レッツ　エンジョイ　イングリッシュ　17th

【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

Is there an account in 建設銀行, or in 招商銀行？

It means the 建設銀行 is a little boy, and 招商銀行 a little girl, so the pregnant who was asked the 招商銀行 would take into the next action.

《Being enthusiastic for education》

A large amount of little emperor were born by the one child policy, but easy reality isn’t waiting for the it, for parents put a great hope to their child and make the child receive high education from the early childhood.

Parents who paid lots of money and makes their child high education from the kindergarten increase in cities.

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《Being enthusiastic for education》

College enrollment rate raised and reached to no less than 19% in 2004. With the rise of the college enrollment rate, lots of university have been founded which were worse. As a result without graduating from renowned university young people would be in difficulty when trying to get a job.

So lots of the young people who tried to go to the part of the big name university have increased, so the examination ordeal has been intensified, and it has made the young people go to cramming school from being young.

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《Being enthusiastic for education》

The situation is as if it were being in Japan.

The education expense is so high in cities the family which have a single child spontaneously has increased in Beijing and Shanghai. As the education expense hits the roof the birth rate drops. There has been the tendency like developed countries in China.

《Men can’t get married?》

One child policy causes a serious after effect. It’s an extreme difference on the brith rate between men and women. The ration on newborn baby between men and women in 2005 is next one

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《Men can’t get married?》

When the man is 100%, the woman is 118.58 %, according to the investigation in 2005, the balance on the number between men and women has lost so much. Why? Being able to discriminate the sex on the baby to be before having the baby.

The technical skill on judging the sex on the babies to be by supersonic scanner spreads over the medical institution all over China after 1980. If judging the baby to be was a woman, lots of mothers go for an abortion.

As a result the number of men whose age is from twenty to forty…

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《Men can’t get married?》

…it has been expected that the number of men whose age is from twenty to forty five would be more than women by thirty million in 2020. Those men won’t be able to find women who got married to them.

The government has forbidden to discriminate the sex on babies to be which isn’t necessary medically, taking a stringent stance against the aborting the little girl by judging the sex the baby to be, but the reality doesn’t go well as expected.

《To the society of declining birthdate and aging society rapidly》

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《To the society of declining birth rate and aging rapidly》

The number of aged person who is older than sixty five is over a hundred million for the first time in China at the end of 2005. The same number of the population in Japan learn to exist soon.

As the average life has expanded, the aged person has increased as well. The average life was 35 before the new China was founded, but it reached 71.8 in 2001.

The nation of which average life is over 70 is the country of longevity, according to the standard in WHO, so China joins in the…

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《To the society of declining birth rate and aging rapidly》

…so China joins in the country of longevity. Though it’s joyful, the number of young people wouldn’t increase because of the one child policy, so China would be the serious society of declining birth rate and aging.

The economy is developing in China, its structure on the society is the one in developed countries. If aging makes progress, even if developed countries can’t support the aged people easily as nation, so China which is the developing country will be in more difficulty.

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《The pension system has collapsed》

When the aging makes progress, the one which becomes serious is the pension. There is the pension system for workers in cities, but there wasn’t in the farm village for a long time.

As the worker doesn’t have the means of production in cities, so the nation guarantees its after retirement age, the farm house has the means of production which means the farm land, so take care of themselves, the government seemed to expect like that in the past.

But the pension system has started in the farm village in 1992.

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《The pension system has collapsed》

The one whose age from twenty to sixty joins in the pension system and it’s the age of sixty when receiving the old age pension starts. The insurance fee is the way of accumulating. Paid fund is accumulated and operated, and being able to receive the pension at the age of sixty five.

But it’s voluntary participation. Lots of farmers don’t participate in it, so if the farmers are old, supporting their life is hard for the aging people. It used to be the system of big family, so even if being old and being…

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《The pension system has collapsed》

…even if being old and being unable to work any more, its children used to look after the aged person in the past, but the children went for work in the cities, so no one would take care of the aged person.

On the other hand, there is the pension system in the cities. The pension system for workers in cities is the way of accumulating insurance fee by the worker itself and the enterprises in which the worker works.

The pension which was accumulated is being able to receive after its retirement, but …

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

《The pension system has collapsed》

…but the accumulated fund is applied for payment on retired workers before the establishment on the pension system, so the fund of accumulating pension is hollowing out phenomenon.

When the people who pay the insurance fee become the age of being able receive the pension, the fund which is paid for them doesn’t exist.

