レッツ エンジョイ イングリッシュ 17th
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【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan Developed at the time of colony》
Ten thousand of the residents were dead at the battle against the military force in Japan in 1902 until it was completely over, or were executed.
On the other hand, Japan put effort into founding industrial base and roads, railways, harbors and farm lands were arranged, so its industry developed so much then.
Elementary school or junior high school were built each place and compulsory education system was introduced in 1943, and the number of people who could read and write increased exponentially.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan developed at the time of colony》
But the text book on history at junior high school in Taiwan expresses like the next.
As the Taiwanese thought the Japanese language as foreign one, it doesn’t always mean that mastering the Japanese language made Taiwan assimilate into Japan. The Japanese language was a main tool to absorb the modern knowledge for the Taiwanese and promoted Taiwan to be modernized.
School taught students to be punctual and didn’t permit them to be late for school nor to go home early as they pleased. As to the traffic on the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan developed greatly at the time of colony》
As to the traffic on railways and the roads, the timetables were fixed and asking for passengers to get on according to the timetable, and the its departure and arrival was done according to the timetable.
At the beginning of ruling the colony belonged to Japan, the Governor General installed the water supply and supplied clean water to the residents in the city and carried out the drainage work in the city, stipulating to set up a trash can in front of houses, making residents dispose waste according to …
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan developed at the time of colony》
…making residents dispose waste according to the rule, and carried out the establishment on the modern health plan and public hygiene positively. It’s made the Taiwanese change the idea and habit on medical hygiene. After taking a bath and going into the restroom, the habit of washing hands were cultivated, they stopped coughing out phlegm everywhere, nor throwing away trash, and they learned to do a major cleanup the household regularly and to join in cleaning activities in the local area.
Controlling Taiwan by…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
Controlling Taiwan by Japan is controlling the colony and there were lots of victims owing to it, on the other hand, it played a great part on the modernization o f Taiwan.Taiwan has evaluated like that.
《A dog has gone and a pig has come》
Japan was defeated in the World War Ⅱ and gave up Taiwan and the republic of China has learned to control Taiwan, for the nation in the Chinese continent was the Republic of China.
Taiwan was away from Japan and became the part of the Republic of China and the people were glad at it, for they thought they would ….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《A dog has gone and a pig has come》
…for they thought they would be able to escape from being controlled by the colony. When the National Party came and stayed in Taiwan lots of people gathered so as to welcome, but it was the crowd of remnant of defeated soldiers who the people saw there. Soldiers who got emaciated and wore shabby clothes, carrying a pan or a pot, so the people who gathered so as to welcome them were just astounded at it.
Neither soldiers and officials could read nor write, on the other hand, all the people in Taiwan learned to be able…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《A dog has gone and a pig has come》
…all the people in Taiwan who learned to be able to read or write in Taiwan were just dumbfounded.
The soldiers and officials from China were surprised when watching water come from the faucet or a electric bulb glow and they bought the faucet ant eh electric bulb at a general merchandise shop and set them up on the wall of their house, but needless to say neither water came from the faucet nor the electric bulb glowed, so it is said some of them stormed in rage at the general merchandise shop.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《A dog has gone and a pig has come》
Soldiers and officials from the continent were surprised when seeing an elevator at a department store and stole a bicycle but didn’t know how to ride. It’s an episode on the National Party.
Officials on the National Party were decayed to the core and possessed the official fortune which the military force in Japan left behind, moreover almost all of the officials were occupied by the ones from the continent, and the ones from Taiwan were shut out.
When seeing it, the people in Taiwan expressed like the next.
【The National Party has fled to Taiwan】
《A dog has gone and a pig has come》
A dog has gone and a pig has come.
The dog is the military force in Japan and the pig is the National Party. The dog was noisy and annoying but was sometimes useful as a watchdog, but the pig ate everything for itself and after that it’s just it slept. It’s an irony and criticism.
The ruler of Japan left and other ruler of the National Party came, the Taiwanese people thought like that. To make matters worse, the civil war between the National Party and the communist Party in the Chinese Continent turned up the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…as the civil war between the National Party and the Communist Party in the Chinese Continent turned up the heat, the National Party sent the bread and butter goods to the Chinese Continent by force. Reprinting bills increased so as to procure war expenditure, as a result inflation intensified. Being short of material and rising the price hit on the residents direct, so the dissatisfaction among the Taiwanese became high then.
《And a tragedy broke out》
As being betrayed by the National Party which they expected too much and their life became hard.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《And a tragedy broke out》
In the middle of rising the dissatisfaction among the Taiwanese, an event ignited the gas of the dissatisfaction broke out then. There was a woman sold tobacco on the black market on the road and six control regulators on tobacco monopoly bureau discovered it in 1947, and all the regulators from the continent. They took away not only the tobacco but the profit on the sales of tobacco.
The woman who sold the tobacco on the black market led her life alone and her life was so hard that she implored not to take away the profit.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《And a tragedy broke out》
But the regulators struck the woman by the gun and she fell on the ground, bleeding from the head. The people who passed by surrounded the regulars and blamed them, they fired a gun and hit a man who saw the uproar and he was dead. It’s an ignition point.
The people were so angry that they surrounded the tobacco monopoly bureau and Administrative Government Agency in Taiwanese Province in the next day and the answer from the Administrative Government was indiscriminate firing. Armed police fired gun against crowd and three…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《And a tragedy broke out》
…and three people were dead and a few dozens were injured. It broke out twenty eighth day February, so it’s called 2.28 event. The anger on the residents developed into a major riot. The residents who originally lived in Taiwan attacked rulers from the continent not only at Taipei but in the whole island. Then the Japanese language was made use of so as to distinguish between friends and foes.
When saying others in Japanese, and if they could understand the Japanese, they were their brethren in Taiwan, but if they couldn’t…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…and if they couldn’t understand the Japanese, it means that they were from the continent.
《Serious slaughter of all the intellectuals were killed》
The Taiwaneses were angry and demanded high level of self government by the residents of Taiwan to the Chief Executive which was the top on Taiwan.
The Chief Executive pretended to accept the request from the residents and went on the negotiation, on the other hand he asked the help to the military force in the continent.
The military force from the continent rushed to Taiwan in the next month and started…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Serious slaughter of all the intellectuals were killed》
…and started to mop up the residents. All the representatives from the residents who were at the negotiation with the chief executive were murdered, and murdering escalated still more. Indiscriminate slaughter developed in the whole island. No less than twenty eight thousand of people were murdered then in two weeks.
After that Lee Teng Hui 李登輝 government was born and the research was done for the first time then, the number of victims were twenty eight thousand has appeared then, but there are …
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Serious slaughter of all the intellectuals were murdered》
…but there are lots of other missing, so some people say the actual situation on victims would be several times. The government of the National Party tried to nip in the bud on resistance in the future. Arresting the one who defied against the National Party or a leading person or highly educated who were likely to organize the movement on anti government one after another and executing them.
Then the leadership who were educated at the time of ruling colony by Japan were uprooted and killed.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Serious slaughter that all the intellectuals were murdered》
After that Taiwan was controlled by the National Party from the continent for a long time. There has been the background that the capable Human Resources of all the residents in Taiwan were slaughtered.
But it made lots of pro Japan be born in Taiwan. Though there were lots of victims by controlling colony by Japan, the oppression by the National Party was so cruel that if comparing it with Japan, at least Japan was better than the National Party. Lots of people seem to think like that.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan could continued to exist due to the Korean War》
The National Party was defeated by the Communist Party at the civil war December in 1949 and fled to Taiwan island where the National Party maintained control. After two months, the People’s Republic of China has been founded. Some two million of the National Party, officials of the Republic of China, soldiers and their family flowed into Taiwan.
As controlling Taiwan by the National Party was founded with the oppression on the residents, Chiang Kai-shek could be relieved and ran away to Taiwan.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan could continue to exist due to the Korean War》
Moreover, the military law was invoked in Taiwan May before he escaped, the function on the constitution stopped before, and the military force controlled everything by the military law then.
Though there was an organization on the Communist Party in Taiwan as well, thorough regulation by the National Party destroyed it.
Ching Kai-shek planed to rebuild the situation and to counterattack against the continent. As to the territory on the Republic of China, except for the main land on Taiwan, Penghu …
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan could continue to exist due to the Korean War》
…except for the main land on Taiwan, Penghudao, 澎湖列島,Matsu Island 馬祖島 belonged to Fujian Province 福建省, and Golden Gate Bridge, the National Party secured the place which was right under the nose from the continent of China.
On the other hand, Mao Zedong planed to control the whole China and to attack Taiwan by relieving it. He accepted the plan of military movement of attacking Taiwan with the total troop strength of a half million.
Then the President Truman in America developed the feeling of…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan could continued to exist due to the Korean War》
Then the President Truman developed the feeling of disgust on the despotic government by Chiang Kai-shek. He announced America wouldn’t intervene in the issue on Taiwan January in 1950, adopting the policy of being left on the shelf, and thought even if the Communist Party supported by the people would learn to control Taiwan, it can’t be helped. The survival on Taiwan seemed to be the flame in the gale.
But an occurrence which could continued to exist Taiwan broke out then. It’s the Korean War.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan could continued to exist due to the Korean War》
The large army of the North Korea broke through the north altitude 38 degrees and rushed into the South Korea June in 1950. The plan on unification over the Korean Peninsula by force by Kim ll-Sung was carried out.
When the information reached to Taiwan, it is said the wife of Chiang Kai-shek who was beside her husband whispered, it’s the God’s salvation. If the Cold War between the East and West intensified by the Korean War, America would help Taiwan as the position of anti communist, so the …
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Taiwan could continued to exist due to the Korean War》
…so the Republic of China could continue to exist, the wife of Chiang Kai-shek thought like that, and the situation moved on like that. Then the President Truman started to help the military force in the South Korea, and at the same time, dispatching the seventh fleet to the sea near Taiwan and ordered to defend Taiwan.
The Air Force belonged to America started to stay in Taiwan. The treaty of defending and helping each other between America and the Republic of China was concluded in 1954.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
America learned to secure the safety on Taiwan and China was forced to assist the North Korea, setting aside the relief on Taiwan once. The Republic of China was saved by the Korean War.
《China on the continent started to attack gunfire to Taiwan》
But the Korean has entered into cease fire in 1953, the Taiwan Strait became disquiet again. As China finished dispatching soldiers to the Korean Peninsula, it learned to consider relief on Taiwan again, and attacked islands where the military force belonged to the National Army stationed near the continent.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《China on the continent attacked gunfire to Taiwan》
The attack was done in May in 1954. Aerial dogfight with fighters between China and Taiwan was developed. After the National Party escaped to Taiwan, the pocket of resistance between the military force of two of them continued.
After that the People’s Liberation Army in China attacked the Golden Gate Bridge August in 1958. The Gold Gate Bridge is the island which is in front of Xiamen 廈門 in the Chinese Continent. China threw no less than of thousands of shells to the military force belonged to the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《China on the continent attacked the gunfire to Taiwan》
China threw no less than thousands of shells to the military force belonged to the National Party on the island for consecutive days. Taiwan tried to supply materials to the garrison on the Gold Gate Bridge, but naval vessels which approached so as to supply were sunk one after another.
At last the seventh fleet belonged to America escorted the supply convoy in the National Party, the bombard by the People’s Liberation Army in China moved to decrease. Attacking the Golden Gate Bridge and how much…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…and how much does America try to protect Taiwan? China seemed to test America. After that, it has been established that the area where Taiwan controls is the Taiwan Island and the part of the Fujian Province 福建省
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
Chiang Kai-shek who escaped to Taiwan couldn’t give up the dream of returning to the continent entirely, and the slogan was attacking the continent and helping brethren in the continent.
The members on the national Party and their family members who came from the continent to Taiwan learned to be called 外省人.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
It means the ones who came from outside Taiwan. Including their descendants, some 10% of the residents are classified as 外省人.
On the other hands, the ones who lived in Taiwan were called 本省人. They make up for some 90% in the residents, and including 2.4% of indigenous people.
Taiwanese people were forced to carry the identified card, and there was a section showing the registration on the 省 on the identified card until Lee Teng-hui abolished it. If seeing it, being able to judge whether it was 本省人or 外省人.
本省人 who stayed…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
本省人 who lived originally in Taiwan speaks the Taiwanese language and the language on indigenous people, but the common language between 外省人 and 本省人 is Beijing language.
When Taiwan changed from the colony belonged to Japan into the area belonged to the Republic of China, 本省人 found themselves in miserable situation by the 外省人, so the hostility to 外省人 has been left to 本省人.
On the other hand, 外省人 tend to look down on 本省人, so the opposition continues both open and covert.
《Taiwan used to be called a prison island》
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
As Ching Kai-shek was chased from the Chinese Continent by the Communist Party, he had a sense of fear the growth on the influence of the Communist Party in Taiwan, so maintained the military dictatorship and the exposure on the communist was done thoroughly. If speaking ill of Chiang Kai-shek and of the National Party, it will be arrested and sometimes being executed. Tipping off and act of espionage were recommended.
The one who took the lead on the exposure was the eldest son to Chiang Kai-shek. As the Chinese…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
As the Chinese Continent was occupied by the Communist Party, we must counter attack to the continent and at present is the war time for the counter attack, so the freedom for speech has been put on ice for a while.
It’s the public position on the National Party, and the freedom for speech was oppressed. Under the military law in the wartime regime, even citizens were judged at a court martial. Lots of intellectuals were arrested and were sent to prison.
The ones who asked for democracy in Taiwan fled to Japan or America.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
They criticized that Taiwan became the prison island.
The constitution in the Republic of China prohibited to be elected for the third time and the term of office on Chiang Kai-shek expired in 1960 but his term of office was put off because of being in the war time, and he secured the position of the president all his life.
《Under the developmental dictatorship, the economy developed greatly》
Though Taiwan was military dictatorship, in particular as to the economy, it’s developed greatly. China in the continent was…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
China in the continent was confused on account of the failure on the Great Leap Forward or the Cultural Revolution then, but ignoring it, the economy in Taiwan developed greatly.
In the beginning, Chiang Kai-shek used to think of Taiwan as the base to counter attack against the continent, so spending money on rebuilding the military force and didn’t use the money for the arrangement on the infrastructure in Taiwan in the least.
But as the dream of counter attack against the continent was far away, he was forced to think…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
…he was forced to think of development in Taiwan.
The economic activity was free in Taiwan unless being involved in politics. As a results, residents could concentrated on the economic activity with various thought, furthermore, economic assistance from America helped the economic activity.
America continued economic assistance of which amount of money was a hundred million yen every year for fifteen years until 1965 so as to protect Taiwan.
As receiving the fund, without aiming at developing heavy industry, he started…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
…he started from the promotion on agriculture and light industry, making progress on the heavy industry gradually.
Without permitting democracy on politics, making the economy develop by the leadership on dictatorship. We call it developmental autocrat. There are lots of cases in Asia which developed its economy by adopting it, and Taiwan was one of them.
When Japan accomplished the high economic growth, the cost employees becomes high in Japan, so Japanese companies advanced to Taiwan asking for low priced labor.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The opposition between 本省人 and 外省人》
Investment by Japanese companies have made the economy in Taiwan promote, for being able to make themselves understood by Japanese language, so advancing by Japanese companies were easy then.
After the World War Ⅱ, how much Japan should pay compensation in the war time? When being problematic, Chiang Kai-shek said, as to the grudge, paying with virtue, and abandoned the demand on the compensation against Japan, so then the Japanese were impressed, sympathizers on Chiang Kai-skek were born, and the opportunity of …
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…the opportunity of working together on the economy in Taiwan was born then. Ching Kai shek used to go abroad in Japan as official cadet, and stayed Japan for five years then. His experience may have made him be pro-Japan.
《Getting kick out of the United Nations》
Even if the economy developed, the Republic of China was facing tough headwinds in the international society, and the most serious one was the expulsion from the United Nation.
After the World War Ⅱ when the United Nations started, the government which represented from the Chinese Continent and…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Getting kicked out of the international society》
…and joined in the permanent council member on the Security Council. After that, the government in the Republic of China was defeated by the Communist Party in the civil war, and fled to Taiwan. Though the People’s Republic of China exists in the continent, an invention that the Republic of China held the seat in the United Nation continued.
Though there was a resolution that the Republic of China should be the formal representative from China by socialism nations of which center was the Soviet Union….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Getting kicked out of the international society》
…but the resolution was denied by the objection from America and Japan, but the invention couldn’t continue for a long time. The resolution that getting rid of the Republic of China and inviting the People’s Republic of China was approved in 1971. Albania which was a friendly nation for China proposed it.
The Republic of China dissatisfied with it and withdrew from the United Nation then. In the next year, then the President Nixon visited China without announcing, issuing a joint declaration.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Getting kicked out of the international society》
Understanding recognition that China was a single one and Taiwan was the part of China was in the joint statement. Moreover then the Prime Minister Kakue Tanaka visited China in the next year, entering into a diplomatic relation with the People’s Republic of China, deciding to break diplomatic ties with the Republic of China, and Taiwan was isolated in the international society altogether then.
《Chiang Kai-shek was dead》
While Taiwan was forced into a corner in the international society, the healthy….l
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Ching Kai-shek was dead》
…the healthy condition on Ching Kai-shek went bad, having a heart attack and being deep in coma July in 1972 immediate before Japan decided to break ties with the Republic of China. He became conscious January in the next year, but the condition of being unable to return to the official affairs continued and he was dead in 1975 at the age of 87.
No less than ten million residents from Taiwan were in a line of condolence in his statue funeral. The people in the National Party who ran away with Chang Kai-shek from the continent….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Chiang Kai-shek was dead》
The people in the National Party who escaped with Chiang Kai-shek from the continent grieved over being unable to return to the continent any more. Thus the one era was over.
After that the Vice President succeeded to Chiang Kai-shek, but it’s just a short relief. He was engaged in the President until the term of the President expired, and Shou Keikoku 蒋経国, the eldest son of Chiang Kai-shek became the President then.
《Shou Keikoku who used to be a communist》
Shou Keikoku cracked down on the speech against the residents…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Shou Keikoku who used to be a communist》
…being ordered from his father when his father was alive, but his father was dead and holding the reins of power, he moved forward to democracy. He succeeded to his father and reigned over Taiwan as dictator, but he was a super communist in the past.
He was sent to Moscow as a student studying abroad at the age of 25 in 1925. The Republic of China used to control the continent then, trying to strengthen the relation with Soviet and sending executive trainees as students studying abroad to Moscow. He learned at …
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Shou Keikoku used to be a communist》
He learned at university of which aim was training executives in the Communist Party in Moscow. He joined in youth wing on communism there and came across Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 there.
He got married to a Russian woman in 1935 and his son was born when staying in Soviet. When Ching Kai-shek who was his father started the policy on anti communism, he announced a statement of denouncing his father at Russia.
But as the second cooperative relation between the National Party and the Communist Party was formed and…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Shou Keikoku used to be a communist》
…and as the relation between his father and the Communist Party in China was improved, he returned to China with his child and his wife in 1937. The hostile relation between the son and his father was dissolved and he abandoned the position of communism, but the theory on communism which was instilled when being young had a great influence over the idea on him greatly after that.
When Chiang Kai-shek belonged to the National Party fled to Taiwan, his son displayed his uncommon shrewdness as the top of the special…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…his son displayed his uncommon shrewdness as the top of special agency which regulated the anti establishment, rising the rank within the administration. He became the position like the Prime Minister under the Ching Kai-shek President in 1972.
《Democratization started》
Shou Keikoku became the President and stepped forward from the structure of which center was 外省人 who came from the continent, trying to adopt 本省人 who lived in Taiwan originally. Lee Tengu-hui 李登輝 who became the first President from the 本省人 was pulled up by Shou Keikoku, and became the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Democratization started》
…and became the Vice President in 1984. The reform on the structure on the one party dictatorship by the National Party made progress. The political party of the Democratic Progressive Party was established at a hotel in Taipei in 1986. Establishment on the opposition party had been prohibited until then, but the opposition party has been established at last then.
Shou Keikoku President approved silently on the condition obeying the constitution and the principe on anti communism and not insisting on independence on Taiwan.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Democratization started》
After that the democratization started all at once. Prohibited matters until then were got rid of every year. The martial law which continued for thirty eight years was lifted in 1987.
Newspaper was prohibited to publisher until then, but it was also lifted, and publication on the newspaper has been able to do at will, the freedom of press has been accepted widely. Taiwan has changed the direction greatly to the democratization.
《The first President who was from Taiwan》
The President Shou Keikoku who paved the way for entry ….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The first President who was from Taiwan》
The President Shou Keikoku who paved way for entry to the democracy was dead suddenly at the age of 77 in 1988. Lee Teng hui 李登輝 who was the Vice President then became the President after that, the one from Taiwan was in the top position for the first time. It was epoch making. He accepted the democratization which the previous President adopted, and developed it still more.
The ones from Taiwan originally supported Lee Teng hui and others who came from the continent did him, for he was a successor of Lee Teng hui
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The first President who was from Taiwan》
Lee Teng hui started advantageously by supported from both of the people. He was engaged in the President for two years at the term of Shou Keikoku, and after that he became the President formally and consolidated his power.
He lifted 反乱鎮圧動員時期臨時条項 which was carried out from 1948. It means stopping functioning the constitution when the civil war by the Communist Party continues. The powerful authority was given to the President by adding the article, not the constitution and the law but the order from the….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The first President who was from Taiwan》
…not the constitution and law but the order from the President was prior to everything. Lee Teng hui got rid of the article from the constitution and carried out the politics being based on the constitution and made progress on the democratization, on the other hand proclaiming the end on the civil war against the Communist Party.
In short, putting an end on the civil war against the Communist Party means accepting the Communist Party in China rules over the continent, giving up the intention on rebellion…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The first President who was from Taiwan》
…giving up the intention on rebellion against the continent and accepting two structure of the continent and Taiwan as a result, and it‘s not the single China but it’s led the way to two of China, though lots of people weren’t aware of it then, but it becomes clear soon.
《Making 万年議員 retire》
There used to be two assemblies which were equal to the National Assembly in Japan in Taiwan then. The one was the mass meeting and the other was legislature for the government. The law is established in the latter as its…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Making 万年議員 retire》
The law is established in the latter as its name shows, and the former has the authority of establishing and reforming the constitution, appointment on the President and the Vice President.
The term on the mass meeting was six years, but its election wasn’t carried out in the continent for the long time since moving to Taiwan, as a result, the members of the assembly who was elected at the continent November in 1947 continued to stay in Taiwan. When the members of assembly were dead, the run up candidate who stood at the same..
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Making 万年議員 retire》
…the run up candidate who stood at the same constituency in 1947 moved up, so the vacancy was filled up. As they remained the member of assembly for a long time, they were called 万年議員. They were so old that they dozed off even if being in the assembly, and some of them couldn’t understand what was deliberated.
When Lee Teng hui 李登輝 became the President, the public opinion that making the 万年議員 retire was swelled. As a result, the members of assembly in the mess meeting were forced to announce their term was over in 1999, for Lee…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…for Lee Teng hui induced them smartly and all the 万年議員 retired December in the same year, and the election on the member of assembly was carried out at Taiwan alone, and new assembly members elected Lee Teng hui as the President, so he became the President again in 1992.
『Column, Lee Teng hui』
He was born in Taiwan when Japan controlled it January in 1923. His father gave him a Japanese name, and he said he used to be a Japanese until at the age of 22.
After graduating from old fashioned high school in Taipei, he went into imperial university in Kyoto.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, Lee Teng hui』
He was absorbed in reading the books of Marx and Engels at the time of university and was attracted to the communism. Japanese thinkers like Hyakuzo Kurata or Daisetsu Suzuki had influence over him.
When he was a reserve officer in the army of Japan, Japan was defeated and he returned to Taiwan. His elder brother volunteered to the army in Japan and was dead in Philippine.
After returning to Taiwan he transferred to Taiwan university and joined in the Communist Party in China there. He was away from the Communist Party soon, but…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, Lee Teng hui』
…but he was arrested by the Public Security, and was an objection of watching by the special agency led by Shou Keikoku from this career of his for a long time.
He studied abroad Iowa university in America in 1952 and returning to Taiwan university once and studied abroad Cornell university in America and earned doctor degree then, and became the professor at Taiwan university.
After that when going to Shou Keikoku so as to report the issue on agriculture, his ability was evaluated by Shou Keikoku and joined in the National Party.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
After that he reached to the power as the youngest cabinet minister.
《The President is chosen at the direct election》
When Lee Teng hui was elected President in 1992, it was an indirect election. The assembly members on mass meeting who were elected by the nation elected the President, but Lee Teng hui introduced into the direct election from the next Presidential election. The President was chosen in the direct election by the nation for the first time in 1996, and needless to say, Lee Teng hui got re elected then.
As the President was elected at the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The President is chosen at the direct election》
As the President was elected at the direct election, the authority on the mass meeting was lost, and the mass meeting was abolished actually in 2000. The top was chosen by the residents at the direct election, it was for the first time in the long history in China. It was shown that Taiwan was democratized perfectly.
But the Communist party in China was repellent against it violently. Taiwan named itself the Republic of China, on the other hand, went on saying China was single one. Though being opposed to…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The President is chosen at the direct election》
Though being opposed to the Communist Party in the People’s Republic of China, the insistence of being single China was the same, but there is the system that the one who was chosen at the direct election stood on the top which had nothing to do with the People’s Republic of China, it becomes obvious there is other nation in China. The Communist Party in China has been in a position that China is a single one, so it can’t endure the other nation in China.
《China threatened Taiwan by missile》
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《China threatened Taiwan with a missile》
The Communist Party in China started to threaten Taiwan. It carried out the training of launching missile immediate before the Presidential election, launching missiles to both of east and west sea to Taiwan. It’s a demonstration of being able to attack Taiwan with the missile whenever it wants.
At the same time, China started a large scale of landing drill along the coast of Taiwan in the Taiwan Strait.
America looked at the Taiwan Strait was tense, sent two aircraft carriers to the sea around Taiwan urgently.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《China threatened Taiwan with a missile》
It was a threat on landing Taiwan by the People’s Liberation Army, if Taiwan strengthens the movement of being independent, China wouldn’t take it lying down. It’s the message from China.
After breaking diplomatic ties with the Republic of China, America has established the law, Taiwan relation act, if Taiwan is attacked, America would defend Taiwan. America sent the aircraft carriers and restrained on the movement of Communist Party in China. One of the name of the two aircraft carriers was independence ironically
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《China threaten Taiwan with a missile》
But the aircraft carrier belonged to the military force in the U.S.A. didn’t go into the Taiwan Strait so as to avoid excessive tension with China, it is said the military force in China aimed at the aircraft carriers in America with a missile then.
