レッツ　エンジョイ　イングリッシュ　17th

【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping called for the release on the thought》

Even if few of disgruntled members who had ulterior motive tried to cause a commotion in the name of democracy, we don’t have to fear it. We have to deal it with adequately and should believe in that the large amount of the public is prudent.

It is terrible for the revolutionary political party not to be able to hear the voice from the people, and the most awful is silent among the people.

As to the problem on thought, we must not use the way of pressing them in any case, and we should carry out…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

…and we should carry out the way of 百花斉放, and 百家争鳴 actually.

百花斉放 means that the activity on learning, science, culture, and art is done actively.

百家争鳴 means let a hundred schools of thought contend.

Deng Xiaoping asserted like that.

《The spring came to Beijing》

Not only the group of four but Mao Zedong were criticized euphemistically, so the intellectuals who were suppressed in the past rose their voices gradually, at first timidly, and soon boldly.

There was a bulletin board at the large space in the corner of the center of Beijing.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The spring came to Beijing…》

Documents asking for reexamination on the event at the Tiananmen or false accusation in the Cultural Revolution were stuck onto the bulletin board and the documents were called a wall newspaper.

Lots of residents learned to crowd to the bulletin board so as to read the wall newspaper. There were lots of people who knew the things which happened during the Cultural Revolution for the first time.

The criticism on the Cultural Revolution led to the criticism on Mao Zedong himself. Documents asking for democracy on politics…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The spring came to Beijing…》

Documents asking for democracy on politics learned to be stuck out and the bulletin board was called the wall of democracy. The documents criticizing the politics were stuck out at the place where lots of people could see, and it wasn’t withdrawn.

Lots of people thought the society in China became democratic. The time of winter which was severe on the freedom of thought came to an end and the spring came, so the people called the movement the spring in Beijing, though the wall paper was stuck out autumn, and winter was …

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

…and winter was almost there.

《Deng Xiaoping oppressed the movement on democracy》

Deng Xiaoping said they don’t have to fear even if few of disgruntled members who had ulterior motive caused a commotion in the name of democracy, for he was aware of the wall newspaper.

Even if Mao Zedong was criticized at the wall newspaper, it would lead to the criticism on Hua Guofeng 華国鋒 who is the successor of Mao Zedong, and it would be the following wind for Deng Xiaoping who was made to lose his position by Mao Zedong.

But the spring in Beijing didn’t go on….

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Spring came to Beijing》

But the spring in Beijing was short lived. Deng Xiaoping changed his attitude drastically March in 1979, for the document criticizing Deng Xiaoping appeared at the wall newspaper.

The wall newspaper was completely removed from the center of Beijing and was able to be put up at a park far away from the center of Beijing. In addition, without permission, no one can put up, and soon sticking out the wall newspaper itself learned to be prohibited.

An editor of a magazine announced the documents at the same month like the next.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Spring came to Beijing》

Deng Xiaoping said as if he had asked for the democracy, but he didn’t hope at all, and feared the movement by the people, the editor pointed out like that and addressed to Deng Xiaoping like the next.

What is the content on the democracy which you understand? If it doesn’t include the right for the people to announce their points of view at will, what kind of democracy is problematic there?

It means that Deng Xiaoping used the phrase of democracy as a tool for his power struggle, and the answer from Deng Xiaoping was the…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Spring came to Beijing》

…and the answer from Deng Xiaoping was the one which the editor pointed out, for immediate after he announced the document, he was arrested and was convicted of 15 years of imprisonment.

As being criticized, Deng Xiaoping was angry and immediate after the document was announced, he started four basic principles, holding them fast, socialism, dictatorship by proletariat, direction by the Communist Party, and Marxism, Leninism and the thought on Mao Zedong.

The dictatorship by proletariat means the autocracy by labors. In the…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Spring came to Beijing》

In the process of the socialism developed into the communism, as bourgeoisie resists against the proletariat with every means, the Communist Party which is representative on the benefit from the people has to suppress the bourgeoisie adamantly.

In short, the one who doesn’t obey the Communist Party is arrested. With the addition of holding the direction from the Communist Party fast, it was announcement that the one who criticizes the Communist Party would be never permitted. The spring in Beijing came to an end.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Spring came to Beijing》

Criticizing Mao Zedong and making use of the influence asking for democracy so as to hold the reins of power for him, but once taking the power, never forgiving the one who doesn’t obey. It’s the way by Deng Xiaoping. We should say he is a cunning schemer or it’s a secret so as to survive the power struggle for a long time?

