Let`s enjoy English 8

【Why didn`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈It started from a terrorism in Kashmir〉

It means that Pakistan adopted a containment policy toward India that if the war broke out, Pakistan would use a nuclear weapon in emergency situation.

A missile is a weapon of which head is loaded a bomb. Instead of the bomb, if it`s an atomic bomb, it`s a nuclear warhead, and a missile of nuclear weapon.

A ballistic missile isn`t the one which flows straight for a near target, when being launched, instead it rises high in the air, long before it drops on its target.

If firing a bullet...

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【Why didn`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈It started from a terrorism in Kashmir〉

If firing a bullet in a slant way, the bullet rose high in the air and dropped with a loose curve. The curve is ballistic, and the way of flying missile is called a ballistic missile.

The intermediate range ballistic missile is a revised one until then, and it`s presumed that it can attack everywhere in the whole India.

On the other hand India has missiles which is possible to be loaded nuclear weapon of which shooting range is 250 km.

Both of countries of which border is close...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈It started from terrorism in Kashmir〉

Both of countries of which border is close confronted, having missiles of nuclear power.

Immediately after the day of experiment of launching the missie, Pakistan showed it hadn`t agreed with a treaty in which it didn`t use the nuclear weapon preemptively.

Lots of nations which have nuclear weapon have proclaimed that they won`t use the nuclear weapon with a preemptive attack, but Pakistan didn`t, so it means it threated that it would attack preemptively in emergency situation.

How much do...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈It started from terrorism in Kashmir〉

How much do the both countries have nuclear weapons?

English magazine which specialized in military affairs presumes that India has from fifty to one hundred fifty, and Pakistan from fifty to two hundred fifty.

If the nuclear weapon is used in the Indian subcontinent, the dead people would reach about twelve million in an instant, Pentango presumes like that.

Moreover victims won`t limit to the both countries alone. Radioactive contamination will spread out other countries around two of them.

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈It started from terrorism in Kashmir〉

Those injured either slightly or seriously would run away from both of the countries to other countries arounnd two of them. Confusion would spread over the whole south Asia.

All the countries in the whorld were frightened at a fear of the nuclear war. Confrontation between India and Pakistan which plunged the whole workd into a fear.

Both of the countries used to be colonies in England. Why do the ones which used to be the same colonies hate so much? Let`s date back its history.

『Column...』

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

『Cokumn, is a missile in Pakistan made by North Korea?』

While India developed missiles originally, it is said Pakistan has received thechnical assistance on development from China and North Korea.

It seems that the one which Pakistan made an experiment of launching is based on Nodong missile in North Korea.

It seems that other missile in Pakistan is based on M11 in China.

『Column, there is a Pakistani pride on the name of the missile』

Two of the countries have confronted and it`s India which developed the missile first.

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

『Column, there is a Pakistani pride on the name of the missile』

The first developed missile was named Agni which is a god for fire in Hinduism. The second one was Plitobi which is also a god in Hinduism. It means the earth.

On the other hand Pakistan competed with India and developed the missile. Its name is Gauri. It`s a name of Islam king in the 12th century.

The king of Pakistani hero who won a king in India. It means that Gauri which wins Plitobe. There is a Pakistani pride in the name of missile

〈India subcontinen was...〉

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈The Indian subcontinent was English subcontinent〉

The place where there is India, Pakistan and Bangladehsh is called the Indian subcontinent. It`s large as continent but we can`t call it continent, so we call it subcontinent, so a prefix of sub is added to the continent.

It was in the beginning in the 17the century when the subcontinent became English colony. East Indian Co. advanced into there.

Speak of the East Indian Co., there is a word of company, so we think of an ordinary company, but it wasn`t actually.

The East Indian...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈The Indian subcontinent used to be English continent〉

The East Indian Co. which advanced into India had a modern weapons and established fortress each place. It employed lots of the Indian as soldiers.

It may have been a kind of armed force. Powerful corpse forced a trade behind military power.

The East Indian Co.forced the Indians to grow raw cotton and tea in an agricultural land in India so as to sell the Indian agricultural product in England. It`s ruling for a colony.

The farmhouses were pressed to grow the agricultural...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈The Indian subcontinent used to be an English colony〉

The farmhouses were pressed to grow the agricultural product so much that their self-sufficiency of growing their own food for themselves collapsed.

