one who didn`t own didn`t increase. As a result, there was a big gap between the Japanese, whether or not having land.
Mass media criticized it was an expansion on gap of fortune...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up the price on land to going up the price on stock〉
...so a resort area and a golf course in Guam or in Hawai belonged to Japanese companies one after another.
Sony bought the Columbia Movie in America, and Mitsubishi bought Rockefeller center in the center of New York. Both of them were the one like a symbol in America, so a criticism that the Japanese companies tried to buy America arose.
Japan became rich record-breaking in history statistically. Its GNP was about $ three trillion which was equal to four hundred twenty trillion yen.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up the price on land to going up the price on stock〉
As both of the price on land and stock continued to rise, we bought land and borrowed money with the land as collateral and bought stock with the money....such as circulation started. Both of the price on land and stock went up as if they had been a rocket.
If calculating, we could buy the whole America with the expense on the land of 23 wards of Tokyo in 1990.
Buying assets overseas by Japanese companies intensified, so a resort area and a golf course in foreign countries belonged to ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up the price on lands to going up the price on stocks〉
A company of which price on stock was high offered new shares at the market price, and won a large amount money easily, so expanding equipment on factories with the rest of money, and buying land with the rest of money. If buying the land, being able to borrow money with the land as collateral 担保.
Our assets increased more and more, being based with the assets, we could borrow more money.
As both of the price on land and stock continued to rise, we bought the land, borrowed money with ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up prices on lands to going up prices on stocks〉
Awareness of buying stocks making money spread out among the Japanese, so lots of the people started a stock trading then.
The more lots of people bought the stock, the more the demand for the stock increased, so the price on stock went up actually.
As the ones who were usually unrelated to stocks started to buy stocks, their price went up, and lots of others who watched it started to buy stocks. An circulation started then.
A Company of which price on its stock was high issued its stocks at...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈From going up price on lands to going up prices on stocks〉
After having the name of NTT, Japanese government alone possessed its stock, but selling the stock to ordinary people and get an income for the government revenue.
When starting to sell by the government, its price was one million a hundred ninety thousand yen. The stock was popular among the Japanese so much that the ones who wanted to buy rushed, and the price on stock went up to three million one hundred eighty thousand yen after two months. Its price was close to triple.
Awareness that buying...
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, strong yen caused a boom on big name brand』
Lots of Japanese tourists bought all goods on big name brand they could find in a group in foreign countries, and they disgusted foreign people then.
The author said 日本人観光客は、ブランド品も顰蹙も買った
I wanted to express in English exactly, but to my sorrow, I can`t express its irony in English well, especially the part that ブランド品も顰蹙も買った。I find it hard.
〈From going up the price on lands to going up the price on stocks〉
Stock on NTT was listed in the first section February in 1987. The company used to have other name.
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, strong yen caused a boom on a big name brand』
Traveling abroad was a big fad among the Japanese owing to strong yen. As strong yen means that value on Japanese yen goes up, prices on goods in foreign counties go down relatively.
As an expense for going abroad became reasonable, lots of the Japanese travelled abroad. When graduating from university, its students usually go on a trip, and its destination became foreign countries, but it was never unusual then.
We could buy foreign good which had a big brand name with more reasonable price than before.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Money was used for lands due to the low interest〉
...so a very good piece of land in Tokyo was sold with high price, and its price extended around the places.
The price on lands started to go up more and more, so not only the ones who were concerned real estate, but ordinary companies competed with others and started to buy lands. As to its fund, they were financed by banks with the low interest.
Some critics on economy asserted that if a manager didn`t do 財テク, it was incompetent.
『Column, strong yen caused a boom on a big name brand』
Traveling abroad...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Money was used for lands due to the low interest〉
If getting lands enough before they were lacking, we can expect lots of income because the price on lands would go up in the future.
As the number on the plan alone got out of control, major companies on real estate or construction companies started to secure lands in Tokyo.
Moreover financial institution of America and Europe watched Japanese economy which continued to develop, and advanced into Japan altogether. They needed their office and company houses for employees, so a very good piece of land was...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Money was used for lands due to the low interest〉
There was a sentence in the plan like the next.
Japanese offices would need five thousand hectares in total until 2000. It`s equal to one hundred and fifty high rise buildings.
The context on the sentence continued that it was necessary to move functions on the metropolitan government office so as to prevent the situation from happening, but the ones who read showed other reaction.
They thought the government said lands would be lacking in Tokyo in near future. If getting lands before they were lacking...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Money was used for lands due to the low interest〉
There used to be a mythology on lands in Japan for a long time like the next.
While Japan has small lands, there are lots of population there. Demand for lands are steadfast, and prices on land would never drop. The price on lands continues to go up consistently after the war.
Data proved that the mythology was true was announced, and it made a boom on lands start then. The data was like the next.
Then the Agency of national land announced a plan of remodelling metropolitan, and there are sentences in...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Money was used for lands due to the low interest〉
As being the strong yen, the price on importing goods from foreign countries dropped, a consumption boom occurred in Japan. There was an unprecedented good times in Japanese economy then.
As being able to borrow a large amount of money with the low interest, some companies thought of making money, except for their main occupations. A meaning of technical skill of increasing fortune, a word of 財テク was popular among the Japanese.
Companies paid attention to lands. There used to be a mythology on lands in Japan
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Being in low interest on account of a step against a weak market for strong yen〉
...then building materials would be sold well, economic condition activity would be better. Japanese government thought like that.
The official discount rate dropped five times in total from 1985 to 1987, and it fell to no more than 2.5% which was the lowest in the past then.
〈Money was used for lands due to the low interest〉
As the interest became low, companies borrowed money from banks with the low interest, and poured money into expanding management. As being strong...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Being in low interest on account of a step against a weak market for strong yen〉
Though the official discount rate has never been used at present, it used to be a basic interest which decided a standard for the whole Japanese interest then.
If the official discount rate dropped, an ordinary interest also would drop when financial institution lent money to companies. If the interest was low, companies didn`t have to pay the interest so much even if borrowing money from a bank.
When a varied companies borrowed money from a bank, and build a new factory...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Being in low interest on account of a step against depression for strong yen〉
When being strong yen, even if prices on Japanese goods didn`t change in Japan, its prices go up in foreign countries. If the price became almost double, even if the quality on Japanese goods were wonderful, they weren`t sold.
As Japanese industry for exporting received a heavy damage by helping America, Japan suffered from serious depression, the depression due to the strong yen.
The Bank of Japan dropped the official discount rate as step for a weak market. Though the...
【The bubble was born and burst】
『Column, Takeshita Minister of Finance pretended to go for playing golf』
Noboru Takeshita who was then the Minister of Finance thought of a way of going to America without being conscious by mass media in Japan. He went to take pains for it, and pretended to go to play golf.
He preserved a golf course near Narita airport, and started to play golf actually. Mass media made sure that Takeshita started to play golf and withdrew. After that Takeshita went to the airport in clothing when playing golf.
〈Being in low interest on account of a step against...〉
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Strong yen which went ahead rapidly〉
...and the money started to go out of America and went overseas. A movement of changing dollar into mark of German currency or into Japanese yen spread out over the world, and weak dollar went ahead.
After that a movement of strong yen didn`t stop, a dollar was below two hundred yen January in 1986.
『Column, Takeshita minister of finance who pretended to go for playing golf』
The conference which aimed at the Plaza Accord was held in absolutely secrecy.
Noboru Takeshita who was then the Ministry of Finance thought of...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈Strong yen which went ahead rapidly〉
...and the value on the yen would rise.
Thus the dollar changed from 242 yen into 230 yen in a day. It`s a strong yen and weak dollar extremely.
Though the author said like that, but it`s just that it was lower than previous yen by no more than twelve yen. Was it so serious then? It doesn`t ring a bell for me at all.
On the other hand, America dropped interest in its country. If the interest was low, even if being deposited money at bank in America, its interest didn`t increase as it was, so money started go out of....
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The strong yen which went ahead abruptly〉
The Ministry of Finance sold dollar and bought yen through the Bank of Japan. In short it exchanged a large amount dollar into yen.
The price on currency is fixed by a relation between demand and supply like the price on commodities. A currency which had a lots of demand goes up its price, and its demand goes down, the price also did the same.
If the dollar was sold in a large amount, demand for dollar would decrease, so the value on the dollar would fall. If buying yen, demand for yen would increase, and its...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble started from the Plaza Accord〉
If American economy broke down, its influence over the whole economy would be serious. Other four nation thought like that, so they cooperated with the policy of weak dollar in America, especially Japan made a promise that it would made progress on strong yen and weak dollar more than other nations.
〈Strong yen which went ahead rapidly〉
Immediate after the Plaza Accord, the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan bought yen and sold dollar in a large scale. The Ministry of Finance bought yen and sold dollar...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble started from the Plaza Accord〉
...but the price changed into one million two hundred thousand yen in Japan, so the price on American goods dropped so much that it would be sold well, and the deficit on trade would be done away with. America thought like that.
As to Japanese goods exported to America, an automobile of which price was two million forty hundred thousand yen in Japan goes up from $ ten thousand to twenty thousand, so the sales on Japanese goods dropped in America, and deficit on trade against Japan would decrease. America thought.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble started from the Plaza Accord〉
Japan was forced to lead a breakthrough the situation and to remove an inequality trade between Japan and America, so allowed to be strong yen and weak dollar.
Then a dollar in America was equal to two hundred forty yen in Japan. American dollar becomes cheaper than Japanese yen. For example, it means that the one of which price is 240 yen changes into 120 yen.
Let`s suppose there was an automobile of which price was ten thousand dollar in America. Its price was two million and four hundred thousand yen, but...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble started from the Plaza Accord〉
As to the deficit on trade in America doubled from $ sixty seven billion in 1983 to $ one hundred twelve billion in the next year. About one third of the deficit was a trade against Japan.
Japanese goods poured into American market as if it had been avalanche, so the deficit on trade was caused in America. The deficit on trade against Japan was expanded so much that there was a movement on limitation against import for Japanese goods.
Japan was forced to lead to a breakthrough the situation and to remove an...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈The bubble started from Plaza Accord〉
Ministers from financial ministry and presidents from central bank gathered at a high rank hotel, Plaza at New York in America from developed five nations like America, England, West Germany, France and Japan and held a meeting September in 1985.
Then each nation joined force so as to drop value of dollar in America and to raise the one on yen in Japan was decided there. We call it the Plaza Accord.
Exportation didn`t expand and deficit on trade continued to increase in America in those days. As to the deficit on...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈What was the bubble?〉
...and they felt as if they had been rich, and an automobile of high quality, vacation condominium, and membership of golf course were sold like hot cakes. Then Japanese companies bought all the lands and buildings in America.
A word of bubbly which was Japanese English means a luxurious life and wasting one`s money was born. Young females dancing in a disco called Juliana`s Tokyo who were showy and frivolous was a topic. It`s a kind of abortive flower from the bubble.
〈The bubble started from the Plaza Accord〉
Ministers of Finance...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈What was the bubble?〉
Companies which borrowed a large amount of money took advantage of the fund and tried to make money. Materials for making money was a land and a stock.
Lots of people bought up the land and a price on the land went up. If the land of which price went up was mortgaged, banks lent lots of money, and buying other land with the money. The price on the land went up again.
Fund getting by selling and buying the land was used for a stock, so the price of stock went up suddenly. After buying the land and stocks their prices went up, they...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈As employees aren`t in the wrong...〉
...and others said Japan was defeated twice, for Japan was lost again. Why did the bubble appear?
〈What is the bubble?〉
The bubble symbolizes something vacant which disappears at once. The bubble in Japanese economy burst in an instant.
The bubble occurred in Japan in 1980s. When lending some money to a company from bank, there is an interest, and the interest was dropped drastically so as to borrow the money for companies easily.
Companies which borrowed a large amount of money took advantage of the fund and tried...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈As employees aren`t wrong...〉
Its reaction was exactly Japanese style.
Average stock price on the Tokyo Stock Price was 38.915 yen at the end of year of 1989. It was best until then, but it continued to drop after that. It`s a collapse on bubble economy. When being in the press conference by the president of Yamaichi in tears, the average stock price dropped to half of the best price.
After the bubble collapsed, Japanese economy went into a tunnel of long and serious depression. Some people called it a lost decade, and others said Japan was defeated ...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈As employees aren`t in the wrong...〉
...saying the employees aren`t in the wrong, Nozawa shouted and flung himself down on the desk in tears. It was broadcast on news program of TV over and over again. Mass media overseas responded to it coldly, saying it`s natural for the company to go bankrupt, for the manager started to cry in an official place.
However a movement of trying to adopt the employees who lost their job in Yamaichi spread among other companies in Japan. The appeal by the president in tears was effective for the employees to look for their job.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈As employees aren`t in the wrong...〉
A situation which a small-middle sized company suffered from happened to a major financial institution. To make matters worse, a fact that Yamaichi had a secret debt which wasn`t on an account book was brought to light. Its amount of money was over two hundred sixty billion yen.
Shohei Nozawa who was installed as new president immediate before Yamaichi discontinued its business was moved to tears on his situation in the middle of the press conference, saying the ones who were in the wrong are us the executive officers...
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈As the employees aren`t in the wrong...〉
In this month immediately before, a failure in financial institution in a big scale happened one after another, for example, Sanyo stock brokerage firm and bank of Hokkaido colonial.
As a result, a distrust on Yamaichi of which management situation was bad became strong, and no financial institution which borrowed money for Yamaichi. As having a hard time on making do with its limited funds, Yamaichi discontinued its business.
A situation on going bankrupt of a small and middle sized company happened to a major....
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Even if being in the red on the national finance would increase, urging to increase the local enterprise continues. A thing like Kakuei Tanaka has existed just now.
The next chapter has started.
【The bubble was born and burst】
〈As employees aren`t in the wrong....〉
Shohei Nozawa who was the president in Yamaichi of a stock brokerage firm held a press conference November in 1997, and announced Yamaichi discontinue its business voluntarily. One of four big companies of the stock brokerage firm disappeared suddenly
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
While financial affairs failed in a city like Yubari in Hokkaido prefecture and the cost on social welfare and medication was reduced, construction on roads running through the city alone continued. A distorted structure was born.
Changing the special resource of revenue on roads into ordinary one showed us an end on the time of Kakuei Tanaka was over finally, but the voice of making use of the public enterprise for development in local area has been deep-rooted.
Even if being in the red on the national finance...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Then the Yasuo Fukuda Prime Minister decided to change the special resource of revenue on roads into ordinary one March in 2008. Tax on gasoline is used not only for roads but for social welfare as ordinary budget. It was carried out from 2009.
A mallet of Luck which was the special resource of revenue on roads continued to increase the income in the National Treasury with the increase of numbers on automobiles. With that, construction on roads continued.
While financial affairs failed in a city, and the cost ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
『Column, there is an opinion that the Lockheed case was a plot』
As a result, the Lockheed case was a plot in order to plunge Tanaka into a difficult situation, but West Germany, France, and Italy were an objection on acceptance of a bribe, and it was disclosed. How can the plot explain it? It has no persuasive a bit.
The Lockheed case was a big one not only in Japan but in other countries where it was revealed.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Then the Yasuo Fukuda Prime Minister decided changed special source of revenue on roads into...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
...so it means that the guilt on Tanaka was recognized practically, but the guilt on Tanaka himself wasn`t settled.
『Column, there was an opinion that Lockheed case was a plot』
As to the Lockheed case, an opinion that it was a conspiracy by American capital on energy was fed from Tanaka side, and some people have believed in it even at present.
When the Tanaka Cabinet was formed, Japan was surprised at oil shock and went ahead with its original policy, so it arose America`s anger. The case was plotted in...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
Instead, Makiko ran for the National Assembly from the same electoral district and was elected in 1993. Tanaka was dead December in the same year. Then his age was 75.