Mao Zedong used to address to the people 百花斉放 and 百家争鳴, and when the criticism on the Communist Party occurred actually, he suppressed the people, and Deng Xiaoping repeated the same thing altogether.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping established his power》

After that Deng Xiaoping solidified his base on the power steadily.

Restoring impaired reputation on Liu Shaoqi who was dead with broken heart was decided at the general meeting in the central committee from the Communist Party in 1980. The general meeting admitted the plan on criticizing Liu Shaoqi was in the wrong, and the Cultural Revolution which was developed so as to criticize Liu Shaoqi was also in the wrong.

The Cultural Revolution was criticized totally at the general meeting on in the next year at last.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping established his power》

The Cultural Revolution was concluded as guilty completely then. As to Mao Zedong, though he made the serious mistake in the Cultural Revolution, the great merit on his work makes up for 70% in his life, and 30% is mistake, judging from his lifetime.

It was the same expression that Mao Zedong evaluated Stalin strangely, and Mao Zedong did the same exression on Deng Xiaoping in the past, so the Chinese seem to like the expression, dividing something into 7 and 3.

Hua Guofeng 華国鋒 was condemned on the involvement…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping established his power》

Hua Guofeng was condemned on his involvement in the Cultural Revolution and was demoted from both of the head on the Communist Party and the military in the general meeting. It was the last blow to him who climbed the ladder of success by criticizing the Cultural Revolution.

Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 who was the loyal disciple of Deng Xiaoping became the head of the Communist Party. The head on the central committee of the military was Deng Xiaoping himself then. It’s the top position on the military.

People’s Liberation…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping established his power》

The People’s Liberation Army isn’t the National Army but the one of the Communist Party, so it obeys all the orders and the directions from the Communist Party. The top position which directs the military as the Communist Party is the head on the central committee of the military.

Deng Xiaoping left the official position to his faithful disciple and he grasped the military which is the source of the power. Though he was entreated to be engaged in the formal top position, which is the central committee on the…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping founded his power》

…which is the central committee on the Communist Party. Without being in the formal position, he stayed in the loop which was the most powerful and it’s convenient for him to maintain the power.

If something troublesome happens, the one who is engaged in the formal position must be responsible for it. Without being in the formal position, it would prevent him from receiving any damage. It isn’t sound at all as organization nor the democracy, but Deng Xiaoping could continued to come into power by adopting it.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

『Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix』

He was born in a wealthy landowner’s house in Sichuan Province in 1904, and his parents were so education minded that there was a home teacher for him before entering elementary school. He studied abroad for France at the age of 16 in 1920.

Then France used to be worried about of being lacking of labor power and a project of introducing reasonable labor power from China started, and he joined in it.

While being engaged in the factory on making automobiles belonged to Renault, he came across the Communism.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

『Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix』

He started to edit the organ paper for the Communism with Zhou Enlai 周恩来 who also went abroad France then.

As the movement on communism was charged by the police in Paris, he left for Soviet which was the socialism nation in 1926 and entered university which trained people who bore the movement on the socialism and moved to university of which objection were the Chinese alone.

He returned to China in 1927 and joined up with the Communist Party in China and named himself Deng Xiaoping as activist.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix》

It means that Deng Xiaoping wasn’t his true name. He got to know with Mao Zedong there and learned to take action with him.

He lost his position in the middle of the Cultural Revolution, and driven away to the Jiangxi Province 江西省 from October in 1969 to February in 1972, and Deng Xiaoping and his wife worked in the factory repairing the tractor there together, being watched from two soldiers in the People’s Liberation Army.

After that sending a letter hoping to revive to Mao Zedong, and it was allowed.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Column, Deng Xiaoping was called the phoenix》

He became the Vice President and accomplished his political revival but lost his position in the event of Tiananmen again. As he lost his position twice and achieved revival twice, he was called the phoenix.

His eldest son was rebuked from the Reds Guard because he was the son of Deng Xiaoping, so he tried to run away from them and dived off from the window of the two story of the building, and was injured in his spiral cord. After that he was forced to use the wheelchair for the rest of his life.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping visited Japan》

We run as if we were pushed from the back. I find it very significant to run at present.

It was an impression from Mao Zedong when he was abroad in the bullet train, what is called the Shinkansen in Japan for the first time. He visited Japan October in 1978. After concluding the peace and friendly treaty between Japan and China, he visited Japan in the name of exchanging its instrument of ratification.

