Let's enjoy English 12th

【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The great discovery by Hubble》

After that the one who discover the great thing on the outer space was Hubble who was an American astronomer. He found the outer space expanded by using the gigantic telescope in 1929. How did he discover the outer space expand?

The author said he was going to express the Doppler effect which is the thing on the sound so as to understand the expansion on the outer space.

For example, as to the siren on an ambulance, its sound seems to be different between when approaching and when going away.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The great discovery by Hubble》

When hearing the pitch of the sound it seems to be different. When approaching, it’s high, and when going away, it’s low. Thus the one which issues the sound wave travels, or the one which receives the sound wave travels, we hear the number of frequency on the sound wave is different. It’s the Doppler effect.

As to the light, the Doppler effect is the same. In short, when various stars move in the outer space they issue light. When approaching the light looks blue, when going away, it looks red.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The great discovery by Hubble》

When researching the outer space with the huge telescope, all of the stars outside the galaxy looked red. It means that all of the stars go away from the earth. All the stars in every direction go away from the earth. Does it mean that the earth expands?

Hubble thought like that and advocated the theory that the outer space expands. It proved that the outer space doesn’t stop but expanding more and more by the discovery of Hubble.

There is a Hubble telescope which is launched to the outer space.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

The tremendous telescope was named after Hubble. He is the one who left the big attainment on the theory to the outer space at present.

《Big Bang used to be a swear words》

It turned out that the space has expanded. If rewinding time, what happens then?

A physicist who was born in Russia in 1940s thought if rewinding time, the outer space would gather to a single point, for he forecast that the great expansion occurred from the single point and it continues even at present.

But the way of thinking seemed to be groundless then.

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【Outer Space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The Big Bang used to be a swear words》

Other scientists found it absurd and tried not to listen to him. There was the one who made fun of the physicist that as if it had been the Big Bang. The Big Bang means the great explosion. Then it was speaking ill of the physicist, making fun of him, does the outer space starts from the Big Bang?

But it becomes the common knowledge on the theory of the outer space, and it’s called the theory on the Big Bang. The Big Bang used to be the swear words originally.

There has been the words of…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The Big Bang used to be a swear word》

There has been the words of buried gold which is a similar case.

When changing in political administration from the Democratic Party of Japan to the Liberal Democratic Party, there used to be members in the National Assembly who insisted that they didn’t have to do tax increase if using the buried gold.

When hearing it, Kaoru Yosano ridiculed as if it had been the buried gold by Tokugawa. Its gist means that it could not have been. On the other hand, it turned out that it was.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The Big Bang used to be a swear word》

Ridiculing and the swear word has learned to be used as the opposite nuance. In fact when looking for it earnestly, the buried gold existed for the government, though if using it once, it was over.

As to the buried gold for the government, I don’t know it detail, for it’s just that the author said like that. I’m sorry for it.

Gamow advocated the theory on the Big Bang that the single spot suddenly exploded in the outer space, and it has been verified it’s right. Moreover the theory on the…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by the Higgs particle】

《The Big Bang used to be a swear word》

Besides, the theory on the Big Bang has been welcomed by the Christianity, for if the outer space swells simply, it doesn’t got on well with the theory on the creation of the outer space by the God.

At first, the God could have created the outer space, but if the outer space expands more and more, that isn’t the place where the God comes in, but the theory on the Big Bang doesn’t always inconsistent with the Christianity, for the Christianity can think that the God caused the Big Bang…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by the Higgs particle】

《The Big Bang used to be a swear word》

…for the Christianity can think that the God caused the Big Bang which is the beginning on the outer space. The first Cause by the God led to the great explosion and the outer space continues to swell even at present. This is where the God comes in.

As a result, when the theory on the Big Bang was advocated, the people in the Christianity welcomed it and tried to accept it.

《Why is the Higgs particle a great discovery? 》

Gamow called his theory the outer space of the fire ball.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by the Higgs particle】

《The Big Bang used to be a swear word》

In short, the beginning on the outer space was the situation of super high temperature and of super high density as if it had been the fire ball, and the fire ball exploded, and continued to swell. It’s the theory on Gamow.