Then the political power changed from the Liberal Democratic Party to Hosokawa coalition government which was anti Liberal Democratic Party in Japan.
Judgement on the trial of the Lockheed case wasn`t done then. As Tanaka was dead, the trial on himself was rejected. After that guilty on a secretary who was prosecuted with Tanaka was finalized..
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
...and he couldn`t talk with others enough.
Without being aware by the members in National Assembly of Tanaka fraction, soon Tanaka was taken to his home by Makiko who was his daughter, and continued to undergo rehabilitation at his home.
Members of Tanaka fraction who joined 創生会 weren`t allowed to see him.
Election on the Lower House was done in the next year, without appearing Niigata, he was elected with the more voters than any other candidates, but retired from the political world in 1989.
Instead...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
However Noboru Takeshita who was one of executives in Tanaka fraction organized 創生会 which was Takeshita fraction February in 1985, and Tanaka got angry with it.
After that he often drank heavily and led a sort of wild life, so after twenty days from the start on 創生会, he fell down at his home and was in hospital. In the beginning, it was announced that he suffered from a slight stroke, but it was actually a cerebral infarction, and became a paralysis of one side of the body, so he couldn`t talk with others...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
...waiting for Tanaka to arrive for hours when it continued to snow as if they had prayed for the God and Buddhism. Others who live in a big city couldn`t understand their feeling a bit.
Tanaka`s sentence was guilty in the Tokyo High Court, and Tanaka filed an appeal, and the scene of the story moved to the Supreme Court.
After the Lockheed case, Tanaka maintained influence over the political world overwhelmingly, leading the Tanaka fraction, and he was called the strong man behind the scenes in Mejiro.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
...and going to hospital in neighborhood, they had to go over the mountain in front of them, devoting the whole day to do it in some areas, but Tanaka made a tunnel and opened for the traffic, arranged the roads, so they`be learned to take a few minutes to go over the mountain.
Tanaka happened to be late for a place where he made a speech thanks to a heavy snow in the middle of an election. His supporters spread a straw mat on the road where there were accumulating snow and sat on the straw mat, waiting for...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
There was serious criticism one after another from all over Japan, except for Niigata prefecture, for making the one who was guilty owing to a corruption be elected, but the local people didn`t desert Tanaka.
His secretary expressed in her book like the next.
How much the residents in Echigo area underwent unspeakable suffering until Kakuei Tanaka appeared as statesman!
Niigata prefecture was covered with heavy snow one third of the whole year. Even if there was an emergency case, and going to a neighbor...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
Except for Tanaka, four candidates were elected, but even if adding all the votes from the second to the fifth place in total, it was far from the Tanaka`s votes.
Akiyuki Nosaka who was an author ran for the National Assembly from the same electoral district, appealing criticism on Tanaka, but was defeated just behind the successful candidate. His number of votes obtained was twenty eight thousand. It was one tenth to Tanaka.
Except for Niigata, there was severe criticism from all over Japan, for making ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈The sentence on Tanaka was guilty〉
The Tokyo District Court sentenced four years` imprisonment, and a half billion of money paid in addition October in 1983. Tanaka was guilty, but had an objection to it, and filed an appeal.
After two months, there was a general election on the Lower House, and Tanaka was elected in the third electoral district in Niigata prefecture, obtaining over two hundred and twenty thousand votes overwhelmingly.
Then the medium sized constituency system was adopted. More than one candidate was elected there. Except...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈There were letters on the name of Kakuei Tanaka〉
Tanaka was arrested June in 1976 and was taken to the Tokyo District Public Prosecutor`s Office then. His direct suspicion on the arrest was receiving fund of half billion yen from a foreign country.
Moreover when being indicted, other crime was added to him. He received fund of a half billion yen from Lockheed company through Marubeni which was a business company, and pressured Zennikku with the authority of the Prime Minister and made Zennikku buy 21 airplane, TriStar.
〈The sentence on...〉
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈There are letters on the name of Kakuei Tanaka〉
When starting the research, data reached the special investigation in the Tokyo District Public Prosecutor`s office from America. Its documents included a list on the process of the bribery. The one who was at the scene said like the next.
I tried to compose myself so as to suppress an excitement arising from myself. All of us followed a movement on the bribery of the list, and found the name of Kakuei Tanaka written by alphabet, then there was a low commotion among us in a conference room.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Column, reporters who were lookouts〉
The author of this book who was a greenhorn then was asked to go to Tokyo as lookout from Matsue in Shimane prefecture where he he was engaged in mass media.
When Kakuei was arrested, he was a lookout in front of the Tokyo District Public Prosecutor`s office until the previous day at night, but he was watching other concerned on the day when Kakuei was arrested, so unfortunately he wasn`t able to be at present when he was arrested.
〈There were letters of Kakuei Tanaka〉
When starting an investigation...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
『Column, reporters who were lookouts』
...all concerned like executives in Marubeni were arrested one after another, but the Tokyo District Public Prosecutor`s Office had kept its mouth shut, so mass media couldn`t grasp who was arrested in the next.
Then each company on the press tried to overpower by sheer force of numbers 人界戦術. Mobilizing young reporters from branches all over Japan, and making them watch the Tokyo District Public Prosecutor`s Office and its concerned of which houses they lived in.
The author of this book who was a ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈It started from a report by America〉
Who was the high official in the government? It reminded plenty of the Japanese of the face of Kakuei Tanaka, but then there was no evidence in the least.
Joint inspection by three groups like special investigation on Tokyo District Public Prosecutor Office, the Metropolitan Police report, and Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau started in cooperative way. Then Lockheed case started.
『Column,』
With the investigation by the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau, all concerned like executives in Marubeni were a...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈It started from a report by America〉
Ethics on a company of Lockheed which produced airplanes was asked in the committee of Senator.
It was revealed that the company of Lockheed gave $ sixteen million which was equivalent to four billion eight hundred million yen to agents of Japan, West Germany, France and Italy in order to sell its airplane.
After two days, its vice-president testified he paid $ two hundred million to a Japanese high official in the government through Marubeni. Japan was thrown into utter confusion then. Who was the high...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A patron for Tanaka was exposed by Takashi Tachibana〉
His successor was Takeo Miki, who was the next Prime Minister.
When retiring, Tanaka defended himself, saying as to a suspicion on the source of money, he would investigate it carefully, put in order, and show there was no suspicion at all, but eventually it wasn`t done.
〈It started from a report by America〉
A committee watching on jobs which developed into the international society was held by American Senator February in 1974.
Ethics on a company of Lockheed which produced airplanes...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A patron for Tanaka was revealed by Takashi Tachibana〉
As to making funds by Tanaka, if picking up one by one, it is hard to be against a law and to evade a tax, but it was obvious that he operated intentionally without paying taxation, and it appeared one after another, more and more.
The ordinary people thought it was a figure who dealt with the whole Japan, isn`t it?
AsTanaka couldn`t resist against the criticism on him in the society, he was forced into a position in which he showed retire from the Prime Minister, and his successor was...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A patron for Tanaka was revealed by Takashi Tachibana〉
...and the executive asked the secretary, opening the Bungeishunju, the article was written like that. How about it?
The Regional Taxation Bureau didn`t have any data.
The secretary published a book for herself, and wrote like that in her book.
Immediately after the Bungeishunju was sold, a lecture for correspondents of foreign reporters staying in Japan was held by the Prime Minister, and questions from foreign reporters centered on articles of the Bungeishunju, so it became a big news.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A patron for Tanaka was disclosed by Takashi Tachibana〉
Then Tanaka`s side fed information that an opposing group against Tanaka offered the data so as to plunge Tanaka into a difficult situation, but if reading the book, it was clear at glance that the group of collecting data gathered information on foot, using their own brains, being based on the data, Tachibana wrote down in splendid way.
Aki Sato who was a secretary for Tanaka then was asked to come to the Regional Taxation Bureau from its executive, and the executive asked her, opening...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A patron for Tanaka was disclosed by Takashi Tachibana〉
Takashi Tachibana and a group of collecting data collected information on Kakuei, and Tachibana wrote it for in the book.
Tanaka established a paper companies in name only, and bought up lands, sold it with good timing, and got plenty of fund. Tachibana and his group investigated his trick carefully.
It was such a good timing that we`re forced to think that Tanaka sensed a plan for development by the government beforehand, or he made the government office move at will.
Then Tanaka`s ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He is a genius on a way of handing money〉
He thought there was almost nothing he couldn`t solve with the money in the world. He was a devotee on his own idea, and carried it out in every respects thoroughly.
He seemed to have thrown lots of money everybody around him, but where did the money come from? A person who gave a clear explanation appeared.
〈A patron for Tanaka was disclosed by Takashi Tachibana〉
Bungeishunju running a study on Kakuei Tanaka ,his patron and his group sharing political and financial links was sold October in 1974.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He is a genius of handing money to others〉
In short he is a genius on a way of handing cash to others.
If being handed some money from others, almost all of the people would be perplexed or feel something unpleasant, but Tanaka`s way would never made others feel like that.
They would accept the money, smiling wryly, thought it can`t be helped, and without being conscious of it, they would be fans of him. He was a rare money-brokering politician, the one who worships the money.
He thought there was almost nothing he couldn`t solve with the ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He is a genius on a way of handing some money to others〉
When others thought it was a reasonable price, if handing the money less than it, the money would not only useless but minus. Hand others as much money as possible. If there are ten people, hand half of them at least. Hand the money as many people as possible.
Though half of the money which you gave would disappear anywhere. Some of them put the money in their pockets. It would be useless, but it`s all right, for the rest of the money would be effective.
In short he was a genius on...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He was genius on a way of handing some money to others〉
...he not only gave a generous tip to a geisha, but handed ten thousand yen to a waitress, and a man at the entrance in charge of footwear.
When handing money, he tried to do it with his own hand in cash as much as possible. It was a way Tanaka adopted.
His secretary put some money in a bag in a golf course, and after playing golf was over he handed money to a caddy with his own hand.
It is said Tanaka always used to say others around him like the next.
When others thought it was a...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He was a genius on a way of handing money to others〉
On the other hand he had plenty of episodes on money.
When a Diet-man who belonged to an intraparty fraction being opposed to him in Liberal Democratic Party was in hospital, he often visited the hospital for him until he left the hospital.
Every time Tanaka left a monetary gift for him in one million yen. The one million yen then is equal to four million yen at present.
He didn`t spend his money on statesmen alone.
Whenever going to a first-class Japanese restaurant, he gave a generous...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A secret on Tanaka who is popular among the Japanese〉
He wasn`t the one like that.
There are lots of poor district which wasn`t blessed economically like Niigata prefecture in the whole Japan. How would he make the area be profitable? He paid attention all over Japan.
It was extracted from a book, My diary for Kakuei Tanaka, written by Akiko Sato.
As Tanaka brought up in a circumstance which wasn`t blessed, he paid attention to the ones who were in weak position, consideration shown to them thoroughly. It was one of causes why he is popular.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A secret on Tanaka who is popular among the Japanese〉
There was a Diet-man belonged to Socialism Party who was defeated in an election in the same electoral district with Tanaka.
Tanaka was worried about him and sent him some money every month without being aware by him.
The Diet-man belonged to the Socialism political party didn`t know he was helped by Tanaka until he was dead.
It is said Tanaka was a statesman who thought of the third district in Niigata alone, the one who thought of being profitable for his local area was the first....
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A secret on Tanaka who was popular among the Japanese〉
...so he investigated a bureaucrat of central government ministries and agencies thoroughly over when start to be the bureaucrat, academic background, birthday, and family members. Tanaka sent it a present every phase which was important for it, for example its birthday, a wedding anniversary, and the bureaucrat became his supporter.
Even if being political rival for him, when something unhappy happened to its relatives, he would rush to the person.
There was a Diet-man who was defeated...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A secret on Tanaka who is popular among the Japanese〉
Tanaka had a vast garden at his big house in Mejiro, and there was a big pond at it, and lots of carp were swimming there. He fed the carp in a business suit, wearing a pair of geta and made others take a photograph for him.
If looking at the photograph objectively, it looked the bad taste typical of new rich, so some people would knit their brows, but everyone loves his frank personality.
He was a genius to understand the subtleties of human nature, so he investigated a bureaucrat of...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China has come true〉
...for Remodelling Japan Islands has by far older history, and it`s a symbol for Tanaka who made much of economic policy.
When starting the politcal power is the most powerful. Ironically, the biggest energy on the Tanaka government was poured into the restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China, and his name was left in history on account of the restoration on the diplomatic relation.
〈A secret on Tanaka who is popular among the Japanese〉
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China has come true〉
Fifty six thousand people rushed to a zoo in Ueno on the first day when the pandas were open to the public, and the panda was a big fad among the Japanese.
The restoration on the diplomatic relation was done after no more than three months being the Prime Minister, but this time may have been a peak for the Tanaka government.
What Tanaka wanted to carry out must have been Remodelling Japan Islands rather than the restoration on the diplomatic relation, for...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China has come true〉
After being arrested in the case of Lockheed and being an defendant on the trial, Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 visited Tanaka when he came to Japan, for Tanaka was a special person for China then. Makiko Tanaka was called pro-Chinese owing to the situation.
With commemoration for the restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China, two pandas were presented to Japan from China. Japan used to have little knowledge on the panda until then.
Fifty six thousand...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China has come true〉
China won`t request any compensation against Japan on the war.
Japan cut the connection with Taiwan and chose China. After that, Chinese government expressed on Tanaka who dug a well, saying it wouldn`t forget him.
Digging a well? I`m sure he didn`t dig a well actually, it`s a kind of comparison, and I`m sure Chinese government was grateful to Tanaka then, but I`m worried about the phrase.
In short China made much of Tanaka after that.
After being arrested in ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Restoration on the diplomatic relation Japan and China has come true〉
...and at a talk with Zhou Enlai Prime Minister, after a heated discussion, they published a joint declaration between Japan and China.
The situation on the war between China and Japan was over formally, and after six years, the peace treaty between Japan and China was concluded formally.
Next things were included in the joint declaration.
Japan allowed the government in Chinese continent alone to be a lawful government.
China won`t request any compensation against...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China has come true〉
Successive political power in the Liberal Democratic Party had such a deep relation with the government in Taiwan that they couldn`t establish the diplomatic relation with China a bit.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan took a policy making much of Taiwan, so it was opposed to visiting China by Tanaka, but Tanaka made executives in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs resign, and carried out the visit in China then.
He visited China September in 1972, and was at...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China〉
After the World War Second, a government of the national party which ruled over the Chinese continent lost the communist Party in China over a civil war and ran away to Taian, then the government controlled by the communist party was established in China.
Though Japan established a diplomatic relation with the government in Taiwan in 1952, bud didn`t with the one in Chinese continent, so unnatural situation continued for a long time.
Successive political power on the Liberal...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Rescuing Yamaichi brokerage firm〉
...but there was no helping hand from the government then, so Yamaichi went bankrupt, and vanished.
Tanaka continued to get results over and over again in a political stage, and took office as Prime Minister July in 1972 at last.
〈Restoration on a diplomatic relation between Japan and China came true〉
The biggest achievement done by Tanaka was the restoration the diplomatic relation between Japan and China, besides he carried it out after no more than two month being the Prime Minister.
After the world...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Rescuing Yamaichi brokerage firm〉
...lending the money through some banks which dealt with the Japan Bank.
There was a criticism that the Japan Bank lent a private company the money however it needed, but financial instability which became worse was dispelled altogether. Tanaka`s ability was evaluated.
Yamaichi was rescued with the special finance by the Japan Bank then, after that an economic boom made the company rebuild its finance, but with the collapse of bubble, its management became worse again, but there was no helping hand from the...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Rescuing Yamaichi brokerage firm〉
Some other people who thought that other brokerage firms may have been in dangerous thronged to other ones, and stood in a long line.
