レッツ　エンジョイ　イングリッシュ　17th

【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence by Soviet》

…the population on China was some six hundred million, so if half of the population are dead, one more half of the population of other six hundred million of people would be left, so the population would survive soon.

The leaders in Soviet were scared of bellicose attitude on Mao Zedong so much that they broke the agreement offering the technical skill on the nuclear bomb. As a result the relation between the both of nations was in a bad mood gradually.

Khrushchev visited China…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence by Soviet》

Khrushchev visited China again in 1959. He visited America and went to China on the way home to Soviet from America so as to join in the ceremony celebrating the ten year anniversary on the foundation of the People’s of Republic of China.

He explained the joint declaration between America and Soviet to Mao Zedong. He announced the joint declaration of the peaceful coexistence with the President Eisenhower in America. Then he criticized China with regard to suppressing Tibet with the…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Criticizing the course of peaceful coexistence which Soviet adopted》

Then he criticized China with regard to suppressing Tibet with the armed force or the artillery bombardment at the Kinmen Island in Taiwan and pressed Mao Zedong to give up the plan of releasing Taiwan by the armed force.

If China adopted the bellicose attitude, Soviet would be involved in the catastrophic war between America and China. Khrushchev thought like that, but Mao Zedong pushed back at the 『intervention』 , and both of the leaders were in a bad mood and the joint ….

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

…and the joint declaration between China and Soviet was planned but it wasn’t announced.

『Column, the course of peaceful coexistence』

After the World War Ⅱ, America and Soviet were opposed seriously and the Cold War between the East and West started, but when both of the nations developed the nuclear weapons, they realized there would be no winner in the nuclear war, so they learned to adopt the policy so as to prevent a large scale of war from breaking out between the two nations. It’s the course of peaceful coexistence. Soviet expressed…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

Soviet expressed forcing America which was imperialism to be the peaceful attitude.

《China criticized Soviet openly》

The thesis of which title was Hooray on the Leninism was publicized on the Red Flag which was the theory magazine on the Communist Party in China in 1960. It was the thesis celebrating 90 year anniversary of Lenin’s birth. Then thesis criticized seriously the present revisionism in Soviet which deviated from the Leninism.

The opposition between China and Soviet had never been spread over the outside world until then, but…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《China criticized Soviet openly》

…but the thesis criticized Soviet openly announced, the world knew the existence of the opposition between China and Soviet for the first time then.

On the other hand, the Communist Party in Soviet criticized China, for China is the dogmatism which ignoring the situation or reality and sticking to the particular principle and not being able to be applied. The Communist Party in the both of the countries insulted each other.

At the same time, Mao Zedong feared that the revisionism which Soviet adopted spread…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《China criticized Soviet openly》

…Mao Zedong feared that the revisionism which Soviet adopted may have spread over in China, the revisionism means giving up the Marxism, so he tried to regulate the Communist Party in China and the terror caused to convict Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 as the revisionist, in particular the former was called Khrushchev in China and was criticized.

《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》

Soviet suddenly warned to make all the technicians move out of China in 1960. Some one thousand and four…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》

Some one thousand and four hundred technicians belonged to Soviet who stayed in China moved out of China all at once then. The plan of sending nine hundred of specialists to China was abandoned. Each of agreement concluded between China and Soviet was denounced. All the blueprints and data under construction were also carried away from China. All the constructions in progress in China which received by the assistance of technicians from China was forced to stop entirely. It was a serious damage

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》

It was the serious damage for the economy in China which was in difficulty due to the failure of the Great Leap Forward, so China was pressed to revive for itself, and its good example was the construction on Yangtze River 長江 Bridge. Building the bridge over the Yangtze River flowing in Nanjing city. It’s a two storied bridge, there is the road in the high bridge and the railway in the low one. Its whole length is some 4500 meters, and the width is some 20 meters. It’s a tremendous bridge.