The pension system in China is by far more serious and more insufficient than the one in Japan, but aging makes progress rapidly, and the number of young people who support the aging people …

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【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】

…the number of young people who supported the aging people isn’t enough. A time bomb set up by Mao Zedong is waiting for the time to explode.

【The event in Tiananmen broke out】

《The square in Tiananmen which is the symbol in China》

Speaking of the symbol in China, no matter what you say, it’s the Tiananmen which is in the center of Beijing which is the capital of China and the square which spread over in front of Tiananmen. Large amount of tourists visit there from both overseas and from China. We can always see children who are playing with…

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【The event in Tiananmen broke out】

《The square in Tiananmen which is the symbol in China》

We can always see children playing with the flying kite there. Tiananmen is equivalent to the main gate on the palace where the emperor used to live at the time of 明 or 清. It was rebuilt at the place where it is at the time of 清 in 1615.

The height of its castle wall is some 12 meters, and there is the two storied building of which roof is red above the castle wall. The emperors stood on the two storied building at the important event at the time of 明 and 清. Mao Zedong also stood there as if he had…

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【The event in Tiananmen broke out】

《The square in Tiananmen which is the symbol in China》

Mao Zedong also stood there as if he had been the emperor and announced the foundation on the People’s Republic of China then.

The tremendous portrait on Mao Zedong is putting up on the castle wall, below the two storied building. There is the square in front of the Tiananmen and there is the road between the square and Tiananmen.

The square was there from the time of 明, but it has been expanded after the new China was born and has been equipped as park. It’s forty hundred thousand square meters.

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【The event in Tiananmen broke out】

《The square in Tiananmen is the symbol in China》

The square is so large that it can accommodate no less than half million of people there. The author went for there so as to interview in 2006. A man who seemed to come from a countryside and was in rough clothes spread the paper written his insistence at the corner of the square.

As soon as he did, he was held down by some plain clothed officers and was taken away in the patrol car at once. The author witnessed it.

The square in Tiananmen is an excellent place for the Chinese to insist.

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【The event in Tiananmen broke out】

《The square in Tiananmen is the symbol in China》

So the government of the Communist Party has feared extremely the political action there. If watching the people there, except for uniformed policemen, the ones who seem to be plain clothes officers keep watchful eyes around them.

While there are tourists who went for a stroll, plain clothes officers with penetrating stare. They are in the Square of Tiananmen.

Why are there lots of the plain clothes officers? The government used to be pushed into corner by lots of young people who insisted on politically.

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【The event in Tiananmen Square】

《The Square in Tiananmen is the symbol in China》

As a result, it was a tragedy in which the blood of lots of the young people shed, and the tragedy led to the awareness of the anti Japan in the young people soon. How is it? The author said he was going to look back the tragedy.

《The movement of wiping out the mental pollution started》

The author said he was going to return to the time of Den Xiaoping. When Mao Zedong adopted the policy of hundred flowers released, the wall on democracy appeared in Beijing and the movement on democracy started then.

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【The event in Tiananmen Square】

《The movement of wiping out the mental pollution started》

But Deng Xiaoping changed his attitude completely, starting four basic principles and suppressing the democracy. He started four principles

The Communist Party directs and workers carry out the autocracy to the capitalists and maintaining the socialism firmly under the thought of Mao Zedong, so the course of reform and open was continued.

As a result various thoughts and trend were flowed into China. Young women who used to be allowed to put on Mao suit alone got their hair permed and learned to put…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《The movement of wiping out the mental pollution started》

…and learned to put on skirt. Men learned to wear suit. Signboards written in English appeared on the street, and it seemed that the elders in the Conservative faction were disgusted with it. The movement of wiping out the mental pollution by the Communist Party started in 1983.

Polluted thought came in China from the countries of capitalism through the reform and open by Deng Xiaoping, so the spirit on the socialism is being polluted. The polluted thought has to be wiped out. The movement started like that.

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《The movement of wiping out the pollution started》

The influence on the conservative faction which hated the reform by Deng Xiaoping fought back, using in the name of the mental pollution. It’s the action like the throwback to the time of Mao Zedong.

An actress who was the national star in China wrote her autobiography, so she was criticized. She wrote it for the first time as an ordinary person, but she was criticized, for it was haughty.

She was in the present situation due to the Communist Party, but the one who wasn’t even an executive in the Communist Party...

