Let's enjoy English 12th

【The travel on the human race. We’re born from mutation】

《The human race has started from Africa》

There is a big groove on the ground with the form of the belt. Magma gushed out from there and mountain range was formed. Wet Westerlies 偏西風 blew from the Atlantic Ocean and hit the mountain. It caused to rain west side from the groove, on the other hand, east side became dry, and the woods vanished and turned into a glass land at present.

Monkeys used to live above trees until then, but they couldn’t stay in the woods, so they climbed down from trees and learned to walk on two legs on there.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The human race has started from Africa》

The human race was born at the east side of Africa, so it’s called East Side Story. It makes a parody of the West Side Story which is a master piece on musical, though it’s just a hypothesis at present.

Why was the human race born? It has never been clear at present, but as to what the human race was born in Africa, rather persuasive theory has been shown. How can we know there is the origin on the human race in Africa? Its key is mitochondria which is in the cell of a human. The DNA on…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The human race has started from Africa》

DNA on the mitochondria inherited from a mother alone, so when researching the DNA on the mitochondria, we can trace the mother, mother of mother…dating back as it was.

An American geneticist researched mitochondria among 147 people who were chosen from lots of ethnic groups at random. To my surprise, it turned out that the result of the research is the DNA on the mitochondria of the 147 people originated from a woman who used to be in Africa some two hundred thousand years ago. She is…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The human race has started from Africa》

She is called Mitochondria Eve. Adan and Eve appeared in the Old Testament, so the Mitochondria Eve is ancestor of women.

Thus we can think the human race was born in Africa and spread over the world from Africa. Our ancestor who was born at the east side of Africa would get food by hunting and by gathering and its population increased, but when the population increased too much, their live couldn’t be supported by hunting and gathering alone, so it has been thought part of them went out…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

…so it has been thought that a part of them went out of Africa for food.

《The route on movement of the human race》

Thus the part of Homo sapiens who was born in Africa some two hundred thousand years ago moved From Africa to Eurasia continent. To be concrete, it proved that they departed from Africa through Arabian peninsula and reached around India at first, and there is one more route.

Other part of them started from Africa to the present Israel. Other theory says like that, but even if being able to trace back to Israel…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The route on movement of the human race》

…but even if being able to trace back to Israel scientifically, it has never been clear whether or not they went forward. Without moving ahead, they may have returned to Africa. Other theory says like that, so it remains unclear, but it is certain that there is the route for Arabian peninsula, and the route separated from there. The one is a group who went from India to Southeast Asia, and the other was to Europe.

The group who went to Southeast Asia went to north more and more.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The route on movement of the human race》

As Chinese continent adjoined Japan then, lots of people came in Japan from there. Or going north still more, some of them went to Siberia or Alaska. Siberia adjoined Alaska as well then.

In short, all the human kind was born in the east side of Africa and went for the Middle East from there, separating into two other route from there and spread over the world.

Where have we come from? We are from east side of Africa.

《The color on the skin is different, according to the area. Why?》

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The reason why the color on the skin is different according to the area》

When comparing the people among each area, each of appearance is rather different. At first the color on the skin is different. Why? Then the way of thinking on the evolution appears.

Africa is a tropical area, so there is intense sunlight there, therefore melanin pigment gives off a lot so as to protect the body. The melanin pigment absorbs ultraviolet rays and prevents the DNA from being damaged. It makes the whole body change into black and protects the body…

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The reason why the color on the skin is different according to the area》

…and protects the body from the ultraviolet rays, so the people who lived in Africa were black people, but even if the human race, the mutation breaks out, and one of them is the color on the skin.

The human race was born in Africa originally, so there are lots of melanin pigment in the human race, but the mutation that there is little melanin pigments broke out suddenly.

The people who lacked in the melanin pigment couldn’t survive in the strong ultraviolet rays

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The reason why the color on the skin is different according to the area》

So they went to the north. As a result, the people whose skin were white went to the north gradually. Why didn’t the black people go to the north? As there are lots of melanin pigment, so they can survive not only in Africa but in the north side.

Ultraviolet rays have harmful nature which causes the cancer skin, on the other hand making vitamin D. Except for vitamin D, we can take other vitamin with a meal, but more than half of requirement on the vitamin D is…

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The reason why the color on the skin is different according to the area》

…but more than half of requirement on the vitamin D is made within body by being exposed to the ultraviolet rays. Without having the vitamin D, we tend to be in sick easily like rickets くる病. We need to be exposed to the ultraviolet rays appropriately so as to lead a healthy life.