His first aim on visiting Japan was looking at the present situation on the economy in Japan which was modernized.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping visited Japan》

It seems that he had to look at it with his own eyes. At the same time the TV in China which interviewed him informed the image in developed Japan to China, trying to inform the Chinese people, what is the modernization?

He inspected both of the major company on automobile and the electrical industry energetically. He was abroad the bullet train from Tokyo to Kyoto, and was asked, how was the bullet train? And he answered like the beginning of this response.

At the inspection on the factory, he was impressed the….

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《Deng Xiaoping visited Japan》

…he was impressed how the automobile was produced by lots of robots automatically and its image was broadcast in China over and over again. He showed the concrete image on modernization and rich to the Chinese.

《He also visited America》

Deng Xiaoping visited America from January to February in 1979, except for Washington which is the capital, he toured large plants on automobile, rocket and airplane in Houston, Seattle, and Atlanta.

After inspecting the production site both of Japan and America, Deng Xiaoping was…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《He also visited America》

…Deng Xiaoping was shocked at the extreme big gap on the economic power between China and both of Japan and America. Even if making progress on modernization in China, he found it impossible to reach to the level of the developed nations like Japan and America all at once

So after that he learned to grope the suitable way of developing China alone.

《The situation of being poor isn’t always the socialism》

Deng Xiaoping who seized the power pushed on forward the rebuilding on the battered economy in China. He brought up four….

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《He also visited America》

He brought up four modernization, changing to the direction on open and reform. The four modernization is making progress on modernization of the four fields for agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.

At first, they were risen by Zhou Enlai in 1964 but the confusion was caused by Mao Zedong so it vanished automatically, so Deng Xiaoping made it revive.

The changing to the direction on open and reform means reforming the stagnate economic system in China and open so as to receive the investment….

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The situation of being poor isn’t always the socialism》

…so as to receive the investment from overseas for the economic development and open the economy in China. Deng Xiaoping stated confidently that the situation of being poor isn’t always the socialism, and aimed at abundant socialism.

《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》

It was Japan which made Deng Xiaoping think over a planned development on the economy in China. When the Prime Minister Ohira visited China in 1979 and talked with Deng Xiaoping, and asked.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》

What is the picture on China in the future? Ohira asked.

When the Ikeda Cabinet started in 1960 Ohira was engaged in the Chief Cabinet Secretary. The Ikeda Cabinet is well known on the establishment of doubling national income plan, and the economy developed highly in Japan then, though the development was caused by the doubling national income plan alone, so Ohira asked, from his experience, is there the similar plan in China as well?

It is said that the question made Deng…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》

It is said that the question made Deng Xiaoping think the planned development on the economy in China seriously. It turned out that Japan was by far more planned economy than China, therefore the people overseas make fun of Japan as the successful nation on socialism.

The plan thought by Deng Xiaoping who was provoked by the question from Ohira wasn’t the high economic growth but being stable, escaping from the bad situation and being stable at present.

Deng Xiaoping answered …

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》

Deng Xiaoping answered the question from Ohira like the next

If trying to reach to the level of the country which is comparatively richer in the Third World, for example, if trying to reach to the level of the average level on income of the nation a year is a thousand dollars, we have to make effort so much. Even if we can achieve it, the economic level of ours must be behind the western nations still more. I’m forced to say it’s just that China escaped from the bad situation and…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》

…and being stable.

Deng Xiaoping started the plan on doubling GNP a Chinese for 20 years from 1980 to the end of the twentieth century. It’s not an ambitious goals like triple nor four times but a low goal on double which is feasible, and adopted the GNP as the rough standard on the development.

As China had closed the door until then, so it didn’t have the idea of measuring the scale and abundance on the economy with the GNP, so the direction from Deng Xiaoping was epoch making.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《He thought when being asked the question from the Prime Minister Ohira》

After that, the economy in China has developed, exceeding the expectation from Deng Xiaoping so much, the plan on the four times of the national income until at the end of the 20th century was announced at the political convention in 1982, and the expression of four modernism learned not to be used, for the modernization was almost accomplished then.

Deng Xiaoping adopt the policy of escaping from the bad situation, being stable the economy in 1980s, and the economic growth rate…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

…the economic growth rate in China then was from 4 to 5 % every year. It was a high pace, and it recorded two digit in 1990s. China began to be rich at last.