The threat from China had an opposite effect, for it was reported that Lee Teng hui would have a difficult fight at the Presidential election before the Presidential election, but he won the election overwhelmingly, for the people in Taiwan were repellent to China by…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
…for the people in Taiwan were repellent against China by threatened and chose to team up under Lee Teng hui.
『Column, three refuses by America』
Then it was the Clinton government in America. He interfered in the opposition between China and Taiwan, and realized that China had the plan of preventing Taiwan from being independent from China by even using the military force, he recast the measure against China again. It’s the three refuses. When visiting China, Clinton announced it at Shanghai in 1998.
Neither America would support two of China, nor ….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, three refuses by America』
Neither America would support two of China, nor single China, single Taiwan, wouldn’t support the position of Taiwan, nor would support Taiwan join in the UN organ.
It was a message from America like the next.
America didn’t support the independence on Taiwan at all, so Taiwan couldn’t be independent, so China didn’t have to attack Taiwan.
《Lee Teng hui took into action for indendence》
Lee Teng hui who became the President again strengthened the intention of being independent gradually. He learned to adopt the way…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Lee Teng hui took into action for independence》
Lee Teng hui had frequently learned to adopt the way of saying the Republic of China in Taiwan. It is fact that Taiwan names itself the Republic of China, but adopting the way of saying being in Taiwan on purpose, indicating Taiwan is other thing from China.
When responding to an interview on the radio program overseas from Germany, at last he said it’s a unique relation between two countries, with regard to the relation between China and Taiwan. The content on his comment was like the next.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Lee Teng hui took into action for independence》
The Republic of China has changed the constitution in 1991, and limited the scope of applying for the constitution in Taiwan alone, and recognized the legality on the People’s Republic of China in the continent.
The Presidential election in Taiwan has been changed into the direct one by the nation with the reform on the constitution in 1992, The rightfulness on the nation is the intention from the people in Taiwan. It has nothing to do with the ones in the continent. The relation between China and Taiwan…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Lee Teng hui took into action for independence》
The relation between China and Taiwan has been a special one, neither it’s the one between the center and the province, nor the single relation within China. It has already been the special relation, so we don’t have to declare our independence.
In short, without announcing the independence, China and Taiwan has been the relation between the nation and nation, Taiwan has already been independent. Lee Teng hui announced like that.
『Column, Lee Teng hui denied his own comment』
He said in a major weekly…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, Lee Teng hui denied his own comment』
He said in a major weekly magazine in 2007 like the next.
Taiwan has already been an independent sovereign state actually, and if asking for being independent more, it’s a retreat.
Moreover he said like the next. I don’t belong to the group of promoting Taiwan to be independent.
His comment was as if he had denied his own comment until then had a wider effect on Taiwan. As to the true intention on his comment, various speculation was provoked.
Bringing out the middle road of stance not asking for…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, Lee Teng hui denied his own comment』
Bringing out the middle road of stance not asking for the independence and trying to maintain influence over the political world in Taiwan or visiting the Chinese continent, so he said like that.
《The government asking for independence was born》
The next President was elected from the group of promoting independence perfectly. It was Chen Shui-Brian 陳水扁. Lee Teng hui didn’t stand as candidate in the next Presidential election in 2000, and Lian Zhan 連戦 who was the candidate in the election. He was engaged in…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The government asking for independence was born》
He was engaged in the Vice President under Lee Teng hui and became the candidate from the National Party.
On the other hand, the Democratic Progressive Party which was the opposition one stood Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 as candidate. Moreover, Song Chubu 宋楚瑜 who was opposed to Lee Teng-hui and ran out of the National Party stood as independent candidate. It was a three-cornered fight.
Song Chuyu was so popular in Taiwan that if Lee Teng hui stood him as candidate as his successor, it is said he would be elected.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The government asking for independence was born》
Lian Zhan 連選 who Lee Teng hui chose as his successor was popular so less that a speculation was born like the next.
Lee Teng hui wanted Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 who wanted Taiwan to be independent to be elected, so he stood Lian Zhan who was less popular on purpose.
As to the percentage of vote, Chen Shui-bian was 39%, Song Chuyu 36%, and Lian Zhan 23%. Chen Shui-bian was elected because the influence on the National Party divided, so the speculation that it was the conspiracy by Lee Teng hui was provoked.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The government asking for independence was born》
In addition, immediate before the Presidential election, the Prime Minister Zhu Rongji 朱鎔基 in the People’s Republic of China announced a talk to warn not to support the group which promoted the independence, and Taiwan was repellent against it, so the people voted for Chen Shui-bian who promoted the independence. It was one of reason why he was elected.
As a result, China has made the group which promoted to be independence be elected again. The Democratic Progressive Party to which Chen Shui-bian belonged
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《The government asking for independence was born》
The Democratic Progressive Party has put up the independent on Taiwan, but at the Presidential election, it set aside its insistence and went to the Presidential election, taking a pragmatic line.
Chen Shui-bian was born in Taiwan like Lee Teng hui and called himself a child in Taiwan.
『Column, Chen Shui-bian 』
He was born to a farm family at the south of Taiwan in 1950. His family was poor but his parents were so enthusiastic on his education that they borrowed money and came up with his school fee.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, Chen Shui-bian』
He responded to the expectation by his parents and graduated from elementary school, junior high school and high school with the top academic record, and passed the exam on lawyer when enrolling currently at Taiwan university. He started the activity as lawyer when attending university and paid off his parents’ loan.
In the beginning, he proceeded in the way to the law, but he defended the case of oppressing speech by the National Party and it made him join in the Democratic Progressive Party.
He was elected the mayor in Taipei.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
『Column, Chen Shui-bian』
He had a good track record at the administrative reform in Taipei and learned to be paid attention. He aimed at being elected the mayor again, but failed in it and stood as candidate in the Presidential election and was elected this time.
His wife happened to be in a traffic accident which had a strong possibility of political terrorism and after that she was forced to be in a wheelchair. He took care of his wife skillfully and it led to his popularity at the beginning of being elected.
《To the movement emphasizing Taiwan》
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《To the movement emphasizing Taiwan》
Chen Shui-bian who set aside the independence on Taiwan and went to the Presidential election declared four no like the next.
Neither he will declare the independence on Taiwan during his term, he’ll change the name of the Republic of China, writing down the logic on two countries in the constitution, nor carried out the referendum asking whether unification or independence. They were messages from Chen Shui-bian to China which strengthened the sense of caution.
But he strengthened the movement of independence on…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《To the movement emphasizing Taiwan》
But he strengthened the movement of independence on Taiwan gradually, and one of them is the way of calling Taiwan. It’s a movement without calling their nation the Republic of China or China, but calling it Taiwan.
The movement was started from the one who was from Taiwan living in Japan. Japan entered the diplomatic relation with the People’s Republic of China in 1972, after that when the people in Taiwan went into Japan, their part on description is China.
But when Lee Teng hui became the President, there have….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《To the movement emphasizing Taiwan》
…there have been the people who learned to be conscious of being the ones in Taiwan and started the movement, insisting that they weren’t the part of China, and wanted the nation where they live to be called Taiwan.
The movement has moved to Taiwan and Lee Teng hui and Chen Shui-bian pushed support, and the movement has spread widely. The signature of Taiwan has been added to the one of Republic of China on the passport since 2003.
The capital of the Republic of China was Nanjing, and Taipei was seen as temporary….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《To the movement emphasizing Taiwan》
…and Taipei was seen as the temporary capital then, but it was written down clearly in the textbook compiled by state for elementary school or junior high school, its capital is Taipei in 2003.
The name of the international airport in Taipei changed from 中正国際空港 to 台湾桃園国際空港 in 2006. 中正 means another name of Ching Kai-shek and 桃園 is the place where there is the airport. It symbolized the movement being away from Ching Kai-shek.
Moreover, the textbook on its history was the history on their home country until then.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《To the movement emphasizing Taiwan》
But the textbook on history has been divided into the history on China and the one on Taiwan. At the time of the National Party, the history on Taiwan hardly appeared in the textbook and the history of their own country was the one in China alone, but they have learned to be taught the history on Taiwan enough.
Needless to say, the Communist Party in China has been nervous on the movement.
《Two of bullets have changed the result on the election》
Chen Shui-bian was popular at the beginning when being elected, but…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Two of bullets have changed the result on the election》
…but soon his popularity dropped suddenly owing to the scandal on his family members, to make matters worse, the disappointing performance at the stock market in Taiwan.
Chen Shui-bian aimed at being elected again at the Presidential election in 2004, but his approval rate was a poor performance, and was expected that the candidate from the National Party would win the election overwhelmingly.
But the previous day before the voting day March, when going on a stumping tour in a open car at the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Two of bullets have changed the result on the election》
…when going on a stumping tour of a open car in which Chen Shui-bian was at the south of Taiwan, it was shot by an unknown assailant. Chen Shui-bian and the Vice President were grazed by a bullet. Though it wasn’t life threatening, they were injured slightly.
The case of being shot changed the situation before the election altogether, for sympathy vote gathered to Chen Shui-bian and he could barely accomplish the reelection then, but immediate after the case being shot, the security on the….
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Two of bullets have changed the result on the election》
…the security on the election was tightened by the police or the military force, so it turned out that thousands of policemen and servicemen couldn’t vote. It is said lots of them support the National Party, so the result on the election was something opaque.
As the term on the President is fixed to two and eight years, Chen Shui-bian didn’t stood as candidate at the election in 2008, instead Ma Yang-Jesus 馬英九 who belonged to the National Party was elected. The National Party took back the…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Two of bullets have changed the result on the election》
The National Party took back the administration after eight years.
After that Chen Shui-bian was arrested and indicted on account of the suspicion on embezzlement of confidential fund of the government-general and bribe. He was sentenced for imprisoned for life in 2009.
He used to name himself the child in Taiwan and to be proud of being popularity in the beginning, but it proved that he was filled with the corruption, so the people in Taiwan were disappointed at him.
On the other hand, Ma…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
On the other hand, Ma Ying-Jeou 馬英九 from the National Party has stopped being away from the continent at the time of Chen shui-bian, he has rather started to improve the relation with China, as if it were the third collaborative relationship between the Communist Party and the National one at present.
In addition, Lee Teng hui and Chen Shui-bian were pro Japan, on the other hand, Ma Ying-Jeou’s comment was anti Japan, so the relation between Taiwan and Japan reaches to a new era.
《Economic fusion has made progress between Taiwan and China》
The politics…
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Economic fusion has made progress between China and Taiwan》
Politics being away from the continent went on at the time of Lee Teng hui and Chen Shui-bian, but the economy has rather strengthened the movement of integration. The cost of employees has been sky-high with the economic development in Taiwan, so companies in Taiwan advance to the continent one after another asking for low cost of employees.
The industry which used to be the subcontractor for companies in Japan in the past has developed so much that it even has subcontractors in the continent.
【The National Party fled to Taiwan】
《Economic fusion has made progress between China and Taiwan》
As a result, millions of the people concerned enterprises and their family members have learned to live in the continent, so without the continent, the economy in Taiwan doesn't go well.
The remarkable development in economy in the Chinese continent recently has had the energy of swallowing down the one in Taiwan.
Neither Lee Teng hui nor Chen Shui-bian would never expect such the time reach at all.
It seems that the Presidential election has been done in Taiwan this year. I'm interested in it
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Though it's started with the complete devotion to one side to Soviet...》
There is a photograph in which Hu Junta 胡錦涛 who was the chief in the state of China grasped hands with the President Putin in Russia. it seemed to be familiar with us at present, but at the time of Mao Zedong, China used to be opposed to Soviet seriously, and the situation was about to break out the nuclear war between the two countries. Both of the two countries were the socialism. Why did it take place?
The author said he was going to look back the history in the past
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Though it started with the complete devotion to one side to Soviet…》
The new China in which there was Mao Zedong was established by the support from Soviet Union. He announced being complete devoted to one side to Soviet Union before the establishment of building the country in 1949. He declared he would learn from Soviet’s examples anything, obeying whatever Soviet said then, and Soviet responded to it, so Soviet was the First Nation which approved of the new China.
Mao Zedong visited Soviet in 1949 when it wasn’t long before the new…
.
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Though it started with the complete devotion to one side to Soviet…》
…when it wasn’t long before building the new nation and he stayed in Moscow until February in the next year when China-Soviet treaty of friendship and alliance was concluded and he withdrew the assistance from Soviet. It’s the time of being intimate relationship between two of the nations.
《China was shocked at the criticism on Stalin》
The case displaying the crack on the close relation between China and Soviet broke out. It was the criticism on Stalin. A Communist Party…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China was shocked at the criticism on Stalin》
A Communist Party National Congress was held in Soviet in 1956 and a shocking report was done. Khrushchev who was the General Secretary criticized Stalin seriously then.
Lenin and Stalin established Soviet together, and after Lenin was dead, Stalin reigned as dictator and executing lots of people without bringing to court for a trial. It was reported as fact.
The criticism by Khrushchev was a secret report. Though the representatives from China were present at the congress as guests, they…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China was shocked at the criticism on Khrushchev》
…they couldn’t hear the report at all. After the report was done, it’s just that its outline was informed them from the Communist Party in Soviet informally.
But the CIA in America got the whole sentence on the secret report from the Communist Party in the East Europe, and the New York Times in America reported it in the next month, so the secret report spread over the whole world.
Mao Zedong was indignant with the criticism on Stalin. Almost all of the people in the East Europe thought of…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China was shocked at the criticism on Stalin》
Almost all of the people in the East Europe thought of Stalin like their God. In the nations of socialism, making the people think of Stalin like their God and making them think of their leaders like their God as well and made them do the cult of personality on their leaders, but denying Stalin thoroughly means the cult of personality on their leaders could have shaken, and China was no exception, so Mao Zedong didn’t approve of the denial on Staling wholly, and requested they should evaluated…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China was shocked at the criticism on Stalin》
…and requested they should evaluate Stalin with 70% of great merit and 30% of mistake in China. The criticism on Stalin learned to make Mao Zedong strengthen the criticism on Khrushchev, for he intimated himself like Stalin and reigned as autocrat like Stalin, so when thinking of the criticism on Stalin, he was forced to feel as if he had been blamed.
Moreover as receiving the criticism on the cult of personality by Khrushchev, the party regulation was altered on the Communist Party in China.
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
In addition, the expression on the thought by Mao Zedong was eliminated from the party regulation as well, for he thought that the absoluteness on himself was shaken.
《China and Soviet were opposed over the military cooperation》
After the criticism on Stalin was done in 1958, Khrushchev proposed the foundation on the combined submarine fleet by both of China and Soviet. In the middle of the Cold War between the East and West intensified, Soviet tried to establish the great fleet which Soviet took the lead, but Mao Zedong refused it, for it…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China and Soviet were opposed over the military cooperation》
…for it would violate the national sovereignty over China, turning down adamantly and insisting on defending the territorial waters of its own for itself. Then China and Soviet were opposed for the first time.
Furthermore, Khrushchev criticized seriously the Great Leap Forward and the movement on the people’s commune which Mao Zedong started, blaming him for ignoring the experience on the socialism of other nation. The socialism of other nation means Soviet, for Soviet took the…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China and Soviet were opposed over the military cooperation》
…for Soviet took the same plan at the time of Stalin and failed in it miserably, but China didn’t receive it as lesson at all. Soviet wanted to say like that. Khrushchev criticized that China controlled by Mao Zedong didn’t understand the criticism on Stalin enough.
But the Great Leap Forward and the movement on the people’s commune were the enterprise in which Mao Zedong started, putting his own prestige over them, so he was forced to feel unpleasant over the criticism. The crack…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
The crack between China and Soviet went bad.
《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence by Soviet》
But Soviet continued to support China for a while. The agreement on new technology for defending nation was concluded between the two of the nations in 1957. It means concretely that Soviet would offer the technical skill on producing atomic bomb to China. Soviet promised to hand over the model and blueprint on the atomic bomb to China.
Khrushchev tried to adopt the policy of peaceful coexistence with America then, but Mao Zedong insisted…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence by Soviet》
…but Mao Zedong insisted on using the nuclear weapon as threat and the two of leaders were opposed, and Mao Zedong insisted that the nuclear weapon which America had was just a paper-match tiger. After all America was afraid to use the nuclear weapon and won’t be able to use it, so the nuclear weapon in America is the paper-match tiger which is a deceptive appearance, all hat and no cattle.
In addition, Mao Zedong spoke out like the next.
Even if the nuclear weapon is used actually….
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence by Soviet》
…the population on China was some six hundred million, so if half of the population are dead, one more half of the population of other six hundred million of people would be left, so the population would survive soon.
The leaders in Soviet were scared of bellicose attitude on Mao Zedong so much that they broke the agreement offering the technical skill on the nuclear bomb. As a result the relation between the both of nations was in a bad mood gradually.
Khrushchev visited China…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence by Soviet》
Khrushchev visited China again in 1959. He visited America and went to China on the way home to Soviet from America so as to join in the ceremony celebrating the ten year anniversary on the foundation of the People’s of Republic of China.
He explained the joint declaration between America and Soviet to Mao Zedong. He announced the joint declaration of the peaceful coexistence with the President Eisenhower in America. Then he criticized China with regard to suppressing Tibet with the…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence which Soviet adopted》
Then he criticized China with regard to suppressing Tibet with the armed force or the artillery bombardment at the Kinmen Island in Taiwan and pressed Mao Zedong to give up the plan of releasing Taiwan by the armed force.
If China adopted the bellicose attitude, Soviet would be involved in the catastrophic war between America and China. Khrushchev thought like that, but Mao Zedong pushed back at the 『intervention』 , and both of the leaders were in a bad mood and the joint ….
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
…and the joint declaration between China and Soviet was planned but it wasn’t announced.
『Column, the course of peaceful coexistence』
After the World War Ⅱ, America and Soviet were opposed seriously and the Cold War between the East and West started, but when both of the nations developed the nuclear weapons, they realized there would be no winner in the nuclear war, so they learned to adopt the policy so as to prevent a large scale of war from breaking out between the two nations. It’s the course of peaceful coexistence. Soviet expressed…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
Soviet expressed forcing America which was imperialism to be the peaceful attitude.
《China criticized Soviet openly》
The thesis of which title was Hooray on the Leninism was publicized on the Red Flag which was the theory magazine on the Communist Party in China in 1960. It was the thesis celebrating 90 year anniversary of Lenin’s birth. Then thesis criticized seriously the present revisionism in Soviet which deviated from the Leninism.
The opposition between China and Soviet had never been spread over the outside world until then, but…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China criticized Soviet openly》
…but the thesis criticized Soviet openly announced, the world knew the existence of the opposition between China and Soviet for the first time then.
On the other hand, the Communist Party in Soviet criticized China, for China is the dogmatism which ignoring the situation or reality and sticking to the particular principle and not being able to be applied. The Communist Party in the both of the countries insulted each other.
At the same time, Mao Zedong feared that the revisionism which Soviet adopted spread…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China criticized Soviet openly》
…Mao Zedong feared that the revisionism which Soviet adopted may have spread over in China, the revisionism means giving up the Marxism, so he tried to regulate the Communist Party in China and the terror caused to convict Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 as the revisionist, in particular the former was called Khrushchev in China and was criticized.
《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》
Soviet suddenly warned to make all the technicians move out of China in 1960. Some one thousand and four…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》
Some one thousand and four hundred technicians belonged to Soviet who stayed in China moved out of China all at once then. The plan of sending nine hundred of specialists to China was abandoned. Each of agreement concluded between China and Soviet was denounced. All the blueprints and data under construction were also carried away from China. All the constructions in progress in China which received by the assistance of technicians from China was forced to stop entirely. It was a serious damage
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》
It was the serious damage for the economy in China which was in difficulty due to the failure of the Great Leap Forward, so China was pressed to revive for itself, and its good example was the construction on Yangtze River 長江 Bridge. Building the bridge over the Yangtze River flowing in Nanjing city. It’s a two storied bridge, there is the road in the high bridge and the railway in the low one. Its whole length is some 4500 meters, and the width is some 20 meters. It’s a tremendous bridge.
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Technicians belonged to China moved out of China》
There are four beachheads at the both end of the bridge in total. Its height is seventy meters. The part which is over the Yangtze River alone is no less than some one thousand five hundred meters. Beijing and Shanghai has been connected with the railway by the completion of the bridge. It was January in 1960 when the bridge started to build with receiving guidance from the technicians from Soviet then, but as all of sudden all the technicians left, China was forced to build with its original …
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》
…China was forced to build the bridge with its original technical skill alone after that. It was September in 1968 when the bridge has been completed. When it was completed, it used to be the longest one in the world for the bridge by the combination of use both of the road and the railway.
It’s the symbol for China without assistance on the technical skill from other country, it could accomplish everything for itself. The bridge can gather lots of tourists as the symbol of remaking its life…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
The bridge can gather lots of tourists as the symbol of remaking its life even at present.
《China has succeeded in the nuclear bomb test》
China succeeded in the nuclear experiment for the first time in 1964. Then Japan was in the middle of the Tokyo Olympic. Even if all the engineers moved out of China, they could produce the nuclear bomb with its original technical skill. It has been displayed to the world.
Khrushchev lost his place and Brezhnev became the General Secretary in the previous day when the nuclear test was success in China.
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China succeeded in the nuclear bomb test》
As China expected Soviet change its policy and sent the member of legation to Soviet so as to represent at the celebration ceremony of the anniversary for the forty seventh on the revolution in Soviet. Its head of the member of legation was Zhou Enlai 周恩来.
But the general of the Soviet said to Zhou Enlai if China made Mao Zedong retire from the leader like Soviet did Khrushchev, China and Soviet would reconcile again at the celebration ceremony, and Zhou Enlai reported it to Mao Zedong at once, so ….
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《China succeeded in the nuclear bomb test》
…so Mao Zedong decided the Brezhnev President in Soviet the Khrushchev policy without Khrushchev. Far from reconciliation with Soviet. Mao Zedong feared Soviet interfered with the inside of the Communist Party in China and tried to lose his position in China and learned to put effort into looking for a betrayal against him in China.
《The military clash between both of the countries》
The National Guards on the both of China and Soviet developed into a large scale of the military clash in 1969.
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《The military clash between both of the countries》
The military clash broke out at the Damansky Island in the Ussuri River between the border of the both of the countries in the middle of the Cultural Revolution in China, and there were casualties from both of them.
The border was never established then, which of the countries did the land belong to, China or Soviet? The conflict continued and the military force was deployed there from both of them then. Both of them insisted on their enemy nation attacked first. After that the large scale…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《The military clash between the both of the countries》
After that the large scale of the military conflict broke out twice and the battle of making use of lots of tanks and war airplanes was developed then. Which of the countries did attack first? It has never been clear, but Mao Zedong took advantage of the military clash so as to regulate China.
After that August in the same year, the military clash broke out again between the border of China and Xinjiang Uyghur. The whole length on the border of China is some seven thousand kilometers.
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《The military clash against both of the countries》
I made a mistake. The border between China and Soviet was seven thousand kilometers, and the military clash increased drastically in number at the border. The military force in Soviet deployed the million of military units at the border between both of the countries and prepared for the war against China then. It made up for a quarter in the force strength of Soviet then.
Moreover the hard-liners advised the high place to attack China with the clear weapon, and the ambassador belonged to…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《The military clash between both of the countries》
…and the ambassador belonged to Soviet staying in the U.S.A. met the other from America and informed Soviet would prepare for attacking China with the nuclear weapon, and sounded out America about what America thought of. Was America for or against the war?
America persuaded Soviet not to attack China, and the content on the proposal from Soviet was leaked to the mass media from CIA.
Soviet prepared for the nuclear war against China! The member of the leadership in China was shocked at it.
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《The military clash between both of the countries》
China was prepared for the nuclear war against Soviet. Mao Zedong assumed the war on the whole nation and moved the military facility and the heavy industry from the coast line to the interior of the country so as to keep the damage at a minimum, accompanied with it, the thermal power plant was also done inland. Moreover a large underground shopping area was built at main cities in China. To tell the truth, it was a nuclear bomb shelter. If a nuclear missile flied from Soviet, the residents…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
…the residents would escaped there. The tremendous underground shopping area against the nuclear bomb has existed form Tianmen Square to Zhangnanhai 中南海 in Beijing. China spent a large amount of money on establishing the situation, so its economic development ended up being slower.
《Criticizing it’s the social imperialism》
China used to call Soviet revisionism which wasn’t loyal to the teaching on the Marxism and Leninis, pointing out that Soviet avoided a serious clash with America, but with the escalation of the opposition with Soviet…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
《Criticizing it’s the social imperialism》
…the way of calling Soviet changed into the social imperialism, it means the imperialism which called itself the socialism. It’s the severe criticism. China had to develop the two kind of operation, not only to America but also to Soviet then, but China judged Soviet was more dangerous than America, and Mao Zedong decided the policy to improve the relation with America so as to prepare for the war against Soviet.
Being based on the traditional idea in China, 夷をもって夷を制す, making use of barbarous foreign…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
…making use of the barbarous foreign enemy and resisting with other barbarous one, and Mao Zedong decided he would join hands with America. The secret negotiation between America and China was concluded and then the Nixon President in America arrived Beijing in 1972.
《China and Soviet reconciliated》
After that Mao Zedong was dead, and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 took the policy of reform and open door, the confrontation between China and Soviet was loosened up gradually.
The Gorbachev General Secretary visited China 1989 and the summit conference…
【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】
…and the summit conference between the two of the nation was done after three decades and the opposition between China and Soviet came to an end then, and soon the Soviet Union collapsed and has changed into Russia, so the threat in the northern area for China disappeared.
【The diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
There has been the center for health on mothers and her children on the suburb in Nanjing city. It’s along the arterial highway, taking ten minutes by car….
【The diplomatic relation between Japan was normal】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
…taking ten minutes by car from the center of Nanjing. It’s the complexed facility to the people’s hospital in the Jiangsu Province 江蘇省 and the Jiangsu Province has managed it. When the author arrived there so as to interview, women who were pregnant and mothers who held her baby went in and out there. The money on building the hospital was paid from both of China and Japan. One hundred and twenty million yen from China and some ten billion and seven hundred million from Japan
【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
The opening ceremony was done on a large scale in 1989 and the foreign minister in Japan was at present, but the vice head from the province emphasized that the government in the Jiangsu Province offered the money alone when giving an opening address, and didn’t say anything on the assistance from Japan. There was none of display showing the hospital was built by the assistance from Japan anywhere there.
The members in the embassy from Japan who were at the ceremony were…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
The members in the embassy from Japan who were at the opining ceremony got angry with it and proposed Japan postpone to transfer money until it would be showed that the hospital was constructed by the free financial aid from Japan.