Even if the white people can’t survive under the strong ultraviolet rays, they can as long as the ultraviolet rays becomes weak, and being able to make the vitamin D by being exposed…

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The reason why the color on the skin is different according to the area》

…and being able to make vitamin D by being exposed to the ultraviolet rays then.

On the other hand, the black people can survive under the ultraviolet rays because they have lots of melanin pigment, but when the ultraviolet rays becomes weak, they can’t made the vitamin D within body for themselves.

In a word, if the black people go to the north, they suffer from various sickness and can’t survive there.

The yellow people like us the Japanese is between the…

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The reason why the color on the skin is different according to the area》

The yellow people like us the Japanese is between the black and the white. Why were the people whose skin were varied like white, yellow and black born? Mutation has been repeated, and we were separated into two types.

The one is trying not to absorb the ultraviolet rays, and the other is absorbing the ultraviolet easily.

How were we born? We were born from the mutation.

《The gene which doesn’t suffer from malaria easily but causes anemia easily》

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The gene which doesn’t suffer from malaria easily but causes anemia easily》

Needless to say, the one which mutated isn’t limited to the color on the skin. Except for it, various mutation broke out.

For example, there are lots of people whose gene causes anemia at New Guinea in Southeast Asia. Moreover there are lots of other people whose gene are the same in Africa. What does it mean?

The people whose gene cause anemia easily don’t suffer from malaria easily. Malaria infects through a mosquito. When suffering from the infection…

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The gene which doesn’t suffer from malaria easily but causes anemia easily》

When suffering from the infection on malaria, they have high fever. Thousands of people die from malaria every year. Malaria is caused by malaria parasite, and the malaria parasite inhabits in tropical area from Africa to Southeast Asia.

But the ones who don’t suffer from malaria easily were born by the mutation. As they have high malaria tolerance, they can survive. Instead they have other defect. They suffer from anemia easily.

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

There are people who don’t suffer from malaria easily but do from anemia easily both in Africa and in New Guinea. It means it turned out that the people who went through the mutation came from Africa and went to New Guinea.

《Difference between Neanderthal and Homo sapiens》

The author said he was going to adopt the difference between Neanderthal and Homo sapiens as the question on the evolution.

Neanderthal is different kind of the human race from us the Homo sapiens. Two of them branched off on the way. Neanderthal was born three…

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Difference between Neanderthal and Homo sapiens》

Neanderthal was born some three hundred thousand years ago, and Homo sapiens some two hundred thousand years ago, and it proved that Neanderthal and our ancestor lived together around the Middle East in the same period.

One of evidence is the gene on Neanderthal is in our cell, but the people in Africa don’t have the gene of Neanderthal.

In short, our ancestor who started from Africa and went to Europe through Middle East and Near East, then it lived Neanderthal together and they…

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【Travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Difference between Neanderthal and Homo sapiens》

…and they become a mixed race. Thus the gene of Neanderthal came in Homo sapiens. Considering, there is difference between us the Japanese and the people in Africa, whether or not having the gene of Neanderthal.

Neanderthal disappeared before long. Why? It has never been clear at present, but when looking at relic and remains on Neanderthal, it turned out that the degree on various culture of Neanderthal was inferior to our ancestor. The author said it’s just that his presumption.

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【The human race and disease. The true nature on the virus at which the people were shocked in the world】

《Hay fever was born from the struggle with the mite of sucking blood》

The author said he was going to think of the evolution a little more.

There are lots of patients on hay fever which is the disease affecting the whole Japan, but it didn’t exist in the ancient time.

When the dinosaurs was in the earth some two hundred million years ago, the first mammal was born there then. The mammal seemed to be suffered from the mite of sucking blood which clung to the skin, for there was none of…

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【The human race and disease】

《Hay fever was born from the fight with the mite of sucking blood》

…for there was none of immune system against the mite of sucking blood on the mammal then, but the mammal won the new immune system which resisted the mite under the process of evolution.

The mutation broke out then and the mammal which happened to have the immune system against the mite could survive.

The immune system judges the mite of sucking blood as foreign substance and gives off the matter which annihilate the mite. Thus, the mammal has learned to be able to repel the mite.

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【The human race and disease】

《Hay fever was born form the fight agains the mite of sucking blood》

The surrounding in Japan at present is so clean that we don’t suffer from the mite any more, so the immune system which fights against the mite is wasted on us. As a result, when something happens to come in the body from outside, attacking it as enemy happens. It‘s the pollen of cedar which the immune system judged it as the enemy by mistake.

When the pollen of the cedar comes in the human body, the immune system operates by mistake and issue the matter which repels the mite of sucking blood.