《The people’s commune started to disband》

When Deng Xiaoping came to power, the people in a farmland spent in poverty, they were in starvation still more.

At a poor farm village in Anhui Province 安徽省 which locates west to Shanghai and Nanjing, farmhouses who were at a loss of being lacking of food gathered and talked so as to destroy the status quo.

Without increasing the amount of the harvest…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The People’s Commune started to disband》

…they would starve to death. Necessity has no law. Le’t think of the way of tackling the agricultural job actively for each of farmhouses. Leaving the agricultural job to each of the farmhouses, it was come up with then.

The agriculture in China was unified into the People’s Commune until then. Lands and agricultural machine and implements like a tractor belonged to the People’s Commune.

The ones who were engaged in agriculture worked at the field of rices and other crops belonged to the Commune, and offered…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The People’s Commune started to disband》

…and offered the large part of the harvest to the nation. Whether working or not working, it had nothing to do with the ones who were engaged in agriculture. They were not getting motivated to the agricultural job at all.

But without working from each of the farmhouses, the whole farmland falls into being lacking of food, so introducing the way, the more they work, the more the agricultural product belonged to them.

Allotting the fields of rice and other crops each of farmhouses from the People’s Commune, and…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The People’s Commune started to disband》

…and offering the part of the harvest on the agricultural product which they got there to the People’s Commune. The rest of all the agricultural products belonged to the ones who were engaged in the agricultural job.

They had no sooner adopted the way than the amount of the product in the farm village increased sharply, and they could escape from the starvation at once.

The people are self-serving ones. If the harvested agricultural products belong to all of them, the motivation to work tends to drop from…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The People’s Commune started to disband》

…the motivation to work drops from each of the ones who are engaged in agriculture, but if it belongs to each of them, as the more they work, the more they can get, they are apt to work hard.

The trial on the farm village was done secretly but as its outcome was so obvious that the center of the nation knew it and the way was approved.

As adopting it as model, the agricultural reform was made progress in the whole nation. Lands belonged to the People’s Commune were distributed each of farmhouses. Though …

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The People’s Commune started to disband》

Though on the paper, lands were still cooperative ownership, the ones who were engaged in agricultural job could cultivate lands at will. As long as offering a specific sum of the agricultural product to the nation and paying the administrative expenses to the village, the rest of all of the agricultural products belonged to the farmhouses.

As a result, the People’s Commune started to disband rapidly and almost 100% of the farmhouses moved to the system on contracting production with each of farmhouses in 1984.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The People’s Commune started to disband》

Thus the People’s Commune which Mao Zedong started, being full of ambition from 1958. almost disappeared in 1984.

The system of contracting production by each of the farmhouses adding fuel to their motivation to work, so the agricultural productivity improved dramatically then.

The total amount of the agricultural product was three hundred fifty million ton in 1984, and it became four hundred seven million ton after two years in 1986. It’s the biggest number in the history of China. China could escape from…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《The People’s Commune started to disband》

China could escape from the fear on the starvation for the first time in its history. The rapid increase on the agricultural product isn’t always done by anything new. The family farm has been revived in the farm village where there were the People’s Commune. Returning to the family farm in the first step extremely led to the increase on the agricultural product.

Changing the way into the natural principle in the capitalism that the ones which they produce for themselves belong to their possession, and the…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

The agriculture in socialism is the production which they did belongs to the society, to the group, and we can understand enough the socialism makes the people lose the motivation to work.

《郷鎮企業 appeared in the village》

The more they produce, the more their income increases, so the motivation to work on the farmhouse increased, and learned to think of the agriculture with which they could make money.

Instead of producing rice and other grains alone, farm houses which produce agricultural product which they can change into the money, they adopted a…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《郷鎮企業 appeared in the village》

…they adopted a easy and quick way for making money then, so the farm houses which became rich suddenly appeared, and those farm houses were called 万元戸 in Chinese. It means the farm house of which income a year is over 一万元. 一万元 is equivalent to no more than a few dozens hundred of thousand yen in Japan.

Even if the annual income was like that, it was regarded as great rich in China then. Thus farm houses weren’t only to engaged in the agricultural job but only to look for the course on income by cash. Thus 郷鎮企業 was born.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《郷鎮企業 appeared in a village》

What is the 郷鎮企業？郷 is equivalent to a village in Japan, and 鎮 is a town. Farm houses made up with from few people to dozes of them gather in the unit of the village or the town and established a company, processing agricultural products and selling them for themselves, they learned to found the company for themselves.