After four months, the plate was stood at the main entrance of the gate, expressing the hospital is the collaboration by the government between China and Japan, and the stone monument expressing it has been built by the assistance from Japan was stood
【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
The author said he visited there so as to look at the plate and stone monument in question with his own eyes, and there was the stone monument certainly, but was in the backside of the main entrance which was so inconspicuous that none of women who went out and came in would seemed to be aware of it.
The international airport was completed in Beijing in 1999, and there was also a trouble there. When constructing, thirty billion yen was lent from Japan, but China didn’t tried to…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
…but China didn’t tried to inform it and lots of residents in Beijing city who made use of the airport don’t know it. It’s just that the plate on the gist offering three billion yen from Japan was attached to the VIP room in the airport.
Japan has helped China with the fund of over three trillion until now, including free of charge and chargeable, but almost all of the people in China have never known the fact.
When the anti Japan demonstration was done at Beijing and Shanghai…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
…there was the voice of criticism that Japan has never paid the compensation on the war at all, and Japan has never paid the money as the name of compensation, but offered the assistance with the intention of compensation, and it has never been known in the least.
When the diplomatic relation between China and Japan was restored, then the government in China gave up demanding for the compensation, though the people in China didn’t know it as well. On the other hand, Japan…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
…Japan continued to assist China with the intention of atonement, but the executives in the government of China accepted it was the substitute for the compensation, and found it natural, and it wasn’t grateful to Japan for it. Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 who was the most prominent leader said in 1987 like the next.
To be frank with you, I think Japan is the nation which has the debt to China more than any other nation in the world, and when the diplomatic relation was restored, we didn’t…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》
…we didn’t demand the compensation on the damage from the war at all, for thinking over the profit on the both of the countries for a long time and took the decision on the policy. We’ve made much of the emotion and reason from the view point of the people in Eastern, and I’ve thought Japan should contribute to China more so as to help China, but it has never been carried out, so I’ve been dissatisfied with it.
China abandoned the demand for compensation on the damage, and Japan…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The people in China don’t know the assistance from Japan》
…and Japan found it guilty and leads to the assistance with the large amount of the money, but China thought it was substitute for the compensation and was not grateful for it, the situation continued for a long time.
As China has never expressed the gratitude at all, the Japanese started to get angry and the public opinion that we should stop the assistance if we wouldn’t be grateful from them has stated to be made up. In spite that the large amount of the assistance was done…
【Diplomatic relation with China was restored】
…the unfortunate passing each other has happened. Why has the miserable passing each other occurred? The author said he was going to look back on the history around the time when the diplomatic relation between China and Japan was restored.
『Column, the damage on China has increased gradually』
How much Japan caused the damage to China during the war? China calculated the damage during the war between China and Japan for eight years from 1937 to 1945, the casualties were ten million people, and the damage on the economy was sixty billion …
【Diplomatic relation with China was restored】
『Column, the damage on China has increased gradually』
…and the damage on the economy was sixty billion dollars, it was the calculation from China in 1950s, but it increased to eighty million with regard to the causalities, and one hundred billion dollars in 1985 when the fortieth anniversary on the victory against Japan.
In addition, in 1995 at the time of fiftieth anniversary, the period on the damage was prolonged to fourteen years, from 1931 when the Manchurian incident broke out was added to, and the casualties thirty five million, and…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…and the direct damage on the economy was a hundred billion dollars, and the direct one was five hundred billion. China has learned to insist like that.
After the World War Ⅱ, none of the investigation nor the negotiation was done between China and Japan, so China has raised the number at will.
《China used to be the enemy for Japan》
The movement on America caused to restore the diplomatic relation between China and Japan. After the World War Ⅱ, America and China were opposed because of the Cold War between the East and the West.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》
And keeping pace with it, thinking of the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan as the legitimate government in China, and didn’t try to negotiate with the People’s Republic of China in the continent at all.
But America took into action so as to improve the relation with China, taking an initiative, so the government in Japan looked back on the relation with China in a hurry. There is the history like that. Japan performed the imitation diplomacy from America then.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》
The author said he was going to look at the movement for improving the relation between America and China before do the movement on the restoration of the relation between Japan and China.
The relation between China and America wasn’t always bad after the World War Ⅱ. America got disgusted with the National Party which was filled with the corruption, and showing the attitude of approving silently the clean government of the Communist Party, but the outbreak of the Korean War deteriorated
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》
The outbreak on the Korean War deteriorated the relation on the both of the countries drastically.
Kim ll-Sung 金日成 in the North Korea tried to unify the Korean Peninsula by the armed force, and the Korean War broke out. As the military force in America supported the South Korea, the progress of the battle was disadvantageous for the North Korea. The Korean Peninsula was about to be unified by the South Korea, and Mao Zedong sent the People’s Liberation Army to the Korean Peninsula…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》
The People’s Liberation of Army was sent to the Korean Peninsula under the name of the volunteer army. As a result, the military force of both of America and China fought each other in the war. China became the competitor for America and the military force in America was the powerful threat for China.
《The strategy against Soviet was made fit》
The relation between China and Soviet went bad in 1960s, and both of the countries prepared for even the nuclear war then, so China thought of…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》
…so China thought of the strategy against Soviet and took into action so as to improve the relation with America, and Mao Zedong has an idea of 夷を持って夷を制す, making different nations fight each other and planned to maintain the safety on its country and its profit.
At the same time it’s the strategy that the enemy’s foe is a friend. Soviet used to be the enemy for China, and America was opposed to Soviet, and America was the enemy’s foe, so America becomes the friend for China.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The strategy against Soviet was made fit》
On the other hand, America stuck in the quagmire of the Vietnamese War and tried to recover the strategy against the world, and found it indispensable to improve the relation with China so as to maintain the situation confronting against Soviet. Interests between America and China was united on the strategy against Soviet.
The improvement the relation with China was the glorious achievement by Nixon who was well known Conservative faction of the Republic political party, and Kissinger who was a schemer.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The strategy against Soviet made fit》
If it was the President of the Democratic Party which was the liberal faction, it is the possibility that the conservative faction of the Parliament may have been repulsive against it and it mayn’t have gone well. As Nixon who was the conservative faction decided it, the political world of the conservative faction in America was forced to accept it.
Nixon had been thought of re-examination on the diplomatic relation with China before being the President. The Diet Nomination to the Prime Minister in the…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The strategy against Soviet made fit》
The Diet nomination to the President from the Republican Party was done in 1967 and Nixon ran for it as the candidate from the Republican Party, and wrote down the thesis on the relation with China like the next.
It is impossible for us to exclude China forever from the long term perspective. China must change for the peace in the whole word. Therefore we should aim at changing China by urging with our influence as much as possible.
As being the President, he carried out his cherished opinion then.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan made fit】
《America took into action first》
It was America which took into action first so as to improve the relation between America and China. Nixon made the ambassador belonged to America in Poland contact with the acting ambassador in China at Warsaw which was the capital in Poland in 1970 and told wanting to improve the relation between America and China, and prepared for rethinking the close relation with Taiwan, and offering to send a messenger to Beijing, and China accepted the special envoy.
But Nixon made the military force in America invade Cambodia
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《America took into action first》
The invasion against Cambodia was done May in the same year so as to overcome the Vietnamese War, for America judged the base on the military force in the Communist Party in Vietnam was Cambodia, and China was repulsive against it, so the negotiation in Warsaw didn’t make progress any more. The negotiation in Warsaw was done through the Department of Store, but the Department of Store opposed to stubbornly giving up Taiwan and establishing cordial friendship with China, so Nixon gave up the route of the…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《America took into action first》
Nixon gave up the route through the Department of State, instead ordered Kissinger who was the Presidential advisor and was in charge of the security assurance to contact with China in secret. It was the Pakistan route which Nixon and Kissinger took advantage of it, for Pakistan maintained friendly relationship with both of American and China, and China and Pakistan was a good relation, for India existed between two of them.
China and India used to fight each other in the past, and Pakistan and India repeated…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《America took into action first》
…and Pakistan and India repeated making war over the territory, so Pakistan and China has been close from the theory that the enemy’s foe is a friend. Nixon sent a letter from his own by the President of Pakistan to China, telling China he would prepare for sending Kissinger to China as special envoy so as to negotiation for the improvement on the relation.
《Foreign diplomacy of ping pong was unfolded》
On the other hand, China made its intention clear extremely open it would negotiate with America.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Foreign diplomacy of ping-pong was unfolded》
World ping pong tournament was held at Nagoya city in Japan in 1970. After the Cultural Revolution, Chinese team hardly tripped overseas, but the ping pong is the speciality for China, so sending the Chinese team to the World tournament in Japan this time, then something unexpected occurred.
There was the Chinese team in the bus and players in America got on, speaking to the Chinese and shook hands with them, and its photo was appeared front page of the newspaper in Japan. Then the American team…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Foreign diplomacy of ping pong was unfolded》
Then the American team told the Chinese one they hoped to visit China and their intention was informed to the government in China at once, but the foreign ministry in China refused it, and ordered the Chinese team in Japan to answer it was too early.
But Mao Zedong who knew it directed to invite the American team to China, as receiving it, the Chinese team proposed they invite the American team to China. It was the day of the tournament was over. After a few days, the American team arrived at Beijing
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Foreign diplomacy by ping pong was unfolded》
The American team was welcomed so much by the people mobilized by the government in China, and they met the Premier Zhou Enlai during staying in China. It was an obvious message from Mao Zedong hoping to improve the relation with America.
What the American team visited China was called the foreign diplomacy of ping pong and was reported in the world in a big way, so the both of the people in America and China knew the government in China hoped to improve the relation with America at that time.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The foreign diplomacy of ping pong was unfolded》
Nixon also responded to it, the day when the American had a talk with Zhou Enlai, announced to lift the ban the trade with China which was forbidden for a long time. Mao Zedong invited the American team in China, and it was the message from China to America, hoping to improve the relation with America, and there was other meaning to China, for there was the influence who was negative to the improvement on the relation with America in China. Lin Biao 林彪 who was the number 2 position, the…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The foreign diplomacy of ping pong was unfolded》
…the one who was secondary position from Mao Zedong was one of them, and the opposition group existed in the military force led by Lin Biao. Mao Zedong informed the executives in the Communist Party the relation between American and China was going to improvement before the expected visit Nixon in China. It seemed to be the side to prevent the executives from upsetting, boosting up their immune system to America, so instead of having a talk with the men in power of the government in America…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The foreign diplomacy of ping pong was unfolded》
…instead of having a talk with men in power of the government in America abruptly, taking the pose of the friendship with the American was indispensable. In addition, Mao Zedong met with an American journalist who visited China December in the same year, and told him Mao Zedong would be ready to talk with Nixon as the President or as a traveler.
It turned out that he invited the journalist to China on purpose so as to send the message to America after that, but it was of no use, for the…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…for the government in America thought of him a communist and ignored his comment on Mao Zedong.
《The ninja diplomacy on Kissinger》
The reply of welcoming the visit from Kissinger arrived from China through Pakistan, and was planned to visit China in secret. Without informing to the State Department, the plan of visiting China by Kissinger made progress, for the State Department was opposed to it because it led to discarding Taiwan. Without informing other Americans in the government, the plan was carried out in secret, so it was called ninja…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《The ninja diplomacy by Kissinger》
…so it was called the ninja diplomacy by Kissinger. It was announced he would visit France by way of Pakistan and he arrived at Pakistan in 1971, and the welcome dinner party for him was held sponsored by the President in Pakistan, but Kissinger left his seat during the welcome party, appealing stomachache, but it doesn’t always mean that he had the stomachache actually, and it was kind of his trick and the President in Pakistan also knew it.
His meeting was cancelled in Pakistan and announced he would take a…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Ninja diplomacy by Kissinger》
…and announced he would take a rest at the guest house belonged to the President in Pakistan during the following two days.
But after leaving the welcome dinner party, he went to Beijing in the special plane from the Pakistan airline at four in the morning in the next day, and arrived at the Beijing airport with no more than three attendants and two bodyguards.
He had a talk with Zhou Enlai and spoke him with the thought on the American side. It’s America would admit neither two of China, the single China, single…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Ninja diplomacy by Kissinger》
America would admit neither two of China, the single China and the single Taiwan, nor the independence on Taiwan. After that the President Clinton announced three no, and the contents on the talk between Kissinger and Zhou Enlai was the same one with the announcement by Clinton, and Zhou Enlai accepted it.
On the other hand, Kissinger asked China to stop helping the North Vietnam. If America continued to attack the North Vietnam, China would help the North Vietnam and intervene in the Vietnam war.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Ninja diplomacy by Kissinger》
America feared it, but China refused the offer from America, and answered it would continue to help the North Vietnam, but the thought on China that there was none of direct intervention by the military force in China was conveyed to America.
The talk with America and China made America attack the North Vietnam without being worried about the intervention from China. Moreover Kissinger offered the information of the development on the military force in Soviet near the border between China and Soviet to China.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
It was an amazing present and it was the message that America would take side with China against Soviet.
『Column, they spoke ill of Japan』
Opinions were exchanged at the talk between Kissinger and Zhou Enlai, how do you feel about Japan? Then Kissinger said if comparing Japan with China, China has the universal perspective traditionally, but Japan has the tribal one.
On the other hand, Mao Zedong made agreeable response, saying the way of looking on the Japanese was narrow-minded and eccentric. They are the nation in the island country.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
They spoke ill of Japan each other and hit it off right away.
『Column, the substitute on the pretended illness fell ill actually.』
After Kissinger left for China, the party of entourage went into the guest house belonged to the President in Pakistan. One of the bodyguards in America impersonated Kissinger, pretending as if Kissinger had been in the guest house. There were mangoes every room in the guest house, and the substitute for Kissinger ate the mongo and complained of stomachache, falling sick actually.
《Attacked by the Nixon shock》
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Attacked by the Nixon shock》
The President Nixon announced Kissinger visited China and the President himself would go to China soon in the speech on TV. It was announced at the same time with the government in China, and America called the ambassador belonged to America staying Soviet in the morning on the day of the announcement, but there was none of the explanation to Japan beforehand. It’s just that the undersecretary telephoned the ambassador belonged to Japan staying in America immediate before the speech by Nixon on TV. Japan was left…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Attacked by the Nixon shock》
Japan was left out in the cold altogether, and was shocked at the announcement on the plan Nixon would visit China, so we call it the Nixon shock. After the Nixon shock, in the next day, he announced America decided not to exchange the dollar with gold, shaking the international currency regime, and it’s called the second Nixon shock.
Not only Japan but also the North Vietnam were astounded at it and it was in the middle of the Vietnamese War. As receiving the assistance with the material from China, the North ….
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
China which could have been the side on Vietnam joined hands with America without saying anything to the North Vietnam, the North Vietnam thought like that, after that the relation between China and the North Vietnam became cold suddenly, and the North Vietnam learned to take the attitude close to Soviet.
《China joined in the United Nations》
When America and China tried to approach each other, there was one more big change, China joined in the United Nations.
After the World War Ⅱ has was, the Security Council which we talk over the problem…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China joined in the United Nations》
…the Security council which we talk over the issue on the peace in the world has been founded, and the system on the permanent council member which has special power has been set up. Its member country is America, England, Soviet, France and China, and even if one of those countries refuses, the decision on the security statement would be denied. We call it the power of veto.
The China which is one of the countries in permanent council members used to mean the Republic of China then when the UN started.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China joined in the United Nations》
The Republic of China used to control the Chinese Continent when the United Nations started, but it was defeated in the civil war against the Communist Party and escaping into Taiwan, continued the seat in the United Nation,
Though the People’s Republic of China has formed in the Chinese Continent, the fiction that the Republic of China controlled the whole China continued, so there was the movement of making the People’s Republic of China join in the United Nations after 1964, and the center on the…
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China joined in the United Nations》
…and the center on the movement were nations in the socialism, but Japan and America were opposed to it and worked on the other nations and the movement of making the People’s Republic of China join in the United Nations was denied, but with the sense of existence on China increased, the nations which accept China joined in the United Nations increased, so Japan thought of a bright idea which prevented China from joining in the Unite Nation, appointing the issue of joining in the United Nations by China…
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China has joined in the United Nations》
…appointing the issue on joining in the United Nations by China as the most critical matter. The decision on the general meeting is decided by the approval of the majority, but when being appointed as the most critical matter, it’s indispensable for the approval of two thirds.
Appointment on the most important matter itself is decided with the approval on the majority, but joining in the United Nations by China is appointed to the most critical matter, joining in the United Nations by China needs….
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China has joined in the United Nations》
…as to participating in the United Nations by China, the approval on two thirds is indispensable, but the vote of approving wouldn’t reach to the two thirds, being able to prevent China from joining in the United Nations as a result.
Though insisting that the issue on joining in the United Nations by China was the important matter, the real intention was stopping to join in.
Except for the nations in socialism, other ones who accept to join in increased, and even if Japan asked to opposed to it…
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China has joined in the United Nations》
…those nations didn’t nod their head easily, but if being asked from both of Japan and America to approve the issue of joining in the United Nation by China was the most important matter, they tend to approve it easily, for the public position that joining in the United Nation by China is the most critical matter seemed to be plausible.
The nations in the neutral approved of the appointment on the most critical matter and were for the participation by China, but the nation which approved that China…
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China has joined in the United Nations》
…but the nations which approved that China Participating in the United Nations wouldn’t reach to the two thirds, so its affiliation is never allowed, so the nations in the neutral position can please both Japan, America and China, for they could say to China they voted for the approval on the affiliation, and say to Japan and America they voted to the one which was rejected aa a result, but it didn’t continue for a long time, for even America who could have been opposed to it displayed its true…..
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China has joined in the United Nations》
…for even America which could have been opposed to the affiliation displayed its true color by visiting China.
By the way, as to the affiliation to the United Nation by China, I’m afraid I made a mistake and the ones who read my English were confused with it, I’m sorry for it, I’m afraid you’ve wasted your precious time when reading my English. I’m sure I have to study English harder.
As a result, the People’s Republic of China has been able to join in the United Nations and to assure the position…
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…and assured the position of the permanent council member, and won the right of veto. Instead, the Republic of China withdrew from the United Nations.
The People’s Republic of China which was solitude for a long time has appeared on the stage of the international society at last.
《The diplomatic relation between American and China was restored》
President Nixon visited China at last in 1972 and had a talk with Mao Zedong then, but Mao Zedong had been in poor health and lost his conscience before nine days when Nixon came to China then.
【Diplomatic relation between Japan and America was restored】
《Diplomatic relation between America and China was restored》
But he prepared for the medical apparatus in emergency and attended the talk with Nixon. He didn’t talk with Nixon actually and took the attitude of leaving it to Zhou Enlai in detail.
The talk planed to for fifteen minutes in the beginning but prolonged to sixty five minutes. Mao Zedong was fat and looked healthy but edema appeared on his body owing to the sickness on his heart. When welcoming Nixon how did Mao Zedong felt?
When decided to invite Nixon to China…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Diplomatic relation between America and China was restored》
…Mao Zedong explained its reason to his attending physician like the next.
The United Nation has never occupied the territory on China. The new President Nixon in America has been the right wing for a long time and a leader in the anti communism, and I like to make a deal with the right wing, for it says with the real intention and as to the point, the right wing is different from the left wing, for what it said is different from what it thought with regard to +the left wing.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Diplomatic relation between America and China was restored》
On the other hand, when visiting China, what kind of meaning did Nixon find? The detail on the talk between three of them has never left on the record, so the author said he was going to think of it with the memo which was left by Nixon as clue.
Immediate before visiting China, Nixon dropped in at the military base belonged to America on Hawaii and prepared for the talk between America and China then, and the memo written by his own was left, and its content was like the next.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Diplomatic relation between American and China was restored》
The things which China wants to do.
1 Gaining the trust among the people in the world.
2 Taiwan.
3 Forcing out America from Asia.
The things which we want to do.
1 The Indochina peninsula?
2 Preventing the Communist Party belonged to China from expanding in Asia.
3 Decreasing the threat on the confrontation against China which is the superpower in the future.
The things which both of us want to do.
1 Decreasing the danger on the dispute and the confrontation.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Diplomatic relation between America and China was restored》
2 Increasing the stability in Asia.
3 Suppressing Soviet.
Nixon changed the American policy against Taiwan as China hoped, on the other hand, he tried to make the situation which is advantageous to America. We can see his intention was like that. At the same time, needless to say, it’s a strategy sealing off Soviet by both of America and China.
As to Japan, he left the memo like the next. We can read from the memo that he told China he was against the nuclear armament of Japan.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Diplomatic relation between America and China was restored》
The best way for giving the nuclear umbrella.
1 Stopping Japan from arming itself with nuclear weapons.
2 America has the influence over Japan.
We’re opposed Japan attempts to reach for Korea, Taiwan and Indochina. It means that America won’t admit Japan to arm itself with the nuclear weapons, so China doesn’t have to be worried about it. America protects Japan with the nuclear umbrella so as to prevent Japan from being attacked by the nuclear weapons, making Japan prevent from….
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…making Japan prevent from aiming itself with the nuclear weapons, America had the policy persuading China like that.
《But America will defend Taiwan》
After Nixon visited China, America set up the liaison office in Beijing. It’s the institution which would be the American embassy after diplomatic relation was concluded. George Bush became the second head in the liaison office. He and his son were the President in America after that.
As receiving the talk between China and America, America decided to withdraw its military base from Taiwan.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《But America will defend Taiwan》
The Air Component which was the last military unit withdrew from Taiwan in 1975, and the diplomatic relation was established between China and America in 1979, and America broke off the diplomatic relation with Taiwan. Then the President in America was Carter.
When the diplomatic relation was established, America announced it agreed with that the People’s Republic of China was only lawful government in China.
China insists that Taiwan is the part of China, and America recognized the China’s position…
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《But America will defend Taiwan》
…America expressed like that, it doesn’t always mean that America accepted the China’s insistence, but it’s expressed America accepted it in Chinese, the settlement was iridescent.
In addition, America broke off the treat on the duty that America defended Taiwan in the next year, but it was repulsive from the conservative factions in the Republican Party, which insisted on defending Taiwan, so the law of defending Taiwan was established.
After breaking off the diplomatic relation, the law was originally….
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《But America will defend Taiwan》
…the law was originally the one which gave the legal status to the Taiwan association staying in America which played a role on the embassy staying in America, but the conservative factions in the Parliament of America included the clause which involving in defending Taiwan deeply, writing clearly America should join force so as to maintain the ability that Taiwan could resist against the armed attack, and when being an imminent damage fro Taiwan, America would take into action responding to it.
After that…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《But America will defend Taiwan》
…at the Presidential election in Taiwan in 1996 when China threatened Taiwan with the missile launching training around Taiwan, America sent two aircraft carriers to Taiwan, being based on the law defending Taiwan.
Though America has recognized the insistence of China Taiwan is the part of China, but if China carried out the armed attack on Taiwan, America wouldn’t be able to ignore it.
In fact at the time of the Reagan President, America sold the large amount of weapons to Taiwan, and China protested against it
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Kakue Tanaka visited China》
The government in Japan thought America betrayed Japan because America was one step ahead of Japan with regard to the measure for China, but it couldn’t stand by and see America took into action for a long time, so it was Kakue Tanaka who took action.
After Nixon visited China, he became the Prime Minister at the age of fifty four in 1972, he was young as the Prime Minister. His first job was tackling restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China, after two month from being the Prime Minister.
【Diplomatic relation between with Japan restored】
《kakue Tanaka visited China》
Japan concluded the peace treaty with the Republic of China in 1952 and entered the diplomatic relation with it. As both of the Republic of China and the People’s Republic of China took the position which represented China, Japan couldn’t take the policy of two of China, being unable to enter the diplomatic relation with both of them, it had to choose one of them alone. Restoration on diplomatic relation with China means discarding Taiwan.
As the successive political administrations were related with Taiwan, so…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Kakue Tanaka visited China》
…even if being aware that improvement on the relation with China was indispensable, they couldn’t carry it out easily. Moreover Eisaku Sato who was the predecessor of Kakue Tanaka made a decision preventing China from joining in the United Nations, joining force with America, so he couldn’t tackle the restoration on the diplomatic relation with China at all.
Moreover the Foreign Minister in Japan made much of Taiwan and was opposed to the restoration on diplomatic relation with China as the United State Department…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Kakue Tanaka visited China》
…as the United States Department was opposed to Nixon’s visiting China.
But Tanaka who wasn’t the conservative mainstream and didn’t have any complicated human relation which restrained him could carry out the restoration on diplomatic relation with China leading to discarding Taiwan.
The Foreign Minister was opposed to Tanaka’s visiting China, but Tanaka got rid of the Japanese ambassador staying in China who was opposed and went ahead with visiting China.
The Prime Minister Kakue Tanaka visited China in 1972.
【The diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Kakue Tanaka visited China》
Tanaka left for China in the middle of uproar in which the propaganda truck belonged to the right wing rushed to the office of the Prime Minister or his own house every day.
He talked with Zhou Enlai for two days from the day when he reached China, and said he may have been killed after returning to Japan depending on what happens in Japan, and wanting to achieve the restoration on diplomatic relation with China so as not to be disadvantageous to the relation between Japan and America.
In short, he requested…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Kakue Tanaka visited China》
In short he requested China should admit the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, and insisted that Japan allowed China was the only lawful government, but didn’t Taiwan is the part of China, for Japan has gave up the territorial right over Taiwan at the Peace Treaty in San Francisco, so Japan didn’t have the right to speak as to which country Taiwan belonged to.
After heated exchange between Tanaka and Zhou Enlai, it was concluded like the next.
Japan apologize for China.
Japan allows China is the only lawful government…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Kakue Tanaka visited China》
Japan allowed China is the only lawful government and broke off the relation with Taiwan.
China didn’t claim for damage and allowed the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty. After three days, Mao Zedong appeared and asked, was the fight over?
While leaving the practical negotiation with Japan to Zhou Enlai Mao Zedong showing himself as existence going beyond it.
When Tanaka tried apologize to Mao Zedong for invasion into China by Japan, Mao said as Japan invaded into Japan, the Communist Party could defeat the National ….
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…the Communist Party could defeat the National Party at the civil war, so China owed it to Japan, needless to say, It’s just a joke, but unexpectedly it may have been serious to some extent.
『Column, being able to sell eight hundred million of towels in China』
The previous year before being the Prime Minister, Tanaka said how indispensable for the restoration on diplomatic relation with China to a public servant in the Foreign Minister like the next.
There are eight hundred million of people in China, so even if handing a towel them one by …
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…so even if handing towels them one by one, we can sell eight hundred million of towels. As they’ve adopted the communism, they don’t work so much, but once starting to work, the import from Japan will increase so much.