Then Kakuei Tanaka was engaged in the Minister of Finance. He carried out a special finance from the Japan Bank against Yamaichi right away.
The Japan Bank lent Yamaichi the fund without security indefinitely, but there was no mechanism for lending money to a brokerage firm direct, so lending money through some banks which dealt...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
Makiko Tanaka who was a daughter of Kakuei Tanaka took office as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and immediate after she seemed try to confront executives in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it shows that she tried to model herself on her father.
〈Rescuing Yamaichi stock brokerage firm〉
Japanese economy suffered from depression in 1965. With stagnation on economy,Yamaichi stock brokerage firm fell into financial difficulties then.
When it was reported, lots of customers rushed to Yamaichi.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
...so there was a criticism that going on building wonderful roads in the heart of mountain where almost no one went. His political inheritance was remained there.
Tanaka took office as the Ministry of postal service at his age of 39 in 1957. No sooner had he been the Minister than made two of bureau chiefs retire in order to stop a factional strife by executives.
He controlled the ministry with his strong arm altogether.
Makiko Tanaka who was his daughter took office as the Minister of Foreign...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
There was tax on gasoline so as to arrange roads all over Japan, and its tax revenue was used for arrangement on roads alone. It`s the specified revenue source on roads.
After the revenue source was born, arrangement on roads was continued regardless of the whole budget. It was a driving force for arrangement on roads in Japan.
However even if arrangement on main roads was over, its tax revenue continued to increase, and it was used for arrangement on road alone, so there was criticism that going...
【Remodelling Japan islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
He suggested a bill and made a law for himself one after another. His way of job was compared to a bulldozer and he was quick at understanding and had rich in his idea, so he was called the bulldozer with a computer. He was the bulldozer which was from a snowy country.
The Koizumi Cabinet which was born in 2001 came out with reexamining specified source of revenue on road, and it was a big news, but it was from Tanaka`s idea.
There is a tax on gasoline for automobiles so as to arrange roads all...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
He was arrested with a suspicion of corruption when being a parliamentary vice-minister of the Ministry Justice in 1948. When he was in a house of detention, the House of Representatives were dissolved, and he ran for the election from the house of detention, and was elected then.
As to the suspicion, he was sentenced guilty in Tokyo district court, but wasn`t guilty in Tokyo high court. After that the arrest added fresh fuel to his job as statesman.
He suggested a bill and made a law for himself...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
He got married to Hanako in 1942, and had his first son in the same year, and his first daughter, Makiko in 1942. His son was dead when he was five years old, so his child between him and Hanako was Makiko alone.
He ran for a general Lower House election April in 1946, which was for the first time after the war. A phrase on his poster was shouting from young blood.
He was defeated in the election then but was elected in the next year for the first time. Thus he started as statesman from then.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
After graduating from elementary school which was equivalent to junior high school at present, he went to Tokyo.
He worked at a construction company and went to a night school, and established an office for construction at age of nineteen, he became a president for the company.
Though he was recruited into the army, he suffered from tuberculosis, so he was discharged from the military then, and started on job of the office of construction company in the middle of the Pacific War.
He got married...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
『Column,oil shock』
As Japanese government needed the petroleum and changed its diplomacy in the Middle East into being close to Arab then, and it was criticized ironically Japan was close to oil rather than Arab.
In Japanese 日本はアラブ寄りと言うよりは、アブラ寄り, if expressing in English alone, I can`t express its nuance. I`ve thought a language is difficult.
〈A bulldozer which was from a snowy country〉
Kakuei Tanaka was born Futaba village which is Kashiwazaki city at present in Niigata prefecture in 1918. His house dealt with a cow and horse, and was poor.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
『Column, Nixon shock』
As then the Nixon President announced it abruptly, so the world was shocked at it, so it was named Nixon shock.
『Column, oil shock』
Egypt and Syria raided on Israel October in 1973 in the Middle East, and the fourth Middle East War broke out then.
There were lots of oil producing nation in Arab, so they thought of using petroleum as weapon when dealing with the West.
Raising price on petroleum and collecting fund, at the same time stopping selling and adopting reduction on the petroleum to nations which supported Israel.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
『Column, Nixon shock』
...and currency of each nation was always able to exchange with dollar on the fixed exchange rate.
Furthermore, if each nation asked America to exchange dollar with gold, America accepted it and exchanged dollar with gold on hand.
However in the middle of the Cold War between East and West, America spent its fund so much in order to be opposed to Soviet, so American didn`t have enough gold then, and refused to exchange dollar with the gold. At the same time, it asked Japan to revalue the yen.
As Nixon announced it...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Skyrocket prices were caused〉
...and Fukuda said the prices went up as if it had been a skyrocket, so the phrase of the skyrocket prices was popular among us then.
Decision and practice by Tanaka suffered a setback very early. Under Fukuda Minister of Finance who insisted on a stable economic growth, the course which Tanaka adopted was forced to amend.
『Column, Nixon shock』
After the World War Second, when paying for international trade, dollar was used. Dollar become the money for the world, and currency of each nation was always ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Skyrocket prices were caused〉
It was oil shock.
Japan has imported a large amount of petroleum as energy resource, so if the price on petroleum rose, it led to going up all the prices on commodities. Japan Islands were attacked by violent inflation then.
Consumers were under impression that goods disappeared, they started stocking enough goods, and a panic was caused each place.
There was a long line in front of a supermarket asking for toilet paper then.
Takeo Fukuda took office as the Minister of Finance in the Tanaka Cabinet in 1974...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Skyrocket prices were caused〉
As a result, economic measures to boost demand was adopted like dropping interests in banks before the Tanaka Cabinet started.
Then an expansion on expenditure by the government owing to the remodelling Islands, so the business condition went extremes and overheated.
Expectation from development on cities, railways and roads caused a heavy buying, and prices started to go up violently then.
Moreover, oil-producing nations in the Middle East announced raising up the price on crude oil and reduction on production.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Skyrocket prices were caused〉
It`s what`s called Nixon shock. It made an exchanging rate in which 1 dollar was 360yen continued for twenty two years collapse and a strong yen started.
If being in the strong yen, when exporting Japanese goods overseas, though its price doesn`t change in Japan, it goes up overseas, so there is a fear that exporting goods won`t be sold there.
If the price for exporting left as it was, its price in Japan had to be dropped, so Japanese companies would suffer from a damage, Japanese government thought like that.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
『Column, the theory on remodelling Japan Islands』
Some of members who listened to it shared some parts each other and wrote, and a book of remodelling Japan Islands was completed.
Though there were several ghost writers, its original was done by Tanaka.
〈A skyrocket prices were caused〉
The decision and practice by Tanaka caused an inflation confusing Japanese economy so much.
Then the President Nixon in America stopped exchanging gold with dollars which is American currency in previous year before the Tanaka Cabinet started. It was...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
『Column, the theory on remodelling Japan Islands』
...and about nine hundred ten thousand of copies were sold. A bestseller written by a statesman was the for first time then.
When this book was the bestseller and Tanaka heard it, he said, he would read it. Its episode is well-known, for when being the Minister of the International trade and industry, he gathered executives of the Ministry and reporters on newspaper companies in the room for the Ministry, and made a speech on his theory.
Some of members who heard it shared some parts each...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He put up a theory on Japan Islands when showing up〉
A large amount of public investment was indispensable for a long time in order to carry out Tanaka`s plan, and it would benefit construction companies all over Japan.
While there was an opinion on his big idea filled us with admiration, there was a criticism in which the Japan Islands were filled with concrete, but Tanaka carried out his plan with his slogan, decision and practice.
『Column, the idea on remodelling Japan Islands』
When starting to put on sale, it was a bestseller and about...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Tanaka Kakuei】
〈He put up a theory on remodelling Japan Islands when turning up〉
With that, it was possible to distribute a fortune on the coast of Japan sea where was left alone from the growth. It was from an idea from Tanaka who was born at a lonely village in Niigata prefecture.
Both of the net on Shinkansen and super highway which were suggested then has been arranged at present as well.
Should we be impressed with having foresight by Tanaka? Or should we be grieved over a poverty on public enterprise then? Our opinion will be separated into the two.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He put up a theory on remodelling Japan islands when turning up〉
Making the industrial area disperse to hub cities in the whole Japan, and raising a core city of which population was from three hundred and thousand to four hundred and thousand.
Connecting those cities with the net of Shinkansen and superhighways.
With that the population and Industry gathering in big cities on the side of the Pacific Coast were dispersed to the whole Japan, and it would prevent the industry from concentrating heavily in a single place alone.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He put up a theory on remodelling Japan Islands when turning up〉
He used to take office as the Minister of International trade and industry immediate before the Prime Minister, being conscious of the place for the Prime Minister and published a book of which title was the theory on remodelling Japan Islands. It became a big principle after he was installed as the Prime Minister. It was made up with two big pillars like the next.
Industrial area was gathered on a side of the Pacific Ocean intensively then. Moving it to a hub city all over Japan.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He put up a theory on remodelling Japan Islands when turning up〉
He gave a dream to the Japanese that even if not having an academic back ground, being able to be the Prime Minister as long as having its ability.
It was as if it were an American dream that Lincoln was born in a log house, but became the President in Japanese version.
Immediate after the cabinet was born, a rate of supporting the cabinet was over 60% in a public opinion poll. It was the best among the successive Prime Minister and wasn`t broken until Hosokawa Cabinet.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈He put up the theory on remodelling Japan Islands when turning up〉
...but he had climbed all the way up to the seat on the Japanese politics dramatically, so the Japanese were moved with it, and he was called the Prime Minister who appeared from common people. His nickname was one more, 今太閤. It means that he was the one like Hideyoshi Toyotomi who lived at present.
There were lots of the Prime Ministers who graduated from university, especially graduating from a law department in Tokyo university were so many in successive Prime Ministers.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Makiko Tanaka appeared on a news〉
Even a veteran reporter who continued to collect news stories on the political world for a long time in news paper company couldn`t grasp his whole image. He`s Kakuei Tanaka.
〈He put up a theory on remodelling Japan Islands when turning up〉
Kakuei Tanaka assumed the office of Prime Minister after Eisaku Sato when his age was fifty four June in 1972. He was born at a farmhouse in Niigata prefecture. His final academic background was graduating from an elementary school, but he had climbed all the way up to ...
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Makiko Tanaka appeared on a news〉
He became the Prime Minister with high rate of supporting from the people and left achievement as statesman, but was expelled from the place of political power soon, and was arrested by the Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo.
After his death, I can`t put his advantages and disadvantages in order neatly as reporter on politics. Even just now evaluation on him divided into good and wrong extremely in the society. Total evaluation on him is very hard to do.
Even a first rate reporter on politics who continued...
【Remodelling the Japan Islands and Kakuei Tnaka】
〈Makiko Tanaka appeared on a news〉
...and Makiko Tanaka took office as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet. Her behaviors and remarks became a news one by one. Why?
Needless to say, her unique character caused various praise and criticism, and it became the news, but she reminded us lots of the Japanese of Kakuei Tanaka who was her father at her background
Without an appealing on Kakuei Tanaka, there was no appealing on Makiko Tanaka. Her father was also marked praise and criticism.
He became the Prime Minister with a high...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
...dwindling the birth rate made the time come that everyone can go to university somewhere.
As a result, dropping the academic ability on students in university has gone ahead. Professors aren`t worried about the rebellion by students at present. Instead they responded to students whose academic ability was low with difficulty.
I`m going to go into a new chapter from now on.
【Remodelling Japan Islands and Kakuei Tanaka】
〈Makiko appeared on a news〉
Junichiro Koizumi Cabinet was born April in 2001, and...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
...so new universities were born one after another in the whole Japan. After the war when university was born each place in Japan, a phrase which made fun of the situation was born. It`s 駅弁大学.
It means that university exists every station, but the university has learned to exist so much as if it were a convenience store at present. Should we call it the university like convenience store?
While the number of university has increased rapidly, dwindling birth rate has made the time start that everyone can...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Shigemori had already returned to Japan〉
What have the ones who dreamed of a revolution thought of at present?
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
As to the rebellion by students, it was pointed out that the time the students in university were a part of elite was over, going to university has been brought into widespread in society. It was the background on the time.
Lots of people have learned to go to university more and more after that. As the Ministry of Education has eased the standard on establishing university, new universities...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Shigemori had already returned to Japan〉
One of children of the members on Red Army was asked on highjacking accidents caused by their fathers, and answered she knew it by reading a book. She said she thought what a crazy thing they did.
The time has changed altogether. They tried to change the society, but the society changed for itself.
However Shigemori who returned to Japan proclaimed the dissolution on Japan Red Army, she said she would continue the movement of changing the society.
What do the ones who dreamed of revolution...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Shigemori had already returned to Japan〉
Another who returned to Japan in secret and then was arrested. After the case some women went to North Korea and got married to the members, and some of them had children.
Three of the children hoped to go to Japan and their hope came true. It is said their fathers wanted to return to Japan, but if returning, they would be arrested by the Japanese police, so they sent their children to Japan at first, and thought what they should do. They seem to think like that.
One of children of the members...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization
〉
...so the students who were startled at the murder cases withdrew from the student movement, and it`s just that a languid campus was left.
〈Shigenobu had returned to Japan〉
Everyone thought Shigemori was in the Middle East but she was arrested in Osaka November in 2000. She said she dissolved Japan Red Army, and said the point it wasn`t the time of struggling by armament.
Lots of members of Red Army went to North Korea. Some of them had no news after that, and others were dead.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
...he saw the shape of his comrades who he lynched in the broken branch and composed like the next.
There were friends who were dead by the lynch in my heart, and I felt as if the branch broken by the snow had cried.
The discovery on the murder case of lynch by Alliance of Red Army struck the last blow to the student movement in Japan which fell off.
The rebellion which brought a uproar into the Japanese islands by students caused a horrifying result, so students who were .....
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
...though he understood his trial was continued in Japan as it did, he would receive the capital punishment, he chose to stay in Japan.
When waiting for an execution on his death penalty in the House of Detention, he went on composing tanka and he became be well known as tanka poet.
Next day of a heavy snow, the branch of a tree was broken owing to weight by the snow. Sakaguchi saw it from the window of the House of Detention, and saw the shape of his comrades who were...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
Tsuneo Mori who used to be the leader committed a suicide in the house of detention in 1973.
Death penalty was settled on Yoko Nagata and Hiroshi Sakaguchi who used to be an executive in 1993.
After the case by Alliance of Red Army, Japan Red Army occupied American embassy in Malaysia in 1975, and requested Japan to release seven members including Sakaguchi.
Making sure an intention on themselves, five of them were released, but Sakaguchi refused to be released, though he...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under a word of generalization〉
Two victims were criticized their action in the past, and death penalty was sentenced. They said they regretted, for they couldn`t be dead as warrior on revolution, and without being opposed to it, they were killed.
Both of victims and murderers were caught by something insane then. They took into action as comrade together, but they killed others so easily that the author said he was startled at it.
Tsuneo Mori who used to be the leader killed himself in a house of detention ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
We had to get over a feeling as brother in order to being communism, and believed that we could build a new relation as brother then, so we persuaded them into hitting their elder brother desperately.
Then we saw them hit their elder brother tears in their eye, they got over the feeling and they did their best, I thought like that and was moved it.However actually I tore love between them as brother terribly.
It was under her wrong selfish impression.
Some of victims were ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
...and if the one was dead, then other member became an objection for being criticized because the way of criticizing was in the wrong. In this way the members were killed one after another.
There were three brothers who joined, when the eldest one received the generalization, Mori made younger brothers hit the elder one.
The one who was hit assented to being hit, it was hit without complaining. Nagata said on it like the next.