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Technicians belonged to China moved out of China》

There are four beachheads at the both end of the bridge in total. Its height is seventy meters. The part which is over the Yangtze River alone is no less than some one thousand five hundred meters. Beijing and Shanghai has been connected with the railway by the completion of the bridge. It was January in 1960 when the bridge started to build with receiving guidance from the technicians from Soviet then, but as all of sudden all the technicians left, China was forced to build with its original …

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Technicians belonged to Soviet moved out of China》

…China was forced to build the bridge with its original technical skill alone after that. It was September in 1968 when the bridge has been completed. When it was completed, it used to be the longest one in the world for the bridge by the combination of use both of the road and the railway.

It’s the symbol for China without assistance on the technical skill from other country, it could accomplish everything for itself. The bridge can gather lots of tourists as the symbol of remaking its life…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

The bridge can gather lots of tourists as the symbol of remaking its life even at present.

《China has succeeded in the nuclear bomb test》

China succeeded in the nuclear experiment for the first time in 1964. Then Japan was in the middle of the Tokyo Olympic. Even if all the engineers moved out of China, they could produce the nuclear bomb with its original technical skill. It has been displayed to the world.

Khrushchev lost his place and Brezhnev became the General Secretary in the previous day when the nuclear test was success in China.

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《China succeeded in the nuclear bomb test》

As China expected Soviet change its policy and sent the member of legation to Soviet so as to represent at the celebration ceremony of the anniversary for the forty seventh on the revolution in Soviet. Its head of the member of legation was Zhou Enlai 周恩来.

But the general of the Soviet said to Zhou Enlai if China made Mao Zedong retire from the leader like Soviet did Khrushchev, China and Soviet would reconcile again at the celebration ceremony, and Zhou Enlai reported it to Mao Zedong at once, so ….

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《China succeeded in the nuclear bomb test》

…so Mao Zedong decided the Brezhnev President in Soviet the Khrushchev policy without Khrushchev. Far from reconciliation with Soviet. Mao Zedong feared Soviet interfered with the inside of the Communist Party in China and tried to lose his position in China and learned to put effort into looking for a betrayal against him in China.

《The military clash between both of the countries》

The National Guards on the both of China and Soviet developed into a large scale of the military clash in 1969.

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《The military clash between both of the countries》

The military clash broke out at the Damansky Island in the Ussuri River between the border of the both of the countries in the middle of the Cultural Revolution in China, and there were casualties from both of them.

The border was never established then, which of the countries did the land belong to, China or Soviet? The conflict continued and the military force was deployed there from both of them then. Both of them insisted on their enemy nation attacked first. After that the large scale…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《The military clash between the both of the countries》

After that the large scale of the military conflict broke out twice and the battle of making use of lots of tanks and war airplanes was developed then. Which of the countries did attack first? It has never been clear, but Mao Zedong took advantage of the military clash so as to regulate China.

After that August in the same year, the military clash broke out again between the border of China and Xinjiang Uyghur. The whole length on the border of China is some seven thousand kilometers.

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《The military clash against both of the countries》

I made a mistake. The border between China and Soviet was seven thousand kilometers, and the military clash increased drastically in number at the border. The military force in Soviet deployed the million of military units at the border between both of the countries and prepared for the war against China then. It made up for a quarter in the force strength of Soviet then.

Moreover the hard-liners advised the high place to attack China with the clear weapon, and the ambassador belonged to…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《The military clash between both of the countries》

…and the ambassador belonged to Soviet staying in the U.S.A. met the other from America and informed Soviet would prepare for attacking China with the nuclear weapon, and sounded out America about what America thought of. Was America for or against the war?

America persuaded Soviet not to attack China, and the content on the proposal from Soviet was leaked to the mass media from CIA.

Soviet prepared for the nuclear war against China! The member of the leadership in China was shocked at it.

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《The military clash between both of the countries》

China was prepared for the nuclear war against Soviet. Mao Zedong assumed the war on the whole nation and moved the military facility and the heavy industry from the coast line to the interior of the country so as to keep the damage at a minimum, accompanied with it, the thermal power plant was also done inland. Moreover a large underground shopping area was built at main cities in China. To tell the truth, it was a nuclear bomb shelter. If a nuclear missile flied from Soviet, the residents…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

…the residents would escaped there. The tremendous underground shopping area against the nuclear bomb has existed form Tianmen Square to Zhangnanhai 中南海 in Beijing. China spent a large amount of money on establishing the situation, so its economic development ended up being slower.