Is he an open and candid materialist, or did he have the foresight?
『Column, we won’t forget the one who dug the well』
After visiting China, China was nice to Tanaka, adopting the way of saying he was the first one who dug the well of restoration of the diplomatic relation between Japan and China.
After being arrested with…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
After Tanaka was arrested with the case of Lockheed Bribery Scandal and was its defendant, Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 visited Tanaka’s residence when he came to Japan, China gave a preferential treatment to him. It continues at present and when Makiko Tanaka who is his daughter visited China, she is entertained with the highest quality of hospitality from China.
《Japan apologized and accepted the single China》
Joint statement was announced in 1972, and in its preface it was expressed clearly like the next. Japan becomes actually aware of responsibility…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Japan has apologized and accepted the single China》
Japan has been actually aware of responsibility for damaging the people in China through the war in the past and reflects on it deeply, following, the government in Japan has accepted the government in the People’s Republic of China is the only lawful government in China.
The government in the People’s Republic of China has declared Taiwan is the part of its indivisible territory repeatedly, and Japan has understood its position fully and respected it.
Though being a delicate expression but…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Japan has apologized and accepted the single China》
…but Japan has never accepted Taiwan is the part of China’s territory, but receiving it, China abandoned to demand the compensation against Japan for the friendship on both of Japan and China, and expressed like the next.
Both of Japan and China should not ask for any hegemony in the area of Asia and the Pacific Ocean, and are opposed to any countries or groups which try to establish the hegemony. It’s called anti hegemony clause.
China approached Japan and America owing to the strategy…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Japan has apologized and accepted the single China》
China approached Japan and America on account of the strategy on anti Soviet, trying to improve the relation with both of America and Japan so as to form the encirclement against Soviet, so China wanted to add the clause criticizing Soviet, it’s the position on China.
On the other hand, Japan didn’t think it wanted to provoke Soviet, so adding the clause objecting to the hegemony as general terms, so Japan has accepted it as general terms, but China has received it as the one which objected…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…but China has received it as the one which objected to Soviet, so it’s the iridescent expression.
《There was the confusion over the apology》
Unexpected confusion happened in the middle of the summit conference between Japan and China. It’s the at the welcoming party on the first day when Tanaka arrived at Beijing. When expressing, the Prime Minister Kakue Tanaka said Japan has damaged the people in China seriously, and I’m going to express a deep reflect on it.
But the interpreter seemed to make a mistake, translating the part of damaged…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《There was the confusion over the apology》
…translating the part of damaged to the people in China seriously into happened to damage the people in China by mistake, and it was the apology for my bad extremely, not being sincere.
The people in attendance at the party from China applauded whenever reaching to the punctuation until then, but far from applauding, unpleasant commotion occurred among them.
The sentence on greeting by Tanaka was prepared for the Japanese and Chinese language alone, so the press of other nations tried make sure…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《There was the confusion over the apology》
The press of other nations tried to make sure what Tanaka said, whether Tanaka said apologized or regretted, but if translating the part which changed into the Chinese into the English, it’s just I’m sorry alone.
The Prime Minister Zhou Enlai protested against the expression on the talk with Tanaka after two days, pointing out it was the expression of the one who sprinkled the water on the road happened to splash the other who passed by there by mistake, so Tanaka was in difficulty for the explanation.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
So Tanaka corrected the expression actually, accepting to change the expression, according to the custom in China.
《Breaking diplomatic ties with Taiwan》
Entering the diplomatic relation with China means breaking diplomatic ties with the Republic of China in Taiwan, for accepting both of the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China is refused from both of them, neither of them accepted the two China.
The previous day before the joint statement was announced, the Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira said at the press conference after…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Breaking diplomatic ties with Taiwan》
…the Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira said at the press conference after the summit meeting was over like the next.
As the result of the restoration on the diplomatic relation with China, the Peace Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China has lost the significance on the existence and we recognize the peace treaty with Taiwan was over. It’s the formal standpoint on the government in Japan.
It was the official announcement from Japan, we should said it’s just that it was alone. As receiving it…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Breaking the diplomatic ties with Taiwan》
As receiving it, Taiwan broke the diplomatic ties with Japan at once, but even if the diplomatic relation disappeared, the people continue to travel between Japan and Taiwan, so both of Japan and Taiwan need the institution or organization equivalent to the embassy, and as to establishing the organization, China has accepted it as well.
The organization which represents Japan has been founded in Taiwan likewise, the same one which represents Taiwan was established in Japan, and both of them have…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…and both of the organizations have played a role.
《China abandoned the compensation for damage》
China informed it didn’t claim for the compensation on its damage during the war at the summit conference between Japan and China. The team which planned the measure against Japan was formed under the direction by Zhou Enlai from the middle of the 1950s.
There were some people who insisted that they should request the compensation for the damage against Japan, but Zhou Enlai dissuaded them from stopping it, obtaining the consent from Mao Zedong…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China abandoned the compensation on damage》
…decided not to claim for the compensation on their damage, for there was the fact that neither of Taiwan and America have never claimed for Japan on their damage after the war. Furthermore, Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 in Taiwan gave up the compensation on the damage, saying returning virtue to the grudge, so Japan responded to it, impressed deeply, so China was forced to make much of it.
Moreover the nation in the socialism must not rely on the blood money, and claiming the compensation against Japan leads…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China gave up the compensation on damage》
…and claiming the compensation on damage leads to the bundle for the people in Japan, and it was against the thought of Mao Zedong who divided the militarists from ordinary people. China judged like that.
There were some people who were opposed to the restoration on the diplomatic relation with Japan of which center was the military authority, but both of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai said the militarism in Japan is different from the people in Japan, the people in Japan have been the victims by the war.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China gave up the compensation on damage》
Both of two leaders suppressed the opposing opinion.
As the government in China made progress the restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China, after that the Prime Minister goes to worship the Yasukuni shrine where A class war criminals were enshrined, the leaders in Japan have admired the militarism, dissatisfactory voice appears in China, so the government in China is forced to protest against Japan.
The policy which doesn’t claim the compensation against Japan was accepted in…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China gave up the compensation on damage》
The policy which doesn’t claim the compensation against Japan was accepted in Japan with the deep impression expectedly, for lots of the Japanese felt guilty that the war between Japan and China broke out in China and there were lots of victims on the war in China even if there was any kind of background behind the war, but China forgave Japan instantly, at least the Japanese thought like that,
In the same year, celebrating the restoration on diplomatic relation between Japan and China, two of pandas …
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《China gave up the compensation on damage》
…the two of pandas were sent to Japan from China then, and the panda wasn’t familiar with us the Japanese at that time, and lots of the Japanese were fascinated with its lovely form, in addition no less than fifty six thousand of people rushed to the Ueno zoo on the day when the panda was disclosed. The panda caused the unheard of boom on the friendship between Japan and China in Japan.
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
As the restoration on diplomatic relation came true, the next step was …
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
…the next step was the conclusion on the peaceful friendly treaty between Japan and China, and its negotiation started from November in 1974, but the disturbance continued in China, such as the death both of Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong, the downfall on Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平, and being arrested the group of four, so China couldn’t go on the negotiation with Japan no more in the situation.
But Deng Xiaoping revived in 1977 and the negotiation was resumed from the end of the year. At the time of the restoration…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
At the time of the restoration on the diplomatic relation, the position on Taiwan and evaluation on the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty were fixed, so there was no big discussion then, the problem was the clause which was opposed to the hegemony.
China criticized Soviet as the imperial socialism then, insisting that Soviet wanted the hegemony, and Japan and China should announce the anti hegemony so as to rise against Soviet.
As Soviet knew the situation, it said the conclusion the friendly and peaceful…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
…Soviet said the conclusion on the friendly and peaceful treaty is harmful for the friendly relation between Japan and Soviet, putting a brake on Japan, so Japan was caught in dilemma between Soviet and China.
China approached Japan as the part of strategy on anti Soviet, so it announced anti hegemony between China and Japan. It was natural, but Japan didn’t always recognize the intention from China then, and Japan didn’t think it wanted to provoke Soviet, so the negotiation between Japan and China…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
…so the negotiation between Japan and China didn’t go well. Japan insisted on adopting sentence without keeping a specific nation in mind, it means Soviet, being opposed to all the hegemony.
In the process of the negotiation, the members of the assembly belonged to the Liberal Democratic Party who were cautious to conclude the friendly peaceful treaty between Japan and China insisted like the next.
If concluding the friendly peaceful treaty with China, we should make China allow the territorial…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
…we should make China allow the territorial rights of Japan on the Senkaku Islands, for it turned out the possibility that plentiful oil resource was buried around the Senkaku Islands at the end of 1960s, after that China or Taiwan insisted the Senkaku Islands were their territory.
China has said the islands belongs to Taiwan, so it belongs to China, and there is the insistence that Taiwan is the part of China in the background. The member of assembly belonged to the Liberal Democratic Party tried to…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
The member of assembly belonged to the Liberal Democratic Party tried to make use of the friendly peaceful treaty as the bargain tool for making sure of the territorial rights on Japan to the Senkaku Islands, and the event broke out then.
Some two hundred of fishing boats of China all of sudden gathered around the Senkaku Island April in 1978, and dozens of them invaded the Japan’s territory then.
Patrol boats belonged to Japan Coast Guard were sent out and called them to withdraw, but the fishing …
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
…but the fishing boats didn’t go out from the Japan’s territory they armed with light machine guns.
The government in Japan protested against the one in China, and China said it wasn’t calculated, nor on purpose but a causeless event. Some of two hundred of fishing boats which armed rushed to the Senkaku Islands all at once. It couldn’t have been the causeless event.
There was the direction from the base of navy belonged to the People’s Liberation Army on the wireless on the fishing fleet, for the…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
…for the Japan Coast Guard intercepted the radio transmission, so it was calculated provocative behavior extremely. It seemed that the hard liner at the military of China who objected to the conclusion on the friendly peaceful treaty planned.
The final negotiation over the friendly peaceful treaty was done August in the same year, and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 vowed that they would never cause that kind of trouble again over the violation of the territorial water by the fishing boats around the Senkaku Island.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Concluding the friendly peaceful treaty》
As to the territorial rights on the Senkaku Islands, the leader in China said both of Japan and China should set it aside for a decade, two decades, a century as before, proposing to put it aside.
Thus the friendly peaceful treaty was concluded in 1978 after six years from the restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China, and the Foreign Ministry from Japan and the Prime Minister in China signed and ratified the treaty in Beijing.
As to the anti hegemony, without indicating the….
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…without indicating the specific nation, the impression was anti hegemony as general terms as Japan insisted.
『Column, making use of the eavesdropping from China』
The embassy of Japan in Beijing was baffled when the fishing boats of China were concentrated around the Senkaku Islands and played a trick. It thought it was tapped by China, and on the presumption of being tapped from China, the minister and the ambassador talked like the next.
The fishing boats of China don’t withdraw easily.
We are forced to request the Self Defense Force ….
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
We are forced to request that the Self Defense Force should take the field.
I think so.
Judging from the public opinion in Japan then, the Self Defense Force couldn’t be sent out, but the trick seemed to achieve a successful outcome, the fishing boats went away from the Senkaku Islands soon.
《Though Japan helped China with the large financial backing…》
At the time of the restoration on the diplomatic relation between Japan and China, China didn’t claim the compensation on damage against Japan, and Japan has felt something guilty, timid.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Though Japan helped China with the large financing backing…》
The government in Japan started the economic aid and join force with China, adopting the form by ODA, which is abbreviation of Official Development Assistance. It was in 1979, the next year from the conclusion on the friendly and peaceful treaty between Japan and China when the economic aid started.
The Prime Minister Ohira visited China and expressed Japan would join force with China as much as possible with regard to the modernization of China, and the economic aid started.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Though Japan helped China with the large financing backing…》
As to ODA, there are three kinds, free financial aid, loan assistance, and technical cooperation.
The free financial aid means offering the funds.
The loan assistance is also called international yen loan, lending money for a long time with low interest extremely. Its interest rate is lower than generally, and it’s so long time that the value of money drops, falling under the category of the grand aid partly.
The three financial aids were done from 1979 to 2006.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Though Japan helped China with the large financial backing…》
Roughly speaking, the free financial aid is a hundred forty seven billion yen, the loan assistance is three trillion two hundred eight billion, and the technical operation one hundred fifty billion, and the total amount is more than three trillion.
As to the free financial aid lately, the security on the work of tree planing along the Koga River, the plan on improvement of waste management in the Xi’an city, and the measure of preventing the infection from expanding concerned SARS.
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Though Japan helped China with the large financing backing….》
SARS is abbreviation of Severe Acute Respiration Syndrome. The money offered from Japan were used for those things in 2004, and the money form Japan was used for the plan of improving medical standard at Xinjiang Uyghur, and for the plan on prevention of tuberculosis at a poor region.
《Reexamination on the help has made progress》
Without being shown any thanks from China, we the Japanese started to say we should look over the assistance to China. A conference has been set up by…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Reexamination on the help has made progress》
A conference has been set up by the Foreign Ministry. The way of helping China economically was talked in the conference, and the reexamination on the help for China was done. As a result, increasing the help which was useful for the protection on surroundings, or the help showing China clearly it’s help from Japan is able to be informed to China, we should make progress on the help for China like that. The plan for helping China was settled like that.
After that the movement of anti Japan in China…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
《Reexamination on the help has made progress》
After the movement on anti Japan in China, the question has been strengthened among us the Japanese, we should look over the help for China. Moreover, China succeed in launching for the manned space flight.
Why should Japan which doesn’t launch the manned space flight help China which can do launch and of which national strength bolsters?
The criticism started to appear from Japan, and China has started to increase for helping the nations in Africa, and some people say, why should we help the…
【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】
…why should we help the nation which can assist other nation? The consciousness of tiring of helping among the Japanese appears there, even if helping so much, being unable to be thanked from them. As a result, the cooperation on the free financial aid and the loan assistance have been brought an end in 2007.
【Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 has rebuilt the nation】
《The trip to the North Korea is as if it were a time travel》
The author visited the North Korea so as to interview on TV program in 2006. He took a flight in the national airline from Syenyang…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The trip to the North Korea is as if it were a time travel》
He took a flight in the national airline from Syenyang 瀋陽 in China to Pyongyang in the North Korea. The national air line was filled with the tourists from China. After arriving at the airport and getting off the airplane, without getting on the shuttle bus, the tourists from China started the commemorative photo in front of the gigantic portrait of Kim ll-sung at once. When taking the photo for commemoration, they had fun as if they had seen something uncommon, though it was actually unusual.
【Den Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The trip to the North Korea is as if it were a time travel》
The author said like that, and when looking at them, the author realized China had changed so much, for China used to be the one which took after the North Korea.
At the Yalu River 鴨緑江 which flows at the border of China, the tourist route which approaches the North Korea by the tourist ship is popular among the Chinese.
The people in the North Korea wear the badge of Kim ll-sung on their chest, likewise the people in China used to wear the badge of Mao Zedong on their chest. Towns were…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The trip to the North Korea is as if it were a time travel》
Towns were filled with the portraits of Mao Zedong and the people were forced to admire Mao Zedong in China. The sightseeing tour to the North Korea is as if the time travel to the past for the people in China.
When looking at the actual situation in the North Korea, the tourists from China could realize how much their nation developed, for they became wealthy all of sudden, and they were relieved because Deng Xiaoping was in China which was different from the North Korea.
Even ordinary…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The trip to the North Korea is as if it were the time travel》
Even ordinary people can go abroad for sightseeing in China. China has been rich suddenly comparing it with the past, and it was caused by the brave decision of Deng Xiaoping. Without Deng Xiaoping, we can’t talk about the economic development in China in the present day. What kind of history has been there in China? The author said he was going to look back from the arrest of the group of four.
《Hua Guofeng 華国鋒 became the successor》
Mao Zedong was dead in 1976, and Hua Guofeng became ….
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Hua Guofeng became the successor》
…and Hua Guofeng became the chairman in the Communist Party, the chairman on the central military committee on the Communist Party.
After Zhou Enlai was dead in the same year,Hua Guefong succeeded to him and became the Prime Minister, so he was on the top of the three organization like the national one, the one in the political party, the one in the military group.
He used to be the Deputy Prime Minister until being the Prime Minister, but he didn’t have any of remarkable achievement in particular, so when being the…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Hua Guofeng became the successor》
..so when being the Prime Minister, the people around him were surprised at it.
Mao Zedong decided to appoint him after Zhou Enlai was dead so as not to pass the power to the group of four, so he appointed Hua Guehong as a safety net.
The one who was appointed as the safety net was on the top of the nation because of the dead of Mao Zedong unexpectedly.
It seemed that Mao Zedong handed over his will to Hua Guefong.
I’ll be relieved if you do it. It was written on the will and it remains as the sentence of the …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Hua Guofeng 華国鋒 became the successor》
…the will remains as the sentence of evidence.
But in fact after Hua Guofeng reported the actual situation on the whole China to Mao Zedong in the same year, Mao Zedong handed over the memo to him. The sentence was written on the memo, I’ll be relieved if you do it.
After Mao Zedong was dead, Hua Guefong appealed it as the will from Mao Zedong. It was weak as evidence, but he was allowed as the successor of Mao Zedong with the authority of Mao Zedong.
The previous day before Hua Guofeng became the chairman of…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Hua Guofeng became the successor》
The previous day before Hua Guofeng became the chairman of the Communist Party the group of four was arrested. Joining force with executives who were in the position of anti the group of four and Hua Guefong rose to power.
But his achievement in the political party was so poor that his power base in the Communist Party was frail extremely. He couldn’t compete with Deng Xiaoping.
《Deng Xiaoping revived again》
After a year Hua Guofeng was on the top in 1977, the Central Committee by the Communist Party was held.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping revived again》
It was decided to banish the group of four from the political party forever then and at the same time it was decided to return Deng Xiaoping to all the duties in unanimously. Everyone knew the ability on Deng Xiaoping, and after the confusion of being dead of Mao Zedong, and being arrested the group of four, everyone thought they needed the ability of Deng Xiaoping so as to rebuild China.
Hua Guofeng resisted against the revival on Deng Xiaoping which threatened his position, but his power base in the political party was…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping revived again》
…but his power base in the Communist Party was so poor that he couldn’t prevent Deng Xiaoping from reviving. Then Deng Xiaoping returned to three posts, the Vice Chairperson in the political party, the Vice Chairperson in the military committee and the staff officer, the deputy Prime Minister in the what is called 国務院 which is equivalent to the government. He returned to the high positions suddenly.
After that Deng Xiaoping took away the power from Hua Guofeng gradually as Hua Guofeng was worried about.
《Hua Guofeng…》
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Hua Guofeng resisted》
Hua Guofeng was on the position of the top because of the successor from Mao Zedong alone, so he had to emphasize he was faithful disciple for Mao Zedong, so he insisted on the next two things.
We have to observe absolutely what the Mao Chairperson decided.
Without changing it, we have to obey the direction which was done by the Mao Chairperson.
In short, it means without changing, taking over the course on Mao Zedong, but the people in China weren’t pleaded with it. After the group of four was arrested they expected to have…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Hua Guofeng resisted》
After the group of four was arrested they expected to have a comfortable lifestyle, being rich a little more, but the same policy would go on like before, so they were disappointed at it.
But Deng Xiaoping resisted against it. He made use of the phrase from Mao Zedong so as to take the power from Hua Guofen, adopting the way resisting against the successor of Mao Zedong by the phrase from Mao Zedong. The phrase was 実事求是 in Chinese.
It means seeking for whether being right or wrong from facts. A thought doesn’t exist from the…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping resisted》
A thought doesn’t exist from the first, so fit to facts and fix the best way. It means that they must not adopt the phrase from Mao Zedong as a golden rule.
The phrase shows Deng Xiaoping was realistic, but the phrase itself was the quote from the remark from Mao Zedong in the past, being adopted no less than forty years ago.
Before holding the reins of power in China, an intraparty battle occurred inside the Communist Party in China, and Mao Zedong used the phrase so as to resist against the group of students studying…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping resisted》
…and Mao Zedong used the phrase so as to resist against the group of students studying abroad from Soviet. The group of students studying abroad from Soviet had faith in the remarks from Lenin and Stalin as dogma, ignoring the situation and reality and sticking to the remarks from Lenin and Stalin.
Mao Zedong refuted against them, and the real significance on the Marxism or Leninism was 実事求是, seeking whether being right or wrong from facts, and won the intra party battle.
Deng Xiaoping quote the phrase from Mao Zedong which…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping resisted》
Deng Xiaoping quoted the phrase from Mao Zedong advantageous for him and insisted that the essence for Mao Zedong was in 実事求是, there isn’t the thought from the first, so we should adopt the best way, according to the facts.
He resisted against the acolyte of Mao Zedong with the phrase from Moa Zedong, and legitimized his policy.
《The event at Tiananmen has been evaluated again》
In 1978, the campaign over the 実事求是 was done greatly, taken the lead by Hu Yao bang 胡耀邦 who was the pupil of Deng Xiaoping.
The standard on the…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The event at the Tiananmen has been evaluated》
The standard on the truth is the practice in the society alone.
Even if what kind of the theory it is, it should be verified with practice.
It’s clear that what kind of theory is pointed out the thought on Mao Zedong euphemistically. Should be verified with the practice, in short, they don’t need the useless theory. It has to be the theory which accomplished the good result in making others happy.
It resembles the theory on the black cat and white cat from Mao Zedong.
The agriculture used to be…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The event at the Tiananmen has been evaluated again》
The agriculture used to be in the absolute chaos in China due to the Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong, and Deng Xiaoping tried to rebuild the agriculture and said, whether it’s white cat or black one, the one which catches the mouse is the good one.
It was used for the meaning that it’s all right if it leads to increasing agricultural product, they can adopt what kind of way.
But after that the Cultural Revolution started, his remark of this was problematic.
It is important for them to adopt what…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The case at Tiananmen has been evaluated again》
It is important for them to adopt what kind of way, so there is no thought in his remark, his remark was criticized and it was ammunition for attack so as to drive him into losing of position.
Deng Xiaping who accomplished his revival said like the next.
The problem isn’t the theory whether the white cat or the black one is right, but finding theory of the one which can catch the mouse is important. Catching the mouse means being the people rich.
The base for Deng Xiaping was solidified with the…
【Deng Xiaping has rebuilt the nation】
《The event at the Tiananmen has been evaluated again》
The base on Deng Xiaoping was solidified with campaign on the 実事求是, the first event at the Tiananmen which made him lose his position was been reevaluated.
The first event at the Tiananmen was anti revolution and was concluded to be guilty and it was thought that there was Deng Xiaoping in the background, so he lost his position. But if he was right, his action on the Tiananmen was also right.
The first event at the Tiananmen was the great revolutionary movement, it was declared in the central…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The event at the Tiananmen has been evaluated again》
…it was declared at the central committee in the Communist Party of China in 1978 and the first event at the Tiananmen was the revolutionary movement by the people which was against the group of four, it was evaluated again like that.
No less than some of three million executives were arrested or banished in the middle of the Cultural Revolution for three years from 1977, and their impaired reputation was restored and their dignities were restored as well then, though it was too late.
Various…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The event at the Tiananmen has been evaluated again》
Various events are evaluated or are concluded to guilt by the result of the power struggle at the time. It’s repeated in China.
Criticism was done to Mao Zedong himself at last at the central committee.
Seeking for there is nothing mistake nor fault for the single leader on the revolution isn’t the Marxism nor it agrees with the consistent evaluation on Mao Zedong himself.
The statement was announced, for Mao Zedong recognized he sometimes made a mistake.
Seeking the ground of making mistake….
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The event at the Tiananmen has been evaluated again》
Seeking for the ground on making a mistake to the remark from Mao Zedong himself. It’s extremely illogical, but recognizing that Moa Zedong also made a mistake was epoch making, and it evoked the point of view that Mao zdedng recognized Hua Guofeng as successor may have been a mistake, led to loss of his authority.
《Deng Xiaoping called for the release on the thought》
There was other meeting before the central committee, and Deng Xiaoping made a speech of which title was like the next.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping called for the release on the thought》
Releasing the thought and taking the attitude of 実事求是, seeking for whether it’s right or not in the facts, and taking a positive attitude in unity. Its title was like that.
As the thought on the not a few comrades have never been released they can’t escape from being stiffen condition or semi rigid condition, for their heads don’t work out.
Lots of important matters were decided by a few people of the top, and others were forced to take into action as obeying others from the top.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping called for the release on the thought》
In this situation, no one needs to think of any kind of matters.
In short, if there is a dictator, everything moves by the orders from the direct report to the dictator, so lots of people have only to obey from the report to the dictator and learn not to think by their own heads. Deng Xiaoping pointed out like that.
He emphasized they should shatter the stiffness on the thought and release the thought, asserting they need democracy therefore.
Even if few of disgruntled members who had secret ….
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping called for the release on the thought》
Even if few of disgruntled members who had ulterior motive tried to cause a commotion in the name of democracy, we don’t have to fear it. We have to deal it with adequately and should believe in that the large amount of the public is prudent.
It is terrible for the revolutionary political party not to be able to hear the voice from the people, and the most awful is silent among the people.
As to the problem on thought, we must not use the way of pressing them in any case, and we should carry out…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
…and we should carry out the way of 百花斉放, and 百家争鳴 actually.
百花斉放 means that the activity on learning, science, culture, and art is done actively.
百家争鳴 means let a hundred schools of thought contend.
Deng Xiaoping asserted like that.
《The spring came to Beijing》
Not only the group of four but Mao Zedong were criticized euphemistically, so the intellectuals who were suppressed in the past rose their voices gradually, at first timidly, and soon boldly.
There was a bulletin board at the large space in the corner of the center of Beijing.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The spring came to Beijing…》
Documents asking for reexamination on the event at the Tiananmen or false accusation in the Cultural Revolution were stuck onto the bulletin board and the documents were called a wall newspaper.
Lots of residents learned to crowd to the bulletin board so as to read the wall newspaper. There were lots of people who knew the things which happened during the Cultural Revolution for the first time.
The criticism on the Cultural Revolution led to the criticism on Mao Zedong himself. Documents asking for democracy on politics…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The spring came to Beijing…》
Documents asking for democracy on politics learned to be stuck out and the bulletin board was called the wall of democracy. The documents criticizing the politics were stuck out at the place where lots of people could see, and it wasn’t withdrawn.
Lots of people thought the society in China became democratic. The time of winter which was severe on the freedom of thought came to an end and the spring came, so the people called the movement the spring in Beijing, though the wall paper was stuck out autumn, and winter was …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
…and winter was almost there.