We have to over come a feeling as brother so as...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
Its spirit lost and led to physical death. If trying to be a warrior on revolution sincerely, it chouldn`t have be dead, he asserted like that.
However he felt unrest on unexpected death and created a theory of pushing his responsibility off onto the victim.
If concluding that being dead was its own responsibility, a consciousness of being murder became weak and thus the generalization continued.
A one was criticized by all the others, and made it generalize, and if the one...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
...and Mori directed other members who were his subordinates to punch and to kick more and more. Besides some of them were left alone in the mountain below zero temperature, with their limbs tied.
When the member who received the generalization was dead, he shouted it was dead of loss because he couldn`t generalize.
After that killing their comrades for themselves, shifting their responsibility onto the victim itself, saying it lost.
Mori said its spirit lost and led to the...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
It is said Mori made a speech like the next.
He would hit so as to get over a limitation on generalization until then and to made it generalize truly. Hitting is a direction. Hitting to much and makes it faint.
When coming out from the faint, it could have been born an other one and received the communism.
Even if we are hit harder, it doesn`t always mean we faint like in a movie or novel. When hitting harder some of them couldn`t faint, so Mori was unrest, and he directed...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
...but the group which was obsessed with accomplishing a violent revolution and got excited couldn`t forgive and forget it, nor laughed at it.
A female member put on a ring and make-up and she was criticized from Nagata, and it led to the generalization.
A male and female of members talked together friendly alone became an objection on the generalization.
In the beginning, it was words alone, but the generalization escalated little by little.
Mori said he would hit so as to...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being lynched one by one under the name of generalization〉
...requesting a self criticism. After being criticized, it would criticize for itself, and make a generalization on its weak point and error of its action.
Others around the one who was criticized criticized and helped the one who was criticized to grow to be a revolutionary warrior. They called it being communism.
If living both of males and females in twenties in group together in a small space, there are lots of something awkward and misunderstanding, but the group who was...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They killed their comrades〉
...they killed their comrades with a lynch one by one under a name of generalization. The one who participated in lynch was the one who received the lynch in the next day, it continued then.
〈Being lynched one after another under the name of generalization〉
Tsuneo Mori who was a leader in Red Army and Hiroko Nagata who was a leader in other organization. Their words were absolute for other members.
Two of the leaders blamed a trifle manners and actions on their members and criticized them, asking self...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They killed their comrades〉
In short they killed their fourteen comrades in total.
Masaharu Gotoda who was the Commissioner General of the National Policy Agency said it`s ridiculous, and was unable to speak any more then.
It was unbelievable case in which even the police couldn`t believe easily. It was done when being hid themselves in mountain from December in 1971 to February in in 1972.
When living in mountain far from any human dwelling in a group composed in small number, they killed their comrades one by one with the lynch....
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They killed lots of their comrades〉
Though we were relieved that the hostage was rescued safely, Japan was in uproar on account of astounding fact, for members of Alliance of Red Army who were arrested started to confess that they killed their comrades and buried them in the mountain.
When being in the base camp in the mountain of Gunma prefecture, they lynched their comrades and killed twelve of them.
Moreover other organization before it was added to Alliance of Red Army, it killed two people. They killed no less than fourteen....
【Japan was in uproar owing to a rebellion by students】
〈Column, Alliance of Red Army exposed itself thanks to a bad smell〉
...a salesclerk in a shop found suspicious a group who was peculiar appearance and gave off the bad smell, and reported it to the police through a station employee, so four of them were arrested.
In addition it turned out that other members who gave off the bad smell got on bus from Nagano prefecture from a bus driver, so it was discovered that they hid in the place where the summer houses were gathered.
〈They killed lots of their comrades〉
Though we were relieved...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
『Column, Alliance of Red Army was exposed on account of a bad smell』
Nine members in Alliance of Red Army who reached Nagano prefecture decided to run away separating into two groups, and four of them got into a train from Nagano prefecture then.
As they hid themselves in mountain for a month, so their hair grew so long and their body was so dirty that a bad smell gave off from their body, but they weren`t aware of it at all.
When going shopping at a station, a salesclerk in the shop found suspicious a group who was a peculiar...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confided themselves to the summer house in Asam〉
The people in the whole Japan were glued t to their TV sets then.
After the hostage was released, one of fathers of five members of Alliance of Red Army watched the case on TV in his house hanged himself.
I apologized for a person who was the hostage from the heart of the bottom. Even if I was dead, it can`t be forgiven, but I apologixe with my death.
His will was left.
『Column, Alliance of Red Army were exposed thanks to a bad smell』
Members of Alliance of Red Army reached...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confided themselves to the summer house in Asama〉
...and all the five of members were arrested then.
NHK stopped a relay broadcasting on National Assembly and continued relaying from the summer house in Asama, and the time of relaying broadcast reached no less than ten hours and forty minutes.
Each TV station in commercial broadcasting stopped CM and continued relaying as well.
When the hostage was rescued, the highest audience rating on TV adding NHK and commercial broadcasting was 89.7%. The people in the whole Japan was ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confided themselves to the summer house in Asama〉
...so the police tried to arrest all of them in order to prevent the hero from appearing.
The members of Alliance of Red Army who confided themselves posed soldiers and thought it`s a gunfight by the military force, but the police tried to aim at arresting criminals then.
When the riot police rushed there, two of them were dead by shooting, and twenty four were injured either slightly or seriously.
The female who was caught in the summer house as hostage was rescued safely, and...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confined themselves to the summer house in Asama〉
...and shot tear gas from the broken place into the summer cottage, moreover discharging water of high pressure there, and the riot police rushed into the summer house.
Rescuing the hostage safely was the first aim for the police, and at the same time, the police tried to arrest the members of Alliance of Red Army without killing.
Even if the police killed one of them, it would be a hero for the extremists. The police was worried about it, so the police tried to arrest all of...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confined themselves at the summer cottage in Asama〉
Then a person who managed a snack in Niigata prefecture slipped through the encircling net by the riot police and approached the summer house by himself in order to be a hostage instead of the wife of the caretaker, but he was shot death though it was an unexpected accident.
After nine days, the police took into action at last. Suspending an iron ball from a crane, and made the iron ball hit the summer house and destroyed the wall, shooting tear gas from the broken place into ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confined themselves to a summer house in Asama〉
...so if a policeman approached, the five members could look at him from the summer house well. It was as if it had been an impregnable castle.
The police called the parents of the five members there and made the parents urge them to surrender with a speaker, but it`s just that bullets were returned from the five members.
February was depth of winter in Nagano prefecture, so its temperature was below ten at night. Alliance of Red Army and the police continued to stared there.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confined themselves to a summer house in Asama〉
Thus the offensive and defensive battle on Alliance of Red Army and the police in Nagano prefecture and riot police in the Metropolitan Police Department started for ten days February in 1972.
Five of the members who confined themselves set up a barricade within the summer house and made a loophole in the wall and fired often from there.
The summer house was three strayed of reinforced concrete, and was on the slope of mountain. As there was nothing around the summer house, so if a...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confided themselves to a summer house〉
...and five of members ran away from hiding the cottage and happened to escape to in other resort house nearby. It was a summer cottage for employees belonged to Kawai musical instrument.
They confined themselves to the summer house and held a hostage the wife of a caretaker for the summer house. Then the caretaker went shopping for paying guests and was away from the summer house.
Thus an offensive and defensive battle between Alliance of Red Army and the police in Nagano prefecture and...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈They confided themselves to a mountain cottage in Asama〉
However the base camp was located by the police, and soldiers in Alliance of Red Army escaped from Gunma to Nagano prefecture. They carried out to go over a mountain in winter.
They reached a place where new vacation houses were collected in Nagano prefecture, and the members divided into two, and five of them hid in a cottage of mountain, but were discovered by the police and a gunfight started then.
Some policemen were injured then and five of members ran
away from the...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Alliance of Red Army in which fund and weapon was connected〉
In a word, Alliance of Red Army was a connection between fund and weapon.
Alliance of Red Army made a base camp in mountain of Gunma prefecture and trained of shooting there. It divided its organization into an unit which did a lawful action like a propaganda, and into a military unit which did illegal action.
The military unit escaped from an investigation by the police and planed a next operation then.
〈They confined themselves to a mountain cottage in Asama〉
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army in which funds and weapons were connected〉
Other organization was well known as militant group and adopted a course of Chinese revolution by Mao Zedong, and tried to carry out it in Japan.
It tried to fit the theory of Mao Zedong in Japan simply and attacked a gun store, then got a shotgun, and ammunition.
On the other hand, Japan Red Army thought fund was indispensable for the revolution, so attacking banks and post offices in each place and collecting fund.
As a result, Alliance of Red Army was a combination ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army in which fund and weapons were connected〉
We the Japanese were shocked at in a series of cases in which there was the name of the organization on Japan Red Army like hijacking Yodogo and attacking the airport in Israel, but other case which shook us broke out February in 1972. It was a case at Asama mountain cottage.
After lots of members were arrested in Yamanashi prefecture, they became weak owing to hijacking Yodogo and going to the Middle East by the part of members.
They chose to unite with other organization.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
『Column, Japan Red Army which didn`t know on Japan』
Japan Red Army which struggled Palestine guerrilla together was questioned by the Palestines in varied ways.
Even if the members in Japan Red Army knew on Russian Revolution and thought by Mao Zedong well, they couldn`t answer anything on Japan itself a bit. They said like the next.
We were forced to be conscious that we were the Japanese, the ones in Asia, at the same time we had none of knowledge both on Japan and Asia.
Extracted from a note by Fusako Shigenobu.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army was born〉
...but Japan Red Army was burdened for the government of each nation in Arab gradually.
Five members in Japan Red Army including Okamoto were arrested by the authority in Lebanon in 1997. It is said the government in Lebanon responded to the request from Japan.
However there was a voice which protested against the arrest from Palestine refugees. Though Lebanese government sent back four members but Okamoto to Japan, but allowed Okamoto to defected in Lebanon politically, for he has been special existence there.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army was born〉
...and a self governing dominion by Palestine was born then, and the government in the self governing dominion expected the Japanese government to help economically.
Each nation in Arab around the self governing dominion who was burdened economically thanks to receiving Palestine refugees was attracted by Japanese fund.
Japanese government requested each nation in Arab to stop helping Japan Red Army as collateral for financial aid. Government in each nation Arab welcomed Japan Red Army in the beginning, but....
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army was born〉
Okamoto who was one of members in Japan Red Army and attacked the airport in Israel, arrested in Israel was served imprisonment for life in prison in Israel, but was released with exchange with a soldier in Israel who was a captive by Israel. It is said he was ill mentally when being served in prison.
The situation in the Middle East changed greatly after that. The Peace Treaty between Japan and each nation in Arab was concluded, and the military force of Israel withdrew from the occupied territory in Palestine..
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army was born〉
Explosion on an oil refinery belonged to Shell in Singapore.
Occupation on Japan embassy in Kuwait, France embassy in Holland, and American embassy in Malaysia.
Hijacking an airplane belonged to Japan airline left for Tokyo from Paris again.
It repeating hijack and occupation on the embassy all over the world, and trying to attract attention to the Palestine problem from the whole world.
When their company was caught in the operation, adopting a way of carrying out the next operation asking for its release.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army was born〉
...and Red Army like Shigenobu and others who went to there from Japan chose to a joint struggle with the PLO which was the most extreme Palestine guerrilla.
As to the attack at the airport in Tel Aviv, the Red Army adopted a form of participating in the struggle with the PFLP as the voluntary army, but after that they named themselves Japan Red Army.
Japan Red Army carried out its operation with guerrilla of Palestine each place in the world like the nest.
Hijacking an airplane which left for Paris from Tokyo.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army was born〉
It`s the Palestine refugees.
Several organization on guerrilla was born like PLO, and have fought against Israel. Shigenobu thought being received military training there and tried to make an international base for revolution in a scale of the world.
Nobuko Shigenobu and others who were shot to death in Israel flew to Beirut which was capital in Lebanon March in 1971.
About four hundred thousand Palestine refugees were in a camp for the refugees then, and Shigenobu and others chose a course to a joint ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Japan Red Army was born〉
After hijacked Yodo go by Red Army, the ones who remained in Japan received a severe search from the police. Shigenobu judged if remaining in Japan as they did, they couldn`t continued the struggle, so they thought of making an international base which was different from North Korea, and the Middle East was chosen then.
After Israel was built in the Middle East, the Arabs who used to live there were driven out of their lands, and became the refugees, ran away to each nation in Arab around Palestine. It`s ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A tragedy at an airport in Israel 〉
On the other hand, Red Army became a hero among Palestine refugees and each nation of Arab. Palestine refugees who named newborn children after the three Japanese who participated in the operation appeared one after another.
When visiting each nation in Arab then, the Japanese were often asked from an Arabian, whether or not they knew the name of those three Japanese.
〈Japanese Red Army was born〉
After hijacked the airplane of よど号 by Red Army, the ones who remained in Japan received a severe...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A tragedy in an airport of Israel〉
A problem in the Middle East was the one far from Japan until then, but the case made us the Japanese take interested in the problem in the Middle East.
Japanese government which was shocked at the case sent a special envoy Israel and paid for solatium 見舞金. Though it doesn`t always mean that the culprits were representatives from Japan, it`s just an activity by individuals, Japanese government responded to it, Japanese government expressed a responsibility for it.
On the other hand, Red Army became...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A tragedy in an airport of Israel〉
PFLP which is an abbreviation of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine fought against Israel, and they participated in the battle as a voluntary army.
No one could expect with a come back alive from the attack, so the mass media expressed it Kamikaze attack by the Japanese in America and Europe.
We the Japanese were surprised and shocked that the Japanese youths went to the Middle East all the way, and killed lots of people. A problem in the Middle East was the one far away from Japan...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A tragedy in an airport of Israel〉
Three Japanese who received their baggage they checked it at a lobby in the airport, and took out an automatic rifle from the baggage, fired blindly at passengers and officials in charge around the Robby. Twenty four passengers were dead, more than eighty were injured either slightly or seriously then.
They were members of the sect on Red Army. Two of them were dead on the spot after a gun fight with the security party in Israel, and the one was arrested. They participated in attacking Israel as...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
『Column, they didn`t know how to get on an airplane』
...those people appeared one after another, and the ones who got on the airplane actually were below half of members,so the plan was stopped once, and after that it was carried out again, for there were no students who went through on getting on an airplane, but the plan shows us their careless character.
〈A tragedy in an airport of Israel〉
An airplane belonged to Air France from Paris arrived at an airport at Tel Aviv in Israel May in 1972. Three Japanese who got on from Rome...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈We`re what is called 明日のジョー〉
The sect on the Red Army who went to North Korea were made to learn by the authority of North Korea, and were steeped in thought of Kim ll Sung. It turned out that they were engaged in an illegal activity so as to spread over the thought of Kim ll Sung in Japan.
『Column, they didn`t know how to get on a airplane』
It was before four days when the sect on the Red Army planed to hijack, but some of them didn`t know where to buy a ticket for the airplane, and others who didn`t know it took times for procedure...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈We`re what is called 明日のジョー〉
...so the situation was dead end.
After that as a result of the negotiation, all the passengers were released, instead one of vice ministers in the Ministry of Transportation got on the airplane as hostage, and went to North Korea.
Japanese government requested North Korea to extradite the culprits, but North Korea refused it, saying it didn`t have to work for Japanese like the police. After that a news on the sect on the Red Army stopped for a long time.
Actually its members who went to North Korea...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉
It`s a popular comic book of which hero was a boxer then, and their action was like a comic book.
The hijacked airplane lubricated in Fukuoka airport once, and a part of passengers were released there, it left for North Korea, but a controller in South Korea pretended to be North Korea, and guided the plane to touch down Kinpo airport in South Korea.