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《The movement of wiping out the polluted spirit started》

…though she was just an ordinary person, she wrote her own autobiography, it was cheeky of her.

Not only being criticized on women who wore skirt or whose permanent hair but only having a goldfish was regarded as polluted spirit. Then the song by Teresa Teng was popular among in Taiwan, but listening to her song like alluring song was also considered as the polluted spirit.

The organ paper on the Communist Party criticizied people who imitating the song of Teresa Teng, for it was decadent. It blamed a part…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《The movement of wiping out the polluted spirit started》

The organ paper blamed a part of songs of which historical background was reactionary, for example the one which was popular among in the occupied area by the enemy during war resisting against Japan. It was a popular song in Japan during the war and was a hit song by Teresa Teng later.

When the movement stated the objection on attacking from the people escalated little by little. What is the polluted spirit? It becomes vague, and the movement was as if it had gone back to the time of Mao Zedong, so the…

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【The event in Tianammen】

《The movement of wiping out polluted spirit started》

…so the dissatisfaction raised among the people, though it was anxiety rather than dissatisfaction, for the movement reminded the people of the time of the Cultural Revolution or the time of group of four.

Though Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 stopped it, but the assistant editor and the president of other organ paper were discharged. Both of them were brain who supported Hu Yaobang theoretically.

《The confrontation became intensified》

On this occasion, the confrontation between Hu Yaobang who was the reformist and older …

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《The confrontation became intensified》

…the confrontation between Ya Hubang who was the reformist and older executives of the conservative faction in the Communist Party became intensified, for the conservative waited for a chance to oust him from his position.

Deng Xiaoping expressed his retirement in 1986, then his age was eighty two, he thought he tried to have the leadership in the Communist Party rejuvenated by retiring himself from the leadership, and tried to make other ones in the leadership of who were eighty years old retire, and Ya Hubang agreed with it.

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《The confrontation became intensified》

The agreement by Ya Hubang made the elder executive in the Communist Party get angry, for it rubbed the elder executive who wanted to be the top of the power and to take advantage of privilege forever.

But the elder executive couldn’t say openly it was totally inexcusable he tried to make them retire, so they looked for other material to attack him.

To make matters worse, it turned out that Deng Xiaoping didn’t think actually he wanted to retire by his own activity later. Without accepting it as true, if saying words of…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

…if saying words of changing his mind of retirement, the development may have been different later.

《Democratic movement by students started》

The event which started to lose position of Ya Hubang soon. It’s the movement by students.

Students had a rally at university in Anhui province 安徽省 and asked for democracy. It was during the election for the National People’s Congress which was equivalent to a prefectural assembly in Japan then in the Anhui province.

There was no name of the one who students supported in the list of name on candidates from the local area.

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【The movement in Tiananmen】

《Democratic movement by students started》

So students protested against it.

A representative is elected from the people in the National People’s Congress formally, but the one who is appointed from the Communist Party alone can make a run for the representative actually.

The one who make a run for the representative is appointed from the upper place and it’s just that the people are allowed to accept it, so students challenged it.

The movement spread out all over the whole China in no time. Rally and demonstration march were done in one hundred fifty university

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【The movement in Tiananmen】

《Democratic movement by students started》

The university was in eighteen cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Nanjing. In the beginning there were lots of complaints that the school cafeteria had a bad service at the rally of each place, but it developed into the movement asking for wide variety of democracy like the freedom of speech.

Students in university were only handful of elite in China then. Their sensitiveness was so strong that they came to have a wide view and turned an acute eye to the contradiction in the society when learning in university

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【The movement in Tiananmen】

《Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 was forced to resign》

As to the insistence from students, Hu Yaobang found the request on democracy was natural, so he approved silently the movement by students spread over the whole China, and it became the problem among the member of leadership at the Communist Party in China.

The assembly by the member of the leadership was held consecutive days, and Deng Xiaoping learned to blame Hu Yaobang by name, the handling on the movement by students wasn’t strict enough, and other executives went along with the criticism.

Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 was close…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》

Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 was close with him and supported Deng Xiaoping together, but even he criticized Hu Yaobang. In the next year, the assembly was held and the group of elder executive denounced Hu Yaobang thoroughly, criticizing his attitude was liberalism of bourgeois.

Though Hu Yaobang didn’t started the movement himself, he didn’t suppress students at all, so he was held to account for to avoid suppressing them.