《Deng Xiaoping oppressed the movement on democracy》
Deng Xiaoping said they don’t have to fear even if few of disgruntled members who had ulterior motive caused a commotion in the name of democracy, for he was aware of the wall newspaper.
Even if Mao Zedong was criticized at the wall newspaper, it would lead to the criticism on Hua Guofeng 華国鋒 who is the successor of Mao Zedong, and it would be the following wind for Deng Xiaoping who was made to lose his position by Mao Zedong.
But the spring in Beijing didn’t go on….
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Spring came to Beijing》
But the spring in Beijing was short lived. Deng Xiaoping changed his attitude drastically March in 1979, for the document criticizing Deng Xiaoping appeared at the wall newspaper.
The wall newspaper was completely removed from the center of Beijing and was able to be put up at a park far away from the center of Beijing. In addition, without permission, no one can put up, and soon sticking out the wall newspaper itself learned to be prohibited.
An editor of a magazine announced the documents at the same month like the next.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Spring came to Beijing》
Deng Xiaoping said as if he had asked for the democracy, but he didn’t hope at all, and feared the movement by the people, the editor pointed out like that and addressed to Deng Xiaoping like the next.
What is the content on the democracy which you understand? If it doesn’t include the right for the people to announce their points of view at will, what kind of democracy is problematic there?
It means that Deng Xiaoping used the phrase of democracy as a tool for his power struggle, and the answer from Deng Xiaoping was the…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Spring came to Beijing》
…and the answer from Deng Xiaoping was the one which the editor pointed out, for immediate after he announced the document, he was arrested and was convicted of 15 years of imprisonment.
As being criticized, Deng Xiaoping was angry and immediate after the document was announced, he started four basic principles, holding them fast, socialism, dictatorship by proletariat, direction by the Communist Party, and Marxism, Leninism and the thought on Mao Zedong.
The dictatorship by proletariat means the autocracy by labors. In the…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Spring came to Beijing》
In the process of the socialism developed into the communism, as bourgeoisie resists against the proletariat with every means, the Communist Party which is representative on the benefit from the people has to suppress the bourgeoisie adamantly.
In short, the one who doesn’t obey the Communist Party is arrested. With the addition of holding the direction from the Communist Party fast, it was announcement that the one who criticizes the Communist Party would be never permitted. The spring in Beijing came to an end.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Spring came to Beijing》
Criticizing Mao Zedong and making use of the influence asking for democracy so as to hold the reins of power for him, but once taking the power, never forgiving the one who doesn’t obey. It’s the way by Deng Xiaoping. We should say he is a cunning schemer or it’s a secret so as to survive the power struggle for a long time?
Mao Zedong used to address to the people 百花斉放 and 百家争鳴, and when the criticism on the Communist Party occurred actually, he suppressed the people, and Deng Xiaoping repeated the same thing altogether.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping established his power》
After that Deng Xiaoping solidified his base on the power steadily.
Restoring impaired reputation on Liu Shaoqi who was dead with broken heart was decided at the general meeting in the central committee from the Communist Party in 1980. The general meeting admitted the plan on criticizing Liu Shaoqi was in the wrong, and the Cultural Revolution which was developed so as to criticize Liu Shaoqi was also in the wrong.
The Cultural Revolution was criticized totally at the general meeting on in the next year at last.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping established his power》
The Cultural Revolution was concluded as guilty completely then. As to Mao Zedong, though he made the serious mistake in the Cultural Revolution, the great merit on his work makes up for 70% in his life, and 30% is mistake, judging from his lifetime.
It was the same expression that Mao Zedong evaluated Stalin strangely, and Mao Zedong did the same exression on Deng Xiaoping in the past, so the Chinese seem to like the expression, dividing something into 7 and 3.
Hua Guofeng 華国鋒 was condemned on the involvement…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping established his power》
Hua Guofeng was condemned on his involvement in the Cultural Revolution and was demoted from both of the head on the Communist Party and the military in the general meeting. It was the last blow to him who climbed the ladder of success by criticizing the Cultural Revolution.
Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 who was the loyal disciple of Deng Xiaoping became the head of the Communist Party. The head on the central committee of the military was Deng Xiaoping himself then. It’s the top position on the military.
People’s Liberation…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping established his power》
The People’s Liberation Army isn’t the National Army but the one of the Communist Party, so it obeys all the orders and the directions from the Communist Party. The top position which directs the military as the Communist Party is the head on the central committee of the military.
Deng Xiaoping left the official position to his faithful disciple and he grasped the military which is the source of the power. Though he was entreated to be engaged in the formal top position, which is the central committee on the…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping founded his power》
…which is the central committee on the Communist Party. Without being in the formal position, he stayed in the loop which was the most powerful and it’s convenient for him to maintain the power.
If something troublesome happens, the one who is engaged in the formal position must be responsible for it. Without being in the formal position, it would prevent him from receiving any damage. It isn’t sound at all as organization nor the democracy, but Deng Xiaoping could continued to come into power by adopting it.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
『Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix』
He was born in a wealthy landowner’s house in Sichuan Province in 1904, and his parents were so education minded that there was a home teacher for him before entering elementary school. He studied abroad for France at the age of 16 in 1920.
Then France used to be worried about of being lacking of labor power and a project of introducing reasonable labor power from China started, and he joined in it.
While being engaged in the factory on making automobiles belonged to Renault, he came across the Communism.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
『Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix』
He started to edit the organ paper for the Communism with Zhou Enlai 周恩来 who also went abroad France then.
As the movement on communism was charged by the police in Paris, he left for Soviet which was the socialism nation in 1926 and entered university which trained people who bore the movement on the socialism and moved to university of which objection were the Chinese alone.
He returned to China in 1927 and joined up with the Communist Party in China and named himself Deng Xiaoping as activist.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix》
It means that Deng Xiaoping wasn’t his true name. He got to know with Mao Zedong there and learned to take action with him.
He lost his position in the middle of the Cultural Revolution, and driven away to the Jiangxi Province 江西省 from October in 1969 to February in 1972, and Deng Xiaoping and his wife worked in the factory repairing the tractor there together, being watched from two soldiers in the People’s Liberation Army.
After that sending a letter hoping to revive to Mao Zedong, and it was allowed.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix》
He became the Vice President and accomplished his political revival but lost his position in the event of Tiananmen again. As he lost his position twice and achieved revival twice, he was called the phoenix.
His eldest son was rebuked from the Reds Guard because he was the son of Deng Xiaoping, so he tried to run away from them and dived off from the window of the two story of the building, and was injured in his spiral cord. After that he was forced to use the wheelchair for the rest of his life.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping visited Japan》
We run as if we were pushed from the back. I find it very significant to run at present.
It was an impression from Mao Zedong when he was abroad in the bullet train, what is called the Shinkansen in Japan for the first time. He visited Japan October in 1978. After concluding the peace and friendly treaty between Japan and China, he visited Japan in the name of exchanging its instrument of ratification.
His first aim on visiting Japan was looking at the present situation on the economy in Japan which was modernized.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping visited Japan》
It seems that he had to look at it with his own eyes. At the same time the TV in China which interviewed him informed the image in developed Japan to China, trying to inform the Chinese people, what is the modernization?
He inspected both of the major company on automobile and the electrical industry energetically. He was abroad the bullet train from Tokyo to Kyoto, and was asked, how was the bullet train? And he answered like the beginning of this response.
At the inspection on the factory, he was impressed the….
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping visited Japan》
…he was impressed how the automobile was produced by lots of robots automatically and its image was broadcast in China over and over again. He showed the concrete image on modernization and rich to the Chinese.
《He also visited America》
Deng Xiaoping visited America from January to February in 1979, except for Washington which is the capital, he toured large plants on automobile, rocket and airplane in Houston, Seattle, and Atlanta.
After inspecting the production site both of Japan and America, Deng Xiaoping was…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He also visited America》
…Deng Xiaoping was shocked at the extreme big gap on the economic power between China and both of Japan and America. Even if making progress on modernization in China, he found it impossible to reach to the level of the developed nations like Japan and America all at once
So after that he learned to grope the suitable way of developing China alone.
《The situation of being poor isn’t always the socialism》
Deng Xiaoping who seized the power pushed on forward the rebuilding on the battered economy in China. He brought up four….
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He also visited America》
He brought up four modernization, changing to the direction on open and reform. The four modernization is making progress on modernization of the four fields for agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.
At first, they were risen by Zhou Enlai in 1964 but the confusion was caused by Mao Zedong so it vanished automatically, so Deng Xiaoping made it revive.
The changing to the direction on open and reform means reforming the stagnate economic system in China and open so as to receive the investment….
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The situation of being poor isn’t always the socialism》
…so as to receive the investment from overseas for the economic development and open the economy in China. Deng Xiaoping stated confidently that the situation of being poor isn’t always the socialism, and aimed at abundant socialism.
《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》
It was Japan which made Deng Xiaoping think over a planned development on the economy in China. When the Prime Minister Ohira visited China in 1979 and talked with Deng Xiaoping, and asked.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》
What is the picture on China in the future? Ohira asked.
When the Ikeda Cabinet started in 1960 Ohira was engaged in the Chief Cabinet Secretary. The Ikeda Cabinet is well known on the establishment of doubling national income plan, and the economy developed highly in Japan then, though the development was caused by the doubling national income plan alone, so Ohira asked, from his experience, is there the similar plan in China as well?
It is said that the question made Deng…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》
It is said that the question made Deng Xiaoping think the planned development on the economy in China seriously. It turned out that Japan was by far more planned economy than China, therefore the people overseas make fun of Japan as the successful nation on socialism.
The plan thought by Deng Xiaoping who was provoked by the question from Ohira wasn’t the high economic growth but being stable, escaping from the bad situation and being stable at present.
Deng Xiaoping answered …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》
Deng Xiaoping answered the question from Ohira like the next
If trying to reach to the level of the country which is comparatively richer in the Third World, for example, if trying to reach to the level of the average level on income of the nation a year is a thousand dollars, we have to make effort so much. Even if we can achieve it, the economic level of ours must be behind the western nations still more. I’m forced to say it’s just that China escaped from the bad situation and…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》
…and being stable.
Deng Xiaoping started the plan on doubling GNP a Chinese for 20 years from 1980 to the end of the twentieth century. It’s not an ambitious goals like triple nor four times but a low goal on double which is feasible, and adopted the GNP as the rough standard on the development.
As China had closed the door until then, so it didn’t have the idea of measuring the scale and abundance on the economy with the GNP, so the direction from Deng Xiaoping was epoch making.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》
After that, the economy in China has developed, exceeding the expectation from Deng Xiaoping so much, the plan on the four times of the national income until at the end of the 20th century was announced at the political convention in 1982, and the expression of four modernism learned not to be used, for the modernization was almost accomplished then.
Deng Xiaoping adopt the policy of escaping from the bad situation, being stable the economy in 1980s, and the economic growth rate…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
…the economic growth rate in China then was from 4 to 5 % every year. It was a high pace, and it recorded two digit in 1990s. China began to be rich at last.
《The people’s commune started to disband》
When Deng Xiaoping came to power, the people in a farmland spent in poverty, they were in starvation still more.
At a poor farm village in Anhui Province 安徽省 which locates west to Shanghai and Nanjing, farmhouses who were at a loss of being lacking of food gathered and talked so as to destroy the status quo.
Without increasing the amount of the harvest…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The People’s Commune started to disband》
…they would starve to death. Necessity has no law. Le’t think of the way of tackling the agricultural job actively for each of farmhouses. Leaving the agricultural job to each of the farmhouses, it was come up with then.
The agriculture in China was unified into the People’s Commune until then. Lands and agricultural machine and implements like a tractor belonged to the People’s Commune.
The ones who were engaged in agriculture worked at the field of rices and other crops belonged to the Commune, and offered…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The People’s Commune started to disband》
…and offered the large part of the harvest to the nation. Whether working or not working, it had nothing to do with the ones who were engaged in agriculture. They were not getting motivated to the agricultural job at all.
But without working from each of the farmhouses, the whole farmland falls into being lacking of food, so introducing the way, the more they work, the more the agricultural product belonged to them.
Allotting the fields of rice and other crops each of farmhouses from the People’s Commune, and…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The People’s Commune started to disband》
…and offering the part of the harvest on the agricultural product which they got there to the People’s Commune. The rest of all the agricultural products belonged to the ones who were engaged in the agricultural job.
They had no sooner adopted the way than the amount of the product in the farm village increased sharply, and they could escape from the starvation at once.
The people are self-serving ones. If the harvested agricultural products belong to all of them, the motivation to work tends to drop from…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The People’s Commune started to disband》
…the motivation to work drops from each of the ones who are engaged in agriculture, but if it belongs to each of them, as the more they work, the more they can get, they are apt to work hard.
The trial on the farm village was done secretly but as its outcome was so obvious that the center of the nation knew it and the way was approved.
As adopting it as model, the agricultural reform was made progress in the whole nation. Lands belonged to the People’s Commune were distributed each of farmhouses. Though …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The People’s Commune started to disband》
Though on the paper, lands were still cooperative ownership, the ones who were engaged in agricultural job could cultivate lands at will. As long as offering a specific sum of the agricultural product to the nation and paying the administrative expenses to the village, the rest of all of the agricultural products belonged to the farmhouses.
As a result, the People’s Commune started to disband rapidly and almost 100% of the farmhouses moved to the system on contracting production with each of farmhouses in 1984.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The People’s Commune started to disband》
Thus the People’s Commune which Mao Zedong started, being full of ambition from 1958. almost disappeared in 1984.
The system of contracting production by each of the farmhouses adding fuel to their motivation to work, so the agricultural productivity improved dramatically then.
The total amount of the agricultural product was three hundred fifty million ton in 1984, and it became four hundred seven million ton after two years in 1986. It’s the biggest number in the history of China. China could escape from…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The People’s Commune started to disband》
China could escape from the fear on the starvation for the first time in its history. The rapid increase on the agricultural product isn’t always done by anything new. The family farm has been revived in the farm village where there were the People’s Commune. Returning to the family farm in the first step extremely led to the increase on the agricultural product.
Changing the way into the natural principle in the capitalism that the ones which they produce for themselves belong to their possession, and the…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
The agriculture in socialism is the production which they did belongs to the society, to the group, and we can understand enough the socialism makes the people lose the motivation to work.
《郷鎮企業 appeared in the village》
The more they produce, the more their income increases, so the motivation to work on the farmhouse increased, and learned to think of the agriculture with which they could make money.
Instead of producing rice and other grains alone, farm houses which produce agricultural product which they can change into the money, they adopted a…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《郷鎮企業 appeared in the village》
…they adopted a easy and quick way for making money then, so the farm houses which became rich suddenly appeared, and those farm houses were called 万元戸 in Chinese. It means the farm house of which income a year is over 一万元. 一万元 is equivalent to no more than a few dozens hundred of thousand yen in Japan.
Even if the annual income was like that, it was regarded as great rich in China then. Thus farm houses weren’t only to engaged in the agricultural job but only to look for the course on income by cash. Thus 郷鎮企業 was born.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《郷鎮企業 appeared in a village》
What is the 郷鎮企業？郷 is equivalent to a village in Japan, and 鎮 is a town. Farm houses made up with from few people to dozes of them gather in the unit of the village or the town and established a company, processing agricultural products and selling them for themselves, they learned to found the company for themselves.
The central government allowed the 郷鎮起業 as well in 1984 and it spread over in the whole China rapidly. The number of worker who works in the 郷鎮企業 was over a hundred million in 1992. The farm houses behind…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《郷鎮起業 appeared in a village》
Farm houses behind the times in China have been lost in the waves of time. A farm house which is blessed with talent on management becomes rich rapidly, on the other hand other one who continues to produce as it was doesn’t become rich very much, so the gap between poor and rich learns to appear in the farm village.
Deng Xiaoping started 先富論, addressing to the people, let’s become rich from the one who can do in advance.
Let’s allow the part of people who become rich beforehand both at the farm villages and at towns.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《郷鎮企業 appeared in a village》
The one who is engaged in a diligent labor service becomes rich is fair. The part of people become rich in advance, and the part of region becomes rich beforehand. It’s the way of which everyone approves.
Deng Xiaoping allowed to appear the gap according to the ability and work so as to activate the society. There was none of the idea in the socialism in the past like that.
As a result, the economy in China has developed greatly as the whole society, but the gap on economy has spread so much from then.
《A special zone …》
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy was specified》
The author said no sooner he entered an alley than the mother who held a nursing baby in her arms approached him for begging. He was shackled at it greatly, for he thought China was the nation of socialism and its society was equal. It was at Shenzhen 深圳 which came from Hongkong by a land route June in 1987.
Deng Xiaoping specified four places like Shenzhen, Zhuhai 珠海, and 汕頭 Shantou in Guandong Province 広東省 and Xiamen 廈門 in Fujian Province 福建省 as special zone on economy from 1979 to 1980.
Getting rid of …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy was specified》
Getting rid of economic regulation from those four places alone in China in the past and allowed to do free economic activity there. Companies in developed countries from the Western side were attracted there positively. Reducing the income tax on those companies or allowing corporations of foreign capitals to establish there.
If the enterprise of foreign capital advanced in China, the enterprise couldn’t establish its subsidiary of which whole capital was offered by the enterprise in China then. A joint …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy was specified》
A joint enterprise foreign company and a Chinese company alone was admitted then. Moreover the side of China controlled 51% of the capital, so it was hard for the foreign capital to judge its management for itself.
On the other hand, in the special zone, the subsidiary of which capital was 100% from the foreign country was accepted, besides the corporation of foreign capital sending its profit overseas was accepted.
On the opposite side of the same coin, even if being able to make a profit in China, the …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy was specified》
…the foreign capital couldn’t send its money overseas at will then.
As being able to do economic active at will in the closed China, enterprises advanced into China from overseas one after another.
Ordinary people can’t go into the special zone on economy because it’s separated from the place around it. The ones who are granted exceptional permission alone can do. There is the gate of the Immigration Bureau in its entrance, so a foreign country was born in China. It’s a proving ground for the capitalism.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy was specified》
Why have those four places been chosen like Shenzhen 深圳, Zhuhai 珠海, Shantou 汕頭, and Xiamen 廈門? Deng Xiaoping explained it later, for Shenzhen is next to Hongkong, Zhuhai is near Macao, and there are lots of merchants who emigrated overseas from both of Shantou and Xiamen.
If being near Hongkong or Macao, the enterprises in Hongkong or Macao can advance there easily. The merchants who are overseas from Shantou or Xiamen can invest in their homeland easily.
Thus the four places have been chosen. The wage for…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy has been specified》
The wage for workers was so low that enterprises from Hongkong constructed factories in Shenzhen 深圳 one after another. They made the people from China work in low wage, though it was high salary for the Chinese.
The whole special zone on economy became the subcontract factory for Hongkong. Even if the condition on employment isn’t good in the subcontract factory, it’s the high salary as it it were a dream for the Chinese who were poor in inland of China. Young people who dreamed of striking it rich…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy has been specified》
The young people who dreamed of striking it rich overnight rushed to the special zone on economy. The author said the mother begging who he met may have been one of them. He said he fully realized the gap between the poor and rich spread over China by the policy of Deng Xiaoping for the first time then.
But in 1987 when the author visited Shenzhen for the first time, the number of skyscraper he could count on one hand how many times he saw it then, for Shenzhen used to be a deserted village of which…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《A special zone on economy has been specified》
…for Shenzhen used to be a deserted village of which population was no more than two hundred thousand at the beginning of 1980s, but it has changed into a huge city of which population is over eight million with towering building after twenty five years.
Conservative factions from the Communist Party criticized those rapid capitalism. Chen Yun 陳雲 who is the senior in the Communist Party said they shouldn’t increase the special zone on economy any more, blaming for development on economy too much.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
After that the speed on the capitalism in the special zone on economy dropped.
《Deng Xiaoping counterattacked》
But Deng Xiaoping fought back against the criticism. What is called the second event on Tiananmen broke out in 1989, and tightening on the policy and economy made progress so much that the policy on Den Xiaoping, the course on reform and open was stagnant, but he couldn’t endure it.
He visited Shenzhen Zhuhai and Shanghai in 1992. It came true by his intention of wanting to see how much the development made progress by his policy. He wanted..
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《Deng Xiaoping fought back》
He seemed to want to look at it with his own eyes, but his aim is a strategic one which brought back on the deadlock of his policy of reform and open the economy. He retired officially, but he inspected cities yielding results on his policy and informed it to the people in China.
The conservative faction grasped the media in Beijing, so the media didn’t informed the intention on Deng Xiaoping any more, so he signaled the counterattack from southern area.
If the party on Deng Xiaoping inspected Shenzhen, lots of tourists…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He fought back》
…lots of tourists visited there from Hongkong, so the situation in Shenzhen would be informed to the world. Tourists took photo of him, but he gave a tacit nod. Wherever he went, he made a speech, urging the Chinese to carry out his policy, saying they should try the reforming and opening the economy more adventurously, it’s not good if they are like women who bind their feet.
His comment of this has been well known widely as the one on binding its feet. Furthermore, he developed what is called 先富論, addressing the bold and versatile…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He fought back》
…addressing the bold and versatile theory on the reform.
Making the part of area where the condition is arranged to some extent at first develop, and making the rest part of area develop later. The area developed first drags other areas which don’t developed, and all of them would be rich at last. The area which is rich first would pay lots of tax and help the other poor areas to develop.
Whether is the security or the stock market good or wrong? Whether are those dangerous or not? If it’s risky, is it peculiar to the capitalism?
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He fought back》
Can we make use of them in the socialism? We should try them adamantly. If finding it good, we try do them for a few years, and if it’s all right, we make them do at will. If it’s in the wrong, it’s just we have only to correct it. It’s just we have only to stop it.
Both of the newspaper and the broadcast in Beijing ignored the comment on Deng Xiaoping, but the leadership in the Communist Party like Jiang Zemin 江沢民 obeyed the policy on Deng Xiaoping.
The comment on Deng Xiaoping has been well known as 南巡講和, and collection of his …
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《He fought back》
…and the collection of his statements were delivered to the executives of the Communist Party in the whole China. In addition, the establishment on the system of the stock market in the socialism was decided at the Party Conference in the same year, receiving the comment from Deng Xiaoping, the course of reforming and opening economy learned to ratchet up, setting up the goal on the economic growth in 1990s from eight to nine percent was decided.
In short, Deng Xiaoping gained the victory.
《To the economy on the stock market in the…》
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《To the economy on the stock market in the socialism》
What kind of thing is the economy on the stock market in the socialism? It had been divided that the socialism was the planned economy, and the capitalism was the market economy from the common knowledge on the economy of the view of the point until then.
As the economy on the stock market had been thought as the economic system on the capitalism, the economy on the stock market in the socialism was as if it had been the way of connecting a wood with a bamboo.
In a word, introducing the capitalism…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《To the economy on the stock market in the socialism》
…introducing the stock market under the direction of the Communist Party.
The nation decided the plan on the economy and informed the plan on producing to factories on the site. How much was the price on goods? Its price was also decided by the nation, so the people on the site had only to produce as it was planned.
But it caused a magnificent waste, for a large amount of goods which none of consumers desired and behind time were produced, so stopping it and allowing enterprises to produce at will.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《To the economy on the stock market in the socialism》
The price on goods has learned to be decided by the relation between the demand and supply. The goods which consumers desire make its price heighten, so its price rises. If producing goods of which price is high, the profit rises, and lots of corporations start to produce.
As the large amount of goods are produced and its price drops, and consumers can get the goods which they want in low price. It’s natural under the capitalism, but it has been done in the name of the socialism. Actually, it’s…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
In fact it was the capitalism itself. The thing which is different from the capitalism in the Western side is the democracy on politics isn’t allowed at all, and the Communist Party continued to grasp all the power.
《The economy made a leap in China》
Thus the economy has been rebuilt and after that it continued to develop for a long time. The people in China realized they were rich by Deng Xiaoping, and he learned to be called the designer on abundance of the great reform.
The poor life on common people had never been improved for a long time even…
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
《The economy in China made a great leap》
…even after the Communist Party captured the power. Far from being rich, the standard on the life of the people dropped owing to the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
It was in 1984 when the level of the life of the people returned to the ordinary situation in 1957 before the turmoil the Cultural Revolution. It was the lost twenty seven years.
When watching the reality in the North Korea, it reminds the people in China who are rich at present of the time of the Cultural Revolution.
【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】
Young people who don’t know at the time of the Cultural Revolution will image it was the same as the situation in the North Korea.
Abundance which has been done by Deng Xiaoping causes the gap between the poor and rich in the society of China which should be equal, so various contradictions have been caused.
The author said he was going to express them later.
【Making a bold start, one child policy has started】
《Little prince is plump》
The author said he went around China so as to gather news July in 2007, and he was aware there were lots of obese…
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《A little prince is plump》
…and he was aware that there were lots of obese children there then, seeing lots of obese children who seemed to have been spoiled as children.
It is said that the ratio on a fat children whose age from seven to eighteen reaches twenty five percent at the city in China, according to the standard of WHO.
On the other hand, the ratio on the obese children whose age from six to fourteen in Japan is ten point zero two percent, according to the investigation, so we know the high ration on the fat children in China.
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《A little emperor is obese》
The problem isn’t fat alone. A child who is sick from lifestyle disease increases and their age is dropping. It is said the number of children who suffer from the high blood pressure syndrome is almost eighteen million, the ones who are sick from diabetes is nearly five hundred thousand at elementary school, junior high school and high school in the whole China.
A child who has been spoiled as child is called the little emperor in Chinese, and China is filled with the little emperors everywhere.
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《A little emperor is obese》
The number of birth is one alone a couple, so every family has one child, and it has been spoiled as child, and it has been a serious problem for the People’s Liberation Army, for the young people who become the soldiers in the Liberation Army are too weak to be hard for a full fledge.
It is said a parent who paid a bribe to the headmaster of the homeroom teacher increases, asking them to give its child special treatment. As lots of the teacher accept the bribe, the teacher is a job of making money.
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《The little emperor becomes 月光族》
The little emperor becomes 月光族 soon. 光 means nothing is left in Chinese. 月光族 means young people who uses up monthly pay, the author said like that.
Even if being a grown up and learning to work in the society, it’s one child in the family and lives with its parents, so it uses up its monthly pay for its own pleasure.
It’s a single who is parasitic in parents. The way of saying used to be a buzzword in Japan.
《A campaign of standing in a line》
When visiting China there are people everywhere. We have to plow…
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《A campaign of standing in a line》
We have to plow through the crowd, but we are pressed away in the crowd and if trying to stand in a line, some people try to cut in front of us. The manner is so bad in China that it is notorious internationally.