However members of the sect on Red Army were aware that there was a passenger plane of America in the airport, so the disguised work was disclosed and...
【Japan was in uproar due to rebellion by students】
〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉
If doing hijack, they will be punished with a serious crime from then. When getting on a airplane, there was no inspection for their belongings nor body check for passengers until then, but both of them have learned to be done after that.
Takamaro Tamiya who was a leader the ones who hijacked collecting a proclamation on departure in the previous day. He expressed his action for himself, and concluded his announcement like the next.
Let`s make sure we are 明日のジヨー.
It`s a title of a popular comic book of...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉
They hijacked an airplane calledよど号 which named after Yodo river in Osaka, so we call the case the case of Yodo go.
There were arrest warrants for the lots of members in the sect of Red Army for the cases in the past, so they couldn`t escape from Japan lawfully, and they thought of the hijack, moreover if doing hijack, it would be a propaganda for their organization.
After the case of Yodo go, the phrase of Yodo go learned to be used. A preventive measure on hijack was established, and if doing hijack...
【Japan was in uproar due to rebellion by students】
〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉
...but they found it favorable.
They thought of receiving a military training there and of the first step for organizing an original army. They considered Cuba as destination, but it was too far so they gave it up.
〈We are what is called 明日のジョー〉
Nine members in the sect of Red Army hijacked a plane belonged to Japan airline which was going to fly from Haneda to Fukuoka March in 1970. There was a nickname for each plane one by one then.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉
...but lots of students in Japan were attracted by the thoughts then owing to a mood in the time, wasn`t it?
What kind of nation was North Korea? Few Japanese knew it then.
It`s an original nation of socialism which was opposed to America or Korea, the students in the sect of Red Army thought like that.
They were dissatisfied with the society in Japan, and North Korea didn`t have any diplomatic relation with Japan, and was opposed to Japan...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉
They thought of going to North Korea, of going each place in the world, and of making a base for the revolution, of trying to break out the revolution in a scale of the world at the same time.
In spite that they lost a struggle at universities in Japan, far from Japan, they dreamed of the revolution in a scale of the world in one leap.
When expressing it, we find it ridiculous, and it`s just a play as soldier, we would have thought, but...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉
They planted to attack the Prime Minister`s official residence and did a military training at Daibosatsu pass in Enzan city of Yamanashi prefecture November in 1969, but the police raided there, fifty three were arrested, so they received a damage severely.
Then they didn`t think of anything on a development after the attack on the Prime Minister`s official residence a bit.
The rest members of sect in the Red Army thought of going to North...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world which broke out at the same time〉
The Red Army was named after the one which was a center in Russian revolution.
They thought of rising up in arms at once in Japan, having an inactive labors` eyes opened, and trying developing into a great revolution, though they had no concrete way nor plan for the revolution, and dreamed of a struggle with the power alone.
However its main group planed to attack the Prime Minister`s official residence and did a military training at...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈The ones who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of world which broke out at the same time〉
...they tend to take the leadership.
When a scale of the political party was small and as long as being discussed separated from the public, a phenomenon in the ones who insisted the strong course, an extreme one win is often seen regardless of the right wing or left wing.
An organization of alliance of Communism which adopted an extreme struggle changed into the sect of Red Army which done by far more extreme. The Red Army was named after ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Student movement fell apart〉
...and ordinary students withdrew from the movement. Student movement lost spreading over into the public.
〈The people who dreamed of a revolution in the world which broke out at the same time〉
While student movement which showed livelier lost spreading over in the public, a group which insisted more extreme course appeared. It was a group of the Red Army.
In an organization of having political aim, when discussing a way of a struggle, in general, the ones who insist on a stronger course tend to take...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Student movement fell apart〉
...hating and murdering each other as if they had suffered from a relative hatred. There was a violent internal strife from other political parties, so no less than twenty people were dead by the violent internal strife alone in 1975. Its victims reached eighty for thirteen years from 1970 to 1982 in total.
While introduction the riot police into university, and student movement was suppressed, the internal violence strife by activists in the political parties broke out one after another, so ordinary...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Student movement fell apart〉
With the arise on the student movement, a struggle between the political parties over leadership on a student council strengthened.
Attacking a political party which was opposed to the attackers by a squared timber often happened, and some of them were dead because of the struggle.
It`s gewalt, a violence against antiestablishment, and we call it what is called 内ゲバ, especially, 中核 革マル used to be a same organization, but it was divided owing to difference of course on movement, hating and murdering each...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉
Combat planes took off from an airport in Okinawa direct. Soldiers of America who were injured in the Vietnamese War carried away in hospital of Japan one after another.
There used to be a factory which repaired a broken tank. Freighters loaded American supplies left for Vietnam from Japanese ports.
The Vietnamese war used to be close to the Japanese. In fact it raised the students` consciousness for risk.
〈Student movement fell apart〉
With the arise on the student movement, a ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉
Old universities couldn`t respond to the change of consciousness on the youth.
There was no system of taking into consideration on a request and dissatisfaction from the youths and students in university.
The youths were opposed against the old generation. Except for them, we can analyze for other reasons.
Then the military force in America continued an air raid in North Vietnam, and fought against guerrilla anti government in South Vietnam then. Combat planes took off from an airport in...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉
...but as a result of the rapid economic growth, students could think of varied things, except for leading their own life.
There were lots of problem like environmental pollution, and the youths who had a strong sense of justice couldn`t endure them.
Lots of the youths who were born in the time of baby boom became the students in university, until then the students in university were occupied by a part of elite, but after that going to university was brought into widesparead.
Old...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉
Students took into action for anti Vietnamese War in America and some students were shot to death.
In China next to Japan, the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution by the Red Guards broke out.
Why did the rebellion by students break out in the world at the same time? Though various analysis was done, but its cause wasn`t clear in the least.
Immediate after the war, we the Japanese led our life so desperately that we couldn`t afford to the student movement, but as a result of the rapid ...
【Japan was in an uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉
It often used to linger the smell of the tear gas at busy streets in Tokyo for a long time then.
The equipment of the riot police became to enrich in a flash. In consequence, the rebellions by student has made the police have a powerful power.
Student movements arose each place in the world then.
The police and students clashed in the Latin Quarter which was a students` quarter in Paris, and the student movement was active in Germany, England, and Italy. Students took into action...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉
...and their originality was competed with the color of helmets.
When fighting against the riot police, the squared timber was used, and it was called ゲバ棒 in Japanese. The ゲバ originates from Gewalt in German. It means violence.
Struggles were unfurled on a street with various theme like security treaty, anti war for Vietnam, a request for returning Okinawa, and objection against construction for Narita airport.
The riot police which tried to prevent the struggle responded with tear gas.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on a street〉
...and making the inactive public open its eyes.
As a result, an aggressive group wearing a helmet and having a squared timber repeated a collision against the riot police. The aim for attack was different for each of the extremists. One of them aimed at the Prime Minister`s Official Residence, and other the Diet Building, and another the Defense Agency. A riot was often caused by them in Shibuya and Shinjuku then.
Each of group was separated by color of helmets, and their originality was...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle in a street〉
Those political groups have nothing to do with the Communist Party in Japan, so the Communist Party in Japan wanted the mass media not to use its name and Yoyogi.
On the other hand, the police called them the left wing group of extremely violent, and the mass media did extremists soon.
Lots of those extremists learned to adopt a way of thinking that a part of organization which had to come their senses unfurled a struggle which became radical against the national power, and making the ...
【Japan was in uproar due to rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on street〉
Lots of those political parties criticized China and Soviet as Stalin principle. They called themselves a new left wing. It means they were different from the old left wing like the Socialists party and Communist Party in Japan.
Mass media called them a group of anti Japanese Communist Party in Japan, or an anti group of Yoyogi, because there was an office for the Communist Party in Japan was in Yoyogi, but the Communist Party in Japan offered each company on mass media like the next.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Being in the time of a struggle on street〉
Rebellion by students spread over the whole Japan and the alliance on 全共闘 in the whole Japan was formed, but the student movement was divided into a group of a political party gradually from then.
After the security treaty in 1960s, a political party which was opposed to in a position of the course adopted by Japan Communist party, and aimed for communism being based on original interpretation for Marxism-Leninism was born one after another.
Lots of those political parties criticized China...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Student riot spread over all over Japan〉
What is called 全共闘 gathered from fourth six universities in the whole Japan September in the same year, and an alliance on the 全共闘 in the whole Japan was formed. A student from 全共闘 in Tokyo university became its chairperson, and a vice chairperson was from the same organization in Japan university.
A convention for its organization was held in Hibiya, and students who were over twenty thousand gathered there with wearing colorful helmets, being divided into university, and political party.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A student riot expanded all over Japan〉
While the struggle was dropping in Tokyo university and Japan university, rebellions by students started in other universities one after another, even if a theme for the struggle was different.
Students plunged into a strike in one hundred and sixty five universities in Japan in 1969. An university which didn`t rush into the strike was rare.
The struggle spread out for high schools, and even the high schools were blockaded by students one after another each place.
What is called 全共闘 gathered....
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Blockades built by students were got rid of by the power on the riot police〉
As a result of the offensive and defensive battle in the Yasuda auditorium, an entrance exam on Tokyo university in the year was called off.
In Tokyo educational university in which a strike by student who were opposed that the university moved to Tsukuba stopped its entrance exam, except for a department of physical education which had nothing to do with the strike.
〈Student riot expanded all over Japan〉
While the struggle was dropping in Tokyo university ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Blockades built by students were get rid of by the power on the riot police〉
Even the people who sympathized with the students in Tokyo university criticized them, saying the students in Tokyo university run away in emergency.
In fact all the students in other university who were arrested then were prosecuted, and lots of them left the university because of a trial for a long time.
On the other hand, plenty of the students in Tokyo university who escaped from the arrest obtained a job in a big company, and walked a course for an elite.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈The blockades built by students were got rid of thanks to the power on the riot police〉
...and the riot police opposed with a tear gas and turning water hose on the students. The offensive and defensive battle continued for thirty five hours, and it was broadcast on TV.
About three hundred students who holed up in the auditorium were arrested on the spot, but they didn`t belong to Tokyo university, for students in Tokyo university escaped from there until the previous day under the pretext preparing for a struggle after that.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈The blockade was released owning to the power on the riot police〉
The remark from Sato made Japan university withdraw the promise with the students, and requested the riot police to go into action. Barricades built by students were got rid of one after another, and students movement was dropping gradually.
In Tokyo university, the riot police which received a request from the university excluded students who holed up in the Yasuda auditorium January in 1969.
Students threw a petrol bomb at the riot police from the rooftop, and the...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉
The requests from students was an opening on the account, and retirement on the administration. The students were pleased with it because the university became normal with the requests.
〈The blockade was released because of the power on the riot police〉
However in the next day then the Eisaku Sato Prime Minister said he couldn`t accept the violence by a group in regard to the collective bargains, so it became a political problem suddenly.
The remark from Sato made Japan university ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉
It means a negotiation between a representative from labors and a manager in an equal position. The students call it the collective bargaining, so wanted to stress that students and the side of managing university were in an equal position.
This collective bargaining in the public was held in Ryogoku auditorium, and thirty five thousand students gathered then. It continued no less than twelve hours, and the board in directors of Japan university accepted all the requests from students.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉
While students in Tokyo university protested against an invasion on liberty for learning, other ones in Japan university did against a principle that making money was the first.
A board directors in Japan university held a whole conference according a request from the students September in 1968. The students called it a collective bargaining in the general public.
The collective bargaining is a term for a labor union. It means a negotiation between a representative from labors and a...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉
...so anger exploded from students who were always dissatisfied with the university.
When a protesting rally against the university June in the same year was held, other students who were strong and belonged to an athletic club and were on the side of the university attacked the rally. Then about two hundred students were injured. It made all the departments in Japan university plung headlong into a strike.
While students in Tokyo university protested against an invasion on liberty ...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉
The Regional Taxation Bureau pointed out there was an expenditure unaccounted of which amount was more than two billion yen in Japan University then, and actual situation on careless management of the university was exposed.
It was said Japan university was the biggest one in Japan, and number of students were one hundred thousand, but there was a school house, but there was no compass, so educational facility was poor though the there were lots of the students, so anger exploded from...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉
It was a flexible organization in which everyone who had a will for struggling could join, and every students could participated in it. After that the system spread out the universities all over Japan.
〈Anger exploded from students in Japan university〉
It was Japan university where the student movement arose greatly like Tokyo university. The Regional Taxation Bureau pointed out there was an expenditure unaccounted of which amount was more than two billion yen in Japan...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉
Introduction the riot police into the university made the problem on the medical department spread out the whole Tokyo university.
The student self-government body in all the department of the university protested against the university and rushed headlong into an indefinite strike then. Students formed a conference of struggling together by all the students. It`s what is called 全共闘.
It`s different from the student self-government body in which all the students joined.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉
The students thought introducing the power on the police into university would threaten the liberty on learning in university.
Lots of people go to university nowadays, so the way of thinking may be hard to understand, but some students were driven out of university thanks to criticizing the government, and some professors were arrested because of the criticism before the war.
If the police go into university, the students felt repelled by it in university then.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉
Dozens of students belonged to the medical department occupied the Yasuda auditorium which is the symbol for Tokyo university June. The university was surprised at it, and requested the police to go into action, so the riot police excluded the students from the university, but it ignited the anger of students.
Students who thought university should be independent from a nation so as to protect the liberty and independence on learning were got angry, for they thought...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 started from Tokyo university〉
...and students who belonged to the medical department in a student self-government body put on an trial a professor with other students over a plan for reforming the system on intern January in 1968, and the students were suspended from school by a conference of professors in the medical department February.
Though one of the students wasn`t in Tokyo then, he was suspended. An accident of mistaking the fact occurred, so a resistant movement by students escalated.
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Females who returned from a north nation〉
What happened in Japan then? The author said he was going to look back at the time when Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students.
〈A movement on what is called 全共闘 which started from Tokyo university〉
It was an opposition between a student self-government body versus the university in the medical department of Tokyo university which intensified the student movement.
After graduating university, there was a system of being an intern who was unpaid trainee, and students who belonged...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Females who returned from a north nation〉
The people who were over fifties were surprised that she was in Japan, and the young looked at the old were surprised at it with a blank look. There was the scene here and there in Japan then.
There used to be difficulties of student movement in Japan around 1970. There were some people who dreamed of a revolution in a scale of the world and went overseas, but the revolutionaries have been old at present, and they are being treated as if they had been a rare creature in Japan.
Then what...
【Japan was in uproar due to a rebellion by students】
〈Females who returned from a north nation〉
They answered questions in Japanese clearly in a press conference in the Narita airport then. They seemed to be ordinary young females, for they said they wanted to go to Tokyo Disney Land.
However the accident on the よど号 was far in the past for the young Japanese who watched the press conference. It seemed that they couldn`t understand why the young females were in North Korea.
Besides Fusako Shigenobu who was a member in Japanese Red Army hid herself in Japan and was arrested November in 2000.
【Japan was in uproar due to a revolution by students】
〈Females who returned from a north nation〉
Members of ex Red Army hijacked a plane called よど号 in 1970 and went to North Korea. Three of their daughters came back to Japan May in 2001. Though I said they came back, they came to Japan for the first time, so visit is suitable. They were born in North Korea, but were the Japanese, for their parents were also the Japanese, so they have Japanese nationality.
Their age was from twenty two from twenty three. They were in a press conference in the Narita airport then, and answered questions...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
A large helicopter for transportation which belonged to the Hutenma military base dropped on the site of Okinawa international university and went up in flames August in 2004. No one was injured in the ones who were related to the university, but immediately after the accident, America blockaded around the university and carried away the body of the helicopter.