They had been driven into a situation in which they had to buy the grain to eat for them. Besides the East Indian Co. introduced taxation for the ground.

While it admitted landlords to possess their ownership for land, it levied taxation from the landlords. English controlling colony was established on a condition of the ones who...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈The Indian subcontinent used to be an English colony〉

English ruling colony was established on condition of sacrifice of the ones who were engaged in agricultural product.

Working will for the ones who were engaged in agricultural product disappeared so much that unseasonable weather often brought a serious famine.

It is said that a famine which brough about in 1877 about a five million starved to death in the whole India.

A revolt tends to happen when being controlled from upper place. Revolts from residence against...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈The India subcontinent used to be an English colony〉

A revolt from residents often brought about against English controlling colony, especially a big one was the mutiny of Sepoy.

Sepoy is a hired soldier by England. Indian soldiers who were dissatisfied with being controlled by England for a long time broke out a great revolt in 1857.

The revolt was suppressed by England before long,but after that without leaving controlling India to the East Indian Co. England switched to its own control.

India was controlled by England....

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈The Indian subcontinent used to be an English colony〉

India was controlled by Englnad direct under the name of English queen ater Mutiny by Sepoy.

A minister of state who was in charged of India was established in England Cabinet and an Indian Governor General who was representative for England queen was sent to India, and he was the most powerful one in India.

Thus English controlling colony strengthened. Various raw material and agricultural product made in India were taken away from India to England, and they supported for...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈The Indian subcontinent used to be an English colony〉

Various raw materials and agricultural product made in India supported development on English economy.

〈England went ahead with divide and rule〉

The Indian subcontinent was divied into English territory controlling direct by English government and small regions controlled by lots of kings in small feudal clans.

The number of small feudal clans were no less than 563 and accounted for 35% in the whole India before it was independent.

The small feudal clan was independent...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈England went ahead with rule and divide〉

The feudal clan was an independent nation formally and each region was controlled by a king, what is called maharaja, in the feudal clan.

Though it was just formally, and on the whole they were under protection by English government.

They couldn`t disobey the English government but they could maintain of controlling their territory as long as they obeyed direction from the English government.

The England government avoided controlling the whole Indian subcontinent direct by force,and...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈England went ahead with divide and rule〉

...and while important region was direct controll,lots of other regions remained the feudal clan, and controlled them indirect.

Combination of direct and indirect control was a part of rule and divide by English government.

When controlling colonies each place in the world, European majors had carried out a principle of rule and divide.

For example, when France controlled Cambodia, it made the Vietnamese control the Cambodians direct. As a result grudge of the Cambodians were to the...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈England went ahead with rule and divide〉

...so grudge of the Cambodians were to the Vietnameses, and it has been a cause that the Cambodians hate the Vietnameses at present.

When Belgium controlled Rwanda in Africa, it made two races confront and ruled the nation. As a result, hatred reamined between the two races, and it became an indirect cause of a civil war in 1994.

England carried out a plan of indirect control and controlling them by making them confront.

There have been lots of people who believe in various religion in...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each ohter?】

〈England went ahead with rule and divide〉

There have been lots of people who believe in various religion in the Indian subcontinent.

Hinduism, Islam,Sikhism which was influenced by both Hinduism and Islam and were born, and Buddhism.

England made Hindis and Islams confront each other and arosed the confrontation so as to control its colony.

As long as the residents in colony confronted and repeated contention, dissatisfaction to a suzerain which controled the colongy became weak.

〈Opposition between two religion intensified〉

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Antagonism between the two religions intensified〉

Two of great religions of Hinduism and Islam which have had lots of believers in the Indian subcontinent have contrast doctorine in lots of respects.

Hinduism is called polytheism, so it has lots of gods and Hindis makes a statue for the god and pray it.

On the other hand, Islam is monotheism, Muslims believe in the god which is only and absolute. They are forbidden to make the statue for the god, forbidding them to pray an idol.

Cattle is such a holy animal for Hinduism that...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Antagonism between the two religions intensified〉

Cattle is such the holy animal for Hindis that they can`t think of eating them, but Hidis eat pork.

On the other hand, Muslims eat beef, but don`t eat pork, for they have thought a pig is impure, and the God forbids them to eat the pork, so they don`t eat it at all.