The restroom in the airport was so crowded that the author stood in a line, but others tried to cut in front of him, so he was tired of it.
There were people who tried to get down from the train or bus and there were others who tried to get on, and they pushed each other and confused. When looking…
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《A campaign of standing in a line》
They were confused, and when looking at them the author thought if they stood in a line and waited for their turn, they could go ahead fast.
Before the Beijing Olympic was held a campaign was developed greatly, addressing the people to stand in a line when getting on a vehicle. Eleventh day was fixed as the one for a line in China, for the number of 1 is two, and it was thought of an image of two lines.
A signboard was stood each place in China, and it addressed the people to behave themselves politely.
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《A campaign of standing in a line》
Though being weary of their bad manner, there are lots of the population so it can’t be helped so as to live in China, the author said he sympathized with them a little.
The population was ten billion three hundred ten million in China in 2005. One of five is a Chinese in the world then. China has the history tackling against the problem on lots of the population since its foundation.
《Immediate after the nation was founded, population controlling theory appeared…》
The People’s Republic of China was founded…
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《…population controlling theory appeared…》
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949 and its population was nearly five hundred forty million then, and after that the population started to increase sharply.
The Communist Party in China adopted the policy of taking away the land from the land owner and delivering it to the ones who were engaged in agriculture in the fight against the National Party.
The ones who were engaged in agriculture worked diligently and agricultural production increased. Poor people learned to be able to eat.
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《Immediate after the nation was founded, population controlling theory appeared…》
Then the population increased explosively. In 1953 under the direction of Ma Yinchu 馬寅初 who was an economist and the president in Beijing university whose speciality was the problem on population investigated the population on China from it was founded.
It turned out that the population was over six hundred million. Some sixty million increased for no more than four years. If calculating with the annual percentage rate, it’s from 20 to 30 percent. It was high…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《…population controlling theory appeared…》
It was a high percentage rate. If the population increased like that, they would suffer from the food shortage in the future. Some people were worried about it, so the birth control was considered then and its center was Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇, but Mao Zedong laughed it off as a joke.
He said straight that the increase on the population is joyful and it is no problem even if the population reached to a billion. He sloganized to be fruitful and multiply!
The movement on controlling the population stopped by…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
The movement on controlling the population was stopped by the deciding voice from the dictator. Far from it, a mother who had lots of babies was commended. The people were recommended to increase the population.
《Being criticized as Malthus in China》
Ma Yinchu 馬寅初 who was the president in Beijing university had a sense of crisis on the percentage rate of increase of the population, and announced a new theory on the population in the party conference.
Food shortage would break out in this situation in the future, so they should control the…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Being criticized as Malthus in China》
…so they should control the population, the president stated like that, but Mao Zedong criticized it.
The more the population is, the more an argument will be done, and the bigger the enthusiasm is. The trial of decreasing the population in the great China is a rebellion against the nation, so Mao Zedong labeled Ma Yinchu as right wing party. The president in Beijing university was condemned as Malthus in China, as the right wing party on Malthusianism.
He was drawn up to the gathering for criticism…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Being criticized as Malthus in China》
He was drawn up to the gathering on criticism for consecutive days and was criticized openly and was banished from university in 1960.
Malthus is an economist in England. He is well known as the one who wrote the theory on population in 1789, and insisted in his book like the next.
Daily commodity like food which is indispensable for the people increases arithmetically, to be concrete, it does like 1.2.3.4…
On the other hand, the population increases at a geometric rate, in particular, it does 1.2.4.8.16
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Being criticized as Malthus in China》
The population increases exponentially, as a result, the food shortage occurs at the same time and a famine or a war breaks out, so we have to suppress the population by late marriage. It’s the insistence on Malthus.
On the other hand, Marx criticized it like the next.
The economy in the capitalism is the system for piling up the profit by capitalists, so the earning for work remains lowest level, it’s all right.
If there are lots of workers and getting a job is hard, capitalists can acquire workers…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Being criticized as Malthus in China》
…capitalists can acquire workers even at low pay, so overflow population is caused relatively under the capitalism.
Malthus depicted the famine and the war which were caused by the capitalism as if they had been the contradiction from the natural phenomenon, and rationalized them.
If the wage for work rises, the home on workers will be stable, so its birth rate will drop, so the insistence on Malthus of increasing the population absolutely is in the wrong. It was the criticism from Marx.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《It’s not the theory on population but the one on manpower》
Marx changed the theory from Malthus into the existence for criticism for Marxists. The new theory on population by Ma Yinchu seemed to be the one which was discussed the old one by Malthus again, so the Chinese thought they had to criticize it at any rate hastily, especially the criticism by Mao Zedong was something funny like the next.
We have one mouth but two hands, if making something with two hands, the mouth is one, so the one which makes is more than the one eats.
It’s not…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《It’s not the theory on population but the one on manpower》
It’s not logical at all, and it’s not the theory on population but the one on manpower.
Ma Yinchu thought of the population from the point of consumption of the view, the mouth on a person, but Mao Zedong did of the population from the point of manpower of the view, hands on the person.
Moreover a feasible insistence was done by the government in China then like the next.
The cultivated land is a hundred million hectares in China, so even if increasing by two times, it makes up….
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《It’s not the theory on population but the one on manpower》
…it makes up with no more than 20 percent in the whole China, so we can increase the cultivated field still more.
It means that the rate on increasing population is 2 percent a year, but the rate on producing food is 4 percent, so the food shortage couldn’t have happened.
Actually the rate of increasing the population was over 20 percent a year, but the rate of producing food was stagnate.
《Number is power》
Mao Zedong lost lots of his companies by the Long March or the Civil War.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Number is power》
The civil war was the one against the National Party and the long march is the escape which the military force of the Communist Party in China did because its stronghold was taken away by the military force on the National Party.
After that the confrontation between China and Soviet broke out and Mao Zedong prepared for the war against Soviet, so even if lots of the people were dead by the nuclear war, China needed the population which can survive from the nuclear war.
So the direction from Mao Zedong is be fruitful, multiply
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Number is power》
The population reached some eight hundred sixty million in China in 1969. After the new nation was founded, two hundred sixty million of people increased.
If it had not been for the famine in the Great Leap Forward, the population in China would have increased more explosively.
As criticizing Ma Yinchu and without adopting the policy of controlling population, it is said criticizing a single person by mistake and increasing no less than three hundred million of people after Mao Zedong was dead.
The government in China says…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
The government in China says the population has increased rapidly because of being lacking of recognition on the importance for controlling the population and lack of experience.
It didn’t say anything on the mistake by Mao Zedong
《One child policy starts》
Mao Zedong was dead in 1976, and Ma Yinchu who was criticized by Mao Zedong has been evaluated again. Even if trying to supply enough food for the nation who was about to starve to death, too much population was the problem.
It proved that the amount of food a single nation was the level…
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《One child policy starts》
…the amount of food a single nation in 1977 was the level in 1955. It’s not as the population increased, the rate of producing food grew and the nation became rich but even if the rate of producing food grew, the population also increased so much that the nation couldn’t be rich in the least.
Ma Yinchu was released from the house arrest at last in 1979, and the government in China changed completely and started the policy of controlling the population from this year. Its way is called the one child policy. Limiting…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《One child policy starts》
Limiting the number of child which a couple had was done, it was called like that. There are five key words in the one child policy like late marriage, post term delivery, having few babies, rare, and eugenics.
Late marriage. The age of getting marry is the age of 22 for a man, and the age of 20 for a woman is fixed at the law in China, and is recommended they get marry after three years later from the age which is fixed in the law.
Post term delivery. Even if getting married, without having a baby at once, being…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《One child policy starts》
…being late for having a baby was recommended.
Having few babies. Having few babies as possible as they do, it means actually having a single child.
Rare. When wanting to have the second child by unavoidable situation, it was demanded the interval from having the baby was from three to five years.
Eugenic, saying of heightening the quality on the child and if the administrative authority judged the parents had a gene which has the possibility of having cerebrally handicapped baby, they couldn’t get marry.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Facing with the attitude of never fail to meritorious service or let a fault go unpunished》
When carrying out the one child policy, adopting the way for a family which joined force will be rewarded, and the family didn’t will be punished. It never fail to meritorious service or let a fault go unpunished.
When a couple announces to have one child alone, incentive pay will be paid until their child is fourteen years old. Moreover various preferential treatments were done for the couple like having a priority to enter a nursery for their child,…
【Making a bold start, one child policy starts】
《Facing the attitude of…》
…tuition assistance, or payment of medical expenses.
On the other hand, the couple who had two more children will be demanded the cost of delivery a lot. To make matters worse, 10 percent of their salary will be cut and increase in salary or promotion will be stopped in their workplace.
Population control, which was the one Malthus used to insist in the past. China has carried out the way of new Malthus.
《The nation intervenes in the life of a couple》
The organization for regulating childbirth for the couple was set
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Face the attitude of never fail to reward a meritorious service or let a fault unpunished》
The organization of regulating the childbirth is under the immediate control of the Cabinet in China. The one who is devoted to the planned childbirth is appointed from cities, towns and villages. Their total number is no less than one hundred sixty thousand. The number on the childbirth was decided for every year in municipalities as goal.
The couple who was allowed to have a baby was decided in the area or in the workplace so as to achieve their goal
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Facing attitude of…》
The name of the couple who were allowed to have a baby was put up on the bulletin board in the facility of their area. The one who was allowed to have a baby was informed all of the people, and the others who weren’t allowed was applied to social pressure so as not to have a bay.
But ethnic minorities weren’t applied to the social pressure, for China has the policy of giving the priority to the minor ethnics
As those large scale plan was carried out, if someone who wasn’t allowed to have a baby is pregnant, it’s tiresome
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Facing attitude of never fail to reward a meritorious service or let a fault to go unpunished》
Not only the couple but the one who was devoted itself to the planned childbirth would be punished, so the one who was devoted to itself to the planned childbirth went to the woman who became pregnant unplanned and applied pressure to her so as to go for an abortion. It happens every day.
There may be the one who have the childbirth, going from the farm village to the city secretly, so the box so as to inform it was set up in some areas.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Facing attitude of…》
As to the couple who had already had a baby, the wife is asked to insert the birth control ring, and the husband was asked to do vasectomy パイプカット. The nation intervened in even the life of the couple.
Moreover the one child policy was done forcibly without having standing in law. The control population started in 1979, but it was in 2002 when it learned to have stand in law.
In the beginning, they were allowed to have one child alone in the both of the farm village and the city, but children are indispensable in the…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Facing attitude of never fail to reward a meritorious a service or let a fault go unpunished》
…children are indispensable in the farm village as labor power, so the one child policy wasn’t thorough in the farm village, there were some areas in the farm villages were allowed to have two children.
But the one child policy brought results. The birth rate was 5.8% in the beginning of 1970s, and it dropped 1.8% in 2007. It is said the one child policy prevents China from increasing the population of three hundred million.
But the nation tried to…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
The nation tried to control the population forcibly, and intervened in the private thing extremely, it caused a question touching humanity.
《Farm village which was particular about a little boy》
The one child policy was met with resistance at the farm village so much. The People’s Commune was abolished, and the agricultural production is undertaken by each of farmers, so the more children the farm house has, the more labor force it has.
Besides, the farm house has strong consciousness of succeeding to the house, so it wants a little boy.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Farm village which is particular about a little boy》
When being born and it was a little girl, they wanted to the second child desperately.
As there is no social security program at the farm village in China, parents want to have a little boy who take care of them when they are old. Thus various tragedies were caused.
When the little girl was born, she was killed often, being killed instantly and submitted her to the government office as death birth, or buried her in the ground, pretended not to have no little girl. It was continued until…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Farm village which is particular about a little boy》
It was continued until a little boy was born.
If the second child was born in the house which has a child already, the second child wasn’t submitted to the government office formally, so the second child can’t belong to the family resister. As it has no family register, it pretends not to exist, it can’t go to school nor being unable to receive administrative service, and needless to say, it isn’t included in population statistics.
The population in China is one billion and three hundred..
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
The population in China is one billion and three hundred million statistically, but it has been presumed to more one hundred million.
《China has held fast the policy of controlling population…》
Though causing various humanitarian issues, China has continued to adopt the controlling population. The government in China announced basic plan on the policy for the population in 2007, checking the basic plan on controlling population, focusing on the farm village especially.
As to the goal of controlling the total population, it’s a billion three…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《China has held fast the policy of controlling population…》
…it’s a billion three hundred sixty million or less than it in 2010, and a billion four hundred fifty million or less than it in 2020, showing its concrete numbers.
While young people don’t increase due to the one child policy, the large amount of people are aging, so China suddenly becomes the aging society from now on. If a couple of each of them was one child, it is allowed to have two of children in towns so as to respond to the present situation.
《Column, 建設銀行, 招商銀号》
It is …
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
『Column, 建設銀行, 招商銀行』
It is forbidden for doctors to inform the results on the sex determination of their baby to be to parents by government, but it is said if there is a policy in the upper place, there is a measure in the lower place in China, so there is the measure. There is an example in Jiangsu Province 江蘇省 like the next, according to a journalist.
When the doctor adopted ultrasonic diagnostic method so as to inspect the condition of health on the baby to be, the parents bribed the doctor, and doctor asked parents, is there account in…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
Is there an account in 建設銀行, or in 招商銀行？
It means the 建設銀行 is a little boy, and 招商銀行 a little girl, so the pregnant who was asked the 招商銀行 would take into the next action.
《Being enthusiastic for education》
A large amount of little emperor were born by the one child policy, but easy reality isn’t waiting for the it, for parents put a great hope to their child and make the child receive high education from the early childhood.
Parents who paid lots of money and makes their child high education from the kindergarten increase in cities.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Being enthusiastic for education》
College enrollment rate raised and reached to no less than 19% in 2004. With the rise of the college enrollment rate, lots of university have been founded which were worse. As a result without graduating from renowned university young people would be in difficulty when trying to get a job.
So lots of the young people who tried to go to the part of the big name university have increased, so the examination ordeal has been intensified, and it has made the young people go to cramming school from being young.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Being enthusiastic for education》
The situation is as if it were being in Japan.
The education expense is so high in cities the family which have a single child spontaneously has increased in Beijing and Shanghai. As the education expense hits the roof the birth rate drops. There has been the tendency like developed countries in China.
《Men can’t get married?》
One child policy causes a serious after effect. It’s an extreme difference on the brith rate between men and women. The ration on newborn baby between men and women in 2005 is next one
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Men can’t get married?》
When the man is 100%, the woman is 118.58 %, according to the investigation in 2005, the balance on the number between men and women has lost so much. Why? Being able to discriminate the sex on the baby to be before having the baby.
The technical skill on judging the sex on the babies to be by supersonic scanner spreads over the medical institution all over China after 1980. If judging the baby to be was a woman, lots of mothers go for an abortion.
As a result the number of men whose age is from twenty to forty…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《Men can’t get married?》
…it has been expected that the number of men whose age is from twenty to forty five would be more than women by thirty million in 2020. Those men won’t be able to find women who got married to them.
The government has forbidden to discriminate the sex on babies to be which isn’t necessary medically, taking a stringent stance against the aborting the little girl by judging the sex the baby to be, but the reality doesn’t go well as expected.
《To the society of declining birthdate and aging society rapidly》
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《To the society of declining birth rate and aging rapidly》
The number of aged person who is older than sixty five is over a hundred million for the first time in China at the end of 2005. The same number of the population in Japan learn to exist soon.
As the average life has expanded, the aged person has increased as well. The average life was 35 before the new China was founded, but it reached 71.8 in 2001.
The nation of which average life is over 70 is the country of longevity, according to the standard in WHO, so China joins in the…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《To the society of declining birth rate and aging rapidly》
…so China joins in the country of longevity. Though it’s joyful, the number of young people wouldn’t increase because of the one child policy, so China would be the serious society of declining birth rate and aging.
The economy is developing in China, its structure on the society is the one in developed countries. If aging makes progress, even if developed countries can’t support the aged people easily as nation, so China which is the developing country will be in more difficulty.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《The pension system has collapsed》
When the aging makes progress, the one which becomes serious is the pension. There is the pension system for workers in cities, but there wasn’t in the farm village for a long time.
As the worker doesn’t have the means of production in cities, so the nation guarantees its after retirement age, the farm house has the means of production which means the farm land, so take care of themselves, the government seemed to expect like that in the past.
But the pension system has started in the farm village in 1992.
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《The pension system has collapsed》
The one whose age from twenty to sixty joins in the pension system and it’s the age of sixty when receiving the old age pension starts. The insurance fee is the way of accumulating. Paid fund is accumulated and operated, and being able to receive the pension at the age of sixty five.
But it’s voluntary participation. Lots of farmers don’t participate in it, so if the farmers are old, supporting their life is hard for the aging people. It used to be the system of big family, so even if being old and being…
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《The pension system has collapsed》
…even if being old and being unable to work any more, its children used to look after the aged person in the past, but the children went for work in the cities, so no one would take care of the aged person.
On the other hand, there is the pension system in the cities. The pension system for workers in cities is the way of accumulating insurance fee by the worker itself and the enterprises in which the worker works.
The pension which was accumulated is being able to receive after its retirement, but …
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
《The pension system has collapsed》
…but the accumulated fund is applied for payment on retired workers before the establishment on the pension system, so the fund of accumulating pension is hollowing out phenomenon.
When the people who pay the insurance fee become the age of being able receive the pension, the fund which is paid for them doesn’t exist.
The pension system in China is by far more serious and more insufficient than the one in Japan, but aging makes progress rapidly, and the number of young people who support the aging people …
【Making a bold start, one child policy begins】
…the number of young people who supported the aging people isn’t enough. A time bomb set up by Mao Zedong is waiting for the time to explode.
【The event in Tiananmen broke out】
《The square in Tiananmen which is the symbol in China》
Speaking of the symbol in China, no matter what you say, it’s the Tiananmen which is in the center of Beijing which is the capital of China and the square which spread over in front of Tiananmen. Large amount of tourists visit there from both overseas and from China. We can always see children who are playing with…
【The event in Tiananmen broke out】
《The square in Tiananmen which is the symbol in China》
We can always see children playing with the flying kite there. Tiananmen is equivalent to the main gate on the palace where the emperor used to live at the time of 明 or 清. It was rebuilt at the place where it is at the time of 清 in 1615.
The height of its castle wall is some 12 meters, and there is the two storied building of which roof is red above the castle wall. The emperors stood on the two storied building at the important event at the time of 明 and 清. Mao Zedong also stood there as if he had…
【The event in Tiananmen broke out】
《The square in Tiananmen which is the symbol in China》
Mao Zedong also stood there as if he had been the emperor and announced the foundation on the People’s Republic of China then.
The tremendous portrait on Mao Zedong is putting up on the castle wall, below the two storied building. There is the square in front of the Tiananmen and there is the road between the square and Tiananmen.
The square was there from the time of 明, but it has been expanded after the new China was born and has been equipped as park. It’s forty hundred thousand square meters.
【The event in Tiananmen broke out】
《The square in Tiananmen is the symbol in China》
The square is so large that it can accommodate no less than half million of people there. The author went for there so as to interview in 2006. A man who seemed to come from a countryside and was in rough clothes spread the paper written his insistence at the corner of the square.
As soon as he did, he was held down by some plain clothed officers and was taken away in the patrol car at once. The author witnessed it.
The square in Tiananmen is an excellent place for the Chinese to insist.
【The event in Tiananmen broke out】
《The square in Tiananmen is the symbol in China》
So the government of the Communist Party has feared extremely the political action there. If watching the people there, except for uniformed policemen, the ones who seem to be plain clothes officers keep watchful eyes around them.
While there are tourists who went for a stroll, plain clothes officers with penetrating stare. They are in the Square of Tiananmen.
Why are there lots of the plain clothes officers? The government used to be pushed into corner by lots of young people who insisted on politically.
【The event in Tiananmen Square】
《The Square in Tiananmen is the symbol in China》
As a result, it was a tragedy in which the blood of lots of the young people shed, and the tragedy led to the awareness of the anti Japan in the young people soon. How is it? The author said he was going to look back the tragedy.
《The movement of wiping out the mental pollution started》
The author said he was going to return to the time of Den Xiaoping. When Mao Zedong adopted the policy of hundred flowers released, the wall on democracy appeared in Beijing and the movement on democracy started then.
【The event in Tiananmen Square】
《The movement of wiping out the mental pollution started》
But Deng Xiaoping changed his attitude completely, starting four basic principles and suppressing the democracy. He started four principles
The Communist Party directs and workers carry out the autocracy to the capitalists and maintaining the socialism firmly under the thought of Mao Zedong, so the course of reform and open was continued.
As a result various thoughts and trend were flowed into China. Young women who used to be allowed to put on Mao suit alone got their hair permed and learned to put…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The movement of wiping out the mental pollution started》
…and learned to put on skirt. Men learned to wear suit. Signboards written in English appeared on the street, and it seemed that the elders in the Conservative faction were disgusted with it. The movement of wiping out the mental pollution by the Communist Party started in 1983.
Polluted thought came in China from the countries of capitalism through the reform and open by Deng Xiaoping, so the spirit on the socialism is being polluted. The polluted thought has to be wiped out. The movement started like that.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The movement of wiping out the pollution started》
The influence on the conservative faction which hated the reform by Deng Xiaoping fought back, using in the name of the mental pollution. It’s the action like the throwback to the time of Mao Zedong.
An actress who was the national star in China wrote her autobiography, so she was criticized. She wrote it for the first time as an ordinary person, but she was criticized, for it was haughty.
She was in the present situation due to the Communist Party, but the one who wasn’t even an executive in the Communist Party...
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The movement of wiping out the polluted spirit started》
…though she was just an ordinary person, she wrote her own autobiography, it was cheeky of her.
Not only being criticized on women who wore skirt or whose permanent hair but only having a goldfish was regarded as polluted spirit. Then the song by Teresa Teng was popular among in Taiwan, but listening to her song like alluring song was also considered as the polluted spirit.
The organ paper on the Communist Party criticizied people who imitating the song of Teresa Teng, for it was decadent. It blamed a part…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The movement of wiping out the polluted spirit started》
The organ paper blamed a part of songs of which historical background was reactionary, for example the one which was popular among in the occupied area by the enemy during war resisting against Japan. It was a popular song in Japan during the war and was a hit song by Teresa Teng later.
When the movement stated the objection on attacking from the people escalated little by little. What is the polluted spirit? It becomes vague, and the movement was as if it had gone back to the time of Mao Zedong, so the…
【The event in Tianammen】
《The movement of wiping out polluted spirit started》
…so the dissatisfaction raised among the people, though it was anxiety rather than dissatisfaction, for the movement reminded the people of the time of the Cultural Revolution or the time of group of four.
Though Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 stopped it, but the assistant editor and the president of other organ paper were discharged. Both of them were brain who supported Hu Yaobang theoretically.
《The confrontation became intensified》
On this occasion, the confrontation between Hu Yaobang who was the reformist and older …
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The confrontation became intensified》
…the confrontation between Ya Hubang who was the reformist and older executives of the conservative faction in the Communist Party became intensified, for the conservative waited for a chance to oust him from his position.
Deng Xiaoping expressed his retirement in 1986, then his age was eighty two, he thought he tried to have the leadership in the Communist Party rejuvenated by retiring himself from the leadership, and tried to make other ones in the leadership of who were eighty years old retire, and Ya Hubang agreed with it.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The confrontation became intensified》
The agreement by Ya Hubang made the elder executive in the Communist Party get angry, for it rubbed the elder executive who wanted to be the top of the power and to take advantage of privilege forever.
But the elder executive couldn’t say openly it was totally inexcusable he tried to make them retire, so they looked for other material to attack him.
To make matters worse, it turned out that Deng Xiaoping didn’t think actually he wanted to retire by his own activity later. Without accepting it as true, if saying words of…
【The event in Tiananmen】
…if saying words of changing his mind of retirement, the development may have been different later.
《Democratic movement by students started》
The event which started to lose position of Ya Hubang soon. It’s the movement by students.
Students had a rally at university in Anhui province 安徽省 and asked for democracy. It was during the election for the National People’s Congress which was equivalent to a prefectural assembly in Japan then in the Anhui province.
There was no name of the one who students supported in the list of name on candidates from the local area.
【The movement in Tiananmen】
《Democratic movement by students started》
So students protested against it.
A representative is elected from the people in the National People’s Congress formally, but the one who is appointed from the Communist Party alone can make a run for the representative actually.
The one who make a run for the representative is appointed from the upper place and it’s just that the people are allowed to accept it, so students challenged it.
The movement spread out all over the whole China in no time. Rally and demonstration march were done in one hundred fifty university
【The movement in Tiananmen】
《Democratic movement by students started》
The university was in eighteen cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Nanjing. In the beginning there were lots of complaints that the school cafeteria had a bad service at the rally of each place, but it developed into the movement asking for wide variety of democracy like the freedom of speech.
Students in university were only handful of elite in China then. Their sensitiveness was so strong that they came to have a wide view and turned an acute eye to the contradiction in the society when learning in university
【The movement in Tiananmen】
《Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 was forced to resign》
As to the insistence from students, Hu Yaobang found the request on democracy was natural, so he approved silently the movement by students spread over the whole China, and it became the problem among the member of leadership at the Communist Party in China.
The assembly by the member of the leadership was held consecutive days, and Deng Xiaoping learned to blame Hu Yaobang by name, the handling on the movement by students wasn’t strict enough, and other executives went along with the criticism.
Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 was close…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》
Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 was close with him and supported Deng Xiaoping together, but even he criticized Hu Yaobang. In the next year, the assembly was held and the group of elder executive denounced Hu Yaobang thoroughly, criticizing his attitude was liberalism of bourgeois.
Though Hu Yaobang didn’t started the movement himself, he didn’t suppress students at all, so he was held to account for to avoid suppressing them.
The one who was in the vanguard of movement of criticizing him was Bo Yibo 薄一波. Though he lost his position in the…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》
Though he lost his position in the Cultural Revolution, he recovered by the intercession from Hu Yaobang, but he ousted Hu Yaobang who was the savor of his life.
Hu Yaobang offered to resign from the general secretary and his offer was accepted, but he could remain his job of the politburo member by the intention of Deng Xiaoping.
The movement by students spreading out all over the whole China was clamped down severely and declined soon, but students were dissatisfied then.
Peng Zhen 彭真 who kicked Hu Yaobang out from his position
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》
Peng Zhen who was standing committee member in the National People’s Congress did it with Bo Yibo 薄一波, after Hu Yaobang resigned, he had an interview with the media corps In Macao or Hong Kong and said like the next.