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【The human race and disease】

《Hay fever was born from the fight against the mite of sucking blood》

So then our eyes are heavy and sneeze then. Our surrounding is so clean that it causes the hay fever for us, especially the degree on cleanness in Japan is top class in developed countries.

For example the Japanese who went to Bali island in Indonesia suffered from cholera one after another. Though other foreign people were all right, but the Japanese alone infected with cholera.

When going to India, or Indonesia and eating fresh vegetable, lots of the Japanese seemed to have diarrhea.

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【The human race and disease】

《Hay fever was born from the fight agains the mite of sucking blood》

Even if eating the same food of drinking the same thing, the local people are all right. As the Japanese are so clean that it happens. As we become so clean that we may have been struck back from the nature. Everything is too convenient.

The author said when he was a child, the surrounding in Japan was filled with germ then, so the immune system operated enough. Evolution isn’t always the progress, the author said before, in the process of evolution, we the human race have ended up taking in…

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【The human race and disease】

…we the human race has ended up taking in various diseases.

《Disease caused by modern life》

There is one more disease caused by the modern life.

Women who are on night duty frequently tend to suffer from breast cancer. There is statistical data. For example, a female has a high risk. Some people say the material of melatonin is related to it.

Secretional capacity on the melatonin changes according to the light from the outside. While during daytime when the sun shines, the melatonin is little, it secretes a lot at night. When there is lots of melatonin, we…

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【The human race and disease】

《Disease caused by modern life》

When there is lots of melatonin, we feel sleepy. We feel sleepy automatically at nigh, and it means that the melatonin secretes appropriately.

At the same time it turned out that the melatonin restrains the cancer cell. On the contrary, if being in the surrounding where the melatonin doesn’t secrete easily, we suffer from the cancer easily.

When being at the night duty, light like illumination is on the body at night as well, so the melatonin doesn’t secrete easily, so the possibility on outbreak of the breast cancer becomes high

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【The human race and disease】

《Disease caused by modern life》

We need to keep regular hours so as to prevent us from suffering from cancer and to fall asleep at night. Without sitting up till late at night, and being deep in sleep, it turned out that the melatonin is secreted enough.

The night shift is the style in the modern society. Moreover, in the urban area it’s light outside even at night. When being young, we are to be able to handle strain, so we tend to stay up all night. Leading a life in the society where there is little difference between the daytime and the night causes cancer.

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【The human race and disease】

As a result, the cancer is exactly the sickness at present time.

《Difference between bacteria and virus》

Everyone hates to get sick and hopes to be healthy forever. The history on the human race has been burdened with and fought against the sickness. At the same time, we are the existence which coexist with the virus and accomplish evolution. Why can we say so?

Varied genes both of the inside and outside of our body include ones which are originated from the virus. In short, there were lots of ancestors who infected with the virus with varied forms in the past

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【The human race and disease】

《Difference between bacteria and virus》

So they died because of the virus. On the other hand, there were other ancestors who took in the virus and could survive and their offspring is us. At first, what’s the virus? The virus is different from the bacteria.

We say a germs comes in our body in the Japanese, and the germ means the bacteria. The bacteria has a cell membrane, and there is a core in the cell membrane, and a gene is in the core.

On the other hand, the virus doesn’t have the cell membrane. It’s just that the gene is covered with protein.

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【The human race and disease】

《Difference between bacteria and virus》

In general, the creature is defined it has the cell, divides into others and increases.

On the other hand, the virus is that the gene is covered with the protein, so it can’t divide for itself. It clings to the cell of other creature and take nutrition from the creature and increases its copy.

Though it has an ability of increasing its own copy, it doesn’t have the cell membrane, so we can’t define it’s the creature.

We’ve expressed killing the virus as if the virus were the creature, but strictly speaking, the virus…

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【The human race and disease】

《Difference between virus and disease》

…strictly speaking, the virus is mysterious existence which is between the creature and material, so the right expression isn’t killing the virus but making the virus inactive.

When coming into the creature, the virus can increase for itself for the first time, so It’s always in the creature. The gene on the virus has been mixed up with the gene on the creature in this way in the process on the evolution.

《Antibiotic isn’t effective against the virus》

Understanding difference between the virus and bacteria is very…

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【The human race and disease】

《Antibiotic isn’t effective against the virus》

Understanding difference between the virus and bacteria is very important so as to treat the illness. For example, when having a cold and going to hospital, we’re administered the antibiotics then.

The work on the antibiotics is breaking the cell wall on the cell of the bacterial which does something bad in our body. The outside of the cell membrane is covered with a film, and it’s the cell wall and the antibiotic destroys it.