Two of religions are different in relation to culture from a way of praying for the God to eating habits, and it has often caused antagonism and contention between the believers of the two of religions.

England made...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Antagonism between two of the religion intensified〉

England made use of the antagonism when controlling its colony and made the antagonism fix.

Moreover when nationalism arouse among the Indians, and a movement which asked for independence from England spread out, England went ahead with a plan of cutting the Indians into Hinsuism and Islam.

There used to be minor opposition between Hinduism and Islam, but England made it bigger.

A place which was ruled by European big countries as colony, a pride for nation was emphasized so...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Antagonism between the two religion intensified〉

At a place which was ruled by European big countries, its pride for the nation was emphasized as driving force.

In India, asking for independence from English colony, a movement of being aware of Hinduism heightened.

However as a result, it caused an antipathy to Muslim who weren`t Hinduism, or feeling of caution among Muslim to Hinduism. The movement worked ironically.

Opposite consciousness against each other was stirred up by England and the movement which opposed against....

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with eahc other?】

〈Antagonism between the two religion intensified〉

...and the movement which opposed against England itself stirred up opposition awareness each other.

Opposition between the believers of the two religion caused independence of India which divided into two.

〈National council versus allied Muslim〉

As a movement of anti-colonialism by the Indian arose, England thought up of setting up a thing without exploding their dissatisfaction, and removing it.

Englnad gathered intellectuals and middle class from the Indians and made them...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈National assembly versus allied Muslim〉

...and England made intellectuals and middle classes from　India form a moderate democratic group which cooperated with England, it`s a national assembly by the Indians.

England tried to make dissatisfaction which accumulated among the Indians get rid of by the naitonal assembly so as to prevent the Indian residents from occurring revolt for anti-England by the Indians.

Thus the first national assembly by the Indian was held at Bombay in
December 1885. It was an organization for English...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈National council versus allied Muslim〉

...and the organization supported by English government which alleged its loyalty to England.

However adding lots of intellectuals to the organization, the natiaonal council changed into central organization which was a democratic group tired to aim at being independent from England long before.

On the other hand there were some people among Muslim who thought the national council in the Indians was an organization led by Hinduism manily, and they tried to form an original organization..

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈National council versus allied Muslim〉

...and Muslim tried to form an original organization by Muslim alone. Englnad supported it as well.

The national council in India started to develop its original racial movement, but England didn`t find it pleasant, so it cooperated with Muslim which gathered its original influence, and allied Muslim was born December in 1906.

After that two of big organization of the national council and allied Muslim continued to each of action, opposing against each other.

〈Gandhi went ahead with a...〉

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi went ahead with a resistant movement of non violence〉

The one who opposed against ruling colony by England and proceeded with independent movement is Gahdhi, which is famous for his movement.

He is commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma means a great spirit. He devoted himself on independence of India from England, and his personality of selfless was loved by everybody.

He was born in a small feudal clan of kingdom in 1869. He qualified as a lawyer when going abroad to England. He returned to India, but he went over...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi proceeded with a resistant movement of non violence〉

...and he went over to South Africa which was a colony of England and took into action there as a lawyer. He faced disicrimination to colored races there.

The white held the real power for all the things on politics and economy and the colored race was received a thorough discrimination in the South Africa.

Gandhi started to take into action in order to get rid of the discrimination to the Indians and opened his eyes the pride of his race. He thought out a way of the...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi proceeded with a resistant movement of non violence〉

Gandhi thought out a way of resistant movement of non violence when taking into action. After returning to India, he aimed at making India be independent from England.

Then the way Gandhi adopted was the resistant movement of non violence. He tried to accomplish Indian independence by love and non violence.

He called the movement the truth and love or power which was born from non violence.

His non violence doesn`t always mean only adopting violence. Forming the...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi proceeded with a resistant movement of non violence〉

Forming the resitatnt movement with a wide arrange, without retreating at all, he resisted the English military force which oppressed the independent movement.

Even if being sacrificed his companies, they didn`t attack the English, but stopped attack from them, appealing to their consicience.

A witness on the movement talked about its situation like the next.

When English soldiers pointed thier rifles at them at any time they were goint to fire, I saw Gandhi and a...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi proceeded with a resistant movement of non violence〉

...I saw Gandhi and his party in Satyagraha march. Dozens of people paraded. There were English soldires standing in front of them. If Gandhi and his party broke through the limit, the soldiers were about to fire at them.