The one who is engaged in the politburo is too young isn’t good, for the one who accumulated a certain of experience is appropriate to perform complicated job. Too be young to go well probably.
Hu Yaobang who was forced to retire was seventy two years old, and Bo Yibo was eighty four. The one whose age was eighty..
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Hu Yaobang was forced to resign》
The one whose age was eighty four forced the one whose age was seventy two to resign, for the one whose age was seventy two was too young.
Hu Yaobang was born at farm house in Hunan province 湖南省 in 1915 and joined in the Communist Party in China at the age of 15 and lost his position in the Cultural Revolution, but he recovered with Deng Xiaoping and was appointed to the head of the Communist Party in 1981.
He put all his effort into restoring executives’ impaired reputation who lost their position in the Cultural Revolution.
【The event in Tiananmen】
So lots of the elder could revive thanks to him, but he was ousted by those elders.
《Hu Yaobang who used to be pro Japan》
He was well known as pro Japan and visited Japan in 1983, and the leaders wore the Mao jacket in general then, but he did a suit, and made a speech in suit for the first time at the National Assembly in Japan as one of leaders in China.
He was present at the meeting by young people held at the hall of NHK, and announced the plan of inviting three thousand of young Japanese people to China. Then he spoke to young people in Japan like the next.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Hu Yaobang who used to be a pro Japan》
The Japanese is a great nation. After the war, you the Japanese have roused yourselves and built Japan as developed nation in economy which was modernized, at the same time, drawing a lesson in the past and coming true the normal relation between Japan and your neighboring countries.
I celebrate the prosperity and development on the Japanese nation from the bottom of my heart, and I make sure you will be able to carry out better than your senior when succeeding to your senior.
Moreover, he was close with Yasuhiro Nakasone…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Hu Yaobang was pro Japan》
Yasuhiro Nakasone was then the Prime Minister in Japan. He invited then the Prime Minister to China.
But Nakasone visited the Yasukuni shrine officially in 1985 after forty years from the war, Hu Yaobang received the good barrage of criticism from the elders because he was closed with Nakasone.
After Hu Yaobang lost his position, the data were delivered to executives as plea of his guilty. He was criticized by inviting three thousand of the young Japanese to China and making friend with Yasuhiro Nakasone privately in the data.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《From Hu Yaobang to Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽》
Deng Xiaoping said he didn’t fear even if the sky fell on him because two of Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang supported him. The former is the general secretary in the party and the latter was the one who supported the general secretary as Prime Minister then.
He was small and if being between the two of them, even if being stricken by thunder, the thunder hit two of them, so he could survive. It’s a joke. The episode shows us how much he trusted two of them.
But when looking at the view of the progress after that, two of them were…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《From Hu Yaobang to Zhao Ziyang》
…the two of them were sacrificed for Deng Xiaoping.
After Hu Yaobang was forced to resign, Den Xiaoping chose Zhao Ziyang as successor. The conservative faction tried to appoint the successor from them, but Deng Xiaoping chose Zhao Ziyang who held fast the reform and open up. He wanted to choose the one who was opposed to the liberalism on the thought and who made a progress on the liberalism on the economy as the top in the Communist Party.
Though Zhao Ziyang was in the position which is opposed to Hu Yaobang….
【The event in Tiananmen】
…his position was same with Hu Yaobang in relation with the thought.
《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》
After two years from the dismissal from the general secretary in the Communist Party, Hu Yaobang was dead suddenly in 1989. He fell down in the middle of the assembly and was in hospital. He was dead by cardinal infarct after a week.
The announcement on his death was informed, and students took into action at once. Lots of wall paper mourning Hu Yaobang were put up at the campus in Beijing university and mourning gathering was…
【The event at Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action…》
…and even the mourning gathering for him was held at the night.
Students knew well that Hu Yaobang was dismissed because he was tolerant to the movement by students, and lots of students stood up and took action owing to the sudden death by the one who understood them.
The movement at university in Beijing spread to other university. After two days from the death of Hu Yaobang, some five hundred of students in Beijing went in procession from their university to the square in Tiananmen.
After that the number of students and…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》
After that the number of students and residents gathering at the square in Tiananmen continued to increase, for it’s the square in Tiananmen where the people appeal their own will to the public.
Students asked Hu Yaobang was evaluated again, asking the achievement by Hu Yaobang was done fairly, asking to admit the dismissal on Hu Yaobang was in the wrong.
The gathering went on and the going in procession continued one after another, so the insistence from students expanded. They learned to ask for….
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action…》
Students learned to ask for guarantee on the freedom of speech, for income of leaders and their disciples was open to the public, for the punishment on what is called 役人ブローカー.
Executives in the government and in the Communist Party and their family members manage national companies for themselves and colluded with a group of newly emerging company and sold material through illegal channel, bumping up the price and getting unfair profit during the policy of reform and openness in China. They are called 役人ブローカー in China.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》
The son of Deng Xiaoping accumulated wealth by taking advantage of his privilege and the people knew it enough
But Hu Yaobang and his family members had never had the rumor on the corruption at all and he was well known as the one who was clean.
When asking Hu Yaobang was evaluated again, the insistence from students developed into the criticism on the executives in the Communist Party who were by far more different from Hu Yaobang.
Students put up a placard, and it had a phrase of bringing down…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action…》
…and the placard had learned to include the phrase of bringing down Den Xiaoping.
Two thousand of students began sit-down strike in front of Xinhuamen 新華門 facing the street of West Chang’an 長安 after three days from the death of Hu Yaobang.
There is the center of the organization on the government or the one on the Communist Party in the Xinhumen and the entrance of Zhaongnanhai 中南海 where a very important person lives.
What is the action of sit down strike at the entrance of the center in the Communist Party itself? It’s a….
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》
It’s a powerful protest against the Communist Party and the executives shuddered with fear by the sit down strike. Students were excluded forcibly by the public safety commission.
But in the next day the number of students and residents gathering in the square of Tiananmen swelled up to no less than one hundred thousand.
After three days, the gathering of mourning Hu Yaobang was held sponsored by the central committee from the Communist Party in the square of Tiananmen. When knowing it, thirty …
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action…》
…thirty thousand of students started to sit down strike at the square in Tiananmen.
Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 who was the general secretary read the memorial address in the mourning gathering and admired the life of Hu Yaobang who devoted himself to the revolution, but he didn’t say anything about his losing position, and Hu Yaobang was never evaluated again, so it ignited students’ outrage, for students in university started to boycott their class for an indefinite period of time. The function on university stopped then.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Students roused themselves to action by the death of Hu Yaobang》
Students organized the association for themselves spontaneously. The union in which the association from thirty university joined in Beijing started after ten days from the death of Hu Yaobang.
There was the organization made by the government, being directed by the Communist Party until then in each of university.
But the one which was founded newly didn’t receive the direction from the Communist Party. It was a self governing body literally.
《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》
The 1989 was the year when democracy developed each nation of the East Europe. The General Secretary Gorbachev tried to improve the relation with the Reagan President in America and was about to announce the Cold War between East and West was over.
When the movement on democracy came to the surface at Hungary or Czechoslovakia of the East Europe at the time of the Cold War between East and West, Soviet suppressed it with the large army made up with tanks until then, but Gorbachev took an attitude of permitting…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》
….but Gorbachev took an attitude of permitting the democracy in the East Europe, so the East Europe made progress to the democracy all at once by changing policy of the leader in Soviet. Autocratic regime by the Communist Party brought down one after another.
After the event in Tiananmen, the Wall of Berlin collapsed November in the same year. The member of leaders in the Communist Party looked at the movement in the East Europe with terror.
Then the movement on democracy started in their home turf, so their ….
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》
…so their sense of crisis heightened even more, but Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 didn’t try to take action in the least, and approved silently the movement on democracy by students, he took the same position as Hu Yaobang.
But when he was away from Beijing, the situation became very different. He visited the North Korea according to his plan since some time ago.
No sooner he was away from Beijing than the conservative faction in the Communist Party took into action.
Li Peng 李鵬 the Prime Minister in the conservative faction….
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》
Li Peng the Prime Minister in the conservative faction held a meeting and established the project of stopping the upheaval and visited Deng Xiaoping and reported him the plan of depressing the movement by students.
When listening to the report, it is said that Deng Xiaoping said like the next.
It’s not an ordinary movement by students but the upheaval clearly, so we have to hold it down powerfully. Students who caused the upheaval were influenced by the liberalism on the political thought in the East Europe.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Deng Xiaoping claimed the movement was an upheaval》
We must not fear being spoken ill by the people, a bad reputation and the criticism in the international society. We have the People’s Liberation Army made up with millions of people.
As receiving the direction from Deng Xiaoping, an organ paper on the Communist Party published an editorial of making its position clear and objecting to the upheaval. It was claimed the movement by student was upheaval, anti revolution. When Zhao Ziyang was away, the policy was decided.
《The movement by students livened up still…》
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The movement by students livened up still more》
It were students who were shocked at the policy, for they didn’t try to be opposed to the Communist Party nor to the system in socialism at all. It’s just that they accepted the direction from the Communist Party and asked for the democracy in the system of the socialism.
Fifty thousand of students went in progress for demonstration so as to ask for withdrawal the editorial in the next day the editorial was published. They put up banners, saying the protection on the Communist Party, defense on the socialism.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The movement by students livened up still more》
Students wanted the leaders to understand their movement wasn’t the upheaval, not anti revolution, but their admirable feeling didn’t reach to the Communist Party.
The movement by students entered society widely, for the reporters from the organ paper on the Communist Party joined in the march of the demonstration, putting up the banner.
It showed there were lots of people who asked for the democracy in the editorial department of the organ paper in the Communist Party.
In the next day, the editorial article…
【The movement in Tiananmen】
…the editorial article was published, marking the front page of the paper, Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 said students weren’t always opposed to their fundamental system in China in his talk.
Zhao Ziyang who was the leader in the Communist Party supported their movement! It made the movement by students liven up still more.
《Gorbachev visited China》
The sitting down strike by students continued May at the square in Tiananmen May in 1989 after a month from the death of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦, Gorbachev visited Beijing from Soviet then. When inaugurating the general secretary, he…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Gorbachev visited China》
…he didn’t only improve the relation with America, but took into action so as to improve the relation with China which continued to confront against Soviet for a long time, for he visited China so as to finish the confrontation between China and Soviet which went on for a long time, so as to come true an ordinary relation between two of the nations.
Mass media gathered Beijing from the whole world so as to interview the historical moment which was the amicable settlement on China and Soviet.
CNN TV station tried to broadcast the event…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Gorbachev visited China》
CNN TV station tried to broadcast the event live from America. Mass media gathered Beijing from the whole world, so students thought it was a perfect opportunity, informing the movement asking for the democracy to the whole world, trying to apply pressure to the authority in China.
Before two days Gorbachev visited China, a thousand of students started a hunger strike at the square in Tiananmen, demanding to cancel the comment on the upheaval and to allow the movement by students was patriotic democratic one and to start to talk with the…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Gorbachev visited China》
…and to start to talk with the representative from students.
When a state guest visited China, its ceremonial is usually done at the square in Tiananmen, but the square was occupied by students, so the government in China had no choice, it was forced to do the ceremony of welcoming Gorbachev in the airport, so the face of the Communist Party and the member of leaders in the government was lost.
《Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 revealed the secret on the Communist Party》
The talk and luncheon party between Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping was done and…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang revealed the secret on the Communist Party》
…and the talk between Zhao Ziyang was done in the evening, and Zhao Ziyang had an amazing comment like the next.
Deng Xiaoping retired from the central committee and from politburo standing committee member in the last year, being based on his own will, but considering the situation, Deng Xiaoping is indispensable for us the Chinese, we need his wisdom and his experience, we the Chinese have thought like that.
As to the most important matter, we think we need Deng Xiaoping to take the lead, we’ve decided it…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang revealed the secret on the Communist Party》
We decided it carefully. When handling the most important thing, we always report it to Deng Xiaoping and asks for his advice.
It was broadcast live in the whole China and Zhao Ziyang was aware of it and had his comment.
After Deng Xiaoping retired formally, the Communist Party always obeys the direction from Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping has reigned over China as the most powerful figure by the secret meeting.
Zhao Ziyang informed the top secret to the whole China with the radio wave of the live broadcast.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang revealed the top secret on the Communist Party》
The politics isn’t democratic at all in China. It was Deng Xiaoping who assumed the movement by students was the upheaval. Zhao Ziyang informed it to the whole China.
To tell the truth, after the editorial that the movement by students was the upheaval was published, Zhao Ziyang returned from the North Korea and asked for the plan on the Communist Party that the movement by students was upheaval to change and took into action, but it didn’t come true because of the objection from Li Peng 李鵬.
【The event in Tiananmen】
Li Peng was the Prime Minister then.
So Zhao Ziyang seized the opportunity that Gorbachev visited China and fought back.
《The people stood up and took into action》
It was Deng Xiaoping who prevented China from being democratic, though he’s insisted on the policies of reform and openness in China, and the people in China knew the fact for the first time then.
The movement by students developed into a huge grassroots movement in which ordinary people joined. The slogan which they put escalated to ask Deng Xiaoping to retire. The people roused themselves to action.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The people stood up and took into action》
The square in Tiananmen and roads around it were filled with the wave of the people. It is said the square in Tiananmen can accommodate a half million of people if standing in a row, a million of people is possible if packing, but the place was full of the people.
A reporter in newspaper from Japan interviewed the scene wrote like the next.
All of their faces were filled with joy and a sense of freedom. Even if pointing a camera at them, they waved. It seemed that neither they were pack of mutts nor they acted recklessly.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The people stood up and took into action》
I’ve felt a dizzy in a moment, for I couldn’t think of the scene in China like that until before a while ago.
Even if gathering a small amount of people in this country China, the Public Security came there and made them disperse. If sticking a bill on the wall, we would be restrained in no time. When walking in front of the house of a leader, we were challenged our identities,
But lots of people gathered at the square at will and talked their thoughts freely without fearing anything. I couldn’t thought it came true.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The people stood up and took into action》
The people who gathered there put up the banner in which their slogans were written down and the place where they walk was also written there confidentially. The people who worked in the center of the power like the government or the Communist Party joined in the upheaval decided by Deng Xiaoping.
It is said the people over ten million came to the street in China on that day. The people stood up and took into action.
《Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 lost his position》
Zhao Ziyang appeared at the square in Tiananmen. It was after four…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang lost his position》
It was four o’clock in the morning after four days from the death of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦. He wasn’t in suit but in Mao jacket. He seemed to be exhausted, and when receiving a hand mike he spoke to the students like the next.
Students, we’ve come here too late. You are young and have a future for you. Even if you did it with good interest for the nation, it would have influence on varied places seriously. I hope you think about your future calmly and stop the hunger strike.
When speaking to them, he sobbed over and over again, tearfully.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang lost his position》
It was broadcast on a news through TV, but it was the last time when he appeared in official occasion.
Li Peng 李鵬 the Prime Minister in the conservative faction appeared on TV at night of that day, speaking to the people on maintenance of public security, saying being representative of the State of Council and the Central Committee in the beginning.
The State of Council is equivalent to the Cabinet in other countries, and Li Peng was the top of the State of Council, so it’s natural of him to be representative of it, but the problem…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang lost his position》
The problem is saying being representative of the Central Committee, for the one who was representative of the Central Committee was Hu Yaobang who was the general secretary, but Li Peng who was in the conservative faction said he was representative of the Central Committee, it means that Hu Yaobang lost his position, and the people knew it.
Before the day when the people went out to the town and asked for the democracy in China and to retire Deng Xiaoping, leaders of the Communist Party gathered the house of Deng Xiaoping and…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang lost his position》
…and discussed the measure. Then Deng Xiaoping ordered to issue a martial law, though Zhao Ziyang was opposed to it, he was outnumbered, and the plan of issuing the martial law was decided. After that the Politburo Standing Committee was held at night formally and issuing the martial law was fixed officially. Zhao Ziyang alone objected to it.
When the plan of issuing the martial law was decided, Zhao Ziyang announced his intention to resign.
Deng Xiaoping discarded not only Hu Yaobang but Zhao Ziyang.
Zhao Ziyang was born in…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Zhao Ziyang lost his position》
Zhao Ziyang was born at wealthy farm house in Henan province 河南省 in 1919 and joined in the youth wing of Communism at the age of thirteen, joining in the Communist Party at the age of nineteen. He lost his position at the time of the Cultural Revolution, but after that he was revived.
When carrying out the system of the production of responsibility to farm houses in Sichuan province 四川省 which is the place Deng Xiaoping was from. Deng Xiaoping evaluated him so much that he became the general secretary after that.
As to the system of…
＞＞４２０
As to the system of production of responsibility to farm house, it’s signing a contract between a farm house and the government and the farm house can sell the surplus from the production at will. Instead of the collective ownership system by the people’s commune, it was introduced into China around at the end of 1970s.
『Column, Wen Jiaboa 温家宝 was in the scene』
Wen Jiaboa was the Prime Minister in China after that. He visited Japan in 2007 and made a speech at the National Assembly in Japan. In fact he was the secretary for Zhao Ziyang then, so when Zhao Ziyang came to the square of…
＞＞４２１
…so when Zhao Ziyang came to the square of Tiananmen and met with student who did hunger strike, Wen Jiabao escorted him off, he was in the scene then.
He had no comment on it at all.
《The martial law was issued》
Li Peng issued the martial law at the part of Beijing city after five days from the death of Hu Yaobang.
By the way, I’ve expressed in English, according to the book, so I have little information on China, so I can’t understand the situation in China then. I think I should think with my own brain, but to my sorrow I can’t at present, so I’m not sure of the whole situation.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The martial law was issued》
Anyway, I’m going to continue, being based on the book.
The martial law stops the effect on the constitution and leaves the three powers of legislation, administration, and administration of justice to the armed force.
The whole region of the square in Tiananmen is the part of Beijing city, and it was announced instead of ordinary police, the armed force would carry out all kinds of power.
When knowing it, students started to set up a barricade so as to prepare for being stormed by the armed force. Parking a bus or a truck on the…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The martial law was issued》
Students parked a bus or truck in a line on the road of each city and cut off the traffic.
On the other hand, as receiving the issue of the martial law, the military unit on the People’s Liberation Army started to gather in the capital.
A truck full of soldiers was surrounded by residents and the soldiers were persuaded not to attack the people, saying the People’s Liberation Army must not attack the people.
Residents who tried to stop trucks and the military force came in conflict each place.
While students continued the sit down…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The martial law was issued》
While students continued the sit down strike in the square, the leadership of the students went around in circle over the plan after that.
Some of students cried out for do or die resistance, others insisted on withdrawing once and moving to a long war. They divided into two groups.
As being threatened by the issue on the martial law, students who went away from the square appeared one after another, on the other hand, other students in university gathered the square in Tiananmen more and more from local areas.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The martial law was issued》
While the Communist Party resorted drastic measure, the hard-liner took the initiative. A tragic construction on confrontation was completed then.
The commander center of the People’s Liberation Army announced to adopt a decisive measure so as to maintain the peace in the capital, following the martial law.
What does mean the decisive measure? It was clear for all of them.
A large amount of tanks, armed personnel carriers and military trucks gathered around Bringing one after another. Two hundred thousand of the People’s Liberation…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The martial law was issued》
Two hundred thousand of the People’s Liberation Army were mobilized then.
A figure of the Statue of Liberty was carried into the square of Tiananmen which was the target for the People’s Liberation Army.
The figure was made up with styrofoam and plaster. Students who majored in fine arts made it. Needless to say, it’s just a fake, and its height is ten meters, and its model is the Statue of Liberty in New York.
Though it was badly made, once setting up in the square, it became a symbol on the movement asking for the democracy.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The place around the square was covered with blood》
The fourth day June was Friday and it was four o’clock in the morning. Making all the light turn off all at once in the square then, and it was pitch there, and students who slept in the square rattled at it.
Singsong voice of international echoed all over the square from a loudspeaker, for students sang.
The international is a title of a song for workers, speaking to workers who are suppressed all over the world to join together and to stand up. The song was familiar with the gathering on the Communist Party.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The place around the square was covered with blood》
Students appealed they weren’t opposed to the Communist Party as hard as possible by singing the international.
A red signal flare was shot up to the sky on dawn and the whole square became red at half after four, and it was a sign.
Tanks and armed cars stormed into the square all at once. Booming of guns echoed all over the square and around it.
It was the moment when the movement asking for democracy by students for seven weeks was squashed by tanks and the figure of Statue of Liberty was brought down as well.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The square and around places were covered with blood》
A young reporter from NHK who reported the situation to Japan by telephone was tearful.
Soldiers started to shoot residents indiscriminately on the street of Chang’an 長安 which was a main road around the square of Tiananmen.
Young people who ran about trying to escape fell down and their shirts were covered with blood.
A Molotov cocktail 火炎瓶 was thrown from the crowd, and tanks and armed car breathed fire and a soldier who became fireball died. A city fighting broke out then
《There was a man who stopped tanks》
【The event in Tiananmen】
《There was a man who stopped tanks》
Indiscriminate shooting by solders continued in the next day. The military truck in soldiers from the People’s Liberation Army went and came over the main streets and repeated to fire bursts from the gun at the people who looked out of window in the building on the both side of the streets.
Then unbelievable scene appeared. Tank units which went on the road where no one was there as if the tanks had owned the road, a man who carried baggage in white dress shirt blocked the tank’s way.
The tank hit the brakes, trying to avoid…
【The even tin Tiananmen】
《There was a man who stopped a tank》
…trying to avoid the man and to pass through, but every time the tank changed its direction, he moved to in front of the tank, so other tanks behind couldn’t move.
Does the tank run over him? The people who watched the scene stopped their breath. The man and the crew in the tank unit continued to glare each other for a while.
Soon other people dashed to him from nowhere, he was taken away.
The book said 男達が脇から駆け寄った. Where is the 脇？ I‘m sure It’s not the armpit, anyway he was taken away.
It was photographed by mass media…
【The event in Tiananmen】
Mass media overseas photographed the scene and it was reported to the world as the man who stopped the tank and it gave all of the people in the world good impression. It becomes an image which symbolizing the resistance by a resident who didn’t have any weapon and the military force which tried to squash it.
《The number of victim isn’t clear》
It‘s how the event broke out in Tiananmen. When Zhou Enlai 周恩来 was dead, the people gathered at the square of Tiananmen, and caused to lose the position of Deng Xiaoping, so it’s called the first event in Tiananmen then.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The number of victim isn’t clear》
So this time it’s called the second one in Tiananmen.
Deng Xiaoping lost his position in the first event, but the second one was caused by the order from Deng Xiaoping. How many victims were there in the second one in Tiananmen? The truth has never been clear.
The government in China announced the number of deceased are some three hundred, and injured people are some nine thousand, including soldiers and policemen who suppressed residents.
But it has been expected that the number is by far less than the actual number.
【The even in Tiananmen】
《The number of victim isn’t clear》
The government in China tries to show the number of victim on students or on residents as less as possible or the bereaved family didn’t submit the death report.
If being turned out their family member was dead in the event, the bereaved family would be arrested or suffer a loss.
As being afraid of those things, submitting the death notification with other reason and being dead in other place, there have been the cases like that.
A magazine in Hong Kong reported the number of the deceased and the injured in 1996. The number of…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The number of victim isn’t clear》
The number of victim is five hundred and twenty three in relation to a private citizen, and the people involved military and the police were forty five. The report was done as the Ministry of Public of Security in China.
In the beginning, it seemed lots of students were killed in the square of the Tiananmen, but it turned out there weren’t any dead people there, it was verified by mass media overseas.
When the military stormed into the square, representative of the students who were in the square talked with the commander of the…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The number of victim isn’t clear》
…the representatives of the students who were in the square talked with the commander of the military, and the military prepared for the evacuation route in the square, so when the tanks and armed cars stormed into the square, students run away from the evacuation route.
But the collision was repeated around the square, the soldiers fired indiscriminately, so there were a large amount of the people were dead then.
《China was in a long winter again》
The mass media in China resisted against reporting the suppression by the army.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《China was in a long winter again》
A cameraman who was ordered to report the scene when the students were excluded from the square by the military police refused it owning to the threat to the life.
News casters appeared in the screen in the mourning dress and when reading the news of the event, they read the manuscript sadly without intonation. They showed their resistance in the broadcast, so they were fired.
The radio broadcasting reported thousands of innocent people were murdered by heavy armed soldiers, and called audience to protest against the suppression…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《China was in a long winter again》
…and called the audience to protest against the suppression on the people. After the broadcasting, all the people who were in charged in the broadcasting were interrogated severely and were made to write the report of self criticism.
After asking for democracy by students were trampled, the time of winter came in China.
The Public Security took photograph of the face of the people who joined in the democratic movement and made a positive identification on the lots of people who joined in the democratic movement, and they were…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《China was in a long winter again》
…and they were arrested one after another after the event.
The people who responded to the interview overseas were recorded by the authority in video tape, and it was reported in China and they were placed on the wanted list.
The people who were responded to the interview easily were arrested by a tip off.
Silence is golden, and China returned to the previous situation.
After five days from storm of the military force in the square of Tiananmen, the activity on Deng Xiaoping was reported. He appreciated the pains the military…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《China is in a long winter again》
He appreciated the pains in the People’s Liberation Army on the military unit of the martial law, so it was shown that both of the issue on the martial law and the crackdown by the military power were the direction from Deng Xiaoping in the whole China.
The general meeting on the central committee of the Communist Party was held and was decided Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 was dismissed formally. A document criticizing him was announced like the next.
He supported the upheaval at the important time of life of death for the nation, and made a…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《China is in a long winter again》
…and made a mistake of dividing into the Communist party and has taken the responsibility on the formation and development of the upheaval.
It was decided he was demoted to a mere member in the Communist Party and he was interrogated by the Communist Party. He was under home arrest and it was continued until he was dead in 2005.
【Jiang Zemin 江沢民 was appointed】
After Zhao Ziyang 趙仕様 was fired, Li Peng 李鵬 was the next position at the rank of the Communist Party, but Deng Xiaoping didn’t appointed him, for he was in conservative…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Jiang Zemin was appointed》
Instead of Li Pneng, Jiang Zemin who was the run of the mill member in politburo was appointed to the General Secretary by Deng Xiaoping, jumping over other managing directors, being the special two rank promotion.
He was seldom well known overseas, so it was accepted unexpectedly in other foreign counties.
Though Deng Xiaoping blocked the liberation on democracy adamantly but wanted to maintain the liberation on the economy, the route of reform and open on the economy
Li Peng who was in the conservative faction was negative on the…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Jiang Zemin was appointed》
Le Ping who was in the conservative faction was negative on the route of reform and openness and lots of the people thought he was opposed to Zhao Ziyang and was the most strident suppressing the students. His image wasn’t good.