As a result, Japanese police couldn`t deal with it, so investigation on a cause of the accident wasn`t able to be done. Extraterritorial right 治外法権 has continues just now
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈After that,what`s happened?〉
A raping case by American soldiers goes on and on after that, and every time a resistant movement by residents took place there. The wish of returning a peaceful island appealed by the school girl who was the third grade in high school in the prefectural rally in 1995 has never come true.
The plan of movement the airport from the Hutenma airport hasn`t gone ahead. In Nago city where the airport planed to move, the residents reclaimed land from the sea, and a movement which was opposed to construct the military base continues.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉
Minoru Ota admiral who was a commander in Japanese Navy sent an under security of the Navy a telegram immediate before he committed suicide. He described actual situation that Okinawa was burned to the ground, and residents cooperated with Japan for the war in Okinawa so much.
He said at the last of the telegram like the next.
The residents fought in Okinawa like that, so I hope to consider for them in the future.
How much have the Japanese considered hardships which the residents went through in Okinawa after the war?
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉
...for giving it up just now would cause a next sorrowful thing. I hate to continued to live here being threatened by American soldiers and accidents caused by American soldiers and by being exposing the danger.
I don`t think I want to our children in the future to lead life like that. Please return us a quiet Okinawa. Please return us a peaceful island where there is no tragedy.
Okinawa war was about to reach a miserable end June in 1945. Minoru Ota admiral in Japanese Navy sent Japan a telegram immediate before...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉
...so there is no prospect of reducing the military base in Okinawa easily. What should we deal with the situation? How should we receive the voice of the people in Okinawa who have been sacrificed by Japan and America for a long time? It has been asked in the twenty first century.
In a prefectural rally against the case of raping the girl October in 1995, a school girl of the third grade in high school said like the next.
I don`t think I have to give it up absolutely at present, for giving it up just now causing a next...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉
The plan showed us one hundred thousand of American soldiers in East Asia in order to stabilize the area of Asia and the Pacific Ocean. The center of one hundred thousand of the American soldiers are thirty seven thousand of American soldiers in South Korea and forty seven thousand of American soldiers in Japan, and needless to say, the center of the military force in Japan is Okinawa.
Even after the Cold War is over, America has showed a plan of maintaining the military base in Okinawa, so there is no prospect of...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉
Classes are often interrupted on account of the noise. Okinawa has been worried about the military base.
On the other hand there has been a reality that lots of people who work in the military base or who do business with American soldiers. A distorted economic structure which is dependent on the military base continues.
A vice minister in the Pentagon collected a report on strategy in East Asia, and submitted it to the federal assembly February in 1995. In the report, it showed a plan of staying one hundred thousand ...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Where is the future for Okinawa?〉
While an area on the military base in Okinawa has decreased by 60% in the mainland, comparing it with the time when Okinawa returned to Japan, the military base has decreased by no more than 15% in Okinawa.
At first, there is a vast military base of America in Okinawa, the military base returned to America has been delayed by far more than the mainland.
Schools around a tremendous Kadena military base have been worried about noises from aircrafts such as a jet plane, a transport plane, and a helicopter. A class is often...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, made a speech by Clinton』
Needless to say, Okinawa has played an indispensable role in order to maintain the alliance between Japan and America.
Shotaio who was the last king in Ryukyu left from the Shurijo forever. He composed a poem then, and there is a hope for the future in the poem. His phrase has spoken to us over generations like the next.
A time of war is ending. Peace isn`t far away from us. Don`t give it up. Our lives are our treasure.
I hope his poem will guide us to the way of our friendship and effort for months for years from now on.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, made a speech by Clinton』
Both Japan and America have thought like that and cooperated with each other so as to do their duty in the past fifty years. Strength on the alliance between Japan and America was a great story in the twentieth century.
Roughly speaking Asia has been peaceful nowadays, for the alliance between Japan and America has given confidence the people in Asia of protecting and going on maintain peace there.
The alliance between Japan and America has existed so as to maintain the peace, therefore it has to continue to maintain.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, made a speech by Clinton』
A wonderful thing on the memorial tower what is called 平和の礎 is responding to sorrow from all the people.
While almost all of the memorial tower for the war is mourning the people who were one side in the war, 平和の礎 mourns not only both sides on the war but others who belonged to neither sides.
As a result, it`s not the memorial tower for a single war, but for all kinds of war and makes us feel that we the humban being are responsible for a war mutually, and that preventing the tragedy from happening to us again.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The problem on military bases continues〉
After mourning the people who were dead in the Okinawa war, Clinton made sure the strength on the alliance between Japan and America, and emphasized that Okinawa had played an indispensable part to maintain the alliance.
America has shown it won`t part with the military base in Okinawa.
『Column, made a speech by Clinton』
Okinawa war was the most tragic battle. The memorial tower which was built for mourning the people who were dead in the war has showed us the strongest love for the whole human being.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The problem on military bases continues〉
Instead a military base for helicopters had to be built in Okinawa prefecture because of moving a part of function from Futenma. Henoko area at Nago city in Okinawa prefecture was the place proposed for the military base.
A summit was held in Okinawa July in 2000, and its meeting place was the Nago city. Then the Clinton President visited Okinawa and made a speech in a memorial tower, what is call 平和の礎 as the first President after Okinawa returned to Japan.
After mourning the people who were dead in the Okinawa...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The problem on military bases continues〉
Murayama was a chairperson in the Communist party which continued to request for getting rid of military bases from Okinawa, but he took steps so as to continued to exist the military base ironically.
The Prime Minister changed from Murayama to Ryutaro Hashimoto, and the new Prime Minister negotiated and agreed with America of returning Futenma airport which spread out Gino city returning to Okinawa prefecture within from five to seven years April in 1996.
Instead a military base for a helicopter had to be built...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The problem on military bases continues〉
The law is renewed endlessly and the military bases remain. In the law, if landowners refuse to sign on the contract, instead a village mayor or town mayor on the land where there is the military base signed, and if both of them refuse, the governor in the prefecture did the proxy signature, and the Ota governor refused then.
Instead of the governor, then the Tomiichi Murayama Prime Minister signed. Murayama who was a chairperson in the Communist Party continued to request to get rid of the military base from...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The problem on military bases continues〉
However there were lots of anti war landowners who were opposed to be used their land for the military bases, so a law was established in order to use their land as the military base.
Before returning, a land used as official one, though it was used for military use actually, was able to use as official one as it was for five years after returning.
After five years the period of using the official land is no longer valid, other law is applied for five years, and then after five years passed again, another law is ...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The problem on a military base continues〉
The case of raping girl by three American soldiers made a movement of getting rid of military bases from Okinawa heighten more and more, especially then the governor Masahide Ota in Okinawa denied a proxy signature on the land for military bases, and it was a big news then.
As to the military base of America in Okinawa, after Okinawa returning, the Japanese government entered into a leasing contract with a landowners, and made America use the land free from charge.
However there were lots of anti war landowners...
【Though Japan has returned...】
〈The second measures against Okinawa〉
In spite that Okinawa escaped from the control by America, and returned to the mainland, the way that America adopting reminded the residents of the first measures against Okinawa, and they criticized it was the second measures against Okinawa.
〈The problem on the military base continues〉
After Okinawa returned to the mainland, the problem on the military base of America has still continued at present.
The case of raping a girl by three soldiers of America made a movement of getting rid of the military base from...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The second measures against Okinawa〉
The establishment of prefecture in place of feudal domains was done in the mainland of Japan in the Meiji era of 1871, and after eight years, Ryukyu was made to change into Okinawa prefecture by force.
The government mobilized the army and the police, and served notice to evacuate theShurijo, and made Shotaio who was then the king in the Ryukyu kingdom to retire . It`s the first measures against Okinawa.
Thus the history on Ryukyu dynasty for four hundred fifty years was over.
In spite that Okinawa escaped from the ...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The second measures against Okinawa〉
Ryukyu remained the position as kingdom with the double structure. Syurijo was the castle for Ryukyu kingdom. There were both buildings for receiving delegations from Min and Satsuma in Shurijo. Chinese culture had had influenced over Shurijo greatly.
However Ryukyu was attacked by the army in Satsuma in 1609, and belonged to Satsuma after that, so continued to be exploited from Satsuma, especially it is said Satsuma was central influence in Meiji Restoration thanks to financial power of an exploitation from Ryukyu.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The second measures against Okinawa〉
It is sometimes called the second measure against Okinawa, then what is the first one? It was when the government changed Ryukyu into Okinawa prefecture by force in the Meiji ear.
Ryukyu used to be divided into several areas, and to be controlled by several rulers before, and it was unified by Shohashi in 1429, and Ryukyu kingdom was born then.
After that while Ryukyu kingdom paid a tribute to Min which was China at present, it had a relation with Satsuma which was Kagoshima prefecture at present. It remained a ...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The second measures against Okinawa〉
As to returning Okinawa, it was expressed without a nuclear weapon, it becomes the one like the mainland, but even if it was said it was like the mainland, as to the quality and the quantity on the military base of America, it isn`t like the mainland in the least.
Though it was like the mainland in relation to without the nuclear weapon, with returning Okinawa to Japan, with returning the military base from Japan to America was few, so its situation hasn`t changed actually then with regard to the military base.
【Though Okinawa has returned....】
『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』
As to Sato`s recognition, he would do what he could do, he answered like that bureaucratically, but America thought he made a promise.
After that, as Japan couldn`t carry out the regulation on the export of textile goods easily, Nixon was angry with that, and thought Japan broke the promise.
It`s a one of frictions between Japan and America over language. How difficult the language is!
〈Second measures against Okinawa〉
As to returning Okinawa it was expressed without a nuclear weapon, it becomes the one like...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』
There was quite an outcry against the regulation on export of textile goods for America then in Japan, but Sato accepted the request from Nixon in a word, so the deal of exchanging the regulation on the textiles with returning Okinawa was made.
As a result, Sato was criticized that he exchanged a thread with a rope. The thread means the textile goods and the rope Okinawa.
When answering from the request from Nixon, Sato adopted a Japanese phrase 善処, and it is said it was interpreted he`ll do his best.
Sato...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』
Then the President Nixon in America decided to return Okinawa to Japan in the conference with then the Prime Minister Eisaku Sato in Japan.
During an election campaign before being the President, American textile industry was awed by Japanese one, so Nixon promised the Americans he made Japan regulate to export a textile goods for America.
When returning Okinawa, Nixon requested Sato to control the export on the textile goods in order to follow through on his campaign promise.
There was quite an outcry against....
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A traffic way on the road becomes the one like the main land〉
For example, there was a store which sold a bait and a tool for fishing. When driving for the sea, the shop was on the right side on the road so as to a driver can make use of the shop easily.
When the traffic way changed, the driver would find it inconvenient, so lots of stores which changed its place into opposite road appeared one after another.
Even if changing the place on a bus stop, it had a great influence over the residents.
『Column, exchanging a thread with a rope』
Then the...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A traffic way on the road becomes the one like the main land〉
Driving a car was on the right side on the road, and a pedestrian was on the left side in Okinawa then. American way used to be adopted until then, but it becomes the same one like the mainland.
However if it was done immediate after returning Okinawa, its confusion was so much that it was done after five years, but changing the traffic way had influence over the residents unexpectedly.
It doesn`t always mean that it`s all right if both of a car and a pedestrian adopt the opposite side.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Politics has also become the one like the mainland〉
Political parties in Okinawa have been like the mainland such as the Liberal Democratic party, Socialist one and Communist one, but the Public Socialist Party which was original in Okinawa alone adopted its original course.
〈Passing through of traffic way changed into the one like the mainland〉
After six years from Okinawa returning, traffic way in Okinawa has changed into the one like the mainland.
When being controlled by America, as to the traffic way in Okinawa, a car drives on the right side...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A dollar changed into yen in Okinawa〉
As to the bills with the stamp, it was exchanged with a rate that 1 dollar was 360 yen. It was an operation of strict secrecy.
〈Politics also becomes the one like the mainland〉
With returning Okinawa, the Self Defense Force of Japan was deployed in Okinawa, and six thousand and four hundred members were stationed there.
However there was a voice of opposition from prefectural residents who went through a hardships by the ex military force of Japan in the war of Okinawa.
A political party changed into the one like...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A dollar changed into yen in Okinawa〉
As to dollar which the residents in Okinawa had alone, 1 dollar was exchanged with 360 yen, but if it was leaked out in advance, it was expected a movement by foreign people who tried to exchange the dollar with high price, so the plan went ahead with as top secret.
All the financial institution in Okinawa prefecture were closed suddenly October in 1971, a stamp of vermilion ink pad 朱肉 was put on all the bills of dollar which the resident possessed alone.
As to the bills with the stamp alone, it was exchanged 1...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈A dollar changed into yen in Okinawa〉
Immediately before Okinawa returned to Japan, 1 dollar was 360 yen which continued fro a long time changed into 1 dollar was 308 yen. It was a strong yen and a weak dollar.
With returning Okinawa, as to the currency used in Okinawa, it changed from the dollar to yen. How much should it change? It was a problem.
If exchanging 1 dollar with 308 yen, the value of dollar which the residents had would drop. The Japanese government thought the residents in Okinawa who thought of I dollar as 360 yen would damage.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, a secret agreement on Okinawa』
According to the book, with returning Okinawa, the nuclear weapons in Okinawa would be carried away from Okinawa, but if America judged it was necessary, America would bring the nuclear weapon into Okinawa again, talking to Japan beforehand that the nuclear weapon would pass through Okinawa, and Japan has to allow it at once.
However the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan has denied the existence of the secret agreement.
〈Dollars changed into yen in Okinawa〉
Immediately before Okinawa returned to Japan, 1dollar...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
Actually it cost on removal and carrying away for the nuclear weapon a lot, and in the item of movement on assets was almost the cost on removal for the nuclear weapon.
『Column, a secret agreement on Okinawa』
The late Kei Wakaizumi who played an active part behind the scene on the negotiation of the returning Okinawa as a secret messenger from Eisaku Sato published a book in 1994.
He disclosed there was a secret agreement between Eisaku Sato and Nixon in the book.
According to the book, with...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should deal with a nuclear weapon〉
...but there was a secret agreement, the late Kei Wakaizumi who was a professor in Kyoto industry university and was in charge of the negotiation disclosed it.
When returning Okinawa, the Japanese government paid the cost on movement of American assets one hundred seventy five million dollar, the cost on personnel management for seventy five million dollar, and removal on the nuclear weapon for seventy million dollar, in total paid three hundred and twenty thousand million dollar to America.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should deal with a nuclear weapon〉
We can refuse America to bring into the nuclear weapon formally when talking on it together in the security treaty, but there is a phrase, without harming a position in America. We can receive it like the next.
If America applies for a talking together beforehand, and said wanting to bring the nuclear weapon into Okinawa, Japan has to accept it.
So there was a criticism that bring into and saving the nuclear weapon would be allowed in emergency, and the Japanese government denied it, but a secret ....
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
Without being inconsistent with a policy of the Japanese government, it was done, it means of having a respect for the three nonnuclear principles of the Japanese government and getting rid of the nuclear weapon from Okinawa.
The system of talking on the security agreement between Japan and America beforehand in the sentence is like the next.
When trying bring a nuclear weapon into Japan, America and Japan are to talk on it together beforehand, it was in the security treaty.
Japan can refuse America...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
...without harming a position of America in regard to a system of talking on the security treaty between Japan and America beforehand, making sure to the Prime Minister returning Okinawa to Japan would be done without being inconsistent with the Japanese policy.
Though the sentence was hard to understand, the Japanese government said without having the nuclear weapon, returning Okinawa to Japan the same as the main land in Japan was promised in the joint issue.
Without being inconsistent with a policy...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
...but in an agreement on returning Okinawa between Japan and America a removal on nuclear weapon wasn`t shown clearly.