If expressed like that, there may have been some people who are anxious about that…

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【The human race and disease】

《Antibiotics isn’t effective against the virus》

…antibiotics destroys the other cell in the human body. They may have been worried about like that, but the cell on the human body isn’t destroyed, for the cell on the animal including the human race don’t have the cell wall. The antibiotics destroys the cell wall, so the cell on the human body isn’t broken. Then is the antibiotics effective against the virus?

For example, when suffering from influenza and going to hospital, we are sometimes offered the antibiotics, so some people misunderstand the antibiotics…

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【The human race and disease】

《Antibiotics isn’t effective against the virus》

…so some people misunderstand that the antibiotics is effective against the influenza, but it’s in the wrong.

When having high fever due to the influenza and going on the situation, our body becomes weak and there is fear of infecting with other bacteria, so the antibiotics are offered to us.

Taking in antibiotics is done so as to prevent our body from being infected with the bacteria, but it’s not effective against the influenza itself.

If comparing with the bacteria, the structure on the virus lacks distinction

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【The human race and disease】

《Antibiotic isn’t effective against the virus》

To make matters worse, the virus comes in the human body, so it was said the development targeting on the medicine for virus alone was very hard.

What is called Tamiflu which is effective on the treatment for influenza has appear at present, but it didn’t exist before, so most of the doctors used to say to patients to take nutrition enough and to sleep fast then and prescribed antibiotics so as to prevent patients from being infected with other bacteria, so we the Japanese have learned to use lots of antibiotics.

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【The human race and disease】

《Do you know the origin of the world on the influenza?》

There has been a history of very long fight between the influenza and the human race actually. It turned out that the influenza is the sickness on account of the virus lately.

Disease of having high fever, causing a runny nose, and sneeze spread over Italy winter in the 16th century originally, and the disease deteriorated and lots of people died. It was going around like crazy every winter.

Why did the people have high fever and died every winter? They were worried about it. Then astrology was influential

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【The human race and disease】

《Do you know the origin of the word of influenza?》

They connected the cause of the disease with the movements on the stars. When the constellation on the winter appeared, lots of people of the condition on the disease appeared. They must have been in sick owing to the influence over the stars, they thought like that.

The word of influence was インフルエンツア in the Italian, and it came in England, and changed into influenza, so the word of influence is the same origin of the word. When the science hasn’t made progress so much, the people tended to think like that.

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【The human race and disease】

《Do you know the origin of the word of influenza? 》

The disease like the influenza seemed to spread at Kinki area in Japan around Heian era, according to the oldest record in Japan. In the last days of Tokugawa shogunate, the word of influenza came in Dejima of Nagasaki from Holland through which there was trade with Japan.

In the Meiji era, the influenza spread over the whole world, if compared it with an ordinary cold, the people were infected with it easily, so it was named 流行性感冒 in Japanese.

《Spanish flu was prevalent》

Spanish flu which we can’t avoid as…

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【The human race and disease】

《Spanish flu was prevalent》

Spanish flu caused serious damage on the human race and we can’t avoid it as the history on the human race. It spread out all over the world from 1918 to 1919. Why do we call it like that?

Spanish flu caused at America at first. It was in the middle of the World War Ⅰ then, and America joined in the war, so American youths were sent to the front in Europe. The youths were gathered at various training bases in America from each place and were trained as soldier, and went over the Atlantic Ocean in ship, left for France. There were…

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【The human race and disease】

《Spanish flu was prevalent》

There were some people who had high fever, coughing, and sneezing among them in the American training bases. Thousands of youths lived together in the barrack which was shut tight, so all of them were infected with the disease all at once and the disease spread over the training bases.

Lots of people fell down one after another, but some of them were fine, so they were sent to France by ship, but they fell ill in ship and died one after another then. Their dead bodies were buried at sea. The moment the rest of the youths were sent to…

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【The human race and disease】

《Spanish flu was prevalent》

The moment the rest of the youths were sent to the European front the disease spread over France, England or even Germany immediately. If enemy countries knew the soldiers were dead one after another in other countries, the enemy countries would attack them, they thought like that, so they kept it a secret.

But there was a single country which reported on the disease. It was Spain, for it was a neutral third party then, so didn’t join in the war, but the disease spread out all over Spain, and even its king fell sick then.

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【The human race and disease】

《Spanish flu was prevalent》

As Spanish was neutral it didn’t have to keep it secret, so it was reported that lots of people suffered from serious disease. As a result they called the disease Spanish flu. As it started from America actually, it was a false accusation for Spain.

Spanish flu was prevalent from 1918 to 1919 and after that it vanished all of sudden, but it doesn’t always mean that a specific medicine against Spanish flu was made. Lots of people were infected with the disease in the world, some people who became immune could survive, unless they died.