The one who was in the vanguard of movement of criticizing him was Bo Yibo 薄一波. Though he lost his position in the…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》

Though he lost his position in the Cultural Revolution, he recovered by the intercession from Hu Yaobang, but he ousted Hu Yaobang who was the savor of his life.

Hu Yaobang offered to resign from the general secretary and his offer was accepted, but he could remain his job of the politburo member by the intention of Deng Xiaoping.

The movement by students spreading out all over the whole China was clamped down severely and declined soon, but students were dissatisfied then.

Peng Zhen 彭真 who kicked Hu Yaobang out from his position

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》

Peng Zhen who was standing committee member in the National People’s Congress did it with Bo Yibo 薄一波, after Hu Yaobang resigned, he had an interview with the media corps In Macao or Hong Kong and said like the next.

The one who is engaged in the politburo is too young isn’t good, for the one who accumulated a certain of experience is appropriate to perform complicated job. Too be young to go well probably.

Hu Yaobang who was forced to retire was seventy two years old, and Bo Yibo was eighty four. The one whose age was eighty..

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》

The one whose age was eighty four forced the one whose age was seventy two to resign, for the one whose age was seventy two was too young.

Hu Yaobang was born at farm house in Hunan province 湖南省 in 1915 and joined in the Communist Party in China at the age of 15 and lost his position in the Cultural Revolution, but he recovered with Deng Xiaoping and was appointed to the head of the Communist Party in 1981.

He put all his effort into restoring executives’ impaired reputation who lost their position in the Cultural Revolution.

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【The event in Tiananmen】

So lots of the elder could revive thanks to him, but he was ousted by those elders.

《Hu Yaobang who used to be pro Japan》

He was well known as pro Japan and visited Japan in 1983, and the leaders wore the Mao jacket in general then, but he did a suit, and made a speech in suit for the first time at the National Assembly in Japan as one of leaders in China.

He was present at the meeting by young people held at the hall of NHK, and announced the plan of inviting three thousand of young Japanese people to China. Then he spoke to young people in Japan like the next.

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Hu Yaobang who used to be a pro Japan》

The Japanese is a great nation. After the war, you the Japanese have roused yourselves and built Japan as developed nation in economy which was modernized, at the same time, drawing a lesson in the past and coming true the normal relation between Japan and your neighboring countries.

I celebrate the prosperity and development on the Japanese nation from the bottom of my heart, and I make sure you will be able to carry out better than your senior when succeeding to your senior.

Moreover, he was close with Yasuhiro Nakasone…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Hu Yaobang was pro Japan》

Yasuhiro Nakasone was then the Prime Minister in Japan. He invited then the Prime Minister to China.

But Nakasone visited the Yasukuni shrine officially in 1985 after forty years from the war, Hu Yaobang received the good barrage of criticism from the elders because he was closed with Nakasone.

After Hu Yaobang lost his position, the data were delivered to executives as plea of his guilty. He was criticized by inviting three thousand of the young Japanese to China and making friend with Yasuhiro Nakasone privately in the data.

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《From Hu Yaobang to Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽》

Deng Xiaoping said he didn’t fear even if the sky fell on him because two of Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang supported him. The former is the general secretary in the party and the latter was the one who supported the general secretary as Prime Minister then.

He was small and if being between the two of them, even if being stricken by thunder, the thunder hit two of them, so he could survive. It’s a joke. The episode shows us how much he trusted two of them.

But when looking at the view of the progress after that, two of them were…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《From Hu Yaobang to Zhao Ziyang》

…the two of them were sacrificed for Deng Xiaoping.

After Hu Yaobang was forced to resign, Den Xiaoping chose Zhao Ziyang as successor. The conservative faction tried to appoint the successor from them, but Deng Xiaoping chose Zhao Ziyang who held fast the reform and open up. He wanted to choose the one who was opposed to the liberalism on the thought and who made a progress on the liberalism on the economy as the top in the Communist Party.

Though Zhao Ziyang was in the position which is opposed to Hu Yaobang….

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【The event in Tiananmen】

…his position was same with Hu Yaobang in relation with the thought.

《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》

After two years from the dismissal from the general secretary in the Communist Party, Hu Yaobang was dead suddenly in 1989. He fell down in the middle of the assembly and was in hospital. He was dead by cardinal infarct after a week.

The announcement on his death was informed, and students took into action at once. Lots of wall paper mourning Hu Yaobang were put up at the campus in Beijing university and mourning gathering was…

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【The event at Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action…》

…and even the mourning gathering for him was held at the night.