If the people in the first lime were fired, then the ones in the second line marched. All of them wore handwoven cotton cloth, ladies,youths and children were hand in hand and marched easily.

Even if what kind of English soldiers couldn`t fire at...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi proceeded with a resistant movement of non violence〉

Even if what kind of English soldiers couldn`t fire at those innocent people. It was the English soldiers who ran away at last.

Lots of the people were injured by the military force in England and Gandhi was arrested often, but he didn`t stop the resistant. His movement made the heart of the English change.

When the World War Second was over, England was forced to admit India to be independent.

Gandhi tried to to be born one independent nation as the same nation in...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi proceeded with a resistant movement of non violence〉

Gandhi tried to make one independent nation be born as the same nation in regard to both Hinduism and Muslim, but he couldn`t get rid of the opposition between Hinduism and Muslim.

He thought of one independent nation, but the allied Muslim which was serious opposition between Hinduism and Muslim asked for other independent nation by Muslim alone.

Then a leader in allied Muslim, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, announced Muslim is a nation, and addressed to build a nation by Muslim...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Gandhi proceeded with a resistant movement of non violence〉

The leader addressted to build a nation by Muslim alone in 1940.

『Discriminational experience which made Gandhi open his eyes』

When going to his client in the South Africa, he got on a train of first class in India, but a white who got on after him resisted the colored race was in the first class.

A station employee directed Gandhi to move to a freight train, but Gandhi refused it, then the police rushed to Gandhi, and he was left alone in the station.

He spent on the...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

『Column, a discriminatory experience which made Gandhi open his eyes』

He spent at the waiting room in the station all night, shivering with cold in the middle of winter, and thought like the next.

Should I struggle for my right? Or should I return to India?

Without accomplishing my responsibility, if running away to India, I`m just a cowardice.

〈Dividing into two nations and each of them was independent〉

After the World War Second was over in 1947, England accepted India was independent at last.

India was divided into two...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Divided into two nations and each of them was independent〉

India was divided into two nations. The one was India of which center was Hinduism, and the other was Pakistan of which center was Muslim.

However even if Pakistan was independent, there were some Muslims who stayed in India. Muslim has accounted for 12% in the population in India at present.

India accomplished its independence August in 1945, and a ceremony for independence was held at the Diet Building in New Delhi, but Gandhi didn`t turn up in the ceremony then.

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Divided into two nations and each of them was independent〉

Special seat was prepared for Gandhi in the site on the ceremony but he was absent from the ceremony, for India couldn`t be independent as one nation he was grieved with it.

He was at Kolkata where collision between Hinduism and Muslim occurred one after another on the day. He asked for reconciliation between the two religions.

After that he went ahead with the movement which asked for reconciliation between the two religiosn, but his movement made an extremist in...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Divided into two nations and each of them was independent〉

...but his movement made extremists in Hinduism got angry so much that he was assassinated April in 1948 when his age was 78.

Pakistan which was divided from India and was independent was conbined two region into one. The one was western part of India and the other was northern east in India. They were called Western Pakistan and Eastern Pakistan then.

There was India between the two Pakistans. They were away no less than 1800 km. They were pieces of land belonging to...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Divided into two nations and each of them was independent〉

They were two pieces of land belonging to one administrative district but lying with separately.

When being independent, four initials of states and a end of the one state were conbined and the name of Pakistan was formed.

P was Punjab, A was Afghan, K was Kashmir, S was Sind, and stan was Baltistan. The stan has a meaning of state, and Pakistan means a holy nation.

However the name of Pakistan didn`t include B which means Bengal in Eastern Pakistan. Bengal accounted...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Divided into two nations and each of them was independent〉

Bengal accounted for 55% of population in Pakistan, but Eastern Pakistan was made light of by Western Pakistan from when being formed.

It became a cause divided into east and west long before.

〈Setting up border between two countries caused a tragedy〉

When the two nations of India and Pakistan were independent, it was decided that the place where almost all of residents were Islam was Pakistan and the place where Hindis and Sikh were almost all of residents was India.