《Criticizing it’s the social imperialism》

China used to call Soviet revisionism which wasn’t loyal to the teaching on the Marxism and Leninis, pointing out that Soviet avoided a serious clash with America, but with the escalation of the opposition with Soviet…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

《Criticizing it’s the social imperialism》

…the way of calling Soviet changed into the social imperialism, it means the imperialism which called itself the socialism. It’s the severe criticism. China had to develop the two kind of operation, not only to America but also to Soviet then, but China judged Soviet was more dangerous than America, and Mao Zedong decided the policy to improve the relation with America so as to prepare for the war against Soviet.

Being based on the traditional idea in China, 夷をもって夷を制す, making use of barbarous foreign…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

…making use of the barbarous foreign enemy and resisting with other barbarous one, and Mao Zedong decided he would join hands with America. The secret negotiation between America and China was concluded and then the Nixon President in America arrived Beijing in 1972.

《China and Soviet reconciliated》

After that Mao Zedong was dead, and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 took the policy of reform and open door, the confrontation between China and Soviet was loosened up gradually.

The Gorbachev General Secretary visited China 1989 and the summit conference…

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【Preparing for the nuclear war against Soviet】

…and the summit conference between the two of the nation was done after three decades and the opposition between China and Soviet came to an end then, and soon the Soviet Union collapsed and has changed into Russia, so the threat in the northern area for China disappeared.

【The diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

There has been the center for health on mothers and her children on the suburb in Nanjing city. It’s along the arterial highway, taking ten minutes by car….

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【The diplomatic relation between Japan was normal】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

…taking ten minutes by car from the center of Nanjing. It’s the complexed facility to the people’s hospital in the Jiangsu Province 江蘇省 and the Jiangsu Province has managed it. When the author arrived there so as to interview, women who were pregnant and mothers who held her baby went in and out there. The money on building the hospital was paid from both of China and Japan. One hundred and twenty million yen from China and some ten billion and seven hundred million from Japan

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

The opening ceremony was done on a large scale in 1989 and the foreign minister in Japan was at present, but the vice head from the province emphasized that the government in the Jiangsu Province offered the money alone when giving an opening address, and didn’t say anything on the assistance from Japan. There was none of display showing the hospital was built by the assistance from Japan anywhere there.

The members in the embassy from Japan who were at the ceremony were…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

The members in the embassy from Japan who were at the opining ceremony got angry with it and proposed Japan postpone to transfer money until it would be showed that the hospital was constructed by the free financial aid from Japan.

After four months, the plate was stood at the main entrance of the gate, expressing the hospital is the collaboration by the government between China and Japan, and the stone monument expressing it has been built by the assistance from Japan was stood

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

The author said he visited there so as to look at the plate and stone monument in question with his own eyes, and there was the stone monument certainly, but was in the backside of the main entrance which was so inconspicuous that none of women who went out and came in would seemed to be aware of it.

The international airport was completed in Beijing in 1999, and there was also a trouble there. When constructing, thirty billion yen was lent from Japan, but China didn’t tried to…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

…but China didn’t tried to inform it and lots of residents in Beijing city who made use of the airport don’t know it. It’s just that the plate on the gist offering three billion yen from Japan was attached to the VIP room in the airport.

Japan has helped China with the fund of over three trillion until now, including free of charge and chargeable, but almost all of the people in China have never known the fact.

When the anti Japan demonstration was done at Beijing and Shanghai…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan became normal】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

…there was the voice of criticism that Japan has never paid the compensation on the war at all, and Japan has never paid the money as the name of compensation, but offered the assistance with the intention of compensation, and it has never been known in the least.

When the diplomatic relation between China and Japan was restored, then the government in China gave up demanding for the compensation, though the people in China didn’t know it as well. On the other hand, Japan…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

…Japan continued to assist China with the intention of atonement, but the executives in the government of China accepted it was the substitute for the compensation, and found it natural, and it wasn’t grateful to Japan for it. Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 who was the most prominent leader said in 1987 like the next.