A joint statement from a meeting between Sato and Nixon expressed like the next.
The Prime Minister explained a special feeling on the nuclear weapon from the Japanese and a step the Japanese government took behind the background in detail to the President.
Then the President showed the Prime Minister a deep understanding, without harming a position of American government in regard ...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
...so having a military base for the nuclear weapon on the ground would be disadvantageous, America began to think like that then, so the nuclear missile in Okinawa was becoming old fashioned then.
In short when Okinawa returning to Japan, America agreed with Japan of getting rid of the nuclear weapon from Okinawa.
Japanese government expressed it Okinawa was the same as the mainland in Japan concerned having not the nuclear weapon, but in an agreement on returning Okinawa between Japan and America...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
An opposing opinion on get rid of a nuclear missile from Okinawa was strong within the military force in America, but the time was changing.
America began to change into an operation of loading a nuclear missile on a nuclear submarine and making it waiti for deep at the bottom of the sea each country then.
If having a military base for the nuclear missile on the ground, it is easy to be a target from an enemy, so when breaking up a war actually, it would be aimed at in the very beginning, and it would...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
The three nonnuclear principles were decided in National Assembly in 1971, so we must not have the nuclear weapon in Japan.
When Okinawa returned to Japan, there were nuclear weapons in Okinawa. What should we do then? It was a problem.
Then if applying for the three nonnuclear principles, we had to remove the nuclear weapons of the military force of America. It was the biggest problem in the conference between Japan and America.
There were lots of opposing opinions on removing a nuclear missile from...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A problem was how we should treat a nuclear weapon〉
When Okinawa returned to Japan, a biggest heart of matter was how we should treat a nuclear weapon.
When being under control by America, lots of nuclear weapons were brought into Okinawa and were saved. It`s said its number reached about eight hundred around 1960 when it was the most.
Then the Prime Minister Eisaku Sato expressed the three nuclear principles, neither we possess, made, nor being brought into the nuclear weapon in Japan in National Assembly as policy on nuclear weapon in Japan in 1967.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Okinawa returned to Japan〉
From then Okinawa has returned to Japan. It was after twenty seven years from by controlled by America.
We`ve call it returning of Okinawa, but it`s an authority of administration was returned to Japan precisely.
When Okinawa was cut from Japan, potential sovereignty for Japan to Okinawa was allowed. Though it`s a Japanese territory originally, the military force in America does its politics, America adopted the form. Returning the authority on politics to Japan, it`s the authority of administration was returned.
【Though Japan has returned...】
〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉
Though the actual time for returning wasn`t decided, a concrete talk on returning Okinawa started from then.
A conference between Japan and America on returning Okinawa started May in 1968, and the returning was decided in a meeting between Sato and Nixon November in the next year of 1969.
〈Okinawa has returned to Japan〉
A siren and a steam whistle echoed all over in Okinawa from all the public offices, factories, and ships altogether 0：00 a.m. on the fifteenth day May in 1972.
From then...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉
A movement of returning Okinawa to Japan started.
Returning each island of Ogasawara was decided within a year at the top-level meeting between Japan and America November in 1967, for Ogasawara was also under control by America then. It was returned to Japan June in the next year, and became Ogasawara village at Tokyo prefecture in Japan.
Returning Okinawa to Japan within a few years was done, but to be exact, returning Okinawa to Japan when to start within a few years was done.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉
Eisaku Sato who took office as Prime Minister put up returning Okinawa as the biggest political subject in the middle of the movement of returning Okinawa to Japan heightened.
When visiting America for the first time January in the next year of 1965, he applied for then the Johnson President to return Okinawa to Japan
He visited Okinawa for the first time as incumbent Prime Minister August in the same year, and said clearly without realizing returning Okinawa to Japan, after the war wasn`t over.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, Eisaku Sato』
He took office as Prime Minister in 1964, and maintained the longest political power for seven years and eight months. He was a real young brother of Nobusuke Kishi in the time of security treaty.
He started the three nonnuclear principles when being the Prime Minister and was evaluated his deed that returning Okinawa to Japan was realized, so received the Nobel Peace Prize.
〈Without realizing the returning, after the war isn`t over〉
Eisaku Sato who took office as Prime Minister November in 1964 put up returning Okinawa as ...
【Though Okinawa has returned】
〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉
At the same time, the riot informed that America couldn`t treat Okinawa at will with a way it adopted until then any more.
『Column, Eisaku Sato』
He was born in Yamaguchi prefecture. After graduating from the former Imperial University, he started to work in the Ministry of Railway which was combine the Ministry of Transport and the National railway.
When the Minister of Railway changed into the one of Transport, he became the Chief Cabinet Secretary in the second Yoshida Cabinet from an administrative vice-minister.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The residents` anger exploded〉
...and American soldiers aimed guns which were loaded at the residents then. If the crowed of the residents went into the military base any more, it was about to develop an indiscriminate shooting.
The crowded people stopped there, so a tragedy was avoided at a critical moment.
It was the riot in Koza. Though no one was dead, 61 Americans were injured, and 27 Japanese were. Anger of the residents every day exploded in the riot.
At the same time the riot informed that America couldn`t treat Okinawa at will with the way it...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉
The Military Police who feared the angry crowded of the residents fired a warning shot, and it caused a riot then.
The crowded residents increased to five thousand, and began to turn over a car parked in the middle of the road or to set the fire on other.
Almost all of the cars parking there belong to the military force in America or an American soldier. No less than 82 automobiles were set on fire in total .
A part of the crowded residents rushed to a gate of Kadena military base, and American soldiers aimed...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉
Lots of the residents who gathered there were afraid that the same thing would happen.
In Okinawa which was under control by America, a case or an accident by American soldiers happened one after another, but the Americans weren`t guilty or a petty offense in the trial by the military force in America, so the residents were frustrated it so much.
Then other American caused an accident near the city again, and it ignited the feeling of the residents then.
The Military Police who feared crowded of the residents...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈The residents` anger exploded in Okinawa〉
A car driving by a soldier in the U.S.army hit a Japanese who worked in the military base and the Japanese was injured in Koza city at early dawn December in 1970.
When Military Police in the military force of America rushed there and started an inspection on the scene, the residents began to gather there in order to look at it.
Before nine days, other American soldier hit a Japanese woman by car in Itoman city and she was dead, but the military court in America sentenced that the American soldier wasn`t guilty.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
『Column, Chobyo Yara』
After Okinawa was cut from the mainland of Japan and was under control by America, Chobyo Yara was a headmaster in high school, and he formed a conference of teaching staff in Okinawa and became its first president, then tackled the movement of reviving Okinawa.
He was elected the first leader in the temporary government which was elected by popular vote direct, and with rerunning Okinawa to Japan, he took office as first governor.
After that he continued to ask for a withdrawal the military base of America and retired in 1976.
【Though Okinawa has returned ...】
〈A movement of reviving Okinawa by the residents in Okinawa started〉
America introduced into an election by popular vote of the residents for a leader in the temporary government direct in 1968, with a form by forcing the public opinion in Okinawa.
The election was done November in that year, and the percentage of voting reached no less than 90%. A wish from the residents appeared as the number.
Tyoubyou Yara who put up unconditional whole revival for Okinawa at once was elected with a cooperation of a progressive political party.
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A movement fro reviving Okinawa heightened by the residents in Okinawa〉
A movement for wanting to return to the mainland in Japan where there was the peaceful constitution so as to realize a peaceful Okinawa intensified.
A leader in the temporary government was chosen from the conservative political party close to America by America until then, but as the movement of reviving Okinawa strengthened, a voice for requesting for an autonomy by residents arose.
America introduced into an election by popular vote by residents for the leader in the temporary...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A movement for reviving Okinawa heightened〉
As the Vietnamese War intensified February in 1965, America started an air raid to North Vietnam. A bomber plane of B52 of America attacked from Kadena military base in Okinawa to North Vietnam direct September. Okinawa became the military base for the air raid against North Vietnam then.
A tremendous body of the combat plane of B52 took off and landed on with a roaring sound every day. Okinawa was covered with the shadow of the war.
A movement for wanting to return to the mainland in Japan where there was the...
【Though Okinawa has returned...】
〈A movement for returning Okinawa heightened〉
A legislative organ which was the representation from the residents and the head of the administration just had a limited authority, so a movement for wanting to return to Japan heightened, so a conference for Okinawa returning to Japan started in 1960.
Its symbol was the sun-rising flag. Immediately after the military force in America occupied, the flag was prohibited to raise, so raising it itself means a resistance against the control by the military force in America.
As the Vietnamese War was intensified...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
『Column, return Okinawa to us』
Return Okinawa to us, return Okinawa to us.
〈A movement for return Okinawa heightened〉
Okinawa which was cut from the mainland in Japan and was surrounded by the military force in America.
A combat plane of America crashed near the military base during a military training, or crimes by American soldiers frequently occurred in Okinawa, so the residents suffered from sadness by controlling of the military force in America every day.
A legislative organ which was a representation from the residents and a head of...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Why has America controlled Okinawa?〉
America has declared openly that it needs to use the military base in Okinawa at will in order to continue to have influence over the whole West Pacific Ocean.
『Column, return Okinawa to us』
A song of which title was return Okinawa to us was always sung in revival movement of Okinawa.
With the break of a hard earth, the island which is burning with angers of the residents, Okinawa.
Okinawa, we and our ancestors have protected and brought up with blood and sweat.
We have been crying, Okinawa has been ours.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Why has America controlled Okinawa?〉
In an emergency, all kinds of weapons and supplies are able to save at will without any limit. As long as Okinawa is controlled by America, the condition in Okinawa is equivalent to the demands. The answer was done in 1965.
In addition, the military force in the whole Japan has a responsibility for a defense on Japan alone, but the one in Okinawa has the responsibility for the whole West Pacific Ocean, America declared like that.
America has expressed openly that it needs to use the military base in Okinawa...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Why has America controlled Okinawa?〉
The treaty has entrusted America with defending for those countries from invasion by other countries.
If America takes into action quickly and effectively so as to defend their liberty, it has to maintain military bases. There has been an absolute demand for the bases which is equivalent to their conditions.
In short, without delaying, a military force and all the kinds of weapons can be carried away to the military bases at will according to a necessary condition.
In an emergency, all the kinds of weapons...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The temporary government started〉
Those insensitive and lack of understanding phrases hurt the residents in Okinawa. Okinawa was cut from the consciousness of the Japanese in its mainland altogether.
〈Why has America controlled Okinawa?〉
What kind of existence is Okinawa for America? When asking, why America had controlled Okinawa, America answered like the next.
America has concluded a security treaty with some countries in Southeast Asia such as South Korea, Taiwan, Philippine, and Japan.
The treaty has entrusted America with a defend ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The temporary government started〉
Its official language was English. The currency which was used there was a dollar. Vehicles drive on the right. When going to mainland in Japan, and coming from Japan to Okinawa, both a passport and visa were indispensable then.
When traveling from Okinawa to the mainland in Japan, it is said the residents in Okinawa was sometimes said from the ones in the mainland like the next.
Though you`ve lived in Okinawa, you`re good at the Japanese, or you the residents in Okinawa speak English, aren`t you?
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The temporary government started〉
Under control by America, a temporary government which was a representation from the people in Okinawa started April in 1952. America allowed the residents to the limited self-government under control America.
Legislative organ which was equivalent to a prefectural assembled in Okinawa and a law court were established, but the temporary government was an existence which obeyed America, and its head was also an American.
Under control by America, Okinawa changed into the one like America altogether. Its...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The whole land of Okinawa plunged headlong into a struggle〉
As a result, a temporary government in Okinawa leased the land for a military base from landowners, and the military force in America used it.
As to lands which the temporary government couldn`t negotiate with landowners, the military force in America could acquire by force. It was settled like that.
After that as to lands for the military base, it wasn`t that America leased from landowners direct, but America did through the temporary government indirect.
〈The temporary government...〉
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The whole island of Okinawa plunged headlong into a struggle〉
Except for landowners, the residents in Okinawa were got angry with it, for it`s same as being bought the land by force.
The people who thought their land would be taken away forever developed a severe resistant movement each place. It was called a struggle of the whole island.
It was a start of the first open opposing movement against the American control by the people in Okinawa.
As a result, a temporary government in Okinawa bought a land for the military base from landowners...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Expanding a military base with a bulldozer and a bayonet〉
There was even an executive in the military force of America said like that, so the people in Okinawa said America constructed the military base with the bulldozer and the bayonet.
〈The whole island of Okinawa plunged into headlong into a struggle〉
America started a plan of paying the land rent which they made the residents contract by force for twenty years altogether. It adopted to pay for it in one lump sum rather than paying it every year, trying to get a right of permanent lease.
【Though Okinawa has returned Japan...】
〈Expanding a base with a bulldozer and a bayonet〉
Destroying houses and fields with a bulldozer and changing them into a military base altogether. Threatening the ones who refused, and arresting the ones who were opposed.
The military force in America adopted a way of using the bulldozer in a field in midnight when residents were asleep in order to prevent the residents from opposing.
When the residents protested, it said Okinawa had been captured by the military force in America from Japan, so the residents didn`t have any right to protest at all.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Expanding a military base with a bayonet and a bulldozer〉
...and Japan accomplished its independence then, but Okinawa was under control by America. Okinawa was cut off from Japan.
The Military force in America started to expand a military base in Okinawa April in 1953. It proclaimed an order of expropriating lands in order to build the military base newly, entering into a contract of taking away the lands at will with a land owner by force, and changing the lands into the military base.
Destroying houses, and fields with a bulldozer, building ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan....】
〈Expanding a military base with a bayonet and a bulldozer〉
After the Korean War broke out, the military base where the military force of America could use at will around the clock becomes valuable. The military bases in Okinawa increased but never decreased.
Instead of a military government in which America controlled directly Okinawa, a government by American nation in Ryukyu island was established December in 1950, but both of head and vice head were actually American commanders.
A peace treaty was concluded in San Francisco September in 1952...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Expanding a military base with a bayonet and a bulldozer〉
After the whole Japan surrendered August in 1945, the military bases didn`t disappear from Okinawa, for after the World War Second, in the middle of the Cold War between East and West intensified, the military force of America placed Okinawa as key stone in the Pacific Ocean.
Okinawa is near Taiwan, so if a dispute between China and Taiwan happens, the military force of America can rush there at once from the military base in Okinawa.
After the Korean War broke out, a military base where...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Expanding the military base with a bayonet and bulldozer〉
The military force in America built a huge military base there so as to prepare for an attack against the main land in Japan. The military base was born one after another on a vast plain or on a hill which commanded a fine view from there.
It secured the necessary land, after that it returned the residents unnecessary land. The land of the residents were taken away from them, so they were forced to move to a place where America designated.
After the...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
『Column, a military base of America in Japan has the name of a hero』
We can think that in spite that the military base is in Japan, naming like that is insensitive to Japan.
〈Expanding the base with a bayonet and a bulldozer〉
The local residents who could survive was made to accommodate in a detention camp, and clothing and food were supplied from the U.S.army.
America accommodated the local residents in the detention camp, so Okinawa became uninhabited then. The military force of America built a tremendous military base so as to prepare for ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Column, a military base of America has the name of a hero〉
There are five military bases on American marine in Okinawa which has a personal name. The owners of the name are marines who rendered a remarkable service in the war in Okinawa and were heroes then.
Marines rushed into the front of the war the lead, they attacked there faster and braver than any other soldiers, so their morale was encouraged with that form.
However if changing a viewpoint, rendered a remarkable service means killing lots of Japanese soldiers. In spite that its base is ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
Disastrous things happened here and there.
Names of victims on both soldiers in Japan and America and local residents who were dead at the war in Okinawa have been described on the foundation stone of a hill on Mafune. Its number is about two hundred thirty eight thousand.