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with eahc other?】

〈Setting up a border between the nations caused a tragedy〉

However there were some places where both of Hidi and Muslim lived intricately. How should they divid? A committee for delimitting border was set up, especially the one which was a problem was near the border between India and Pakistan.

There was Bengal state on the border between India and Eastern Pakistan. Both of Hindis and Muslims lived there intricately. Punjab state between Western Pakistan and India has the same condition.

When divided into two nations of India...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Setting up a border between the countries caused a tragedy〉

When divided into the two nations of India and Pakistan, a state which held independence until then was divided into two.

Bengal state in Eastern Pakistan was divided into the east and west, Eastern Bengal belonged to Eastern Pakistan, and Western Bengal did to India.

Punjab state at north in India was also divided into east and west.

Borders were drawn up on maps artificially at will,and lots of tragedies were caused.

Residents who lived there were informed suddenly...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Setting up borders between the countries caused tragedies〉

Residents who lived there were informed suddenly one day they were the Indians and others were the Pakistani.

〈Movement by group became a death parade〉

Drawing up suddenly made lots of Muslim stay in India, on the other hand there were plenty of Hindis who were informed the place where they lived becomes the nation of Muslim.

They were badly shaken by the situation.

If going on living there, we may be persecuted so much in the future.

The ones who felt anxiety started...

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【Why don`t Indian and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Movement by group became a death parade〉

The ones who felt anxiety started to move greatly. Muslims who were in India moved to Pakistan, Hindis who were in Pakistan to India, both Hindi and Sikh from Pakistan to India.

A movement of group by believers on three religiosn started all together. It is said the total number of the movement are from twelve million to fifteen million.

The movement of the people who were more than the whole residents in Tokyo prefecture occurred all of sudden. A great confusion happened.

The ones who...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Movement by group became a death parade〉

The people who moved were forbidden to have their properties like a car or instruments in the factory, for they were useful for the nation which they left alone, so they were forced to desert their properties.

Six hundred and seventy three of trains for refugees carried away two million and eighty hundred thousand refugees from India to Pakistan for three months since November in 1947.

The ones who couldn`t make use of the train tried to escape on foot alone. At first it was a line of the...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈A movement by group became a death parade〉

In the beginning it was a line of the people of which number were about from thirty to fouty thousand, but when being the most number, it is said the one line of the people were about forthy hundred thousand.

It was such a lots of parades that it took eight days to pass through a one place by the whole people in the parade, and there were several parades like that.

The people who had their personal belongings with themselves alone fell on the ground one after another when moving.

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈A movement by groups became a death parade〉

The ones who were dead from sickness or hunger were one after another, and their dead bodies were left alone on the side of the road.

Both of the parades of Hindis,Sikhs and Muslims somethims passed or crossed each other. Then a collision occurred at a point of the contact of at the parades.

Killing each other started, and females who were in weak positions were taken away or being raped.

As a result, it is that almost a million of the people were dead in the total number of the both...

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【Why don`t India and Pakistan get along with each other?】

〈Movement by group became a death parade〉

A feeling of hatred remained in both sides. The independence has made the people in the two nation opposite severely.

〈Both of them were attacked by madness〉

Why did they killed each other?

A journalist recorded testimonies who joined the murder from both sides.

According to the testimonies, a Sikh who attacked Muslim said like the next.

The ones all over our village who were in high spirits by killing went to a village of Muslim nearby. We must have been out or our mind then.

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【Why don`t they get along with each other?】

〈Movement by a group became a death parade〉

What I`d done then returned to me with a regret for a half century and night when I couldn`t sleep. I can`t forget the faces of the people who I killed. The Sikh said like that.

On the other hand,a Muslim said like the next.

I`m not sure even now what happned to me and others in my generattion then. We were carried away by a storm of hatred altogether then.

I don`t even remember how many people I killed. I couldn`t control myself. We weren`t sure what we were doing then.

However tragedies didn`t stop.

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【Why don`t they get along with each other?】

〈Both of them were attacked by madness〉

Females who feard to be raped, to be kidnapped or to be converted to other religion by force chose to commit suicide for themselves, or their family members helped them.

They were forced to take into action by madness exactly. The tragedy has been branded on the bottom of the memory of the elder in both of India and Pakistan even just now.

Why did the terror for the ones who believed in other religions drive to take such the cruel action?

A base of India and Pakistan hated each other was formed like that.

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