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【The human race and disease】

We are equivalent to descendants who could survive from Spanish flu.

《The World War Ⅰ was over by Spanish flu》

It seemed that from forty million to fifty million people were dead on account of the Spanish flu in the world then. The number of people who were infected reached no less than some six hundred million. It is said the population was from a billion eight hundred million to a billion nine hundred million then, so it means that one in three people was infected with Spanish flu then.

Why was the World War Ⅰ over? Both of friends and foes infected with…

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【The human race and disease】

《The World War Ⅰ was over by Spanish flu》

Both of friends and foes infected with Spanish flu and fell down one after another, so they couldn’t go on the war any more. There were the number of people who were dead owing to Spanish flu was by far more than those who were dead in the World War Ⅰ then.

Needless to say, Spanish flu was a massive epidemic in Japan as well. There is a record that thirty hundred and ninety thousand people were dead owing to Spanish flu, according to Department of the Interior 内務省, but it is said it’s not thirty hundred ninety thousand…

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【The human race and disease】

《World War Ⅰ was over by Spanish flu》

…but four hundred eighty thousand were dead, according to an investigation after that.

As such a lot of people were dead that a crematory shortage caused, so there was a record that dead bodies which waited for cremation were piled up here and there.

There were lots of famous people who were dead because of Spanish flu. As to Spanish flu, there was a story of tragic love between Sumako Matsui and Hogetsu Shimamura.

Sumako was popular actress fell in love with Hogetsu Shimamura who was a playwright and wasn’t single then.

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【The human race and disease】

《World War Ⅰ was over by Spanish flu》

At first Sumako infected with Spanish flu and Hogetsu visited her in hospital. As a result, Hogetsu was infected as well and was dead soon. Though Sumako could recover, she thought infection on Hogetsu was her fault and were bothered by guilt, so she followed his example and committed suicide.

As it’s having an affair, if talking to someone in this bulletin board she would be blamed, but she seemed to be so strong that she didn’t mind it at all, I’m wondering, though it’s none of my business.

Spanish full caused in America.

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【The human race and disease】

《World War Ⅰ was over by Spanish flu》

Spanish flu was caused in America, and at the same time the same condition with the Spanish flu appeared on sumo wrestlers who went to Taiwan for their tour. Then Taiwan belonged to Japan.

Then the sumo wrestlers who were confident with their physical strength had high fever and fell down one after another in Taiwan. It was called Sumo cold in Japan then. After the tour and when returning to Japan, the disease spread out in Japan suddenly.

《The nature of Spanish flu》

Spanish flu started to spread out both in America and…

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【The human race and disease】

《The nature of Spanish flu》

Spanish flu started spreading out both in Japan and America almost at the same time. The reason why it happened isn’t clear perfectly, but there has been presumption like the next.

Lots of Chinese labors were in America so as to build transcontinental railway then. On the other hand, the disease on the same condition spread out in Taiwan then. Judging from the two facts, it seemed that the rough origin on Spanish flu was in Chinese continent. Its virus mutated in Chinese continent suddenly and spread out all over the world.

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【The human race and disease】

《The nature of Spanish flu》

The presumption said like that.

What was the kind of virus on Spanish flu? Its nature had been unclear for a long time, but the dead body who was died owing to Spanish flu was discovered from the permafrost in Alaska in 1997. After analyzing the virus on the dead body, the gene on bird flu was discovered. Spanish flu was originated from the bird flu.

The word on the bird flu has been referred various places in Japan lately for years. It was prevalent around Japan in 1918 and lots of people were dead. The warning that a new type of…

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【The human race and disease】

《The nature of Spanish flu》

The warning that a new type of flu is prevalent and lots of people may have been dead is issued sometimes. Taking into account that explosive infection took place actually like Spanish flu, so the warning is done.

《Mutation on the virus》

It proved that almost all of new type of flu was born at the farming land area in the south of China. For example, there is the influenza A type in Hong Kong, or A type in Soviet Union, but it doesn’t always mean that each of the virus was born either in Hong Kong, or in the former Soviet Union.

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【The human race and disease】

《Mutation on the virus》

The virus was analyzed in the former Soviet Union, so we added the virus to the name of the former Soviet Union, and it’s the same to Hong Kong.

From where was the virus which was analyzed in Hong Kong? It was from the south in Chinese continent connected Hong Kong by land. It has been presumed that A type in Soviet Union was also via Hong Kong and went to the former Soviet Union.

Why was the new type of virus born at the farming land area in the south of China one after another? There are lots of virus on the bird flu in the intestine.

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