American soldiers are more than twelve thousand, Japanese military force are more than sixty five thousand, local defending members are twenty eight thousand, and local residents are more than one hundred thirty thousand
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
If being taken by them as captive, our ears would be cut off, our nose would be scraped off, they tortured us and finally they would kill us. We were told like that.
Everyone would feel terrible if thinking that its dear sons or daughters go through like that, so the parents killed their children with their own hands, but the children didn`t think they wanted to be dead, so they ran away from their parents, and a father ran after a child and strangled it by hand, killing it with a sickle.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
...they were told they were tortured and were slaughtered then, but when being a captive actually, the residents had their injury treated, and were offered the food by them. Then lots of the residents thought they had been deceived by the military force in Japan.
The one who went through the war in Ie island which was west to the main land of Okinawa said on the situation like the next.
It is said the Americans and the English were brute and savage like a fiend. We used to think like that.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
...and the food and medical supplies for the residents were ready, and the Americans who were in charge of those things reached no less than five thousand.
As a result, they were deserted by the military force in Japan which should have been their supporter, but were rescued by the one in America which could have been their enemy.
Lots of residents in Okinawa thought like that.
The military force in Japan used to told the residents if surrendered to the military force in America, they...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan... 】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
...Ryotaro Shiba said like that.
The military force doesn`t protect its residents originally and essentially as function. It defends itself.
Contrary to the military force in Japan which couldn`t help the residents, the one in America thought of a step which helped the life of residents who weren`t combatants.
Before starting to attack, they prepared for lots of interpreters so as to come to a mutual understanding with the residents, and food and medical ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
The commander committed a suicide on the twenty third day June, so the day the war ended was the twenty third day June in Okinawa, but after that a sporadic resistance developed each place actually.
In Kumejima which was west to the mainland of Okinawa, after systematic resistance was over in the mainland, twenty local residents were slaughtered by defending party of Japanese navy under a suspicion of action on spy.
As to those behaviors by the military force in Japan, Ryotaro Shiba said...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
Forcing what is call 集団自決 was done one after another.
While the military force in Japan hiding themselves in a natural cave, the military force in America added violent bombardment from warships off shore.
As to foot soldiers, they adopted a tactical move of throwing a hand grenade into the cave, or burned them with a flamethrower. In this way an one side battle continued.
A commander at defending army in Okinawa was pressed to Itoman city at the south end of Okinawa, and killed himself.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
If Japanese soldiers or residents tried to surrender to America, they were often shot to death from the back by Japanese soldiers. Documents in Okinawa prefecture described like the next.
The military force in Japan drove the residents out of a shelter, robbing the residents of the food, killing infants by poisoning, by strangulation, by stabbing, thinking of the residents as a spy and killing them, and forcing friends, acquaintances, and blood relatives to kill themselves each other.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
Driving the residents who hid in the cave out from the cave and the Japanese soldiers hid themselves there. They did it each place in Okinawa, and a tragedy that children who were driven out from the cave were dead by the bombardment of warships happened.
It is said when hiding in a cave with the residents, an infant started to cry, Japanese soldiers feared that American soldiers would know the place where they hid, so ordered the residents to kill the infant.
If Japanese soldiers or the...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈A tragedy in Himeyuri〉
...and almost all of them were dead on account of a bombardment by warships.
The tragedy was made into a movie with a title of a tower in Himeyuri after the war, and has been well known to the public, but except for the members of student soldiers in Himeyuri, lots of students of both male and female were in the same duty and were victims by the war.
〈The military force in Japan didn`t protect the residents〉
The military force in Japan disgraced themselves at the end of the ground war in Okinawa.
Driving the residents...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Okinawa used to be the hell〉
Not only killing each other in both soldiers of Japan and America, but lots of the local residents involved in the war and died then.
〈A tragedy in Himeyuri〉
Various tragedies were born by the ground war.
Two hundred and nineteen female students were mobilized for nursing action at military hospital at Haebaru in south of Okinawa. They were called member of school students in Himeyuri.
The military hospital was destroyed, and student took care of injured soldiers in a temporary sick room made in a cave, and ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Okinawa used to be the hell〉
自決 was different from killing itself to be exact. 集団自決 Includes committing a suicide, and killing its members each other. The book said like that, and it was done in Kerama.
The military force in America started to go on shore of the west coast of the main land in Okinawa with military units of one hundred and eighty thousand soldiers April.
A place where residents in Okinawa led their life became a stage on the ground war.
Not only killing each other by both of soldiers in Japan and America, but lots of residents...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Okinawa used to be the hell〉
...including defending members who were mobilized by local residents, and student soldiers.
A male student whose age was thirteen was a soldier, and a female student whose age was fifteen was a nursing personnel. It was an all out war by the whole island.
The U.S.army went on shore on each island of Kerama which were west to the mainland of Okinawa at first.
A tragedy that seven hundred residents who were pressed by the enemy killed themselves in group was happened.
They chose 自決 in the book. To be exact it was...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Okinawa used to be the hell〉
One thousand and hundred of warships and a half million soldiers joined the operation.
A violent bombardment by warships in American navy started March in 1945. American soldiers went on shore April, and a fierce land war involving the residents started then.
The military force which confronted them set up headquarters at a basement in the Shurijo which used to be the castle for a king. The Japanese were no more than one hundred and ten thousand, including defending members of local residents by mobilized in Okinawa...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
『Other privilege on the U.S.army』
They are consideration that they can take into action in Japan easily.
〈Okinawa used to be the hell〉
Why has Okinawa concentrated the military base of America like that? It was caused the ground war was done in Okinawa at the end of the Pacific War.
The military base of America which destroyed completely the military force in Japan which protected the islands on the Pacific started to invade Okinawa. The operation was called iceberg, 1500 of warships and over a half million of soldiers in total joined the...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
『Column,other privileges on the U.S.army』
There are other privileges on American soldiers.
For example, a car belonged to the U.S.army passed through a superhighway, or a toll road, its driver doesn`t pay the fee.
As to a driver`s license, if there is the one which was got in America, or the one of the U.S.army, they can drive a car in Japan, even if they don`t get the license in Japan.
When foreign people go into Japan, they need a passport, but without having it, the members in the U.S.army can go into Japan.
It`s a consideration that they ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Making use of it was re-examined by the case of raping the girl...〉
A voice that the case happened because there are such the lots of military bases of America in Okinawa heightened when the case broke out.
Okinawa has been returned to Japan in1972, there have been about four thousand nine hundred criminal cases by the soldiers, civilian employees, or their family members from then to 1999.
Five hundred and thirty nine cases which is over 10% were atrocious ones like a murder, robbery, rape, and arson.
〈Okinawa used to be the hell〉
Why has ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Making use of it was re-examined by the case of raping the girl〉
The military base of America has made up for 75% in the whole Okinawa, especially 20% of the area on the mainland in Okinawa is occupied by the military base by America. Sometimes it has been expressed there is the island among the military base.
As a result, the prefectural residents in Okinawa have been usually troubled by noise greatly from the military base in America.
Therefore when the case occurred like that, a voice that it happened because there are the military base in...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Making use of it was re-examined by the case of raping the girl...〉
...so it took a lot of time for a consideration inside American military force, so extraditing the suspect was late.
There was a criticism in Okinawa why wasn`t arresting done by far earlier?
A voice heightened that the Japan-U.S.Status-of-Forces Agreement should be revised so as to be arrested by the Japanese police at once.
If there is the human rights on the suspect, what about the human rights on the victim?
There was a criticism like that.
Okinawa was returned to...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Making use of it was re-examined by the case of raping the girl...〉
...America showed a disapproval in relation to extraditing the suspect to Japan before an indictment owing to a problem on the human rights.
If being arrested by the Japanese police, an interpreter in the police`s side can attend the investigation, but other interpreter who was requested by the suspect couldn`t, and a nor lawyer could. They are a problem for America.
America thought there was no consideration on the human rights for the suspect in the judicial system in Japan....
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈Making use of it was re-examined by the case of raping the girl...〉
The case made the Japa-U.S.Status-of-Forces Agreement criticized so much that a conference was done between Japan and America, and the way of carrying out the agreement was re-examined.
As to a vicious case like a murder or a rape, if the Japanese police offered America to extradite a suspect to Japan, America paid a favorable consideration.
In short America would do it as much as possible, but when the case broke out actually June in 2001, America showed a disapproval in ...
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈What is the Japan-U.S.Status-of-Forces Agreement?〉
Because there is the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty and the Japan-U.S.Statuus-of-Forces Agreement.
The military force in America has stayed in Japan for the safety of Japan, so let`s protect its position in order that they take into action easily. It`s the Japan-U.S.-Status-of-Fources Agreement.
The military force in America has stayed in South Korea or in Germany tying with them the same one like the Japan-U.S.Status-of-Forces Agreement.
〈Making use of the Japan-U.S.Status-of-Forces Agreement ...〉
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈What is the Japan-U.S.Status-of Forces Agreement?〉
It`s a promise between Japan and America. If an American soldier in Japan committed a crime, the police can arrest him as long as he was red-handed.
However if he escaped to a base in the U.S. of military force after the crime, Japanese police can`t arrest him as principle.
As the result of an investigation, if he was indicted, he was moved to Japan, but until then Japanese police could investigate voluntarily alone.
Why has it been allowed to do? Because there is the U.S.-Japan Security....
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈A female was a victim again in Okinawa〉
At least the Japan-U.S.States-of-Forces Agreement should be re-examined again. A rally in Okinawa prefecture by eighty thousand of prefectural residents was held October in this year asking for withdrawal or reduction on the base of the U.S.army.
It means that one to ten in the main land of Okinawa joined the rally.
A school girl of the third grade in high school appealed to return them a peaceful island where there was no the military force nor a tragedy.
〈What is the Japan-U.S.States-of-Forces Agreement?〉
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈A female was a victim again in Okinawa〉
She went to buy a stationery near the shop and on the way back to her home the tragedy happened.
Three American soldiers dragged her in the car, and took her away with them and raped. They ran away to the base, but the police in Okinawa couldn`t arrest them.
The police investigated them voluntarily and the prosecution indicted them, then they were deported to Japan.
There was an angry voice in Okinawa then like the next.
There is the case like that because of the Japan-U.S.States-of-Forces Agreement.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈A female was a victim again in Okinawa〉
...a sergeant whose age was twenty-four loomed up a possible suspect then, and the Japanese police issued an arrest warrant, but it took four day until he was arrested actually because of the Japan-U.S.States of-Forces Agreement 日米地位協定.
Whenever an American soldier committed a crime in Okinawa, the Japan-U.S. States of-Forces Agreement becomes a problem, in particular a big one was September in 1995.
A school girl in an elementary school was raped by three American soldiers. She went to buy a stationery...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
However there is no free residential movement in China, and a report which is something wrong for the authority has never been allowed. There is difference between Japan and China.
I`m going to start a new chapter from now on.
【Though Okinawa has returned to Japan...】
〈A female became a victim again in Okinawa〉
A female in her twenties was raped at Chatan in Okinawa prefecture June in 2001. As the result of an investigation by the police, a sergeant whose age was 24 in the U.S army loomed up as a possible...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Some of us the Japanese may have remembered the sky over Tokyo was cleared up on the day of the ceremony on the Tokyo Olympic, but it rained the previous day and the rain carried away the smoke.
History repeats itself. Without learning a failure from other countries, the same tragedy would repeat.
However as to Japan, residential movement disclosing the environmental pollution arose, and the mass media reported the movement, so both of the administration and companies couldn`t ignore it, and started its step.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
The Japanese who visited Beijing were surprised at the pollution in the air, for even if it was fine, it looked slightly cloudy because of smoke in the city.
Water pollution at local cities in China was serious and a sickness because of the water pollution spread out then.
The situation was as the same as that of Japan altogether at the time of the rapid economic growth.
When the Olympic was held in Tokyo for a long ago, in fact the sky over Tokyo was polluted with smoke.
Some of us the Japanese may have...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
『Column, a basic law on a step for environmental pollution』
The proviso was criticized severely and the basic law on a step for environmental pollution was revised in its entire way, and the proviso was erased. Then soil pollution has been added to the environmental pollution
〈After that, what happened?〉
Olympic was held in China August in 2008. During the Olympic, China regulated an amount of traffic, or suspending a construction work, and was engaged in a step on the environmental pollution as much as possible.
The Japanese who visited...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
『Column, a basic law on a step for environmental pollution』
With that, intending to promote a total step on the environmental pollution, and protecting the health on the people, preserving the environment of their life.
The law declared like that. On the other hand, there was a proviso like the next.
As to the safety on preserving the environment on the people`s life, intending to be harmony with a sound development on economic growth.
It means that the step on the environmental pollution should be done so as not to be burden on companies.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Ministry of Environment was born〉
Economy, or Environment?
The problem has been forced to choose us the human being in a scale of the world.
『Column, a basic law on a step against environmental pollution』
In the law, being clear the responsibility for companies, the government, and local public organization are responsible for prevention of the political pollution, and fixing a basic matter on the policy of the prevention, intended to promote the total step on the political pollution.
With that protecting the people`s health, the total...
Continuation from the last response of English and so on.
【A phrase on environmental pollution was born】
〈Ministry of Environment was born〉
A meeting of preventing the globe from warming was held in Kyoto December in 1997, and a protocol in Kyoto which would show us the course in the future was adopted then.
However America was opposed against the enforcement on the protocol in Kyoto, for it has insisted that a step on carbon dioxide prevents from expanding would have bad influence over economic growth on its own country.
Environment, or economy?
The problem has been forced us the...
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絶対クビになりそうな奴がクビにならない？何故だろう？5レス 101HIT 通りすがりさん
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ご無沙汰してるから？3レス 173HIT 匿名さん
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「日本から子どもを消せ」と叫ぶ大人も…15レス 319HIT 繋がっていたいさん
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絶対クビになりそうな奴がクビにならない？何故だろう？
こんなところで愚痴悪口書いてる人よりは 余程良いと思う。(匿名さん5)
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「日本から子どもを消せ」と叫ぶ大人も…
育って来た環境が人それぞれ違いますからね。 同じ出来事でも気にな…(匿名さん5)
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ご無沙汰してるから？
そう考えるのはヤボってもんでしょう (;^_^A(通りすがりさん3)
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声が好き。イケボが好き。甘い言葉にときめく。 イケボがやるから需…(おしゃべり好きさん1)
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競艇場 どう思う？
競艇ファンからすればうるさいでしょうね。主さんとは目的が全く違いますか…(匿名さん3)
3レス 109HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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☆ダブル不倫15☆
スレがいっぱいになったので新しいスレを作ったよ☆ 大切な仲間の皆んな、これからもよろしくね♡ …
426レス 24249HIT りあ (40代 女性 ) -
妻の過去について
私と妻は現在50代。妻は私より4歳年下です。私と付き合う前に付き合っていた彼との関係について知りたく…
7レス 403HIT 匿名さん (50代 男性 ) -
ディズニーの写真見せたら
この前女友達とディズニーに行って来ました。 気になる男友達にこんなLINEをしました。ランドで撮っ…
28レス 608HIT 片思い中さん (30代 女性 ) -
おばさんイジリされる職場
私は40代の女性会社員です。 会社は男性が多く昭和な社風です。 一応、私は役職もついていますが下…
32レス 1125HIT 社会人さん -
彼氏にカマかけたらクロ 別れるべきか
こんな時間ですが、緊急で悩んでいます 彼氏と別れるべきか真剣に悩んでいます 私は成人済み…
10レス 244HIT 一途な恋心さん (10代 女性 ) -
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スカートの丈が床につきますレーススカートが欲しいのですが試着したら裾が床についてしまいました(泣) 可愛いデザインだっただけ…
11レス 249HIT 解決させたいさん (30代 女性 ) - もっと見る