Then how was the fire ball born in the beginning? The question occurred to us. The theory on inflation expresses it.

The particle which was almost nothing exploded suddenly and changed into the fire ball, then the abrupt explosion of the Big Bang broke out. The latest…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《Why is the Higgs particle a great discovery? 》

The latest theory on the outer space has thought like that. The inflation means swell, and it means the swelling on the tiny particle before the Big Bang.

Thus it turned out that there used to be the inflation on the beginning in the outer space and after that the big explosion of the Big Bang broke out.

It was a stupendous high temperature in the beginning, and neither there was mass, weight nor the gravitation then. Every single of minute particles flew back and forth there.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《Why is the Higgs particle a big discovery? 》

If the particle flew back and forth there alone, there was never mass. Without being the mass, a thing can’t connect with the other, so a star was never born then.

When the space was born, the particle flew around in high speed, but there could have been something which caused the weight then, and hypothesis was established. The one who thought of the hypothesis was Higgs who was an English physicist.

When the outer space began, the particle which flew around disorderly, and there…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《Why is the Higgs particle a big discovery? 》

…and there is other particle which gives the mass to the particle and prevents it from moving. The English physicist established the hypothesis like that, then the word of Higgs particle was born from the hypothesis.-

It doesn’t always mean that Higgs has found the particle for himself. When thinking of the theory on the outer space, he found it strange if that kind of particle doesn’t exist. It’s just that he predicted like that, but his prediction was very important for the theory…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《Why is the Higgs particle a big discovery? 》

…but the prediction is very important for the theory on the outer space, for without being able to discover the Higgs particle, the theory on the outer space which is done in pain isn’t formed, so the scholars all over the world kept research and made experiments, and the laboratory on studying nuclear clues on European unit discovered it in 2012 at last.

Thus the hypothesis by Higgs has been verified it’s right. It’s the big discovery solving the mystery on the outer space.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

The Nobel prize on physics in 2013 was given to Higgs and Francois Angler who forecast the existence of the Higgs particle.

《The outer space and the earth were born》

The elucidation on the birth of the outer space has made a big progress by the discovery on the Higgs particle.

The author said he was going to make an interpretation with the review.

The outer space was born by the Big Bang and inflation, and immediate after weightless particle flew around disorderly there. Then the Higgs particle appeared. It prevents the…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The outer space and the earth were born》

The Higgs particle prevents other one from moving. It clings to other particle as if it were a starch syrup, and various particle learns not to fly far away by being clung to, so the weight was caused. The weight makes other mass connect each other and the atomic nucleus, and the atom were born.

Then the first born was hydrogen which is the lightest chemical element, and in the next is helium. When two of them gather, the nuclear fusion breaks out and tremendous energy is born. The nuclear…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The outer space and the earth were born》

The nucleus fusion is the situation like the sun. Atom on hydrogen is caused by the nucleus fusion and caused other nucleus fusion on the helium, so the large amount of energy is born like that.

The hydrogen burned up before long, helium gathered and oxygen and carbon were born. When the helium disappeared, varied chemical elements were born from the oxygen and carbon like neon, magnesium, silicon, and iron.

The chemical elements gathered and gave off high temperature. When burning up…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《The outer space and the earth were born》

When gathering the varied chemical elements and giving off the high temperature and burning up, it caused another great explosion with the form of the supernova.　Then every kind of thing scattered all over the outer space, and the ones which were scattered around the outer space gathered, then the sun was formed.

Dust and gas which circled around the sun gathered in the outer space and the earth was formed.

The heavenly body which was formed like the earth collided with the earth violently

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《Outer space and the earth were born》

As a result, the part of the earth was blown off and its fragment gathered gradually and was solidified and learned to go around the sun. It's the moon, and it's the opinion which has been influential at present.

Thus, the earth and the moon were born. The outer space was born by the Big Bang some thirteen billion and eight hundred million years ago, and it was four billion and six hundred million years ago when the earth was born.

《It's just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It's just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

When looking at the progress on the science, we're going to understand what the science is, the author said like that.

We the human race recognize varied things, but it doesn't always mean that the first recognition is right.