The central government allowed the 郷鎮起業 as well in 1984 and it spread over in the whole China rapidly. The number of worker who works in the 郷鎮企業 was over a hundred million in 1992. The farm houses behind…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《郷鎮起業 appeared in a village》

Farm houses behind the times in China have been lost in the waves of time. A farm house which is blessed with talent on management becomes rich rapidly, on the other hand other one who continues to produce as it was doesn’t become rich very much, so the gap between poor and rich learns to appear in the farm village.

Deng Xiaoping started 先富論, addressing to the people, let’s become rich from the one who can do in advance.

Let’s allow the part of people who become rich beforehand both at the farm villages and at towns.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《郷鎮企業 appeared in a village》

The one who is engaged in a diligent labor service becomes rich is fair. The part of people become rich in advance, and the part of region becomes rich beforehand. It’s the way of which everyone approves.

Deng Xiaoping allowed to appear the gap according to the ability and work so as to activate the society. There was none of the idea in the socialism in the past like that.

As a result, the economy in China has developed greatly as the whole society, but the gap on economy has spread so much from then.

《A special zone …》

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《A special zone on economy was specified》

The author said no sooner he entered an alley than the mother who held a nursing baby in her arms approached him for begging. He was shackled at it greatly, for he thought China was the nation of socialism and its society was equal. It was at Shenzhen 深圳 which came from Hongkong by a land route June in 1987.

Deng Xiaoping specified four places like Shenzhen, Zhuhai 珠海, and 汕頭 Shantou in Guandong Province 広東省 and Xiamen 廈門 in Fujian Province 福建省 as special zone on economy from 1979 to 1980.

Getting rid of …

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《A special zone on economy was specified》

Getting rid of economic regulation from those four places alone in China in the past and allowed to do free economic activity there. Companies in developed countries from the Western side were attracted there positively. Reducing the income tax on those companies or allowing corporations of foreign capitals to establish there.

If the enterprise of foreign capital advanced in China, the enterprise couldn’t establish its subsidiary of which whole capital was offered by the enterprise in China then. A joint …

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《A special zone on economy was specified》

A joint enterprise foreign company and a Chinese company alone was admitted then. Moreover the side of China controlled 51% of the capital, so it was hard for the foreign capital to judge its management for itself.

On the other hand, in the special zone, the subsidiary of which capital was 100% from the foreign country was accepted, besides the corporation of foreign capital sending its profit overseas was accepted.

On the opposite side of the same coin, even if being able to make a profit in China, the …

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《A special zone on economy was specified》

…the foreign capital couldn’t send its money overseas at will then.

As being able to do economic active at will in the closed China, enterprises advanced into China from overseas one after another.

Ordinary people can’t go into the special zone on economy because it’s separated from the place around it. The ones who are granted exceptional permission alone can do. There is the gate of the Immigration Bureau in its entrance, so a foreign country was born in China. It’s a proving ground for the capitalism.

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《A special zone on economy was specified》

Why have those four places been chosen like Shenzhen 深圳, Zhuhai 珠海, Shantou 汕頭, and Xiamen 廈門? Deng Xiaoping explained it later, for Shenzhen is next to Hongkong, Zhuhai is near Macao, and there are lots of merchants who emigrated overseas from both of Shantou and Xiamen.

If being near Hongkong or Macao, the enterprises in Hongkong or Macao can advance there easily. The merchants who are overseas from Shantou or Xiamen can invest in their homeland easily.

Thus the four places have been chosen. The wage for…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《A special zone on economy has been specified》

The wage for workers was so low that enterprises from Hongkong constructed factories in Shenzhen 深圳 one after another. They made the people from China work in low wage, though it was high salary for the Chinese.

The whole special zone on economy became the subcontract factory for Hongkong. Even if the condition on employment isn’t good in the subcontract factory, it’s the high salary as it it were a dream for the Chinese who were poor in inland of China. Young people who dreamed of striking it rich…

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【Deng Xiaoping has rebuilt the nation】

《A special zone on economy has been specified》

The young people who dreamed of striking it rich overnight rushed to the special zone on economy. The author said the mother begging who he met may have been one of them. He said he fully realized the gap between the poor and rich spread over China by the policy of Deng Xiaoping for the first time then.

But in 1987 when the author visited Shenzhen for the first time, the number of skyscraper he could count on one hand how many times he saw it then, for Shenzhen used to be a deserted village of which…

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