To be frank with you, I think Japan is the nation which has the debt to China more than any other nation in the world, and when the diplomatic relation was restored, we didn’t…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《The people in China have never known the assistance from Japan》

…we didn’t demand the compensation on the damage from the war at all, for thinking over the profit on the both of the countries for a long time and took the decision on the policy. We’ve made much of the emotion and reason from the view point of the people in Eastern, and I’ve thought Japan should contribute to China more so as to help China, but it has never been carried out, so I’ve been dissatisfied with it.

China abandoned the demand for compensation on the damage, and Japan…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《The people in China don’t know the assistance from Japan》

…and Japan found it guilty and leads to the assistance with the large amount of the money, but China thought it was substitute for the compensation and was not grateful for it, the situation continued for a long time.

As China has never expressed the gratitude at all, the Japanese started to get angry and the public opinion that we should stop the assistance if we wouldn’t be grateful from them has stated to be made up. In spite that the large amount of the assistance was done…

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【Diplomatic relation with China was restored】

…the unfortunate passing each other has happened. Why has the miserable passing each other occurred? The author said he was going to look back on the history around the time when the diplomatic relation between China and Japan was restored.

『Column, the damage on China has increased gradually』

How much Japan caused the damage to China during the war? China calculated the damage during the war between China and Japan for eight years from 1937 to 1945, the casualties were ten million people, and the damage on the economy was sixty billion …

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【Diplomatic relation with China was restored】

『Column, the damage on China has increased gradually』

…and the damage on the economy was sixty billion dollars, it was the calculation from China in 1950s, but it increased to eighty million with regard to the causalities, and one hundred billion dollars in 1985 when the fortieth anniversary on the victory against Japan.

In addition, in 1995 at the time of fiftieth anniversary, the period on the damage was prolonged to fourteen years, from 1931 when the Manchurian incident broke out was added to, and the casualties thirty five million, and…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

…and the direct damage on the economy was a hundred billion dollars, and the direct one was five hundred billion. China has learned to insist like that.

After the World War Ⅱ, none of the investigation nor the negotiation was done between China and Japan, so China has raised the number at will.

《China used to be the enemy for Japan》

The movement on America caused to restore the diplomatic relation between China and Japan. After the World War Ⅱ, America and China were opposed because of the Cold War between the East and the West.

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》

And keeping pace with it, thinking of the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan as the legitimate government in China, and didn’t try to negotiate with the People’s Republic of China in the continent at all.

But America took into action so as to improve the relation with China, taking an initiative, so the government in Japan looked back on the relation with China in a hurry. There is the history like that. Japan performed the imitation diplomacy from America then.

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》

The author said he was going to look at the movement for improving the relation between America and China before do the movement on the restoration of the relation between Japan and China.

The relation between China and America wasn’t always bad after the World War Ⅱ. America got disgusted with the National Party which was filled with the corruption, and showing the attitude of approving silently the clean government of the Communist Party, but the outbreak of the Korean War deteriorated

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》

The outbreak on the Korean War deteriorated the relation on the both of the countries drastically.

Kim ll-Sung 金日成 in the North Korea tried to unify the Korean Peninsula by the armed force, and the Korean War broke out. As the military force in America supported the South Korea, the progress of the battle was disadvantageous for the North Korea. The Korean Peninsula was about to be unified by the South Korea, and Mao Zedong sent the People’s Liberation Army to the Korean Peninsula…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》

The People’s Liberation of Army was sent to the Korean Peninsula under the name of the volunteer army. As a result, the military force of both of America and China fought each other in the war. China became the competitor for America and the military force in America was the powerful threat for China.

《The strategy against Soviet was made fit》

The relation between China and Soviet went bad in 1960s, and both of the countries prepared for even the nuclear war then, so China thought of…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《China used to be the enemy for both of Japan and America》

…so China thought of the strategy against Soviet and took into action so as to improve the relation with America, and Mao Zedong has an idea of 夷を持って夷を制す, making different nations fight each other and planned to maintain the safety on its country and its profit.

At the same time it’s the strategy that the enemy’s foe is a friend. Soviet used to be the enemy for China, and America was opposed to Soviet, and America was the enemy’s foe, so America becomes the friend for China.