For example, when looking at a cup from far away. it looks just a two dimensional rectangle. There are some people who look at the water in the rectangle. What do they think of the rectangle?

It's two dimension, but the water is in it. It's mysterious!

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It’s just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

It must have been the power of the god. They may have thought like that, but when approaching the cup and recognizing it’s a three dimensional shape, the recognition until then is overturned and we can get a new recognition.

As to the recognition on the nature and the outer space, we can say the same thing. A phenomenon which we’re forced to think it was created by the god at first, keeping observation and making experiments over and over again, and reaching to the hypothesis. Making…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It’s just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

Making sure the hypothesis is right, we the human race could get the new recognition more and more. Needless to say, even if it’s the new recognition, it’s just that the temporary theory. As to the meaning that it’s not the absolute truth, it’s just the hypothesis.

But it’s fact that there have been experiments and discovery supporting the hypothesis and we can recognize lots of events. Higgs particle used to be just the hypothesis, but when being discovered, the solution of the…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It’s just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

…the solution to the mystery that what the outer space has made some progress. Needless to say, it’s not the end, there is the continuation in front of us. Building up the hypothesis over and over again in the future, the recognition of ours are updated.

To tell the truth, it is said that the outer space was born thirteen billion and seven million years ago, but it turned out to be thirteen billion and eight million years ago lately.

Making an observation on the light given off…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It’s just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

Making observation and analyzing the light given off immediate after the Big Bang remained in the outer space, and calculating the age of the outer space, and we understand, the outer space was born thirteen billion and eight hundred million years ago.

As to the age of the outer space, the established theory it was thirteen billion and seven million years ago which was the hypothesis is turned over, and a new hypothesis that 13 billion and eight million hundred years ago is presented.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It’s just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

The outer space has expanded more and more even at present. Does it continue to expand endlessly more and more from now on as well ? Or there have been various things in the outer space, so each of them is attracted each other and the swelling on the outer space stops on the some stage, causing a backspin and shrinking and returning to the single point at last? It has been the mystery among the researchers on the outer space for a long time.

But without returning to the origin…

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It’s just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

…it turned out that the outer space spreads more and more in the future as well, according to the latest model on the outer space.

When thinking of the outer space, the author said he’d been caught with a mysterious strong feeling.

From a point which was almost nothing the small outer space was formed suddenly by the inflation, and exploded and every kind of things were scattered over the outer space. Then Higgs particle appeared among the varied things and weight was caused.

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【Outer space. Our origin has been solved by Higgs particle】

《It’s just the hypothesis, but the hypothesis》

Before long stars were formed and we were born. We can feel actually the reason why two of the physicists who advocated the theory on the Higgs particle received the Nobel Prize in 2013.

When taking it too seriously, the hypothesis on the Higgs particle is the theory solving our origin. Where have we been from? We can express it with the scale of the outer space by the discovery on the Higgs particle.

Where have we been from? We were born by the Big Bang.

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【The travel on the human race. We were born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

It is said the earth was born in the tremendous outer space four billion and six hundred million years ago and the life was born on the earth four billion years ago. The most ancient creature was born at the sea on the earth.

There is a trace of the ancient creature inside our body, for some 60% of the inside of the human body is made up with water. It turned out that the concentration of the salt in the water in our body is the same as the sea water.

In short, the concentration on the salt in…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

In short, it means that the concentration on the salt in the water of the ancient creature remains in our cells as well. The concentration of the salt in the water of the ancient creature which existed in the sea and which is our ancestor has been inherited to us. When thinking of it, I’m forced to think the mystery on the creature, the author said like that.

The creature which was born in the sea advanced on the land before long, and various plants and animals were born on the land.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

Oxygen didn’t exist on the earth originally, but after plants were born and oxygen was made by photosynthesis, the surrounding where creature including the human race can exist has been formed.

Though the creature used to have a simple mechanism, but changing into the one which has multifaceted mechanism. Why?

The ancient creature has changed into the human being. We call it the evolution. What is the evolution. There is a thing of which we should be careful so as not to make a mistake.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

It’s that the evolution isn’t equal to a progress. Speaking of the evolution, we tend to think it’s advanced somehow. It’s accompanied with the value on judgement, the more advance it is, the more excellent it is.