Students knew well that Hu Yaobang was dismissed because he was tolerant to the movement by students, and lots of students stood up and took action owing to the sudden death by the one who understood them.

The movement at university in Beijing spread to other university. After two days from the death of Hu Yaobang, some five hundred of students in Beijing went in procession from their university to the square in Tiananmen.

After that the number of students and…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》

After that the number of students and residents gathering at the square in Tiananmen continued to increase, for it’s the square in Tiananmen where the people appeal their own will to the public.

Students asked Hu Yaobang was evaluated again, asking the achievement by Hu Yaobang was done fairly, asking to admit the dismissal on Hu Yaobang was in the wrong.

The gathering went on and the going in procession continued one after another, so the insistence from students expanded. They learned to ask for….

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action…》

Students learned to ask for guarantee on the freedom of speech, for income of leaders and their disciples was open to the public, for the punishment on what is called 役人ブローカー.

Executives in the government and in the Communist Party and their family members manage national companies for themselves and colluded with a group of newly emerging company and sold material through illegal channel, bumping up the price and getting unfair profit during the policy of reform and openness in China. They are called 役人ブローカー in China.

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》

The son of Deng Xiaoping accumulated wealth by taking advantage of his privilege and the people knew it enough

But Hu Yaobang and his family members had never had the rumor on the corruption at all and he was well known as the one who was clean.

When asking Hu Yaobang was evaluated again, the insistence from students developed into the criticism on the executives in the Communist Party who were by far more different from Hu Yaobang.

Students put up a placard, and it had a phrase of bringing down…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action…》

…and the placard had learned to include the phrase of bringing down Den Xiaoping.

Two thousand of students began sit-down strike in front of Xinhuamen 新華門 facing the street of West Chang’an 長安 after three days from the death of Hu Yaobang.

There is the center of the organization on the government or the one on the Communist Party in the Xinhumen and the entrance of Zhaongnanhai 中南海 where a very important person lives.

What is the action of sit down strike at the entrance of the center in the Communist Party itself? It’s a….

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》

It’s a powerful protest against the Communist Party and the executives shuddered with fear by the sit down strike. Students were excluded forcibly by the public safety commission.

But in the next day the number of students and residents gathering in the square of Tiananmen swelled up to no less than one hundred thousand.

After three days, the gathering of mourning Hu Yaobang was held sponsored by the central committee from the Communist Party in the square of Tiananmen. When knowing it, thirty …

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action…》

…thirty thousand of students started to sit down strike at the square in Tiananmen.

Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 who was the general secretary read the memorial address in the mourning gathering and admired the life of Hu Yaobang who devoted himself to the revolution, but he didn’t say anything about his losing position, and Hu Yaobang was never evaluated again, so it ignited students’ outrage, for students in university started to boycott their class for an indefinite period of time. The function on university stopped then.

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》

Students organized the association for themselves spontaneously. The union in which the association from thirty university joined in Beijing started after ten days from the death of Hu Yaobang.

There was the organization made by the government, being directed by the Communist Party until then in each of university.

But the one which was founded newly didn’t receive the direction from the Communist Party. It was a self governing body literally.

《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》

The 1989 was the year when democracy developed each nation of the East Europe. The General Secretary Gorbachev tried to improve the relation with the Reagan President in America and was about to announce the Cold War between East and West was over.

When the movement on democracy came to the surface at Hungary or Czechoslovakia of the East Europe at the time of the Cold War between East and West, Soviet suppressed it with the large army made up with tanks until then, but Gorbachev took an attitude of permitting…

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》

….but Gorbachev took an attitude of permitting the democracy in the East Europe, so the East Europe made progress to the democracy all at once by changing policy of the leader in Soviet. Autocratic regime by the Communist Party brought down one after another.

After the event in Tiananmen, the Wall of Berlin collapsed November in the same year. The member of leaders in the Communist Party looked at the movement in the East Europe with terror.

Then the movement on democracy started in their home turf, so their ….

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【The event in Tiananmen】

《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》

…so their sense of crisis heightened even more, but Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 didn’t try to take action in the least, and approved silently the movement on democracy by students, he took the same position as Hu Yaobang.

But when he was away from Beijing, the situation became very different. He visited the North Korea according to his plan since some time ago.

No sooner he was away from Beijing than the conservative faction in the Communist Party took into action.

Li Peng 李鵬 the Prime Minister in the conservative faction….

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