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《The strategy against Soviet was made fit》

On the other hand, America stuck in the quagmire of the Vietnamese War and tried to recover the strategy against the world, and found it indispensable to improve the relation with China so as to maintain the situation confronting against Soviet. Interests between America and China was united on the strategy against Soviet.

The improvement the relation with China was the glorious achievement by Nixon who was well known Conservative faction of the Republic political party, and Kissinger who was a schemer.

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《The strategy against Soviet made fit》

If it was the President of the Democratic Party which was the liberal faction, it is the possibility that the conservative faction of the Parliament may have been repulsive against it and it mayn’t have gone well. As Nixon who was the conservative faction decided it, the political world of the conservative faction in America was forced to accept it.

Nixon had been thought of re-examination on the diplomatic relation with China before being the President. The Diet Nomination to the Prime Minister in the…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《The strategy against Soviet made fit》

The Diet nomination to the President from the Republican Party was done in 1967 and Nixon ran for it as the candidate from the Republican Party, and wrote down the thesis on the relation with China like the next.

It is impossible for us to exclude China forever from the long term perspective. China must change for the peace in the whole word. Therefore we should aim at changing China by urging with our influence as much as possible.

As being the President, he carried out his cherished opinion then.

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan made fit】

《America took into action first》

It was America which took into action first so as to improve the relation between America and China. Nixon made the ambassador belonged to America in Poland contact with the acting ambassador in China at Warsaw which was the capital in Poland in 1970 and told wanting to improve the relation between America and China, and prepared for rethinking the close relation with Taiwan, and offering to send a messenger to Beijing, and China accepted the special envoy.

But Nixon made the military force in America invade Cambodia

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《America took into action first》

The invasion against Cambodia was done May in the same year so as to overcome the Vietnamese War, for America judged the base on the military force in the Communist Party in Vietnam was Cambodia, and China was repulsive against it, so the negotiation in Warsaw didn’t make progress any more. The negotiation in Warsaw was done through the Department of Store, but the Department of Store opposed to stubbornly giving up Taiwan and establishing cordial friendship with China, so Nixon gave up the route of the…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《America took into action first》

Nixon gave up the route through the Department of State, instead ordered Kissinger who was the Presidential advisor and was in charge of the security assurance to contact with China in secret. It was the Pakistan route which Nixon and Kissinger took advantage of it, for Pakistan maintained friendly relationship with both of American and China, and China and Pakistan was a good relation, for India existed between two of them.

China and India used to fight each other in the past, and Pakistan and India repeated…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《America took into action first》

…and Pakistan and India repeated making war over the territory, so Pakistan and China has been close from the theory that the enemy’s foe is a friend. Nixon sent a letter from his own by the President of Pakistan to China, telling China he would prepare for sending Kissinger to China as special envoy so as to negotiation for the improvement on the relation.

《Foreign diplomacy of ping pong was unfolded》

On the other hand, China made its intention clear extremely open it would negotiate with America.

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《Foreign diplomacy of ping-pong was unfolded》

World ping pong tournament was held at Nagoya city in Japan in 1970. After the Cultural Revolution, Chinese team hardly tripped overseas, but the ping pong is the speciality for China, so sending the Chinese team to the World tournament in Japan this time, then something unexpected occurred.

There was the Chinese team in the bus and players in America got on, speaking to the Chinese and shook hands with them, and its photo was appeared front page of the newspaper in Japan. Then the American team…

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《Foreign diplomacy of ping pong was unfolded》

Then the American team told the Chinese one they hoped to visit China and their intention was informed to the government in China at once, but the foreign ministry in China refused it, and ordered the Chinese team in Japan to answer it was too early.

But Mao Zedong who knew it directed to invite the American team to China, as receiving it, the Chinese team proposed they invite the American team to China. It was the day of the tournament was over. After a few days, the American team arrived at Beijing

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【Diplomatic relation with Japan was restored】

《Foreign diplomacy by ping pong was unfolded》

The American team was welcomed so much by the people mobilized by the government in China, and they met the Premier Zhou Enlai during staying in China. It was an obvious message from Mao Zedong hoping to improve the relation with America.

What the American team visited China was called the foreign diplomacy of ping pong and was reported in the world in a big way, so the both of the people in America and China knew the government in China hoped to improve the relation with America at that time.

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