It turned out that we the human race was born after various creatures have made the evolution, so the human race has been on the top of the evolution, so other creature is inferior to the human race. The judgement on the value comes into our head like that.

But is it the way of…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

But is it the way of thinking that the human centered is, isn’t it? The evolution doesn’t always mean that making a progress from the poor one to the excellent one.

Then the author adopted Darwin and started to express on origin on species written by Darwin.

Various creature has repeated mutation, and the one who could adapt the surrounding alone better than other creature could survive. What is the mutation? It’s the different traits from parents and ancestors appear suddenly on children.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

Without the mutation, the life couldn’t have changed. There is the mutation and varied creatures appear. Then escaping from natural enemy species which could adapt the surrounding would survive.

For example, since the earth was born, all the surface of the earth was covered with glacier sometimes, or all the surface of the earth was hot as if it had been boiled in other time. Weather changes according to the age.

The creature which could happened to accomplish the mutation could survive in the…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

The creature which could happen to accomplish the mutation could survive among the changed surrounding drastically. On the other hand, other creature which couldn’t adapt the change on the surrounding disappeared as they were without changing its form.

There was the creature which being able to survive in the changing surrounding violently, and it’s our ancestor.

Let’s suppose that the mutation broke out to other creature which is different from our ancestor altogether, and they adapted the …

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《Evolution isn’t equal to progress》

…and other creature which is different from us altogether may have been on the earth at present. If thinking of ourselves like that, what we could survive in the present situation seems to be strange. In other words, we are miracle existence. As miracle happened over and over again we can exist.

【What is the mutation? 】

There is an interesting example and experiment supporting the theory of evolution by Darwin.

There are two kinds of moth in England. The one has wing of which color is black…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《What’s the mutation? 》

The one has wings of which color is white and black, and the other has all black due to the suddenly mutation. The black moth suddenly increased in London. Why?

When staying at an ordinary oak tree, the moth which has two color wing isn’t conspicuous very much. Then the air pollution became worse and the trunk of the tree became black. When the black moth stayed on the trunk of the black tree, it isn’t obvious to the eye.

Speaking of foggy London, it seems to be romantic, but it’s just that the visuality…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《What’s the mutation? 》

…but it’s just that the visuality is bad owing to the air pollution. As the tree is black, the black moth isn’t noticeable, it prevents the moth from being eating by wild birds. It was made sure by actual experiment.

Researchers released two kinds of moth in the woods of which tree became black on account of the soot, or in other woods in suburb where the air was clean. The result was dramatic.

The two colored moth was easy to be found by the wild birds in the place where the trees became black, so it was…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《What’s the mutation? 》

…the two colored moth was eaten by wild birds then. On the other hand, the black ones were eaten in the woods where the air was clean.

As the surrounding changed in London because of the air pollution, the two colored moth couldn’t adapt the surrounding and decreased its number, but the black ones which happened to mutate could survive in the surrounding.

On the other hand, being able to do away with the air pollution and the air becomes clean, the black moth couldn’t survive. It’s the evolution.

We tend …

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

We tend to think the evolution goes to an excellent place, but the natural world isn’t always the place like that. We can understand it from the example.

《An impact on the theory of evolution by Darwin》

The theory on evolution by Darwin was the one which the Christianity couldn’t allow, for a great controversy broke out in England then. The Christianity used to have a great influence in England in the 19th century when Darwin was alive.

The Christianity thinks that the god creates all kind of creature. The thought that creature…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《An impact on the theory of evolution by Darwin》

The thought that the creature mutated repeatedly over and over again from the ancient time and new species were born wasn’t able to be accepted by the Christianity. Allowing it is equal to denying the existence of the god.

How does the Christianity think of the theory on evolution by Darwin at present?

Then the Pope of Rome announced a letter that the evolution is more than the hypothesis in 1996. Actually he recognized the theory on evolution.

Besides, though being the…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The impact on the theory on evolution by Darwin》

Moreover though being the Christianity, the ones who accepted the fact the creature changes have appeared. They have adopted the idea compromising plan between the existence on the god and theory on evolution like the next.