Zhao Ziyang was in democratic faction and Li Peng was in conservative faction, on the other hand, Jiang Zemin was in the middle place between them in Shanghai.
Though the democratic movement by students was developed in Shanghai, without mobilizing the military force, students were persuaded them into stopping
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Jiang Zemin was appointed》
Jiang Zening didn’t have an image of cracking down the movement on students, so Deng Xiaoping judged Jiang Zemin would obey him and do the route on reform and openness, according to the situation.
It is said Li Peng assumed he would be the General Secretary, so Deng Xiaoping admonished him they had to establish the group of leadership in which make the people feel being able to carry out the reform and the hopeful group of leadership.
《Deng Xiaoping retired》
Jiang Zemin succeeded to the route on reform and openness by Deng Xiaoping.
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Deng Xiaoping retired》
After appointed Jiang Zeming was the General Secretary, Deng Xiaoping announced he would retire entirely in 1992 and giving the place of the head on the central military committee in which Mao Zeming controlled until then to Jiang Zeming
Though Deng Xiaoping adopted the form of retiring from the political arena officially, he continued assume control the top on the military force which was the source of the power, but he gave it to Jiang Zeming.
Deng Xiaoping whose age was 85 said he did it so as not to prevent it from being lifetime ;;;
【The event in Tiananmen】
《Deng Xiaoping retired》
As a result, Jiang Zeming wasn’t only the top of the military force but the top of the Communist Party, and made sure the seat of the most influential person, but the resolution in the general meeting of the central committee of consulting Deng Xiaoping an important matter continued.
Adopting the form of retiring from all of the positions formally, Deng Xiaoping remained the most influential person until he was dead in 1997.
《The spirit of patriotism was done thoroughly》
Jiang Zeming maintained the route from Deng Xiaoping in terms of…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The spirit of patriotism was done thoroughly》
Jiang Zeming maintained the route from Deng Xiaoping in terms of not only reform and openness in the economy but preventing students from breaking out the upheaval once again.
Deng Xiaoping said to the politburo standing committee member two days before the event in Tiananmen like the next.
We’ve never educated children enough, and after subjugating the upheaval, we have to do our best so as to make up for the mistake we made in the education.
Jiang Zeming made much of the education so as not to make the young…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The spirit of patriotism was done thoroughly》
Jiang Zeming made much of the education so as not to make young people resist against the Communist Party.
Military training has been obliged from freshmen in university for a month in 1990, especially university in Beijing and Shanghai where there was the hub on the movement by students were so severe that the military training was a year. After two years, the time of the military training on both of the university was decreased like other university.
The time of historical class has been increased in high school and…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The spirit of patriotism was done thoroughly》
The time of history class has been increased in high school and junior high school. The education which was the humiliation for the people in China was done thoroughly, and emphasized it must not repeat again.
The law on the national flag was established, the ceremony of hoisting the national flag is obliged in the early morning once in a week at elementary school and junior high school, at the same time all of the students were supposed to listen to a lecture boosting patriotism in a row.
Jiang Zeming showed the next…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The spirit of patriotism was done thoroughly》
Jiang Zemin showed the next four points as the education on patriotism which he had to emphasize in 1991 like the next.
1 The people in China has been humiliated and deceived by the great powers for more than a hundred years since the Opium War.
2 Then lots of ambitious people and the mass of people tried to defend China to shed blood and devoted their life.
3 The Communist Party in China fought against Japan and in the liberation front and has build the new China. After liberation, demonstrated no one can make…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The spirit of patriotism was done thoroughly》
…demonstrated no one can make light of the people in China through the war anti invasion.
4 The people in China were opposed to the invasion, determined to carry out the justice and protected China without fearing brutish enemy, especially were opposed to hegemonies and the heavy handed politics.
They must not allowed the event in Tiananmen to break out once again, so the leadership has to emphasize the political correctness on the Communist Party to the young people.
When the people in China suffered from the…
【The event in Tiananmen】
《The spirit of patriotism was done thoroughly》
When the people in China suffered from the militarism in Japan, it was the Communist Party in China which released the people from the militarism, so the Communist Party is wonderful, and the people must lovethe Communist Party and should obey the direction from the Communist Party.
The education on patriotism of making the people love the Communist Party emphasized how much the people in China had a hard time by Japan, and it led to nurturing the consciousness on anti Japan among the young people in China soon.
＞＞４５３
Young people who yelled the democracy in the past do anti Japan, the outcome on the education by the Communist Party has been clear after the event in Tiananmen.
【China has collected Hongkong】
《The Chief Executive was elected at an election》
The election on the Chief Executive was done in Hong Kong in 2007, and Zheng Yinquan 曾䕃権 was elected again.
After Hong Kong was collected to China, the Chief Executive which is the top on the politics and the administration in Hong Kong was chosen in the election, and he was elected without voting in the previous time. The opposing candidate…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The Chief Executive was elected at an election》
The opposing candidate ran for the election for the first time this time and voting was done.
曾䕃権 who is known commonly as Donald Tstang was the successor of the previous Chief Executive and was elected this time, being supported from the government in China and turning down the candidate from the democratic faction.
After Hong Kong was collected from England to China, instead of the political situation in China, Hong Kong has learned to adopt the democracy in England, but the politics worrying about the mood…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The Chief Executive was elected at an election》
…but the politics worried about the mood at the government in China of the continent continues there. The candidate who was recognized officially from the government in Chana continued to be elected to the Chief Executive which was the top in Hong Kong.
After Hong Kong was collected in 1999, the relation between China and Hog Kong has changed greatly.
The area which we call Hong Kong is made up with small and medium sized island like Hong Kong , Kowloon and Lantau. Its total area is as half as Tokyo.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The Chief Executive was elected at an election-/》
Hong Kong is well known for its night view which is dazzling. The one which used to be the deserted village has developed like that, but something unusual a little has happened lately there. The small area has been unexpected twists and turns.
Why was Hong Kong the colony belonged to England and is collected from England? The author said he was going to trace its history.
《England won at the Opium War》
It was in the nineteenth century when the relation between Hong Kong and England has started. China was…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《England won at the Opium War》
China was the dynasty of 清 then. While England bought tea, silk and pottery from China, It sold opium which was produced in India belonged to England as colony to China.
As the large amount of opium flowed into China, patients of opium addiction increased drastically, The minister who was in charge of the Guangdong province 広東省confiscated the large amount of opium and disposed of it in the place near Hong Kong.
Merchants of selling opium in England got angry with it and made the assembly in England which was his home move…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《England won at the Opium War》
…and sending soldiers to China was decided, so the Opium War broke out. It was January in 1840.
Selling the opium and increasing addicted patients and when the opium was disposed, it was indignant. It’s the way of the imperialism
After landing on the Hong Kong island, .the Miliary force in England drove away the number of soldiers from the dynasty of 清 with overwhelming power and occupied even Shang Haig Island.
.
The dynasty of 清 was frighted at it and the Nanjing treaty was concluded between China and England in 1842.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《England won at the Opium War》
The Hong Kong island was transferred to England then and made the dynasty of 清 cede the south part of the Kowlong island with the Beijing treaty in 1860, and the agreement of leasing by England from the center to the north area in Kowlong for ninety nine years was concluded in 1869.
Thus Hong Kong became the colony belonged to England.
The governor in Hong Kong who was on behalf of the Victoria Queen had all the power, and the legislative and administrational assembly were set up under the governor. The member of the …
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《England won at te Opium War》
The member of the legislative assembly was elected by residents in Hong Kong, but It’s just an advisory body to the governor, and it seldom functioned as assembly.
Hong Kong used to be a deserted village then and was very unsanitary in the past and cholera and malaria have spread over there, but England made it develop. England improved Hong Kong as city for liberal trade port, and tariff wasn’t imposed on Hong Kong at all, in addition the capitalism of English style was brought in, so Hong Kong has developed so much.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
『Column, the Opium War broke out with a narrow margin』
In the vote of the English assembly which decided to sending soldiers to China, the absolutely was two hundred sixty two vote and opposition two hundred seventy one. The narrow margin of seven vote decided the fate on China.
Selling opium and when opium was confiscated, sending soldiers. It’s a gunboat diplomacy exactly. When deciding, one of members in the conservative faction made a speech, like the next, he’d never heard of the war of which cause was so injustice, and was opposed to the resolution.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The military force in Japan used to occupy there》
Unexpectedly young people in Japan don’t know the history on the occupation of Hong Kong by Japan.
Tourists from Japan drop in the Peninsula hotel almost certainly as afternoon city, but the hotel used to be the command headquarters in the military force of Japan then.
It is said the afternoon city is a habit which started among the aristocracy in England in the middle of 1800s, enjoying munches and a light meal with tea in the afternoon.
When Japan declared the war officially against America and England.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The military force in Japan used to occupy Hong Kong》
The declaration on the war was done in 1941 and the Pacific War broke out then. The military force in Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor in Hawai and at the same time attacked Hong Kong controlled by England.
Japan occupied Guangdong province 広東省 next to Hong Kong in the continent of China during the war between Japan and China until then. The military force in Japan broke through the border from Guangdong province and invaded into the new district where there is Hong Kong and Kowloon, going southward the….
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The military force in Japan used to occupy Hong Kong》
…going southward Kowloon island all at once and occupied and beat the Hong Kong island where the main troops in England took up its place. As a result of the severe battle over the Hong Kong island, the military force in England surrendered on the day of twenty fifth December. The day is called a black Christmas in Hong Kong.
The military force of Japan occupying Hong Kong changed the name of Hong Kong into 香島 then. If the military force in Japan stayed there, obtaining food would be hard, so making the…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The military force in Japan used to occupy Hong Kong》
…so making the residents who were almost two million go away into the continent forcibly and limited the numbe of residents to six hundred thousand.
But when the military force in Japan surrendered to the Allied Troops in 1945, Houg Kong returned under government by England again.
《Being mercenary enough and using it for a long time》
After the World War Ⅱ, the Communist Party which won the civil war in China though of carrying the attack all the way to Hong Kong and making it be the territory in China.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Taking in the long view and using if enough》
But Hong Kong which continued to develop is what is called a goose that lays golden eggs. If eating the goose, China couldn’t get the golden eggs any more
So without ruling over Hong Kong on purpose, the Communist Party adopted the way of making Hong Kong develop under the government by England.
The plan was expressed of taking in the long view and making use of it enough, taking advantage of it as long as possible.
As to the reason why leaving Hong Kong under government by England, Zhao Enlay said like the next
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Taking in the long view and using if enough》
America and China learned to confront severely because of the Cold War between East and West, but as England wanted to continue the control the colony in Hong Kong, it accepted China as nation quickly. The position between America and England is different over Hong Kong.
Even if America tried to seal off China, England didn’t share the standpoint of America. Leaving Hong Kong under the government by England prevented America from sealing off China.
After saying like that he continued like the next.
Hong Kong …
【China has collected Hong Kong】
Hong Kong will be the point of contact connecting with the Southern East Asia, Asia, Africa, Central and South America and each nation in the Western side, and Hong Kong will be the observation deck, meteorological observatory, or the front line base when dealing with nations all over the world. It’s also the front line base which would shatter the policy of sealing off China by the Western side.
《it’s the resting place for refugees》
As Hong Kong has the peculiarity of being in the continent of China, being the colony belonged to England, whenever the rapid….
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《It’s the resting place for refugees》
…whenever a rapid change in circumstance broke out in the Continent of China, a large amount of refugees flowed into Hong Kong, and the population continues to increase in Hong Kong.
When the National Party was defeated in the civil war in China, the members of the National Party and their family members ran away into Taiwan, but the part of them escaped into Hong Kong and built their base on the National Party there.
The flag of 青天白日 of Taiwan flapped everywhere in Hong Kong until Hong Kong was collected to China.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《It’s the resting place for refugee》
青天白日 means a beautiful day and sunshine, and it changes into other meaning of being innocent, having nothing to hide.
Confusion continued due to the thoughtless Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution in the new China, so the large amount of refugees ran away into Hong Kong beyond the border.
Mass media overseas listened to the refugees and could understand the situation in the continent concealed by the curtain made of bamboo.
Hong Kong looks like a window as if it were open to the world by China in the continent
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《It’s the resting place for refugees》
At the same time, it seemed to be the window as if it were the one from which the Western side had looked.
There was various freedom of speech which the continent of China didn’t have because it’s the colony belonged to England. In a variety of newspapers and magazines were published there then.
Some newspaper spoke on behalf of the Communist Party in China and other stood in the position of Taiwan. It’s what is called 百家争鳴, being free and lively discussion by scholars and controversialists.
There were lots of …
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《It’s the resting place for refugees》
There were lots of newspapers and magazines which had the source of information in China, and a confidential information in China was often reported in Taiwan by them overseas, but there were lots of false reports, so if speaking of the information in Hong Kong, it learned to be the synonym which was something vague as to whether it’s true or not in Japan.
It was the Hong Kong branch on the 新革社 of the national agency in China which plays a role of the embassy which was representative of China in Hong Kong. It collected…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《It’s the resting place for refugees》
It gathered the information on Hong Kong and sent to Beijing in the name of news gathering activities. It developed the source of information in Hong Kong, in short, it was the base of espionage.
It included the department of propaganda work in the Communist Party of China and directed the newspaper which puslished in Hong Kong the content of the newspaper.
《A riot on anti England broke out》
Hong Kong wasn’t related to the continent. When the storm of the Cultural Revolution raged over China in the continent in 1967….
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《A riot on anti England broke out》
…the same situation broke out in Hong Kong as well. A dispute between labor and management broke out at the factory of making artificial flower in the Kowloon area at the same year in Hong Kong.
When the police excluded labors by force, residents of left wing of pro China supported labors and developed into a large scale of demonstration of anti England.
Then the participants in the demonstration brandished the quotation from chairman Mao Zedong and put the wall paper around the wall of the official residence of the…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《A riot on anti England broke out》
…and put the wall paper around the official residence of the governor in Hong Kong. It put a complexion on the situation like the Cultural Revolution in the continent. The residents of the left wing yelled 愛国無罪、抗暴有理 and addressed labors strike and stores the demonstration of closing stores.
愛国無罪 means if taking into action because of loving the nation, it’s not guilty. And 抗暴 means resists against the violence of anti movement, and 有理 means there is a reason for something.
The commotion continued for three months and the…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
…and the large amount of residents of in Hong Kong of the members in the Communist Party were arrested, so the network underground was damaged greatly. After that the activity on the Communist Party in Hong Kong was forced to be stagnant.
《Thatcher tripped up》
When coming out of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, there are spacious stairs.
When trying to go down there, Thatcher President caught on her feet and nearly fell, why?
It is said she talked with Deng Xiaoping immediate before and she was shocked at the meeting with Deng Xiaoping so much…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Thatcher tripped up》
…
Thatcher couldn’t get over the shock, so she stumbled then. She was called iron woman, for she was very strong, but what kind of thing was she shocked then?
Hong Kong used to be the colony belonged to England, and it was divided into two. The one is Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Island which are ceded to England forever and what is called 新開地区 which was leased for ninety nine years.
When leasing of ninety nine years was fixed, it seemed lots of people thought the lease of ninety nine years was the same meaning with forever, but…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Thatcher tripped up》
…but it was 1997 which was the deadline of the lease of ninety nine years, but even if the lease of ninety nine years expired, England tried to maintain Hong Kong.
Returning the land which England leased alone and maintaining the land which was ceded to England was possible in the international law, but Hong Kong and Kowloon Islands depended on 新開地区 and its backland with regard to water and food. If separating Hong Kong and Kowloon Islands alone, two of them couldn’t be independent.
Moreover, if Hong Kong and Kowloon Islands alone were…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Thatcher tripped up》
Furthermore, if Hong Kong and Kowloon Islands alone were under the control of England, it was expected the residents of 新開地区 would rush to the two of islands, but two of islands couldn’t accommodate all of them.
In short, England had to think both of the area which was ceded and the other which was leased as one body.
In 1979 when the use date was less than twenty years, the Governor in Hong Kong visited China, saying thinking of maintaining lease after 1997.
But Deng Xiaoping said when the period of ninety nine years was over, China…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Thatcher tripped up》
…China would collect the sovereignty on Hong Kong.
In general, it is called return of Hong Kong, but it’s collecting the sovereignty on Hong Kong which was taken in the past for China.
When hearing it, the governor objected to it, saying the residents in Hong Kong would nervous about their future.
Deng Xiaoping said to investors in Hong Kong not to be worried about it. It means he wouldn’t destroy the system of capitalism in Hong Kong.
It makes us think he had the plan of without changing the system in Hong Kong and collecting before.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Thatcher tripped up》
His plan would bear fruit as two systems in one nation later.
The full fledged negotiation over returning Hong Kong between England and China started in 1982. Thatcher visited China and talked with Deng Xiaoping. She insisted the English had to stay in Hong Kong so as to maintain its prosperity then, and Deng Xiaoping answered like the next.
China hopes the peaceful negotiation, but even if the negotiation breaks down, China would collect Hong Kong absolutely.
In short, even if not arrived to agreement, China would collect Hong Kong…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
…China would collect Hong Kong from England even with using the military force. Thatcher was shocked at it so much that she stumbled at the stairs.
As receiving the hard line stance from China, England determined the policy of returning Hong Kong to China.
《Residents in Hong Kong are second grade》
England took the step preparing for returning Hong Kong before starting negotiation between China and England in 1981, deciding the residents in Hong Kong couldn’t get the right of permanent residence in England.
If the one who had the passport of Hong Kong is…
【China has collected Hong Kon】
《Residents in Hong Kong are second grade》
If the one who had the passport of Hong Kong is involved in a trouble overseas when traveling, it can ask for help to the English embassy or consulate, but it can’t get the right of permanent residence in England.
The people in Gibraltar and Falkland are the same colony belonged to England like Hong Kong, and they are admitted the right of permanent residence in England, but the ones in Hong Kong alone weren’t admitted, so the ones in Hong Kong are handled as the second grade.
When Hong Kong returned to China….
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Residents in Hong Kong are second grade》
…China has taken the step preventing the large amount of residents in Hong Kong who hate to be controlled by China from running away to England from China.
When seeing the plan on England, the residents in Hong Kong tried to defend for themselves.
The one whose pocket is deep started to get the nationality in Canada or in Australia, for Canada or Australia in the Commonwealth of nation are generous for getting the nationality and movement to their country for the residents in Hong Kong.
Making their son or…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Residents in Hong Kong are second grade》
Making their son or daughter go abroad Canada and get the nationality and Joined in up with their children. If the son or daughter becomes a Canadian, their parents can get the nationality and the right of permanent residency in Canada easily. Lots of people seemed to adopt the way.
The ones who got the nationality of Canada or Australia retuned to Hong Kong and started their business there. They have prepared for their refuge in emergency.
It was the management of risk for descendants of the people who ran away…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
It was the management of risk for descendants of the people who ran away from the continent.
The last governor in Hong Kong said like the next.
The line which distinguishes the people in Hong Kong isn’t whether or not they believe democracy but whether or not they believe China.
《It‘s decided Hong Kong would return to China》
The joint declaration between China and England was announced in 1984, and Hong Kong would return to China in 1997. China would collect Hong Kong.
It was two systems in a single nation which determined returning Hong Kong to China.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《It’s decided would Hong Kong return to China》
It was China which started the two systems in a single nation..
After Hong Kong returns to China, China has promises to maintain the present situation in Hong Kong for fifty years and the government in England accepts it
China not only admit the capitalism and autonomy but the freedom of speech and the freedom of religion. Its content in detail is like the next.
Hong Kong has been specified as the special administrative area under the constitution in China, and is controlled directly by the central government…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《It’s decided Hong Kong would return to China》
…and is controlled by the central government in Beijing, but Hong Kong possesses advanced autonomy.
The government in China is in charge of the national defense and of diplomacy, but except for the two of hem, the special administrative area has the authority.
The special administrative area in Hong Kong has the three rights of three branches of administrative, legislative and jurisdiction and Hong Kong has the position of the Supreme Court as well.
The government in Hong Kong is organized by the residents...
【China has collected Hong Kong】
The government in Hong Kong is organized by residents in Hong Kong, The Chief Executive which is elected by election is appointed by the central government. It is controlled by residents in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong is allowed to join in an international organization with the name of China of Hong Kong in its own right.
《The objection on the two systems in a single nation used to be for Taiwan》
China of socialism collected Hong Kong which is the symbol of the capitalism. How? Lots of people paid attention to it, and it was two systems in a single nation.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The objection of two systems in a single nation was China》
The people all over the world were surprised at the way of thinking the capitalism in the socialism.
China is a nation of the capitalism what is called the economy of marked in the socialism at present, so we don’t feel something wrong with it at all, but when the plan started, it seemed lots of people found it something fresh.
China used to be conscious of Taiwan originally with regard to the two systems in a single nation.
The government in China has announced the suggestion of nine item.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《The objection of two systems in a singl nation was China》
The government in China used to address the unification between China and Taiwan in the suggestion of the nine articles. China used to say it would relieve Taiwan absolutely before, but the brave expression has disappeared and addressed the peaceful unification, proposing Taiwan could enjoy high leveled autonomy and possess its own military force as special administrative area.
It was the plan which was devised for Taiwan, but China applied it for Hong Kong and Macao. If the system of two systems in…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
If the two systems in a single nation didn’t function in Hong Kong, Taiwan would never accept it, so the government in China had to succeed in the two systems in a single nation in Hong Kong so as to accomplish the unification with Taiwan.
《Hong Kong was astounded at the event of Tiananmen》
Even if Hong Kong is the part of China, the situation in Hong Kong wouldn’t change at all, and the freedom of speech was guaranteed.
The people in Hong Kong were relieved at the plan of the two systems in a single nation for the time being, but the situation in which…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Hong Kong was shocked at the event in Tiananmen》
…but the situation in which the people in Hong Kong stroke terror into their hearts occurred. It’s the event in Tiananmen.
When the gathering of students and the demonstration by students asking for democracy started including in Beijing and each place in China in 1989, the movement synchronizing China also broke out in Hong Kong
The large amount of residents supporting students and supporting gathering was held, but the using of force in Tiananmen was nothing more than a terror for the people in Hong Kong
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《Hong Kong was astounded at the event in Tiananmen》
Millions of residents in Hong Kong went out into the street and protested against the government in China.
Today’s Beijing is tomorrow’s Hong Kong was the slogan in the gathering.
Will we be the part of the undemocratic nation like that?
There was the terror in the bottom of their heart.
The influence over the economy in Hong Kong was serious as well. The stock market in Hong Kong fell suddenly. Residents rushed to the bank of China with regard to China so as to withdraw their money. It was a harassment…
【China collected Hong Kong】
《Hong Kong was astounded at the event in Tiananmen》
It was a harassment against China by residents and was a spontaneous action from the residents so as to go bankrupt banks of China and to damage the government in China.
The large amount of deposit flowed out from banks in China and the banks of China fell into a crisis, but the government office in Hong Kong and the bank of Shanghai of Hong Kong supported, so the banks of China could pause for breath a little.
The movement of residents in Hong Kong to foreign countries was accelerated. There was a long line…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
There was a long line of the people who applied for movement in front of the consulate belonged to foreign countries in Hong Kong. Furthermore, there was the movement of big companies in Hong Kong transferring to foreign countries appeared.
《From governor to Chief Executive》
The event in Tiananmen was a big obstacle for returning Hong Kong, but after that, the reformation on the system went ahead accompanied the returning of Hong Kong.
The top of Hong Kong was the governor who was the representative of Queen in England then, but after returning to China…
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《From governor to chief executive》
…the governor has learned to manage the autonomous government as the top of the special administrative area in Hong Kong.
The one who was chosen as the first chief executive was Tung Chee-Hwa 董建華. He was the president of a major shipping company in Hong Kong. When falling into crisis owning to recession, he could get over the crisis by the finance of banks of China, so he was pro Beijing, and he could live up to the government in China.
China and England sparked fly over the way of choosing the chief executive.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《From governor to chief executive》
England wanted to come true the democracy choosing the top by direct election from residents.
On the other hand, China wanted to prevent the democratic wing which was disobeyed China from being elected.
As a result, England and China were forced to confront each other, but the insistence on China which took possession Hong Kong was accepted.
The committee for selecting the chief executive was organized and the member of the committee chose the chief executive which was an indirect way of election was adopted.
【China has collected Hong Kong】
《From governor to chief executive》
The number of committee choosing the first chief executive was four hundred. They were chosen from financial world, managers in commerce, industry, the group of workman and the group of residents.
Activists on the democratic wing were excluded carefully. Though the high leveled autonomy would be esteemed, the top would be the one who was pro China was adopted.
《And England left China.》
The first group of five hundred soldiers from the People’s Liberation Army which stayed in Hong Kong went into the 新開地区 in 1997.
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顔を覚えた？1レス 61HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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うまくいってない人の0レス 58HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 ♂)
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日本で左ハンドルの車を運転する場合は5レス 85HIT 恋愛初心者 (20代 ♀)
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子どもいる方に質問です
返して欲しいとは思わないが 私たちがしてきたことを自分もできるよう …(匿名さん12)
12レス 240HIT おしゃべり好きさん -
顔を覚えた？
ランダムにいってるのか スレ主が覚えやすい顔なのか 本人に聞かなき…(匿名さん1)
1レス 61HIT おしゃべり好きさん -
１ヶ月くらい。
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218レス 3084HIT 教えてほしいさん (♀) -
告白 ··· 💧
こんなお客様来たら怖いです(匿名)
1レス 78HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 ♂) -
日本で左ハンドルの車を運転する場合は
車を降りずに郵便ポストに手紙を投函出来る。(マイライフさん5)
5レス 85HIT 恋愛初心者 (20代 ♀)
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彼氏の指が痛くて入らない。2レス 72HIT 恋愛好きさん (10代 ♀)
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彼氏の指が痛くて入らない。
管理担当です。 いつもご利用ありがとうございます。 本スレッド…(シスオペ)
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ねえ、どこまでやれば文句言われないの？
なんかすみません 何を言ってるんでしょうね私は 頭にがーっと溢れて…(社会人さん0)
4レス 90HIT 社会人さん -
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娘の子供を溺愛する父親と嫁の子供だからと毛嫌いする姑
自分の子供が1番はそうだと思うよ 子供と孫は別な存在 孫と…(社会人さん6)
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19の時に入れたけど誕生日ペットのにしたからやない？本当の誕生日は4月…(おしゃべり好きさん0)
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まだ10時すぎなのにw
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きゃは(*≧∀≦*) 結婚生活のスレットからこちらにお引っ越し💨 皆さん初めまし😊 結…
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