Creature changes into varied species, but it’s the god who made the blueprint like that at first.

In short, the Christianity withdrew the thought that the god made all the creature when he created the whole world. Instead, he thought of the way how to evolve.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The impact on the theory of evolution by Darwin》

It‘s the Christian fundamentalism in America which has insisted the compromising idea. We call their theory intelligent design. They have claimed that the existence of intelligent design must have worked out the evolution on the creature including the human race.

Though there has been the opposition from the Christianity, no doubt that the theory on evolution by Darwin was the great impact overturning the idea on nature and on life from the Christianity from the bottom of it.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

The development on the theory of the evolution has opened the way for us to answer the question scientifically, where have we come from?

《The way of researching the era long ago》

When and where was our ancestor born in the first place?

It is said the human race has evolved from the ape. The one which distinguished between the human race and the ape is walking on two legs. When does the human race start to walk on two legs?

It is certain that it’s well known it started three million and six hundred thousand years ago, for the…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born form a mutation】

《The way of researching era far away from the present time》

The trace on the footprint of walking on two legs has been found clearly in the layer three million and six hundred thousand years ago at Tanzania in Africa. It means that our ancestor was on the earth at least then.

But the ancestor on this stage isn’t direct our ancestor. It’s other kind of human race. We call it Australopithecus. Another kind of human races were born as well then, but all of them ceased to exist. It turned out that Homo sapiens which is our direct …

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The way of researching era long ago》

It proved that the Homo sapiens which is our direct ancestor appeared some two hundred thousand years ago. Why can we understand the thing long ago like that? One of ways of researching is radiometric dating 放射性年代測定方. Researching carbon making up with our body.

Atom is basic unit in material and is made up with electron and atomic nucleus, and there is proton and neutron in the atomic nucleus, but even if it’s the same chemical element, there is the one of which number on neutron is different.

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The way of researching era far away from the present time》

We call it isotope, and the carbon has also the isotope, and typical ones are carbon 12, 13, 14. Each number from 12 to 14 is addition of its proton and neutron. As to the number of proton, each of them are six, three of them has each number, but the number on neutron is different.

As to the carbon 12, the number of neutron is six, but the carbon 14, the number of neutron is eight. Almost all of the carbon which exists in the natural world is the carbon 12. It accounts…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The way of researching era long ago》

Carbon 12 accounts for 98.9%, and carbon 13 is 1.1%, though when adding them, it become 100%, carbon 14 exist. It makes up for a small amount extremely, it’s just 0.0000000001%. We have to line up nine of zero after the decimal point so as to express the number.

All the creature including us the human being absorb the carbon 14 when breathing. It means that the carbon 14 comes in our body, but when being dead, we can’t absorb it any more.

As carbon 14 is radioactive material, the time passes…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The way of researching era long ago》

…if the time passes, carbon 14 decreases more and more from our body after being dead. It turned out that its half life is five thousand seven hundred thirty years. The half life is a period when the amount of radiation which is released becomes half.

After 5730 years, the amount of carbon 14 becomes half. Let’s suppose that we discovered the bone of creature from a geological layer. When researching the bone, we know how much the carbon 14 is left, so comparing the amount of carbon 14 on the…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The way of researching era far away from the present time》

…so comparing the carbon 14 on the creature when being alive with the other amount on carbon 14 when researching the fossil on the bone, and measuring the decreased amount. Roughly speaking then it becomes clear when it was dead.

We can estimate the time when the creature was alive in the ancient time by adopting the way.

《The human race has started from Africa》

We’re going to follow the path which the human race reached at present. It turned out that Neanderthal was…

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【The travel on the human race. We’re born from a mutation】

《The human race has started from Africa》

It turned out that Neanderthal was born some three hundred thousand years ago, and Homo sapiens was two hundred thousand years ago in east of Africa like Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia, though as to the era when both of them were alive, there are various views.

Why were they born there? There is none of definite theory at present, but there are researchers who advocate the next theory.

There is a great rift zone which runs through from south to north in east of Africa. There is a big…

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